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Substance

''Substance'' may refer to: For other uses, see [[Substance (disambiguation)]].

Philosophy and religion

Substance in philosophy

In philosophy, substance refers to a fundamental ontological category denoting an independent entity that persists through change and serves as the substrate underlying properties, qualities, or accidents. This concept distinguishes substance from transient attributes, which depend on it for existence. Primary substances are individual particular things, such as a specific human or horse, which are neither predicable of a subject nor present in a subject but instead underlie predications. Secondary substances, by contrast, are universals like species or genera (e.g., "human" or "animal") that define and categorize primary substances.^[2] Aristotle's account of substance, central to Western metaphysics, frames it as the essence or "what it is" of a thing, unifying its being and enabling predication. In his hylomorphism, substance arises from the composite of matter (hylē), the underlying material potential, and form (morphē), the actualizing structure or essence that organizes it. For instance, a bronze statue exemplifies this: the bronze serves as the matter, providing the potential for shaping, while the statue's form imparts its specific identity and function. This union explains substantial change, such as the transformation from raw material to artifact, without loss of the underlying substance's continuity. Aristotle elaborates this in works like the Categories and Metaphysics, where substance (ousia) is the primary category of being, preceding others like quality or quantity.^[2]^[3] Medieval philosophers, particularly Thomas Aquinas, integrated Aristotelian substance theory with Christian theology, positing substance as the underlying reality that supports sacramental presence and divine essence. Aquinas viewed substances as composites of essence (what makes a thing what it is) and existence, adapting hylomorphism to affirm immaterial substances like angels or God, where form alone suffices without matter. In this framework, substance endures as the bearer of accidents, such as in the Eucharist, where the substance of bread changes while appearances remain. This synthesis, detailed in Aquinas's De Ente et Essentia, reconciled pagan philosophy with revelation, emphasizing substance's role in causality and divine creation.^[2] In modern philosophy, substance took varied forms amid debates on mind-body relations and knowledge limits. René Descartes proposed dual substances: res cogitans (thinking substance, the mind or soul, defined by thought and indivisible) and res extensa (extended substance, body or matter, defined by spatial extension and divisibility). This substance dualism posits each as complete in itself, interacting via God, as outlined in Descartes's Meditations on First Philosophy. Baruch Spinoza, conversely, advocated monism with a single infinite substance—God or Nature—possessing infinite attributes (e.g., thought and extension), where finite things are mere modes of this substance, rejecting dualism in favor of pantheistic unity in his Ethics. John Locke critiqued traditional substance as an unknowable "something we know not what," a bare substratum supporting qualities; instead, he emphasized observable ideas and sortal terms (e.g., "gold") as practical substitutes, as in his Essay Concerning Human Understanding.^[2]^[4] Eastern philosophy offers parallels in concepts like Jainism's dravya, eternal substances that constitute reality and persist through modifications while retaining core attributes. Dravya divides into jīva (living substances, souls with consciousness and karma) and ajīva (non-living, including matter, space, time, motion, and rest), forming the universe's foundational categories without a creator deity. This framework, akin to substance ontology, underscores non-absolutism (anekāntavāda) and eternal flux within enduring entities, as articulated in Jain texts like the Tattvārthasūtra.^[5] Key debates challenge substance's primacy. David Hume's bundle theory denies substances altogether, arguing that selves and objects are illusory bundles of perceptions linked by resemblance, contiguity, and causation, with no underlying unity, as critiqued in his A Treatise of Human Nature. Alfred North Whitehead's process philosophy inverts this, viewing reality as dynamic events or "actual occasions" rather than static substances, critiquing permanence as abstraction and prioritizing becoming over being in Process and Reality. These positions highlight ongoing tensions between substance as enduring essence and alternatives emphasizing relations or flux.^[2]

Substance in religion

In Christian theology, the term ousia refers to the single divine substance shared by the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit, as articulated in the Nicene Creed of 325 CE, which used homoousios ("of the same substance") to affirm the Son's full divinity against Arian subordinationism.^[6] This Trinitarian understanding of substance as an undivided essence underpins core doctrines of divine unity and equality among the persons. In the sacrament of the Eucharist, transubstantiation holds that the substance of bread and wine is wholly converted into the body and blood of Christ, while the appearances (accidents) remain unchanged, a mystery essential to Catholic worship.^[7] The Fourth Lateran Council in 1215 formally affirmed this doctrine, employing the term transubstantiatio to describe the miraculous change and condemning contrary views.^[8] During the Protestant Reformation, Martin Luther rejected transubstantiation as overly speculative, teaching instead the sacramental union, in which Christ's body and blood are truly present in, with, and under the bread and wine, emphasizing a real presence grounded in faith.^[9] Medieval Christian adaptations of substance often built upon Aristotelian foundations, integrating notions of essence and accidents into theological explanations of sacraments and the Godhead. In Islamic philosophy, Avicenna (Ibn Sina, d. 1037) conceptualized jawhar as the fundamental substance or essence that constitutes the reality of beings, distinguishing it from accidents and serving as the basis for his distinction between necessary and contingent existence.^[10] This metaphysical framework profoundly influenced Sufi mysticism, particularly in Ibn Arabi's (d. 1240) doctrine of wahdat al-wujud (unity of being), where all manifested existence is a singular divine substance, with creation as its self-disclosure rather than a separate entity.^[11] In Hinduism's Samkhya tradition, prakriti denotes the unmanifest material substance comprising the three gunas (qualities) that evolve into the phenomenal world, existing in eternal dualism with purusha, the passive, immaterial spirit or consciousness that remains unaffected by material changes. In Buddhism, the doctrine of anatta (no-self) explicitly rejects any permanent, unchanging substance underlying personal identity, viewing all phenomena as dependently originated and devoid of inherent essence, thus liberating practitioners from attachment to a false sense of self.^[12] Jainism posits six eternal dravyas (substances) as the categories of reality, with the five non-sentient types being dharma (medium of motion, facilitating movement without itself moving), adharma (medium of rest, enabling stillness), akasa (space, providing accommodation for other substances), kala (time, as the substrate for change), and pudgala (matter, the atomic basis of physical forms). Central to Jain soteriology, karma functions as a subtle, material substance composed of fine karmic particles that influx and bind to the soul (jiva), obscuring its innate omniscience and bliss, thereby perpetuating the cycle of rebirth until purified through ascetic practices.^[13]

Science

Chemistry

In chemistry, a chemical substance is defined as a form of matter with constant composition and distinct properties, characterized by the entities it is composed of, such as molecules, formula units, or atoms.^[14] These substances include elements, which are pure forms of matter consisting of a single type of atom, such as gold (atomic number 79), and compounds, which are formed by the chemical combination of two or more elements in fixed proportions, like water (H₂O).^[14] Chemical substances are classified into pure substances and mixtures. Pure substances, which have a fixed composition and cannot be separated by physical means, encompass elements and compounds, whereas mixtures consist of two or more substances physically combined without fixed proportions and can be separated by physical processes.^[15] Additionally, substances are categorized as organic or inorganic; organic substances are carbon-based compounds, often featuring carbon-hydrogen bonds, such as hydrocarbons, while inorganic substances typically lack carbon or include simple carbon compounds like salts (e.g., sodium chloride, NaCl).^[16] The properties of chemical substances are divided into physical and chemical types. Physical properties, observable without altering the substance's composition, include melting point, density, and state of matter; for instance, water has a density of 1 g/cm³ at room temperature.^[17] Chemical properties describe how a substance interacts in reactions, such as reactivity or valence, which indicates the combining capacity of atoms (e.g., oxygen's valence of 2 in forming water).^[17] Substances exist in various states of matter—solid, liquid, gas, or plasma—depending on conditions like temperature and pressure; solids have fixed shape and volume, liquids flow but maintain volume, gases expand to fill containers, and plasma is an ionized gas state.^[18] The modern understanding of chemical substances developed historically through key contributions. In 1789, Antoine Lavoisier defined elements as simple substances that could not be decomposed further by chemical means, distinguishing them from compounds in his Traité Élémentaire de Chimie and listing 33 such elements.^[19] This laid the groundwork for systematic classification, further advanced in 1869 when Dmitri Mendeleev organized known elements into the first periodic table based on increasing atomic mass, predicting properties of undiscovered elements and grouping substances by atomic number trends.^[20] Examples of chemical substances include polymers, which are large molecules composed of repeating units, such as polyethylene—a synthetic organic polymer made from ethylene monomers, valued for its durability and use in packaging.^[21] Isotopes represent variants of elements with the same atomic number but different neutron counts, like carbon-12 (stable, with 6 neutrons) and carbon-14 (radioactive, with 8 neutrons), both sharing chemical properties but differing in nuclear stability.^[22] In applications, chemical substances play a central role in stoichiometry, the quantitative study of reactants and products in reactions using balanced equations; for example, the formation of water is represented as

$2\mathrm{H_2} + \mathrm{O_2} \rightarrow 2\mathrm{H_2O},

where the coefficients indicate the molar ratios of hydrogen and oxygen gases combining to form water.^[23] This framework enables predictions of reaction yields and is fundamental to chemical synthesis and analysis.

Physics and biology

In physics, substance is fundamentally understood as matter, defined as anything that has mass and occupies volume, serving as the tangible basis for all observable phenomena in the universe.^[24] This conceptualization traces back to classical mechanics, where matter interacts through the four fundamental forces: gravity, which governs large-scale attractions like planetary orbits; electromagnetism, responsible for electric and magnetic interactions; the strong nuclear force, binding quarks into protons and neutrons within atomic nuclei; and the weak nuclear force, mediating processes like radioactive decay.^[25] These forces dictate the behavior and stability of substances at all scales, from subatomic particles to cosmic structures. A cornerstone principle is the conservation of mass-energy, articulated by Albert Einstein in his 1905 theory of special relativity, expressed as the equation E = mc^2, where energy E is equivalent to mass m times the speed of light c squared. This equivalence implies that substances can convert between mass and energy forms, as seen in nuclear reactions, without loss in total quantity. Substances exist in various states or phases—solid, liquid, gas, and plasma—determined by temperature and pressure, with transitions between them illustrating dynamic physical properties. For instance, sublimation occurs when a solid transitions directly to gas, as in dry ice (solid carbon dioxide, CO₂), which evaporates at room temperature without melting, releasing CO₂ gas used in cooling applications. Plasma, the fourth state, consists of ionized gas where electrons are stripped from atoms, comprising over 99% of visible matter in the universe, particularly in stars where high temperatures enable fusion reactions powering stellar evolution.^[26]^[27] In biology and medicine, substances often refer to bioactive compounds that interact with living organisms, such as drugs that modulate physiological processes. Penicillin, discovered by Alexander Fleming in 1928, exemplifies this as the first antibiotic, functioning by inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis through binding to penicillin-binding proteins, thereby preventing peptidoglycan cross-linking essential for bacterial survival.^[28] Essential nutrients, another category of biological substances, include proteins, which provide amino acids for tissue repair and enzyme function, and vitamins, organic compounds like vitamin C that act as cofactors in metabolic reactions to prevent deficiencies such as scurvy.^[29] Toxicology examines hazardous substances that adversely affect organisms, with heavy metals like lead serving as a prominent example due to its neurotoxic effects, where chronic exposure disrupts neurotransmitter function and impairs cognitive development in children by interfering with calcium signaling in neurons.^[30] Bioavailability—the fraction of a substance absorbed and utilized by an organism—plays a critical role in both therapeutic and toxic outcomes, influenced by metabolism, where enzymes like cytochrome P450 in the liver break down substances into metabolites for excretion or activation.^[31] Key physical concepts further elucidate substance properties: entropy, a measure of disorder, increases in isolated substances per the second law of thermodynamics, driving irreversible processes like diffusion or heat flow toward equilibrium.^[32] At the quantum level, substances are described not as classical particles but as wave-particle dualities, as proposed by Louis de Broglie's 1924 hypothesis, which posits that all matter exhibits wave-like behavior with wavelength \lambda = h / p, where h is Planck's constant and p is momentum, underpinning phenomena like electron diffraction.^[33] An intriguing extension is dark matter, an unseen substance inferred from gravitational effects, first suggested by Fritz Zwicky in 1933 through observations of galaxy cluster dynamics, now estimated to constitute approximately 27% of the universe's total mass-energy content as of 2023.^[34]

Arts and entertainment

Music

In the realm of music, "Substance" most prominently refers to the 1987 compilation album by English alternative dance band New Order, released on August 17 by Factory Records in the UK and Qwest Records in the US. This double album compiles the band's 12-inch singles and select B-sides from their early career (1981–1987), presenting many in remixed, re-recorded, or edited forms to highlight their sonic development. Key tracks include the groundbreaking "Blue Monday" (a re-recorded version), the synth-pop hit "Bizarre Love Triangle," and "True Faith," alongside earlier post-punk influenced numbers like "Ceremony" and "Temptation." The collection captures New Order's shift from Joy Division's brooding legacy toward innovative electronic dance experimentation, blending sequencers, synthesizers, and guitar riffs in ways that bridged underground club culture with mainstream appeal.^[35] Commercially, Substance marked a high point for New Order, peaking at number 3 on the UK Albums Chart and remaining on the chart for 39 weeks, while reaching number 36 on the US Billboard 200.^[36] It was certified platinum by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI) for over 300,000 units sold in the UK and by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for exceeding one million copies in the US, underscoring its enduring popularity.^[37]^[38] The album's remixes, such as those on "Confusion" and "Shellshock," emphasized extended dancefloor-friendly structures, influencing production techniques in electronic music and inspiring subsequent remix culture in the genre.^[39] Culturally, Substance solidified New Order's role in the 1980s transition from post-punk to electronic dance music, assimilating American underground house and disco elements to redefine indie and alternative sounds for the coming decade.^[40] Its tracks have been staples in live performances, with the band delivering high-energy renditions during tours from the late 1980s onward, often incorporating updated remixes to adapt to evolving club and festival environments. The album's legacy persists through reissues, such as the 2023 expanded remastered edition, which includes additional B-sides and rarities, maintaining its status as a cornerstone of electronic music history.^[41]

Film, literature, and other media

In film, "The Substance" (2024) is a body horror drama written and directed by Coralie Fargeat, starring Demi Moore as Elisabeth Sparkle, an aging aerobics instructor who uses a black-market drug to create a younger version of herself, exploring themes of vanity, aging, and the beauty industry's exploitation of women.^[42] The film premiered in competition at the 77th Cannes Film Festival on May 19, 2024, receiving an 11-minute standing ovation and winning the Best Screenplay award.^[43] It later earned five nominations at the 82nd Golden Globe Awards, including Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy and Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy for Moore, whom it propelled to her first Golden Globe win in the latter category on January 5, 2025.^[44] Critically acclaimed for its bold visuals, feminist satire, and performances by Moore and Margaret Qualley, the film holds an 89% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 374 reviews, praised as a "gasp-inducing feat" despite some criticism of its excessive gore.^[45] In literature, "A Woman of Substance" (1979) by Barbara Taylor Bradford is a seminal rags-to-riches novel chronicling Emma Harte's transformation from a Yorkshire kitchen maid to a powerful retail tycoon, delving into themes of ambition, resilience, family betrayal, and female empowerment across decades.^[46] The book, the first in the Emma Harte Saga, became a global bestseller with over 30 million copies sold worldwide and inspired a 1984 miniseries adaptation starring Deborah Kerr.^[47] More recently, "The Book of the Most Precious Substance" (2022) by Sara Gran is a dark, occult mystery following rare bookseller Lily Albrecht's quest for a legendary grimoire said to grant sexual ecstasy and power, blending noir elements with explorations of desire, grief, and forbidden knowledge. These works use "substance" metaphorically to signify inner strength or elusive elixirs, contrasting material and existential essences. Television representations include the episode "Substance" from the web series "The Veil" (2015), directed by Mamie Morgan, which features a narrative centered on personal struggles and hidden truths among ensemble characters in a suspenseful drama format.^[48] Earlier, the anthology series "Tales of Tomorrow" aired "Substance X" in 1952, a science fiction episode depicting the dangers of a mysterious alien compound that induces hallucinations and ethical dilemmas for scientists.^[49] In other media, comics such as "The Twilight Zone: Shadow & Substance" (2014-2015 miniseries by Dynamite Entertainment) adapt Rod Serling's classic tales with a focus on psychological horror and moral ambiguity, where "substance" evokes the tangible versus illusory nature of reality in stories like ghostly encounters and identity crises.^[50] Video games feature "Metal Gear Solid 2: Substance" (2002), an expanded edition of Hideo Kojima's stealth-action title for PlayStation 2 and Xbox, adding new missions, VR modes, and "Snake Tales" side stories that deepen themes of information control, identity, and simulated realities in the espionage narrative.^[51] Historical documentaries from the 1970s, amid rising concerns over narcotics, include "Slavery in the 70s" (1970), a 20-minute educational film produced by Concept Films for Encyclopedia Britannica, illustrating the heroin epidemic's devastating social and personal impacts through real-life accounts and warnings against addiction.^[52] Similarly, "Drugs: The Children Are Choosing" (1970) examines adolescent experimentation with substances, emphasizing prevention and the allure of peer influence in counterculture contexts.^[53]

Technology and software

Software applications

Substance 3D is a suite of software applications developed by Allegorithmic, a French company founded in 2003, and acquired by Adobe in 2019, specializing in procedural texture generation and 3D material authoring for graphics and design workflows. The tools emerged from early innovations in image processing, with Allegorithmic's first major product, Bitmap2Material, released in the mid-2000s to convert single bitmap images into material maps for 3D rendering, laying the groundwork for procedural texturing techniques.^[54] By the 2010s, the suite evolved into node-based systems, integrating physically based rendering (PBR) standards to support real-time applications in gaming and film.^[55] Substance 3D Designer, first released in 2010, is a node-based authoring tool for creating procedural 3D materials and textures, allowing users to build complex surfaces using graphs of nodes for functions like noise generation (e.g., 3D Perlin noise) and filters.^[56] It supports PBR workflows, enabling the export of parametric materials compatible with engines like Unreal Engine through Adobe's 2023 partnership with Epic Games, which integrates Substance tools directly into game development pipelines.^[57] The software is widely used in game development, such as for creating environmental textures in Cyberpunk 2077, where CD Projekt RED employed Substance Designer alongside Painter for multilayered asset texturing to achieve the game's detailed urban futurism.^[58] Substance 3D Painter, initially released in October 2014, functions as a digital painting application for texturing 3D models, featuring layer-based workflows, smart materials, and real-time baking to apply details like weathering and decals directly onto meshes.^[59] It has become a staple in visual effects (VFX) production for films, enabling efficient layering of textures on complex assets, and is integrated with industry tools for pipelines at studios like Ubisoft, where it textured over 98% of assets in Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six Siege for realistic prop and environment detailing.^[60] Similarly, Ubisoft Québec utilized the tool extensively in Assassin's Creed: Odyssey to craft varied historical materials across expansive worlds.^[61] Complementing these, Substance 3D Assets (formerly Substance Source), launched in 2016, provides an online library of over 20,000 professional 3D materials, models, and lighting environments by 2025, accessible via subscription for seamless integration into Designer and Painter workflows.^[62] The suite's adoption extends to animation studios like Pixar, where Substance tools generate procedural masks and materials for rendering in RenderMan, as seen in short films like Bourdonnement.^[63] Recent updates in 2024 and 2025 incorporate Adobe Firefly generative AI features, such as image-to-material conversion in Substance 3D Sampler, enhancing automated material generation while maintaining procedural control for creative iteration.^[64]

Other technical uses

In legal contexts, particularly accounting and tax law, the "substance over form" doctrine prioritizes the economic reality of a transaction over its legal structure to prevent abuse of tax benefits or misleading financial reporting.^[65] This principle, rooted in common law and applied by the IRS to recharacterize transactions that lack genuine economic purpose, has been a cornerstone of U.S. tax administration since at least the early 20th century, with formal codification in Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) emerging in the 1930s through Financial Accounting Standards Board guidance.^[66] For instance, IRS rulings often invoke it alongside the economic substance doctrine to deny deductions for arrangements designed primarily for tax avoidance, ensuring compliance reflects true business intent rather than artificial forms.^[67] In materials engineering, "substance" refers to advanced materials like shape-memory alloys, which exhibit unique properties such as recovering their original shape after deformation when heated. Nitinol, a nickel-titanium alloy discovered in the early 1960s at the U.S. Naval Ordnance Laboratory, exemplifies this class of "smart substances" and has been pivotal in aerospace applications due to its superelasticity and fatigue resistance.^[68] Components made from Nitinol, such as actuators and deployable structures, enable lightweight, reliable mechanisms in satellites and aircraft, as detailed in NASA technical reports from the 1970s onward.^[69] Environmental regulations classify certain substances as hazardous to mitigate risks to health and ecosystems, with frameworks like the European Union's REACH (Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals) regulation, enacted in 2007, requiring registration and risk assessment for chemicals produced or imported above one tonne annually.^[70] Similarly, the U.S. Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) of 1976 empowers the EPA to regulate industrial chemicals by mandating reporting, testing, and restrictions on those posing unreasonable risks.^[71] Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), dubbed "forever chemicals" for their persistence in the environment, are prioritized under both regimes due to links with health effects like cancer and immune disruption, prompting bans and phase-outs in products such as non-stick coatings.^[72] In emerging technologies as of 2025, the concept of "substance" extends to data privacy in AI ethics, where synthetic data—artificially generated datasets mimicking real information—serves as a privacy-preserving alternative to personal data, aligning with GDPR updates that emphasize risk-based compliance for AI systems.^[73] This approach reduces re-identification risks in training models, as synthetic data avoids direct use of sensitive information, supporting ethical AI development under evolving EU guidelines. In blockchain, "substance" manifests through asset tokenization, where digital tokens on distributed ledgers represent real-world assets like real estate or securities, enabling fractional ownership and efficient transfer while ensuring legal enforceability.^[74] Recent events highlight regulatory focus on substances, including the United Nations' 2022 resolution to develop a legally binding treaty on plastic pollution by the end of 2024, which aimed to address the full lifecycle of plastics amid projections of over 500 million tonnes produced annually.^[75] Negotiations through the Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee (INC) sessions in 2024 and into 2025, including a resumed one-day INC-5.3 session on October 30, 2025, however, concluded without a final agreement, with key disputes over production caps and chemical additives. In the Apple v. Epic Games antitrust litigation (2020–present), U.S. courts examined the economic substance of Apple's App Store rules, ruling in 2021 that while not a federal antitrust violation, the policies breached California unfair competition law by restricting developer alternatives, leading to mandated changes in payment and distribution options.^[76]

References

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And since the essence is substance, and the definition is a formula of the essence, for this reason we have discussed definition and essential predication.
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Rating 89% (374) Audaciously gross, wickedly clever, and possibly Demi Moore's finest hour, The Substance is a gasp-inducing feat from writer-director Coralie Fargeat. Read ...Coralie Fargeat · Demi Moore · 371 Reviews · Margaret Qualley
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The first book in the Emma Harte Saga. Hardcover, Paperback, eBook, Audio. The unputdownable multi-million copy bestseller charting the rags to riches story of ...
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In stock Free deliveryOne of the top-ten bestselling novels ever written. An extravagant, absorbing novel of love, courage, ambition, war, death and passion.
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"The Veil Webseries" Substance (TV Episode 2015) - IMDb
Substance: Directed by Mamie Morgan. With Cathi Altonji, Doug Brazier, Dawn Campion, Bernadette Chapman.Missing: titled | Show results with:titled
[40]
Tales of Tomorrow: Substance X | Headhunter's Holosuite Wiki
"Substance X" is the fifth episode of season two of the science fiction anthology series Tales of Tomorrow. It first aired on the ABC network on Friday, ...Missing: titled | Show results with:titled
[41]
Dynamite® The Twilight Zone: Shadow & Substance Trade Paperback
In stockCollecting the complete four-issue "Shadow & Substance" miniseries, the "Lost Tales" and "1959" one-shot specials, and The Twilight Zone Annual 2014, this ...
[42]
Metal Gear Solid 2: Substance
Substance contains the main Metal Gear Solid 2 game along with some subtle alterations, including new infrared effects for the thermal goggles, additional ...
[43]
"SLAVERY IN THE 70s" 1970s HEROIN DRUG ABUSE ...
Feb 6, 2024 · This 20-minute documentary on the heroin epidemic in the United States was made by Concept Films in 1970 as part of an Encyclopedia Britannica informational ...
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Drugs: The Children Are Choosing (1970) - YouTube
Sep 20, 2025 · Comments · The French Connection: Business Of Heroin (1964) · New York City's Opioid Drug History: A Relentless Cycle · AIDS Quarterly – PBS (9/27/ ...
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Allegorithmic releases Bitmap2Material 2.0 - CG Channel
Dec 6, 2012 · Bitmap2Material 2.0 is available now for Windows and Mac OS X, price $149. It is compatible with 3ds Max and Maya 2012 and above and Unity 3.4 ...Missing: Early | Show results with:Early
[46]
Allegorithmic: How Past Shapes The Future - 80 Level
Nov 16, 2016 · This was the beginning of Substance Designer 1, which was released in 2010. Here's a look at one of the first versions of Substance Designer.
[47]
Home | Substance 3D Designer - Adobe Help Center
Jul 30, 2024 · Substance 3D Designer is a material authoring software. It lets you use a node graph to generate textures from procedural patterns and noises.3D view · Substance graphs · 3D Perlin Noise · 3D Linear Gradient
[48]
GDC 2023: Adobe Substance 3D announces partnership with Epic ...
Mar 22, 2023 · We are announcing a partnership with Epic Games to deliver powerful Substance 3D tools for a new generation of game creators.
[49]
The Texturing Pipeline in Substance Tools for Cyberpunk 2077
Dec 16, 2020 · Technical Art Director Krzysztof Krzyścin discussed with Magazine by Substance the team's texturing pipeline for Cyberpunk 2077 using Substance Painter and ...
[50]
Substance Painter 1.0 release date announced - CGPress
Allegorithmic announced that their 3D painting software will be officially released on October 15th, with some undisclosed new features.
[51]
Texturing Ubisoft's Rainbow Six Siege using Substance - YouTube
Jan 21, 2016 · Find out how Ubisoft Montreal used Substance Designer and Substance Painter to texture 98% of Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six Siege (featuring ...
[52]
The World of Assassin's Creed: Odyssey – Substance Workflow at ...
Nov 14, 2018 · Get to know the epic Substance workflow developed by the talented folks at Ubisoft Québec for the gorgeous and already critically acclaimed ...
[53]
Introducing Unmetered Access to Substance 3D Assets | Adobe Blog
Jan 29, 2025 · Adobe Substance 3D subscribers now have unmetered access to the full library of nearly 20000 materials, models, and lighting environments ...
[54]
Bourdonnement - Pixar's RenderMan | Stories
Feb 13, 2023 · “We also used Adobe Substance to generate a lot of procedural masks which were imported for breaking up the base painting in Mari before further ...
[55]
Adobe adds Firefly generative AI features to Substance 3D tools
Mar 18, 2024 · New video-to-PBR AI model lets artists relight video footage without manual 3D reconstruction. Can now be run offline, as well as in the cloud.
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A walk through the step-transaction doctrine - The Tax Adviser
May 1, 2021 · The step-transaction doctrine is a rule of substance over form. It “treats a series of formally separate 'steps' as a single transaction if such steps are in ...Missing: GAAP | Show results with:GAAP
[57]
[PDF] Memorandum - IRS
Sep 30, 2016 · subject to common law doctrines, including the economic substance doctrine and the substance over form doctrine.40. When determining whether ...
[58]
IRS Uses Substance Over Form to Recharacterize Transaction
Issue 1: Whether the Service may use the substance-over-form doctrine to recast the form of the Transaction in order to disregard the Loan and the portion of ...
[59]
The shape memory properties in NiTi alloys were accidentally ...
The shape memory properties in NiTi alloys were accidentally discovered in the early 1960's at the. Naval Ordnance Laboratory by Buehler et al., who called ...
[60]
[PDF] 55-nitinol---the alloy with a memory: its physical metallurgy ...
A series of nickel-titanium alloys (55-Nitinol), which are unique in that they possess a shape "memory," are described in this report. Components made of these ...<|separator|>
[61]
REACH Regulation - Environment - European Commission
REACH stipulates that chemical substances that exceed 1 tonne per year per company must be registered with ECHA. In this process, companies must identify the ...1907/2006 - EN · Access to European Union law · Chemicals
[62]
Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) and Federal Facilities | US EPA
The Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) of 1976 provides EPA with authority to require reporting, record-keeping and testing requirements, and restrictions ...
[63]
PFAS Explained | US EPA
Sep 30, 2025 · Scientific studies have shown that exposure to some PFAS in the environment may be linked to harmful health effects in humans and animals. There ...
[64]
Data Protection Innovation and Artificial Intelligence – Synthetic ...
May 16, 2025 · (1) First, using synthetic data improves data protection and privacy compliance. Data privacy is broadly protected through mandatory purpose ...Why Synthetic Data Is... · Synthetic Data -- Not A... · Reach Out For More...
[65]
[PDF] Understanding the tokenisation of assets in financial markets (EN)
Asset tokenisation can generally be described as the digital representation of physical assets on distributed ledgers (also referred to as digital twins) or the.
[66]
Nations agree to end plastic pollution
Feb 28, 2022 · Nations agreed to develop a legally binding agreement on plastic pollution by 2024, addressing its full lifecycle.
[67]
EPIC GAMES, INC. V. APPLE, INC., No. 21-16506 (9th Cir. 2023)
Epic contends that Apple acted unlawfully by restricting app distribution on iOS devices to Apple's App Store, requiring in-app purchases on iOS devices to use ...