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Telekinesis

Telekinesis, also known as psychokinesis (PK), is the purported ability to influence or move physical objects and systems using only the power of the mind, without any physical interaction or known physical mechanism.^[1] This concept, derived from the Greek words psyche (mind) and kinesis (motion), encompasses both macro-PK—large-scale effects like levitating objects—and micro-PK—subtle influences on random events, such as altering dice rolls or electronic random number generators.^[2] Despite its prominence in popular culture, folklore, and parapsychological studies, telekinesis remains unverified by mainstream science and is widely regarded as pseudoscience due to the absence of reproducible evidence under controlled conditions.^[3] The idea of mind-over-matter abilities traces back to ancient beliefs in spiritual forces and magic, but systematic interest emerged in the late 19th century amid the Spiritualism movement, where mediums claimed to produce object movements through séances, often later exposed as using hidden wires or other tricks.^[3] The term "psychokinesis" was coined around 1914, though related concepts appeared earlier in psychical research.^[1] In the 1930s and 1940s, parapsychologist J.B. Rhine at Duke University conducted early laboratory experiments, focusing on micro-PK with dice and later random event generators, yielding statistically suggestive but inconsistent and non-replicable results that failed to convince the broader scientific community.^[3] Subsequent investigations, including high-profile cases like spoon-bending performer Uri Geller in the 1970s (debunked as sleight-of-hand) and martial artist James Hydrick's 1980s television demonstrations (revealed to involve controlled breathing), have consistently highlighted methodological flaws, fraud, or natural explanations such as static electricity or illusion.^[3] Meta-analyses of micro-PK studies, such as those examining human intention's impact on random number generators, report weak effects potentially attributable to publication bias or selective reporting rather than genuine phenomena.^[4] Today, while parapsychological research persists in niche academic circles, the scientific consensus holds that no credible evidence supports telekinesis, with claims often explained by cognitive biases, expectation effects, or physical tricks; major prizes like the James Randi Educational Foundation's $1 million challenge for paranormal proof went unclaimed for decades until its closure in 2015.^[3]

Definition and Terminology

Definition

Telekinesis, also known as psychokinesis in its broader sense, refers to the purported psychic ability by which an individual can influence physical systems or move objects without any physical interaction, relying solely on mental concentration or willpower.^[5]^[6] This claimed phenomenon is typically described as producing motion in stationary objects, such as displacing or levitating them, through non-physical means.^[3] In parapsychology, telekinesis is categorized as a form of macro-psychokinesis (macro-PK), involving large-scale, visible effects on macroscopic objects that can be observed with the naked eye, in contrast to micro-psychokinesis (micro-PK), which entails subtler influences on probabilistic or microscopic systems.^[7]^[8] It is distinguished as a subset of psychokinesis, the umbrella term for mind-over-matter effects, focusing specifically on the distant manipulation or movement of tangible items rather than broader alterations like influencing random events or biological processes.^[9] Within the field of parapsychology, which emerged in the early 20th century to study anomalous mental phenomena, telekinesis has been positioned alongside extrasensory perception (ESP) as part of the broader category of psi abilities, though it specifically involves output or action rather than perceptual input.^[10]^[11] Claimed manifestations of telekinesis include the levitation of small objects like pencils or feathers, and the anomalous rotation or tipping of tables during séances (known as table-turning).^[12]^[3] These examples, often reported in anecdotal accounts from spiritualist practices or controlled demonstrations, have consistently lacked empirical validation under rigorous scientific scrutiny, with no reproducible evidence confirming their occurrence.^[3]

Etymology and Relation to Psychokinesis

The term "telekinesis" was coined in 1890 by Alexander N. Aksakof, a Russian psychical researcher, derived from the Greek words tēle ("distant") and kinēsis ("motion"), to denote the movement of objects at a distance.^[13] Initially, Aksakof applied the term specifically to describe phenomena observed in spiritualistic séances, where objects appeared to move through the intervention of spirits or other non-physical agencies, as detailed in his work Animism and Spiritualism, which critically examined mediumistic events.^[13] In 1914, American author and publisher Henry Holt introduced the broader term "psychokinesis" (from Greek psychē "mind" and kinēsis "motion") in his book On the Cosmic Relations, shifting the focus toward direct mental influence on physical systems without invoking spiritual intermediaries.^[14] This concept evolved within parapsychology, particularly through the work of J.B. Rhine, who adopted and popularized psychokinesis as an umbrella term encompassing various forms of mind-matter interaction, including what had previously been termed telekinesis.^[15] While the terms are sometimes used interchangeably, key distinctions emerged in parapsychological literature: telekinesis typically refers to the macroscopic movement or manipulation of tangible objects by the mind alone, implying a direct, intermediary-free process often rooted in spiritualistic origins.^[16] In contrast, psychokinesis (PK) extends to a wider array of influences, such as micro-PK effects on probabilistic events (e.g., altering dice rolls or random number generators) and macro-PK phenomena beyond mere motion, reflecting a transition from spirit-mediated explanations in 19th-century spiritualism to secular, psychological models in 20th-century parapsychology.^[9]

Historical Development

Ancient and Folklore Origins

In ancient Greek mythology, the legendary figure Orpheus was renowned for his musical abilities that could influence inanimate objects, such as compelling stones to move and follow him through the power of his lyre and voice. This motif appears in classical accounts where Orpheus's art tames wild beasts, sways trees, and draws rocks into motion, symbolizing the transcendent force of poetic will over the material world.^[17] Similarly, biblical narratives describe miraculous manipulations of natural elements attributed to divine intervention through human agents, as in the account of Moses extending his staff to part the waters of the Red Sea, allowing the Israelites to cross on dry ground—a feat framed as God's response to prophetic command rather than innate human psychokinesis.^[18] In Hindu traditions, Patanjali's Yoga Sutras (circa 400 CE) outline siddhis, or supernatural attainments, including levitation (laghima) achieved through mastery of the udana prana, the upward vital breath, presenting such abilities as byproducts of yogic discipline rather than mere folklore.^[19] European folklore frequently depicted poltergeists as mischievous household spirits responsible for unexplained object movements, such as levitating furniture, hurling stones, or causing knocks and disruptions, often centered around adolescents or locations of emotional turmoil. Tales of witches further reinforced these ideas, portraying them as capable of levitating themselves or objects during nocturnal flights to sabbaths, a motif rooted in early modern accounts of demonic pacts and aerial travels.^[20]^[21] Across these ancient and folkloric traditions, such phenomena were commonly attributed to external supernatural entities—gods, demons, or restless spirits—rather than inherent human capabilities, emphasizing intervention by otherworldly agents without claims of empirical verification.^[22] These pre-modern motifs of spirit-mediated object manipulation laid groundwork for 19th-century spiritualism, where folklore-inspired practices like table rapping and levitating sessions during séances echoed poltergeist disturbances and witch flights, transforming oral traditions into structured mediumistic demonstrations.^[23] The Fox sisters' 1848 rappings in New York, interpreted as spirit communications through knocks and table movements, drew directly from such folk beliefs, popularizing spiritualism as a bridge between ancient lore and modern occult inquiry.^[24]

Modern Parapsychology

The investigation of telekinesis, often termed psychokinesis (PK) in parapsychological contexts, emerged prominently within 19th-century spiritualism through claims by mediums such as Eusapia Palladino (1854–1918), who purportedly moved objects without physical contact during séances. Palladino's demonstrations included levitating tables up to 40 cm high for durations of 10 seconds or more, as observed in controlled settings in Milan in 1892, and advancing a wardrobe 6.5 feet across a room, reported by investigators like Cesare Lombroso. These phenomena were scrutinized by the Society for Psychical Research (SPR), founded in London in 1882 as the first scientific organization dedicated to examining mesmeric, psychical, and spiritualist claims in a rigorous manner. The SPR's 1908 Naples report, following stringent controls, documented apparent genuine effects in Palladino's sessions, though earlier 1895 Cambridge tests revealed instances of cheating.^[25]^[26] In the 20th century, parapsychology formalized as an academic discipline, with J.B. Rhine establishing the Parapsychology Laboratory at Duke University in 1930, invited by psychologist William McDougall to conduct controlled studies on paranormal abilities, including a shift toward dice-rolling and other PK tests to assess mind-over-matter influences under laboratory conditions. This era also saw parapsychologists draw on interpretations of quantum mechanics to conceptualize PK, positing that observer effects and non-locality in quantum theory might parallel psi phenomena, though such analogies were often criticized as misapplications of probabilistic principles from the 1950s onward. A landmark 1974 international conference on "Quantum Physics and Parapsychology" highlighted these connections, exploring how quantum indeterminacy could theoretically accommodate anomalous human influences on physical systems.^[27]^[28] Key institutions advanced this research, including the Parapsychological Association (PA), founded in 1957 to promote parapsychology as a science through scholarly inquiry into psi phenomena like PK. The Princeton Engineering Anomalies Research (PEAR) laboratory, operational from 1979 to 2007 under Robert G. Jahn, conducted extensive experiments on mind-machine interactions, using random event generators to detect subtle intention-based deviations in quantum processes, yielding statistically significant results across millions of trials (e.g., Z-score of 6.06, p = 6 × 10⁻¹⁰).^[29]^[30] Post-1980s, parapsychology faced declining mainstream acceptance due to funding reductions and challenges in replicating key findings, exemplified by the 1988 National Research Council report, which concluded no scientific justification for psi effects after reviewing decades of research, prompting cuts in institutional support and marginalizing the field within academia. Replication debates intensified in the 1980s, with critics highlighting methodological flaws and inconsistent outcomes in PK studies, further eroding credibility despite meta-analyses defending aggregate evidence.^[31]^[32]

Scientific Perspective

Experimental Evaluations

Early experimental evaluations of telekinesis, often termed psychokinesis (PK), began in the 1930s with J.B. Rhine's dice-rolling tests at Duke University. Subjects attempted to mentally influence the outcome of thrown dice, with results showing slight deviations from chance expectations, such as hit rates marginally above 1/6 for targeted faces.^[33] These findings were later criticized for inadequate controls, including potential sensory cues and insufficient randomization.^[34] In the mid-20th century, Helmut Schmidt conducted prominent studies using electronic random number generators (RNGs) to test micro-PK effects from the 1960s to 1970s. Participants tried to mentally bias RNG outputs toward high or low values, yielding statistically significant results with p-values around 0.01 in several trials, suggesting small but consistent deviations from randomness.^[35] However, independent replications failed to consistently reproduce these effects, and critics highlighted issues like selective reporting.^[34] Contemporary assessments, including meta-analyses of RNG-based PK experiments, have examined hundreds of studies spanning decades. A 2006 meta-analysis of 380 experiments found a small overall effect size (z = 2.47 in the random-effects model, p < 0.05), but attributed it largely to publication bias and the file-drawer effect, where negative results remain unpublished.^[36] Reviews in the 2020s by organizations like the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry continue to conclude there is no robust, replicable evidence for PK under controlled conditions. Key methodological challenges in these evaluations include the absence of double-blinding, which allows experimenter bias to influence outcomes; small sample sizes that amplify statistical artifacts; and the file-drawer problem, inflating positive findings across parapsychological research.^[36] These issues have undermined the reliability of reported PK effects despite efforts to standardize protocols.

Physical and Scientific Feasibility

Telekinesis, as the purported ability to influence physical objects through mental effort alone, fundamentally contradicts the conservation of energy and momentum, two cornerstone principles of physics. These laws dictate that energy and momentum in a closed system remain constant unless acted upon by external forces or transfers, with no mechanism allowing unmediated action at a distance from a non-physical source like the mind. Any telekinetic effect would require an unknown force to impart motion without detectable energy input or output, violating these invariants and implying the creation of energy from nothing, which has no empirical or theoretical support.^[37]^[38] Newton's laws of motion further illustrate the incompatibility, as the second law (F = ma) necessitates a tangible force to accelerate an object, yet mental influence lacks any identifiable source or mediation, such as electromagnetic fields or gravitational pull, capable of producing observable effects at macroscopic scales. General relativity extends this by incorporating spacetime curvature, where energy-momentum conservation holds locally via the stress-energy tensor, precluding non-physical interventions that could alter trajectories without corresponding spacetime distortions. Quantum mechanics, while probabilistic at microscopic levels, does not permit macroscopic mind-matter interactions; its principles, including the uncertainty principle and wave function evolution, apply to particles and fields, not direct conscious control over bulk matter. Relativity and quantum field theory similarly offer no framework for such unmediated effects, as all known interactions are mediated by gauge bosons like photons or gluons.^[39] Claims invoking quantum phenomena, such as the observer effect or entanglement, to justify telekinesis misrepresent these concepts as supporting consciousness-driven collapse of wave functions to move objects, but no evidence exists for consciousness playing such a role; the "observer" in quantum mechanics refers to measurement apparatuses interacting via physical forces, not subjective awareness. Entanglement, often cited for instantaneous influences, is correlation without causation or energy transfer, and cannot propagate macroscopic forces across distances without violating no-signaling theorems. These pseudoscientific interpretations ignore that quantum effects decohere rapidly in macroscopic environments, rendering them irrelevant to telekinetic claims.^[39] Biologically, the human brain's energy output—approximately 20 watts—represents a severe constraint, as this power sustains neural signaling but cannot generate the directed force needed to lift even small objects like a 10-gram coin 10 centimeters without physical contact or intermediary mechanisms. Transferring such energy remotely would demand efficiency far beyond biological limits, and no neural or physiological pathway exists to couple mental activity to distant matter in violation of physical laws.^[40]^[41]^[37]

Psychological and Bias Explanations

Psychological explanations for claimed instances of telekinesis often attribute them to cognitive biases that shape perception and memory. Confirmation bias, for example, leads individuals to selectively remember instances where mental effort appears to coincide with object movement while overlooking numerous failures or alternative explanations, thereby reinforcing belief in psychic abilities.^[42] In uncontrolled settings, expectation effects further contribute, as observers anticipate subtle movements and interpret ambiguous events as evidence of telekinesis, ignoring random environmental influences.^[42] Perceptual illusions play a significant role in these claims, particularly the ideomotor effect, where unconscious muscle movements produce apparent object displacement without deliberate physical contact. This phenomenon, first described in the context of spiritualist practices, explains experiences like table tilting or psi wheel rotations, where participants' subtle expectations cause inadvertent motion misperceived as mental control.^[43] Additionally, the misattribution hypothesis posits that believers ascribe ordinary environmental factors—such as air currents, vibrations, or static electricity—to paranormal causation, heightening the illusion of telekinetic influence during heightened focus or emotional states.^[44] Neurological factors, including suggestibility and hypnosis, can enhance subjective experiences of telekinesis by increasing receptivity to internal suggestions or environmental cues. Research shows a positive correlation between hypnotic suggestibility and belief in paranormal phenomena, where highly suggestible individuals may interpret heightened imagination or altered states as evidence of mental powers over matter.^[45] In poltergeist-like activity, often linked to adolescents under stress, discredited theories of repressed psychokinesis suggested emotional turmoil manifests as unconscious influence; however, psychological analyses attribute such events to misperception, suggestibility, or projection of internal conflicts rather than genuine telekinesis.^[46] Studies on deception in parapsychology, notably by Ray Hyman in the 1980s, highlight how subtle perceptual cues and observer biases distort judgments in psychokinesis demonstrations. In his critiques of experimental protocols, Hyman demonstrated that participants and evaluators often rely on unconscious signals or methodological flaws to infer telekinetic effects, underscoring the role of self-deception in sustaining such beliefs.^[47] His analysis emphasized that these psychological mechanisms, rather than anomalous forces, account for the persistence of telekinesis claims across informal and controlled settings.^[48]

Skeptical Challenges and Prizes

Skeptical organizations have played a pivotal role in challenging claims of telekinesis through rigorous investigations and public exposés. The Committee for Skeptical Inquiry (CSI), founded in 1976 as the Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal (CSICOP), has conducted numerous examinations of paranormal assertions, including telekinesis, emphasizing scientific scrutiny and the identification of fraudulent techniques.^[49] Prominent among skeptical initiatives are high-stakes financial prizes offered to anyone who could demonstrate telekinetic abilities under controlled conditions. The James Randi Educational Foundation's One Million Dollar Paranormal Challenge, initiated by magician and skeptic James Randi in 1968 and formalized by the foundation in 1996, remained active until 2015, attracting over 1,000 applicants but awarding the prize to no one, as all demonstrations failed to meet scientific standards.^[50]^[51] Currently, the Center for Inquiry Investigations Group (CFIIG) maintains a $500,000 Paranormal Challenge, ongoing as of 2025, requiring claimants to pass preliminary and formal tests of abilities like telekinesis, with no successful payouts to date.^[52] Investigations by skeptics have frequently exposed telekinesis claims as illusions or hoaxes. In the 1970s, James Randi debunked Israeli performer Uri Geller's spoon-bending demonstrations—widely presented as telekinetic feats—by replicating them on television using sleight-of-hand techniques, such as pre-stressing metal and covert physical manipulation, during appearances on shows like The Tonight Show in 1973 and Barbara Walters' program in 1974.^[53] Similar exposés targeted other claimants, like James Hydrick in the early 1980s, whose purported ability to move objects with his mind was revealed by Randi to rely on subtle breaths or finger movements, detectable with simple aids like talcum powder. Magicians and skeptics have demonstrated that telekinesis-like effects can be achieved through everyday illusions, undermining claims of supernatural power. Common methods include invisible threads attached to objects for remote manipulation, hidden magnets to influence metal items, and static electricity or air currents to simulate movement, all replicable without paranormal means.^[54] A historical parallel is the Cottingley Fairies hoax of 1917–1920, where two young girls in England staged photographs of supposed fairies using cutouts and props, deceiving even prominent figures like Arthur Conan Doyle and illustrating how simple deceptions can mimic psychic evidence until scrutinized.^[55] The intensified skeptical scrutiny from the 1970s onward, exemplified by Randi's challenges and CSI investigations, has contributed to a marked decline in public telekinesis demonstrations since the 1980s, as claimants faced greater risks of exposure and fewer opportunities for unchallenged performances.^[56]

Beliefs and Claims

Subtypes of Telekinetic Abilities

In parapsychological literature, telekinetic abilities, often encompassed under the broader term psychokinesis (PK), are categorized into subtypes primarily based on the scale of the purported effect and the degree of conscious intent involved. These distinctions aim to differentiate observable phenomena from subtle influences, though empirical evidence supporting such categories remains lacking, with separations viewed largely as operational rather than fundamental.^[57]^[58] Macro-telekinesis, or macro-PK, refers to large-scale physical movements that are allegedly perceptible to the naked eye, such as the levitation of tables, chairs, or even human bodies during séances or controlled demonstrations. These effects are typically described as intentional acts by the individual exerting mental influence over substantial objects, distinguishing them from smaller-scale manipulations. Historical accounts in parapsychology often link macro-telekinesis to mediumistic practices, where environmental disturbances are claimed to occur without physical contact.^[8]^[58] Micro-telekinesis, known as micro-PK, involves subtler influences on probabilistic or microscopic events that require statistical analysis for detection, rather than direct observation. Examples include attempts to mentally bias outcomes in random number generators (RNGs), dice rolls, or roulette wheels, where deviations from chance are purportedly achieved through focused intention over many trials. This subtype emphasizes cumulative effects on chance processes, contrasting with the immediate visibility of macro effects.^[8]^[58] Other variants include bio-PK, which pertains to telekinetic influences on living systems, such as accelerating plant growth or affecting biological processes in animals, like the resuscitation of anesthetized subjects. Parapsychologists have also attributed poltergeist activity—characterized by recurrent, spontaneous object movements and disturbances—to unconscious macro-PK, termed recurrent spontaneous psychokinesis (RSPK), where effects are linked to emotional stress in a focal individual rather than deliberate control. These categories, while useful for theoretical organization, lack clear empirical boundaries, as parapsychological frameworks do not demonstrate consistent differentiation based on scale or intent across studies.^[8]^[58]^[59]

Notable Claimants and Psychics

One of the earliest prominent claimants of telekinetic abilities was the Italian medium Eusapia Palladino (1854–1918), who gained international attention in the 1890s for demonstrations involving table levitations and object movements during séances.^[60] Investigations by figures such as Cesare Lombroso initially lent credibility to her claims, but multiple exposures revealed fraudulent techniques, including the use of her foot to manipulate objects like guitars during controlled sittings in 1909.^[60] Harvard psychologist Hugo Münsterberg, after observing her in the United States, publicly described her phenomena as deliberate trickery rooted in hysteria rather than genuine psychokinesis.^[60] In the early 1900s, Polish medium Stanisława Tomczyk (c. 1885–1975) claimed to levitate small objects, such as scissors or glass beakers, while under hypnosis induced by psychologist Julian Ochorowicz.^[61] Skeptics, including magician William S. Marriott, replicated her feats in 1910 using a hidden thread attached to the objects, demonstrating that no paranormal ability was required.^[62] Such exposures highlighted how subtle physical aids could simulate telekinetic effects under lax observational conditions. During the mid-20th century, Israeli performer Uri Geller rose to fame in the 1970s for spoon-bending demonstrations, which he attributed to psychokinetic powers and which captivated audiences on television and in laboratory settings.^[63] However, magician and skeptic James Randi exposed these as sleight-of-hand tricks during a 1973 appearance on The Tonight Show, where Geller failed to bend provided utensils under scrutiny and relied on pre-weakened metal.^[63] Similarly, Soviet housewife Nina Kulagina (1926–1990) claimed in the 1960s to move objects like matches and cigarettes across tables in laboratory environments, drawing interest from parapsychologists.^[64] Yet, investigations criticized the poor controls, such as inadequate shielding against threads or magnets, rendering her results unverifiable and suggestive of deception.^[64] In the 1970s, British teenager Matthew Manning (born 1955) reported poltergeist activity in his home, including spontaneous object movements and writings on walls, which he later claimed stemmed from his own unconscious psychokinetic influence.^[65] Psychological analyses attributed these events to stress-related factors during adolescence, with no independent evidence of external forces.^[65] Post-2000, self-proclaimed psychics have appeared on paranormal television shows like Psychic Detectives and Paranormal State, occasionally asserting telekinetic talents, but none have produced demonstrations verifiable under scientific protocols.^[66] The James Randi Educational Foundation's $1 million challenge, active from 1996 to 2015, invited claimants of paranormal abilities—including telekinesis—to prove their powers in controlled tests, yet over a thousand applicants failed, underscoring the absence of substantiated modern cases. Across these examples, patterns emerge wherein most claimants were mediums or stage performers operating in dimly lit or uncontrolled settings, and subsequent investigations consistently uncovered methodological flaws, hidden aids, or psychological explanations rather than evidence of true telekinesis.^[63]^[65]

Metal Bending Demonstrations

Metal bending demonstrations, a purported subset of telekinesis, gained prominence in the 1970s through the performances of Israeli entertainer Uri Geller, who claimed to deform metal objects using psychic energy derived from extraterrestrial influences.^[67] Earlier precedents for such claims can be traced to 19th-century spiritualism, where physical mediumship phenomena like table tipping involved alleged spirit-induced movements of objects, laying groundwork for later assertions of mind-over-matter effects on materials, though specific metal deformation was not widely reported until the modern era.^[12] Geller's acts, beginning in Israeli nightclubs around 1969 and exploding internationally via television appearances, positioned metal bending as a hallmark of parapsychological ability, inspiring a wave of similar claimants among children and adults.^[68] Claimants like Geller described techniques involving mental concentration to "soften" or weaken metal at a molecular level, often accompanied by physical actions such as stroking or rubbing the object to channel "psi force."^[67] Demonstrations typically featured everyday items like spoons, keys, or watches, bent in low-light or informal settings to heighten dramatic effect and minimize scrutiny, with Geller asserting that the process required emotional focus and could sometimes occur remotely without touch.^[63] These methods were said to produce visible distortions without apparent physical force, purportedly defying material strength limits through psychokinetic influence.^[69] Scientific investigations into these demonstrations yielded inconclusive results due to methodological flaws. At the Stanford Research Institute in 1973, physicists Russell Targ and Harold Puthoff observed Geller bending metal and reported anomalous effects in a study published in Nature, but the experiments lacked rigorous controls, such as double-blind protocols, leading critics like psychologist Ray Hyman to highlight opportunities for sleight-of-hand. Magician and skeptic James Randi replicated Geller's feats using conventional tricks, including pre-stressing metal with hidden force and misdirection, as detailed in his 1982 book The Truth About Uri Geller, and exposed similar techniques in live demonstrations. No controlled study has verified non-physical metal bending, with subsequent tests on other claimants, such as those in 1970s European labs, failing under strict conditions.^[67] The cultural impact of metal bending demonstrations extended beyond parapsychology, sparking "PK parties" in the 1980s where participants attempted to replicate the feats through suggestion and group energy, while influencing stage magic routines that openly embrace the illusion.^[67] This phenomenon bolstered skeptical movements, with Randi's exposures contributing to the establishment of the James Randi Educational Foundation's million-dollar challenge for paranormal proof, which remains unclaimed for telekinetic metal deformation. Ultimately, no evidence supports genuine psychic metal bending, attributing observed effects to trickery or perceptual bias.^[67]

Representations and Modern Interpretations

Technological Analogs

Technological analogs to telekinesis primarily involve brain-computer interfaces (BCIs), which translate neural activity into commands for external devices, enabling users to manipulate objects or interfaces through thought alone.^[70] Unlike paranormal claims, these systems rely on measurable brain signals processed by algorithms to achieve control, offering practical applications for individuals with paralysis or motor impairments.^[71] A prominent example is Neuralink's Telepathy implant, an invasive BCI that began human trials in 2024 and saw significant updates in 2025. As of September 2025, 12 individuals with paralysis or related conditions have received the implant, using it to control computer cursors, play games, and perform other tasks via neural signals from the motor cortex.^[72]^[73]^[70] The device features 1,024 electrodes on flexible threads inserted by a surgical robot, allowing high-resolution decoding of intended movements for tasks like cursor navigation at speeds exceeding 8 bits per second.^[74] Non-invasive BCIs, such as EEG-based systems, provide accessible alternatives for basic object control. Emotiv's headsets, for instance, use machine learning to interpret brainwaves from 5-14 channels, enabling users to command drones or wheelchairs by training specific mental states like concentration or relaxation.^[75] These wireless devices connect via Bluetooth to software that maps EEG patterns to actions, such as directing a drone's flight path in real-time demonstrations.^[75] Invasive systems like Blackrock Neurotech's Utah Array offer greater precision; user Nathan Copeland, implanted since 2015, controls a robotic arm to grasp objects with sub-millimeter accuracy by decoding individual neuron firings.^[76]^[76] In 2025, BCI achievements included teasers of integration with advanced robotics, such as Neuralink's potential control of Tesla's Optimus humanoid robot, announced by company leaders to extend mobility for paralyzed users.^[77]^[78] However, limitations persist, including signal degradation over time and surgical risks, alongside ethical concerns like data privacy—where neural recordings could expose thoughts—and accessibility barriers due to high costs, estimated at $10,000 to $40,000 per implant and procedure (as of 2025).^[76]^[79]^[80] These technologies fundamentally differ from telekinesis by grounding control in neuroscience: BCIs detect electrical potentials from neuron ensembles (typically 100-300 Hz) and use signal processing algorithms, such as Kalman filters, to predict actions without invoking unexplained forces.^[71] Projections suggest widespread adoption by 2030, with market analyses forecasting the global BCI market to reach over $5 billion, driven by applications in rehabilitation and consumer devices.^[81]^[82]

Depictions in Popular Culture

Telekinesis has been a prominent motif in literature and film, often portraying it as an innate, uncontrollable ability tied to emotional turmoil. In Stephen King's 1974 novel Carrie, the protagonist Carrie White, a socially isolated high school girl repressed by her religious mother, discovers her telekinetic powers, which she unleashes destructively during her prom after enduring humiliation.^[83] The 1976 film adaptation, directed by Brian De Palma, similarly depicts Carrie (played by Sissy Spacek) as a shy teen who manifests telekinesis in response to bullying and familial abuse, culminating in a catastrophic rampage.^[84] In Marvel Comics' X-Men series, starting from the 1960s, Jean Grey—initially codenamed Marvel Girl—possesses extraordinary telekinetic abilities, allowing her to manipulate objects, create force fields, and fly; her powers amplify dramatically upon bonding with the Phoenix Force, enabling cosmic-scale destruction.^[85] Television and animation have further popularized telekinesis as a tool for narrative tension and heroism. In the Netflix series Stranger Things (2016–present), Eleven, a girl subjected to government experiments, wields telekinesis to move objects, combat supernatural threats, and protect her friends, with her abilities intensifying through emotional bonds and trauma.^[86] The Star Wars franchise, beginning with the 1977 film A New Hope, presents telekinesis as a core aspect of the Force, a mystical energy field; Jedi like Yoda and Luke Skywalker use it for levitation, combat pushes, and object manipulation, as exemplified in Yoda's training sequence in The Empire Strikes Back (1980).^[87] Video games and music have integrated telekinesis into interactive and metaphorical contexts. Remedy Entertainment's 2019 action-adventure game Control features protagonist Jesse Faden employing telekinetic powers to hurl environmental objects as weapons against otherworldly enemies within a shifting, supernatural federal bureau.^[88] In music, Travis Scott's 2023 song "TELEKINESIS" from the album Utopia, featuring SZA and Future, uses telekinesis as a metaphor for irresistible attraction and emotional pull, with lyrics evoking mind-over-matter dynamics in relationships.^[89] In 2025, MGM+ premiered a television adaptation of Stephen King's novel The Institute, centering on children with telekinetic powers who are kidnapped for experimental purposes, exploring themes of control and rebellion.^[90] Depictions of telekinesis in popular culture frequently symbolize adolescent angst, repressed rage, and the struggle for self-control, as seen in Carrie's portrayal of puberty-fueled rebellion against societal norms.^[91] Since the 2000s, these portrayals have evolved to blend supernatural elements with sci-fi technology, reflecting growing interest in brain-computer interfaces; for instance, Eleven's lab-enhanced powers in Stranger Things and Jesse's paranatural abilities in Control merge telekinesis with experimental science, portraying it as an augmented human potential rather than pure mysticism.^[86]^[88]

References

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Mysterious Psychic Forces, by Camille Flammarion—A Project ...
The Russian writer Aksakof sets it forth in the following terms (Animism and Spiritualism, p. ... telekinesis, or movement of objects without contact ...
[15]
psychokinesis | FactMonster
Telekinesis (sometimes abbreviated TK), an older term for psychokinesis ... Henry Holt, an American publisher and author, coined the term psychokinesis in ...
[16]
(PDF) A Brief Review of the Parapsychological Phenomenon of ...
... psychokinesis, bio-psychokinesis, recurrent spontaneous psychokinesis ... Henry Holt in 1914 and later endorsed by parapsychologist Joseph Banks Rhine.
[17]
The Carrie Phenomenon: A Brief History of Telekinesis - The Credits
Oct 18, 2013 · The term itself was coined by Russian psychical researcher Alexander N. Aksakov. Aksakov got jazzed up by the works of Emanuel Swedenborg, a ...
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Orpheus & the Mystery Cult of Orphism (Myths, Beliefs, Practices)
Jan 25, 2023 · According to legend, Orpheus was a renowned poet, musician, and prophet from Thrace who could charm and influence all living things, even stone ...<|separator|>
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https://indiafoundation.in/articles-and-commentaries/siddhis-in-the-patanjali-yogasutra-from-the-perspective-of-current-scientific-research/
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Siddhis in The Patanjali Yogasutra from the Perspective of Current ...
Nov 8, 2023 · Sutra 39 is about levitation which is the result of using the udana or upward rising breath. Conversely sutra 40 talks about the faculty of ...
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The Rise of the English Poltergeist, c.1590–c.1720: Folklore
Jun 3, 2025 · This study is founded upon the close analysis of twenty-seven reports of haunted houses in England, Wales, Scotland, and New England, ...
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From witches to Victorian mediums: the abuse of levitating women
Jul 5, 2017 · For the witch-hunters and storytellers of early modern Europe, the levitating, flying witch was a figure of grotesque femininity, and often ...
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Sensing the presence of gods and spirits across cultures and faiths
Jan 25, 2021 · Spiritual presence events—the various anomalous, often vividly sensory, events which people attribute to gods, spirits, or other supernatural ...
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The Fox Sisters and the Rap on Spiritualism - Smithsonian Magazine
Oct 30, 2012 · Their seances with the departed launched a mass religious movement—and then one of them confessed that "it was common delusion"
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[PDF] The rise of spiritualism in nineteenth-century America
Sep 12, 2019 · The Victorian death culture not only blended with. American spiritualism but influenced it. Chapter Two surveys the religious environment of.
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Our History | spr.ac.uk - Society for Psychical Research
The SPR was founded, the first learned society of its kind, with the purpose of investigating mesmeric, psychical and 'spiritualist' phenomena in a purely ...
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Eusapia Palladino | Psi Encyclopedia
Mar 1, 2015 · Nineteenth century Italian trance medium (1854–1918) who produced psychokinetic phenomena of striking strength, variety and reliability, ...
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About the Exhibit · Early Studies in Parapsychology at Duke
J. B. Rhine himself was primarily concerned with ESP and many tests of ability were developed by Parapsychology Laboratory researchers and their colleagues, ...
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[PDF] quantum physics and - Parapsychology Foundation
The implications of the Quantum Theory of Consciousness have been developed to provide a foundation theory for psi phenomena. An extension of the Copenhagen ...
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Historical Figures of the Parapsychological Association
Aug 10, 2025 · The Parapsychological Association (PA) was founded in 1957 with the mission to advance parapsychology as a science, promote scholarly ...
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Princeton Engineering Anomalies Research (PEAR)
Oct 31, 2017 · In 2007, the PEAR lab formally closed its doors, having pursued a scientific assessment of mind-machine interaction and anomalous information ...
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9 Paranormal Phenomena | Enhancing Human Performance
" National Research Council. 1988. Enhancing Human Performance: Issues, Theories, and Techniques. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi ...Missing: funding decline
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[PDF] Replication and Meta-Analysis in Parapsychology
An extensive debate took place in the mid-1980s between a parapsychologist and critic, questioning whether or not a particular body of parapsychologi- cal data ...
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The psychokinetic effect. I. The first experiment. - APA PsycNet
The results are explained as due to the psychokinetic effect or "mind over matter": "the subjects influenced the fall of the dice without aid of any recognized ...
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[PDF] A Critical Analysis of H. Schmidt's Psychokinesis Experiments
The subjects were claimed to affect the radioactive material when they were attempting to affect the light whose movement was determined by the RNG. In the New ...
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Helmut Schmidt - Psi Encyclopedia - Society for Psychical Research
Mar 1, 2022 · Helmut Schmidt (1928-2011) was a German-born US-based parapsychologist who pioneered the use of random event generators in psychokinesis research.Life and Career · Experimental Results · Theory · Criticisms
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the interaction of human intention with random number generators ...
Séance-room and other large-scale psychokinetic phenomena have fascinated humankind for decades. Experimental research has reduced these phenomena to ...Missing: modern experiments Committee Skeptical Inquiry
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(PDF) Minding the Matter of Psychokinesis: A Review of Proof
Many experiments have been conducted over the past eight decades to explore whether the ostensible psychic ability of psychokinesis (PK, or "mind over ...
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Weird Science | Temple Now
The law of conservation of energy proves that minds do not produce enough energy to move objects, Dubeck says.”You cannot get energy from nothing—you can only ...
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General Relativity, Mental Causation, and Energy Conservation - PMC
The conservation of energy and momentum have been viewed as undermining Cartesian mental causation since the 1690s. Modern discussions of the topic tend to use ...
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Telekinesis and Quantum Field Theory – Sean Carroll
Feb 18, 2008 · The idea that we can influence objects from a distance through the workings of pure thought. The simplest example is telekinesis, the ability to remotely move ...
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Brain-Inspired Computing Can Help Us Create Faster, More Energy ...
Mar 15, 2023 · On the other hand, the human Go grandmaster's brain is only consuming 20 watts of power. We must revisit the brain to understand its tremendous ...
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Learning from the brain to make AI more energy-efficient
Sep 4, 2023 · It is estimated that a human brain uses roughly 20 Watts to work – that is equivalent to the energy consumption of your computer monitor alone, in sleep mode.
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Why We Believe in the Supernatural, but Shouldn't | Psychology Today
Nov 17, 2019 · Research doesn't support the existence of mental telepathy (mind reading), clairvoyance (predicting the future), telekinesis (moving things with your mind), or ...
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How to Experiment with Telekinesis! - Anthropology News
Aug 9, 2023 · What you have just experienced, despite its intriguing and entertaining results, was neither magic nor telekinesis. ... ideomotor response.
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Belief in psychic ability and the misattribution hypothesis
Aug 6, 2025 · This paper explores the notion that people who believe in psychic ability possess various psychological attributes that increase the likelihood of them ...
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Hypnotic suggestibility and paranormal belief - PubMed
Hypnotic suggestibility and paranormal belief.
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Poltergeist Phenomena: Psychological and Paranormal Explanations
From a psychological standpoint, poltergeist activity can be seen as a projection of internal psychological conflicts, repressed emotions, or cognitive biases.
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Elusive Quarry - Ray Hyman - Google Books
... psychokinesis psychological question random number reader reading reasons remote viewing experiments replication reported Research in parapsychology Rhine ...
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[PDF] Further Comments on Schmidt's PK Experiments - Center for Inquiry
Schmidt, a quantum physicist, talked about his own research and theories on psychokinesis. My task was to react respon- sibly and skeptically to Schmidt's ...
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About the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry
The Committee for Skeptical Inquiry promotes scientific inquiry and critical examination of claims, and is a program of the Center for Inquiry.
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Highest prize offered for a scientific proof of paranormal ability
The James Randi Educational Foundation Million Dollar Paranormal Challenge was first offered in 1968 by American magician and sceptic James Randi.
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The One Million Dollar Paranormal Challenge | Psi Encyclopedia
Mar 2, 2015 · 1 JREF claimed that over 1,000 people applied for the Challenge. However, none succeeded and the offer was withdrawn in 2015. Contents. History ...
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The CFIIG Paranormal Challenge | CFI Investigations Group
Think you have a paranormal ability? Prove it and earn $500,000. The Center for Inquiry Investigations Group (CFIIG) Paranormal Challenge offers a $500,000 ...
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The End of the Magic World's 50-Year Grudge - The New York Times
images, ...
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How to Fake Telekinesis: A Complete Tutorial - wikiHow
Pull on the thread to actually move the object. Flick your wrist a little while keeping your hands and fingers active around the object to distract the people ...
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Cottingley Fairies: How Sherlock Holmes's creator was fooled by hoax
Dec 4, 2020 · Cottingley Fairies: How Sherlock Holmes's creator was fooled by hoax · Fake fairies photos sell for £50,000 · What links fairies and free school ...Missing: analogous | Show results with:analogous
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The Man Who Destroyed Skepticism - Mitch Horowitz - Medium
Mar 22, 2024 · “To date, Randi's million-dollar prize has not been awarded, but according to Chris Carter, author of Parapsychology and the Skeptics, Randi ...
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(PDF) Micro-psychokinesis: Exceptional or universal? - ResearchGate
Feb 16, 2016 · The term psychokinesis (PK) covers a wide spectrum of putative psi phenomena, ranging · animal activity, or plant growth. · observed to correlate ...
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20 years at the Koestler Parapsychology Unit | BPS
Jul 18, 2006 · The Koestler bequest defines parapsychology as 'the scientific study of paranormal phenomena, in particular the capacity attributed to some ...
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Recurrent Spontaneous Psychokinesis (RSPK)
Nov 17, 2015 · Recurrent Spontaneous Psychokinesis (RSPK) ... Expression coined by William G. Roll to refer to paranormal physical effects which occur repeatedly ...Missing: definition | Show results with:definition
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Psychical research and the origins of American psychology - NIH
This article discusses strategies employed by psychologists in the United States to expel psychical research from the agenda of scientific psychology.
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[PDF] The Spirit of Media: An Introduction - Bernard ... - ResearchGate
Tomczyk had already gained a reputation for her telekinetic abilities to levitate small objects, to stop the movement of clocks, and to influence the ...
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William S. Marriott Exposes Levitation Trick Print 1910. Art Prints ...
Featuring the iconic image of British magician William S. Marriott exposing a levitation trick performed by Polish medium Stanislawa Tomczyk, captured in 1910.
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Bending Spoons and Bending Minds | Office for Science and Society
Oct 22, 2020 · Geller couldn't bend the spoons supplied by the show, he couldn't determine which sealed film canister contained water because on Randi's ...Missing: sources | Show results with:sources
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Secrets of a Russian Psychic - CICAP
Dec 12, 2000 · As for Nina Kulagina, the conditions under which she operated were far from acceptable from the view of basic scientific standards. Tests ...Missing: debunked | Show results with:debunked
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Poltergeist Scribbler: The Bizarre Case of Matthew Manning
Many of today's paranormal believers suggest the phenomenon, once attributed to the devil, is caused by psychokinetic (“mind-over-matter”) energy from pubescent ...Missing: factors | Show results with:factors
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Weird News: $1 Million Prize for Psychics
Aug 6, 2002 · "This is easy money for the thousands of people out there who claim to have special powers," says paranormal investigator James Randi. "Prove it ...
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Mind Over Metal | Skeptical Inquirer
### Summary of Physical Feasibility of Psychokinesis or Telekinesis
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The Controversial History of Spoon Bending - Vanishing Inc.
In the early 1970s, a suave and hypnotic young man from Israel began making waves with his claims of supernatural powers. The man was Uri Geller and he would ...
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[PDF] THE DETAIL OF PARANORMAL METAL-BENDING - CIA
PKMB first came to attention via Uri Geller whose stage performances of his ability in Israel began his rise to worldwide school, when I was about seven years ...
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Neuralink — Pioneering Brain Computer Interfaces
In our clinical trials, people are using Neuralink devices to control computers and robotic arms with their thoughts. This technology will restore autonomy to ...Clinical Trials · Updates · Careers · Technology
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the possible role of brain electromagnetic fields (As a Potential ...
Mar 1, 2021 · Brain-computer interface (BCI) is a technology that transfers the thoughts and intentions of human to a computer by analyzing and processing the ...Missing: distinction | Show results with:distinction
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Elon Musk's Neuralink plans brain implant trial for speech impairments
Sep 19, 2025 · The company began human trials in 2024 after addressing safety concerns raised by the FDA, which had rejected an earlier application in 2022.Missing: Telepathy | Show results with:Telepathy
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A Year of Telepathy | Updates - Neuralink
Feb 5, 2025 · Over the past year, three people with paralysis have received Neuralink implants. This blog post explores how each person is using Telepathy ...
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Brain Controlled Technology using EMOTIV's Algorithms - EMOTIV
### Summary of Emotiv EEG Headsets for Controlling Objects Like Drones
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Meet BCI Pioneer - Nathan Copeland | Blog - Blackrock Neurotech
Sep 24, 2025 · Robotic Arm Control: Nathan can control a robotic arm with remarkable precision, demonstrating smooth, intentional movements driven solely by ...
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Neuralink Head of Surgery teases exciting Tesla Optimus update
Oct 31, 2025 · Having the capability to control an Optimus robot using only the mind would most definitely be a life-changing ability for Neuralink's patients.
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Neuralink Head of Surgery Says Robot-Human Interface ... - Futurism
Published Nov 4, 2025 4:05 PM EST. Danish Hussain recently suggested that Tesla's Optimus robot will be interfacing with Neuralink brain-implant.
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Ethical considerations for the use of brain–computer interfaces ... - NIH
Oct 28, 2024 · Erosion of privacy: To what extent does widespread use of eBCIs raise the risk of privacy erosion, such as thought violation or “brainjacking” ...
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The Need for Ethical Regulation of Brain-Machine Interface ...
Aug 1, 2024 · Brain-machine interfaces can record and transmit highly private information, such as an individual's innermost thoughts, emotional states, and ...
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China's Brain-Computer Interface Industry: Investing in the Future
Aug 18, 2025 · By 2030: achieve mass production and large-scale application; perform 3,000 invasive BCI surgeries annually; serve over 100,000 patients with ...
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https://stephenking.com/works/novel/carrie.html
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Carrie - Stephen King
The story of misfit high-school girl, Carrie White, who gradually discovers that she has telekinetic powers. Repressed by a domineering, ultra-religious mother ...Missing: depiction | Show results with:depiction
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Carrie (1976) - IMDb
Rating 7.4/10 (223,332) A shy, friendless teenage girl who is sheltered by her domineering, religious mother, unleashes her telekinetic powers after being humiliated by her classmates.Full cast & crew · Plot · Parents guide · CarrieMissing: depiction | Show results with:depiction
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Phoenix (Jean Grey) Powers, Villains, History - Marvel
An extraordinary telepath and telekinetic, Jean Grey learns to better harness her psionic powers and joins the X-Men as a founding member.
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https://screenrant.com/star-wars-force-powers-light-dark-side-canon/
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Star Wars: All 43 Light & Dark Side Force Powers In Canon
Telekinesis is another basic Force power, with Yoda training Luke Skywalker in this art in The Empire Strikes Back. It has since become a staple power for both ...<|separator|>
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Control - Discover a World Unknown
Everything is your weapon. Unleash destruction through transforming weaponry and telekinetic powers. Discover new ways to annihilate your enemies as you harness
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Travis Scott - TELEKINESIS (Official Audio) ft. SZA, Future - YouTube
Jul 27, 2023 · ... 2023 Cactus Jack Records under exclusive license to Epic Records, a division of Sony Music Entertainment #TravisScott #UTOPIA #TELEKINESIS.
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Top 20 Teen Angst Movies - Listverse
Sep 8, 2020 · ... Carrie discovers the power of telekinesis right around the time she reaches puberty. There have been four Carrie movies, beginning with ...