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Valence

Valence is a term with multiple meanings in various fields of science, geography, and other disciplines. In science, it may refer to: It is also the name of several places, including cities in France and Spain, and may refer to notable people or other concepts in linguistics and biology.

Science

Chemistry

In chemistry, valence refers to the combining capacity of an atom, defined as the maximum number of chemical bonds it can form with other atoms. This concept was introduced by Edward Frankland in 1852, who observed that elements exhibit a fixed "saturation capacity" in forming compounds, such as phosphorus forming three bonds or carbon forming four.^[1]^[2] The valence of an atom is primarily determined by its valence electrons, which are the electrons in the outermost shell available for bonding. For main-group elements, this number often corresponds directly to the group number in the periodic table; for example, hydrogen has a valence of 1 due to its single valence electron, carbon has a valence of 4 with four valence electrons, oxygen has a valence of 2 with six valence electrons (forming two bonds to complete its octet), and nitrogen has a valence of 3 with five valence electrons.^[3]^[4] Transition metals, however, exhibit variable valence due to the involvement of both s and d electrons in bonding, allowing multiple oxidation states; iron, for instance, commonly shows valences of 2 or 3 in compounds like FeO and Fe₂O₃.^[5]^[6] Historically, valence theory began with empirical observations in the 19th century, such as Frankland's work on radical theory and the dualistic views of Berzelius, which treated bonds as fixed units without atomic-level explanations. The early 20th century saw a shift with G.N. Lewis's 1916 proposal of electron-pair sharing for covalent bonds and the octet rule, providing a structural basis. Quantum mechanics revolutionized the concept in the late 1920s, when Heitler and London applied wave mechanics to the hydrogen molecule, interpreting valence as resulting from electron exchange and spin pairing in 1927, Linus Pauling extended this with hybridization and resonance to explain directed bonds and molecular geometries.^[2]^[7]^[8] By the 1930s, valence bond theory formalized these ideas, viewing bonds as overlaps of atomic orbitals, though it competed with molecular orbital theory; modern interpretations integrate quantum mechanical calculations to predict bonding without altering the core empirical notion of combining power.^[9]^[10] Extensions of valence include the concept of maximum covalence, which represents the highest number of covalent bonds an atom can form using its available orbitals and electrons, often limited by the octet rule for second-period elements but expandable via d orbitals in heavier atoms like phosphorus in PCl₅ (covalence 5). Coordinate bonds, also known as dative covalent bonds, further extend this by allowing one atom to donate both electrons of a shared pair, as in the ammonium ion (NH₄⁺) where nitrogen provides the pair to hydrogen; this maintains the valence framework while accounting for unequal electron contribution.^[11]^[12]

Psychology

In psychology, valence, also known as hedonic tone, refers to the intrinsic positive or negative emotional quality of a stimulus, event, or experience, ranging from pleasantness and attractiveness to unpleasantness and aversiveness.^[13] This dimension captures the subjective appeal or repulsion inherent in affective states, distinguishing them from mere intensity.^[14] The concept originated in Wilhelm Wundt's tridimensional theory of feeling, proposed in the late 19th century, which posited that basic feelings vary along axes of pleasure-displeasure (valence), excitement-calmness, and strain-relaxation.^[15] In contemporary affective neuroscience, valence is studied as a core component of emotional processing, with neural correlates identified in regions like the orbitofrontal cortex and amygdala that encode positive versus negative affective signals.^[16] A key framework integrating valence is James A. Russell's circumplex model of affect (1980), which represents emotions in a two-dimensional space where valence forms one axis (from positive to negative) and arousal the other (from high to low activation).^[17] This model illustrates how emotions blend continuously along these dimensions, with pure states like joy (high positive valence, moderate arousal) contrasting with distress (high negative valence, high arousal).^[18] Valence plays a central role in motivation and decision-making by biasing approach behaviors toward positive-valenced stimuli (e.g., attraction to rewarding outcomes) and avoidance of negative ones (e.g., fear-driven withdrawal from threats), influencing goal-directed actions through integrated micro-valences (individual appraisals) and macro-valences (overall evaluations).^[19] For instance, positive valence in joy or affiliation promotes social bonding and persistence, while negative valence in disgust or anger can trigger rapid risk assessment in choices.^[20] Emotional valence is measured through self-report scales, such as Likert-type ratings of pleasantness (e.g., the Self-Assessment Manikin), which directly capture subjective hedonic tone, and physiological indicators like facial electromyography (EMG) detecting zygomaticus activity for positive valence or corrugator supercilii for negative.^[21] These methods complement each other, as self-reports provide conscious experiential data while physiological measures reveal automatic responses less prone to bias.^[22] In affective neuroscience applications, valence decoding from brain imaging (e.g., fMRI patterns) further elucidates its role in real-time emotional regulation and psychopathology.^[23]

Physics

In solid-state physics, the valence band refers to the highest energy band in a crystalline solid that is fully occupied by electrons at absolute zero temperature.^[24] This band arises from the quantum mechanical interaction of valence electrons—those in the outermost atomic shells—across the periodic lattice, forming extended energy states rather than discrete atomic levels.^[25] In insulators and semiconductors, the valence band is completely filled, meaning all available states up to the Fermi energy are occupied, which prevents electron mobility without external excitation.^[26] The valence band plays a central role in electrical conductivity, distinct from the conduction band, which lies above it and is empty at absolute zero.^[24] In semiconductors, a forbidden energy gap, or band gap, separates the two bands; electrons in the valence band require thermal or optical energy to jump the gap into the conduction band, where they can move freely as negative charge carriers.^[25] When such excitation occurs, it leaves behind positively charged vacancies, or "holes," in the valence band that behave as mobile positive carriers.^[27] Doping modifies this behavior: in p-type semiconductors, acceptor impurities (e.g., boron in silicon) create energy levels just above the valence band, ionizing to produce holes that enhance conductivity via valence band mechanisms.^[28] The theoretical foundation for the valence band concept stems from Felix Bloch's 1928 quantum mechanical treatment of electrons in periodic crystal potentials, which predicted the formation of energy bands due to wave interference in lattices.^[29] This band theory revolutionized solid-state physics, enabling the analysis of material properties and leading to practical applications like the transistor, invented in 1947, which relies on controlled valence and conduction band interactions in doped semiconductors for amplification and switching.^[30] In metals, by contrast, the valence and conduction bands overlap, allowing electrons to move freely without a band gap and resulting in high electrical conductivity.^[24]

Places

France

Valence in the Drôme department serves as the prefecture of that administrative division within the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region, situated on the left bank of the Rhône River. With a population of 64,288 as of 2022, it functions as a significant transport hub, leveraging its riverside location for commerce and connectivity, a role established since Roman antiquity when the settlement, known as Valentia, emerged following Roman victories over local Gallic tribes around 121 BCE.^[31]^[32]^[33] Historically, Valence gained prominence as a bishopric likely in the 4th century CE, with its bishops wielding considerable temporal authority until King Louis XI compelled them to cede power in 1450 in exchange for royal protection and the establishment of a university, which was later dissolved after the French Revolution. The city hosted several ecclesiastical councils, including the notable Council of Valence in 374 CE, where approximately 22 bishops addressed disciplinary matters such as ordinations and penances for lapsed clergy and laity. In the medieval period, the Cathedral of Saint-Apollinaire, consecrated in 1095 by Pope Urban II, underscored its religious importance. Today, Valence's economy centers on agriculture—particularly fruits and vegetables from the Rhône Valley—alongside industries like metallurgy, electronics, engineering, and an active river port facilitating trade.^[32]^[34]^[32] Culturally, Valence benefits from its proximity to Provence and the nearby town of Montélimar, renowned for nougat production using local lavender honey and almonds, a confection that has become emblematic of the region's gastronomic heritage.^[35]^[36] France features several smaller communes bearing the name Valence or variants, reflecting the toponym's regional prevalence. Valence in Charente, a modest village in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region with around 190 residents as of 2022, lies in a rural area near Angoulême. Valence in Tarn-et-Garonne, located in Occitanie, is a larger subprefecture with approximately 5,287 inhabitants as of 2022, serving as an administrative center along the Aveyron River. Other locales include Valence-d'Albigeois in the Tarn department (Occitanie), a small community in the Albigeois hills; Valence-sur-Baïse in Gers (Occitanie), a village noted for its wine production; and Valence-en-Brie in Seine-et-Marne (Île-de-France), a tiny hamlet in the Brie countryside.^[37] These sites, often of medieval origin, contribute to the surname Valence's French roots as a locational name denoting origin from such places.^[38]

Spain

Valence serves as the historical French exonym for Valencia, the third-largest city in Spain with a population of 825,948 as of 2024, and the capital of the Valencian Community.^[39]^[40]^[41] This naming convention reflects linguistic influences from the Latin root "Valentia," meaning strength, adapted into French usage for the Iberian city.^[42] Geographically, Valencia is situated on Spain's eastern Mediterranean coast at the mouth of the Turia River, encompassing a fertile plain known as the Huerta de Valencia, renowned for its orchards. The city was founded by the Romans in 138 BCE as Valentia Edetanorum, a colony established to secure the region against local tribes, initially positioned several kilometers inland before expanding toward the sea. Modern Valencia features the extensive Turia Gardens, created in the former riverbed after a devastating flood in 1957 diverted the waterway, now serving as a central green space with bridges, sports facilities, and cultural venues, while its major port handles significant cargo and cruise traffic.^[43]^[44]^[45]^[46] Historically, Valencia was conquered by Moorish forces in 714 CE during the Umayyad invasion of the Iberian Peninsula, becoming a prosperous taifa kingdom under Muslim rule with advancements in agriculture and trade. It was reconquered by Christian forces led by James I of Aragon on September 28, 1238, marking the end of Islamic control and the integration of the city into the Crown of Aragon, with the event celebrated annually as a foundational moment in Valencian identity. During the 15th century, known as the Valencian Golden Age—a period of economic boom driven by silk, leather, and maritime commerce—Valencia emerged as one of Europe's wealthiest and most culturally vibrant cities, contributing significantly to the broader Spanish Golden Age through literary figures like Joanot Martorell and architectural landmarks such as the Silk Exchange, a UNESCO World Heritage site.^[47]^[48]^[49]^[50] Valencia's economy is bolstered by tourism, which draws millions annually to its beaches, historic center, and modern attractions like the City of Arts and Sciences, alongside citrus exports from the surrounding Huerta region, where the city produces a substantial portion of Spain's oranges and generates billions in agricultural revenue. A key cultural driver is the Fallas festival, held each March, featuring massive satirical sculptures burned in public pyres, recognized by UNESCO as an Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity in 2016 for its communal artistry and springtime rituals.^[51]^[52]^[53]^[54] Linguistically, alongside standard Spanish (Castilian), Valencian—a variant of Catalan—is co-official in the region, spoken by about a third of the population and used in education, media, and signage, reflecting the area's medieval ties to the Crown of Aragon.^[55]^[56]

Other countries

In England, the name Valence is associated with minor historical place names stemming from Anglo-Norman influences during the 13th century, particularly linked to the de Valence family, who were granted estates by King Henry III in the 1260s. The village of Sutton Valence in Kent, originally known simply as Sutton or "south town," adopted the suffix "Valence" after the family's acquisition of local lands, including the construction of Sutton Valence Castle in the mid-12th century, which was granted to William de Valence, 1st Earl of Pembroke, in 1265. This site, now in ruins, served as a strategic motte-and-bailey fortification but never developed into a major settlement.^[57] Another example is Valence House in Dagenham, Essex, a medieval manor house named after Agnes de Valence (c. 1252–1304), who owned the property from 1291 in the late 13th century; the earliest documented reference to the estate dates to 1269, when its lease was transferred. Originally comprising about 127 acres of pasture and woodland, the manor grew to become the largest in the area but remained a rural estate without evolving into a significant town. These English instances reflect the migration of French place names through Norman nobility, but they contrast sharply with the more prominent European sites by remaining small and largely historical.^[58] Beyond England, instances of Valence as a place name are rare and typically limited to historical or defunct references in medieval Europe, such as variant spellings on old maps in regions like Italy and Germany, though no verified modern communities carry the name. In the United States, no notable contemporary or historical settlements named Valence have been documented outside minor, unconfirmed local references. Overall, these peripheral uses underscore the name's limited adoption outside its primary French and Spanish contexts, often tied to fleeting noble estates or temporary notations rather than enduring locales.

People

Historical figures

The de Valence family originated in 11th-century France, tracing their roots to the region of Valence in Poitou (modern-day Charente), where William de Valence, the progenitor of the English branch, was born at the Cistercian abbey of Valence near Lusignan. The family's rise in medieval European nobility stemmed from Poitevin connections to English royalty through Isabella of Angoulême, who married Hugh X of Lusignan after the death of King John, linking the Lusignans to the English throne. William de Valence (d. 1296), born Guillaume de Lusignan around 1225 as the fourth son of Isabella of Angoulême and Hugh X of Lusignan, became a prominent Anglo-French noble after arriving in England in 1247. Knighted by his half-brother King Henry III on 13 October 1247 and created Earl of Pembroke in 1247 through his marriage to Joan de Munchensi, he served as a favored courtier and diplomat, participating in the Second Barons' War, including battles at Lewes (1264) and Evesham (1265), and later in the Welsh campaigns of 1282 and Scottish negotiations from 1289 to 1292. Exiled briefly from 1258 to 1261 due to baronial opposition, he returned to crusade in 1270–1273 and governed Aquitaine as seneschal from 1273 to 1279; he died on 13 June 1296 in Bayonne during a revolt in Gascony, and was buried in Westminster Abbey.^[59] Aymer de Valence (c. 1270–1324), William's third son, emerged as a key Anglo-French noble and advisor to King Edward II, inheriting his father's French lands in 1296 and the earldom of Pembroke in 1307 upon his mother's death, while holding lordships in Montignac and Goodrich Castle. He participated in military campaigns against Scotland, including the victory at Methven in 1306 and the defeat at Loudoun Hill in 1307, and served as guardian of Scotland in 1300 while mediating English political crises, such as the opposition to Piers Gaveston in 1312. During the Despenser War of 1321–1322, Aymer initially allied secretly with marcher lords like Roger Mortimer against the Despenser favorites but acted as a mediator between Edward II and the nobility; captured briefly by the rebels in 1321, he was released and later supported the king, contributing to the condemnation of Thomas of Lancaster in 1322. He died suddenly on 23 June 1324 near Paris while on an embassy to Charles IV of France, with no surviving issue from his three marriages, and was buried alongside his father in Westminster Abbey.^[59] The lineage's prominence waned after Aymer's death, as the earldom passed through female lines, but their Poitevin ties and roles in Anglo-French affairs underscored their feudal significance in medieval Europe.

Modern individuals

The surname Valence remains relatively rare in the 21st century. As of recent estimates, it is borne by approximately 3,917 people worldwide, with the highest incidence in Tanzania (1,672), followed by France (1,243), reflecting spread beyond its French origins including to former colonies and other regions.^[60] In France and the United Kingdom, it appears infrequently, often linked to regional identities in southeastern France, such as the Drôme department, and lacks major global celebrities, underscoring its obscurity outside niche fields.^[61] Diaspora communities in the United States and Canada exist but are small, with historical records showing limited immigration and no prominent figures emerging in those regions post-1900.^[62] One notable modern bearer is Amasio Valence (born May 12, 1979), a Fijian-born New Zealand rugby sevens player who represented New Zealand at the 1998 Commonwealth Games, where the team won gold, and competed in multiple international tournaments, including the World Rugby Sevens Series, earning recognition as one of the early specialists in the format.^[63] His career highlighted the sport's growth, with key performances in events like the Hong Kong Sevens, contributing to New Zealand's successes before his retirement.^[64] In French politics, David Valence (born October 7, 1981) has risen prominently as a member of the Radical Party, who served as mayor of Saint-Dié-des-Vosges from 2014 to 2022 and remains a regional councillor for Grand Est, where he oversees transport policy.^[65] Elected to the National Assembly for Vosges's 2nd constituency in 2022, he chaired the Infrastructure Orientation Council from 2021 and focused on mobility financing and regional development. He sought re-election in the 2024 legislative elections but was defeated in the second round by the National Rally candidate, ending his term in the National Assembly in July 2024.^[66] A variant spelling, Valency, appears in Maurice Valency (March 22, 1903 – September 28, 1996), an American playwright, author, critic, and professor of comparative literature at Columbia University, best known for translating and adapting French plays like Jean Giraudoux's The Madwoman of Chaillot (1941, Tony Award for Best Play adaptation) and Ondine (1954, New York Drama Critics' Circle Award).^[67] His work bridged French and American theater, influencing Broadway productions and earning acclaim for scholarly contributions to drama criticism.^[68]

Other uses

Linguistics

In linguistics, valency (also known as valence) refers to the number and type of syntactic arguments or complements that a predicate, typically a verb but also nouns or adjectives, requires or permits to form a complete sentence structure. This concept treats predicates as having a fixed "arity" analogous to mathematical functions, classifying them as avalent (zero arguments, e.g., weather verbs like "rain"), monovalent or intransitive (one argument, usually a subject), bivalent or transitive (two arguments, subject and direct object), or trivalent or ditransitive (three arguments, subject, direct object, and indirect object).^[69]^[70] The term valency entered linguistic theory in the mid-20th century, borrowed as a metaphor from chemistry to describe the combinatory potential of words, much like atoms bond in fixed numbers. This analogy was popularized by Lucien Tesnière in his seminal work on dependency grammar, where he posited that the verb acts as the structural center of the sentence, with its valency dictating the dependencies among actants (core arguments) and circumstants (optional adjuncts). Tesnière's framework, developed in the structuralist tradition, emphasized how valency shapes syntactic trees, influencing subsequent theories in generative and dependency grammars.^[71]^[72] For example, the English verb "run" exhibits low valency as a monovalent predicate, requiring only a subject (e.g., "The athlete runs"), while "give" displays high valency as a trivalent predicate, necessitating a subject, direct object, and indirect object (e.g., "She gives him the book"). Valency is not always fixed; it can vary through morphological or syntactic operations such as passivization, which decreases valency by demoting the subject (e.g., "The book was given to him"), or causatives, which increase it by adding a causer argument (e.g., transforming intransitive "fall" to causative "make fall"). These alternations highlight valency's role in argument structure and voice systems across languages.^[73]^[74] In computational linguistics, valency frames are integral to natural language processing tasks like dependency parsing, where they guide the identification of argument roles and improve accuracy in sentence analysis by constraining possible syntactic attachments. For instance, verb valency lexicons augment parsers to predict and resolve ambiguities in argument selection, as demonstrated in frameworks for languages like Czech and English. This application underscores valency's practical utility in machine translation and semantic role labeling.^[75]^[76]

Biology

In biology, particularly immunology and biochemistry, valence (or valency) refers to the number of antigenic determinants, or epitopes, on an antigen molecule that can bind to antibodies, or conversely, the number of antigen-binding sites on an antibody molecule.^[77] This concept determines the molecule's capacity to form immune complexes and influences the strength and nature of the immune response. Similar to its analogy in chemical bonding, where it describes an atom's combining power, biological valence quantifies molecular interactions in serological reactions.^[78] The term valence, borrowed from chemistry, was applied to immunology in early 20th-century serology to explain antigen-antibody binding, notably in Karl Landsteiner's foundational work on blood group specificity and hapten-induced reactions during the 1900s and 1910s.^[79] Multivalent antigens, such as those on bacterial surfaces with multiple epitopes, trigger stronger immune responses by cross-linking B-cell receptors, leading to enhanced activation, proliferation, and antibody production compared to monovalent antigens.^[80] Haptens, small monovalent molecules incapable of independently eliciting immunity, require conjugation to multivalent carrier proteins to stimulate responses, as they alone cannot effectively cross-link receptors.^[77] A key example is immunoglobulin M (IgM), the first antibody produced in primary immune responses, which exists as a pentamer with 10 antigen-binding sites, conferring high valence and enabling efficient pathogen neutralization.^[81] This multivalency plays a crucial role in agglutination, where IgM cross-links particulate antigens like bacteria to form visible clumps, and in precipitation reactions, where soluble multivalent antigens form insoluble lattices with antibodies in antigen excess zones.^[77] Polyvalent vaccines exploit this principle by targeting multiple antigen strains; for instance, the 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV23) protects against 23 Streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes, broadening immunity against diverse pathogens.^[82]

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Valencia Population 2025 - World Population Review
The population as of 2015 was estimated to be 790,201 residents. This reflects a decrease from 2010, when the population exceeded 800,000, according to the ...
[53]
Valencia - Eurocities
Valencia is the third-largest city in Spain, behind Madrid and Barcelona, and one of the most dynamic in the country thanks to the entrepreneurial spirit and ...
[54]
Meaning, origin and history of the place name Valence
Meaning & History ... French form of Valencia. Related Names. Family Tree·Details. Rootvalens.
[55]
https://www.worldtranslationcenter.com/blog-posts/valencian-the-linguistic-bridge-between-catalan-and-spanish
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History of the city of Valencia
Learn the history of Valencia since its founding in 138 B.C. by the Romans. Over 2000+ years, it has become an interesting melting pot of cultures.Missing: date | Show results with:date
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The foundation of Valencia
Oct 27, 2023 · The Romans founded Valencia in 138 BCE, we all agree on that. But who were the first inhabitants of this new town?Missing: date | Show results with:date
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[PDF] Valencia - Comunitat Valenciana
The former bed of the river Turia, converted into a park, has turned out to be the backbone of the city, which most of the museums and cultural institutions ...
[59]
9 Fantastic Things To Do In Valencia, Spain - Wild About Travel
Jul 10, 2024 · The invasion by the Moors: Valencia surrendered to the Moors's invasion in 714 AD. The Christian reconquest: it was King James I of Aragon, with ...Missing: conquered | Show results with:conquered
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Medieval Valencia, the Valencian Golden Age - Fascinating Spain
Jan 25, 2021 · Medieval Valencia's Golden Age saw a new society, growth, a major textile industry, and became a wealthy, populous city with a municipal bank.
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Architecture of Valencia, Spain
Mar 6, 2021 · Valencia was later retaken by the Aragonese King James I in 1238 CE. The Spanish Kingdom of Aragon built many important structures within the ...
[62]
Over 2000 Years of History in Valencia in Chapters
By the end of the 15th century Valencia entered its Golden Age of prosperity when it was one of the most populous, dynamic, rich and cultural cities of Europe.
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[PDF] Valencia: The Path to Mediterranean Prosperity - Forbes
Valencia is experiencing a remarkable transformation from a tourism-focused region to a major economic & industrial hub. The government has successfully ...
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23 Interesting & Fun Facts About Valencia - Traveler's Universe
Did you know Valencia is Spain's orange capital, shipping millions of citrus fruits worldwide? It's also the birthplace of paella, Spain's most famous dish.
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Valencia Fallas festivity - UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage
The main feature of the Fallas Festivity, a tradition of communities in Valencia and its diaspora celebrating the coming of spring, is the giant falla.Missing: economy citrus exports
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The Inscription of the Valencia Fallas Festivity on the UNESCO ...
The Valencia Fallas festivity was inscribed on the UNESCO Representative List of Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity on the 30 November 2016.Missing: economy citrus
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Valencian: The Linguistic Bridge between Catalan and Spanish |
Jul 26, 2023 · Despite these differences, the Valencian and Catalan languages are generally considered to be two variants of the same language. However, in the ...
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Languages Spoken in Spain: Learning Valenciano - Dreams Abroad
Dec 17, 2019 · Valenciano as “the variety of Catalan spoken in the former Kingdom of Valencia and is commonly felt as its proper language.”
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History of Sutton Valence Castle - English Heritage
The village of Sutton, or 'south town', became known as Sutton Valence. William's son, Aymer de Valence, inherited the castle in 1307 and stayed here in June ...
[70]
Tracing the History of Valence House
The earliest reference to the site dates from 1269, when its lease was transferred from one owner to another.
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William and Aymer de Valence - Westminster Abbey
Valence near Lusignan in France was probably his birthplace. In 1247 William and two of his brothers, Guy and Aymer, and his sister Alice came to England at ...Missing: Somerset | Show results with:Somerset
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Valence Surname Origin, Meaning & Last Name History - Forebears
Valence Surname Definition: “from Valence, Normandy. William and Richard de Valence, and the fief of Valence, occur in 1180-95 Alan de Valence was a Baron ...
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Last name VALENCE: origin and meaning - Geneanet
Most common municipalities for the surname VALENCE: Vaudémont, Meurthe-et-Moselle, France. (2,150 individuals). Paris, Paris, France. (1,250 individuals).
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Valence Family History - Ancestry.com
The Valence family name was found in the USA, the UK, Canada, and Scotland between 1840 and 1920. The most Valence families were found in USA in 1920. In 1840 ...
[75]
Remembering the 1998 Gold medalists - All Blacks
Jul 19, 2022 · A sevens specialist, Amasio Valence was born in Fiji and first played for the All Blacks Sevens at the 1998 Commonwealth Games. He went on to ...
[76]
Amasio Valence Player Profile & Stats - Rugby Database
Full name: Amasio Valence. Born: Nadi. Country of Birth: Fiji the Fiji Islands. Birthday: 12th May 1979. Age: 46. First Game: New Zealand Colts v England Under ...
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David Valence president of the Infrastructure Orientation Council
Feb 3, 2021 · David Valence, (radical) mayor of Saint-Dié-des-Vosges and president in charge of transport for the Grand-Est region, has been appointed ...
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David Valence Radical Party Chairman Parliamentary Editorial ...
David Valence, of the Radical Party, chairman of the parliamentary committee of inquiry (right), and Hubert Wulfranc, of the Communist Party, rapporteur of ...
[79]
Maurice Valency, 93, Theatrical Master, Dies - The New York Times
Sep 29, 1996 · Maurice Valency, playwright, author, critic and professor of drama, an erudite man of the theater best known for his adaptations of award-winning plays.
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Maurice Valency papers, 1945-1963 - Columbia University Libraries ...
Maurice Valency (1903-1996) was an American playwright, critic, author, and translator. Valency was born March 22, 1903 in New York City and was educated at ...
[81]
Valency in the Romance Languages
### Summary of Valency in Romance Languages
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Valency - Brill Reference Works
Valency is the potential of a lexeme (a verb, noun, or adjective) to structure its syntactic environment by defining the number and the form of complements ...Missing: valence | Show results with:valence
[83]
https://doi.org/10.1075/li.00017.prz
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https://www.jbe-platform.com/content/journals/10.1075/sl.4.2.11van
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What is a Valency - Glossary of Linguistic Terms | - SIL Global
Examples: Here are some examples of possible verb classes based on valency: Verb class. # of arguments. Example (English). Univalent, agentive. 1 agent. dance.
[86]
[PDF] 80. Valency-changing word-formation
The major valency-increasing operations are causative and applicative: causative adds a new subject, while applicative adds an object. Valency-decreasing ...Missing: valence | Show results with:valence
[87]
[PDF] Valency-Augmented Dependency Parsing - ACL Anthology
We present a complete, automated, and effi- cient approach for utilizing valency analysis in making dependency parsing decisions. It in-.
[88]
Enhancing Czech Parsing with Verb Valency Frames - SpringerLink
In this paper an exploitation of the verb valency lexicons for the Czech parsing system Syntis presented and an effective implementation is described that ...
[89]
Section references - Immunobiology - NCBI Bookshelf
**Summary of Valence/Valency in Antigen-Antibody Interactions (from Immunobiology, 5th ed., NCBI Bookshelf)**
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Valence - Definition and Examples - Biology Online Dictionary
Feb 24, 2022 · noun, plural: valences (biology, immunology) The relative capability of a substance (eg antibody) to act upon, react, or bind with a biological substrate.
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The Precipitin Reaction and Antibody Valence Studied with the Aid ...
Landsteiner, K., “The Specificity of Serological Reactions” (Harvard Univ. Press; revised edit., 1945). Boyd, W. C., “Fundamentals of Immunology ...Missing: historical | Show results with:historical
[92]
Role of Multivalency and Antigenic Threshold in Generating ...
Here, we discuss the underlying mechanisms that may be associated with the induction of protective immunity by long-lived plasma cells.
[93]
Structure, Function, and Therapeutic Use of IgM Antibodies - PMC
Although the antigen binding affinities of natural IgM antibodies are typically lower than IgG, their polyvalency allows for high avidity binding and efficient ...
[94]
PPSV23 Vaccine VIS - CDC
PPSV23 helps protect against 23 types of bacteria that cause pneumococcal disease. PPSV23 is recommended as an option for some children and adolescents.