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Committee for Skeptical Inquiry

The Committee for Skeptical Inquiry (CSI) is an American nonprofit organization dedicated to encouraging rigorous scientific investigation and rational skepticism toward claims of the paranormal, pseudoscience, fringe theories, and other extraordinary assertions that lack empirical support.^[1] Originally founded on April 30, 1976, as the Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal (CSICOP) by philosopher Paul Kurtz during a symposium on antiscience and pseudoscience at the State University of New York at Buffalo, the group sought to counter the rising popularity of occult and supernatural beliefs in popular media and culture.^[2] Renamed CSI in 2006 to emphasize a broader focus on skeptical inquiry beyond strictly paranormal claims, the organization publishes the bimonthly magazine Skeptical Inquirer, which serves as its flagship publication for disseminating critical analyses and research findings.^[3]^[1] CSI's defining activities include convening annual conferences, supporting field investigations into dubious phenomena—such as the 1979–1983 Project Alpha hoax exposing flaws in parapsychology testing protocols—and maintaining a roster of distinguished fellows, including scientists like Carl Sagan and magician-investigator James Randi, who contribute to its mission of applying evidence-based reasoning to controversial topics.^[2] The organization has influenced the global skeptical movement by inspiring over 40 affiliate groups worldwide and achieving a readership of Skeptical Inquirer spanning 72 countries, with circulation exceeding 35,000 subscribers.^[2] Notable achievements encompass legal victories, such as the 1994 resolution of a libel suit by spoon-bender Uri Geller against CSI, which affirmed protections for skeptical critique, and the establishment of awards like the Robert P. Balles Annual Prize in Critical Thinking for exemplary skeptical writing.^[2] While CSI has been praised for advancing public understanding of scientific methods amid pseudoscientific trends, it has faced internal controversies, including the 1977 departure of co-founder Marcello Truzzi, who criticized the group's shift toward debunking over open-ended pro-scientific inquiry, highlighting ongoing debates within the movement about balancing criticism with genuine investigation.^[2] These tensions underscore CSI's commitment to empirical rigor, even as it provokes challenges from proponents of unconventional claims.

History

Founding and Early Development (1976–1980s)

The Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal (CSICOP), predecessor to the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry, was founded on April 30, 1976, by philosopher Paul Kurtz during an international symposium on “The New Irrationalisms: Antiscience and Pseudoscience” at the Amherst campus of the State University of New York at Buffalo.^[2] Kurtz, then a professor of philosophy at SUNY Buffalo, assumed the role of chairman, which he held continuously from the organization's inception.^[2] The initiative arose amid widespread public interest in pseudoscientific phenomena during the 1970s, including astrology, UFO encounters, and psychic abilities, prompting Kurtz to assemble scientists, academics, and writers to advocate rigorous empirical scrutiny over anecdotal acceptance.^[4] Initial co-chairmanship was shared with sociologist Marcello Truzzi, who resigned in 1977 following disputes over CSICOP's confrontational methodology toward paranormal advocates.^[2] Prominent founding fellows included astronomers Carl Sagan and Philip Klass, psychologists Ray Hyman and B. F. Skinner, writers Isaac Asimov and Martin Gardner, and magician James Randi, forming a core group dedicated to applying scientific standards to extraordinary claims.^[4] Early efforts centered on dissemination of critical analyses; CSICOP launched its publication efforts with The Zetetic newsletter in Fall/Winter 1976 (Volume 1, No. 1), which was retitled The Skeptical Inquirer in August 1977 and edited by Kendrick Frazier to broaden its reach in debunking fringe assertions.^[2]^[5] Public engagement included a press briefing in New York City in August 1977 to publicize findings and a November 1977 complaint filed with the Federal Communications Commission against NBC for airing unverified paranormal programming.^[2] Through the 1980s, CSICOP expanded investigative activities, exemplified by Project Alpha (initiated circa 1979–1983), in which James Randi covertly tested parapsychology laboratories by staging fabricated psychic demonstrations to reveal methodological vulnerabilities in controlled settings.^[2] The organization hosted its first dedicated conferences, beginning with one in Buffalo in 1983, fostering dialogue among skeptics and scientists on topics like pseudoscience proliferation.^[2] The Skeptical Inquirer grew in circulation and influence, publishing peer-reviewed critiques that emphasized falsifiability and replicability as antidotes to credulity, while CSICOP navigated early legal challenges, such as suits from claimants alleging defamation, which underscored tensions between scientific rigor and proponents' sensitivities.^[2]

Expansion and Institutional Growth (1990s–2000s)

In the 1990s, the Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal (CSICOP) solidified its institutional presence by relocating to permanent headquarters in Amherst, New York, in 1992, enabling expanded administrative and research operations.^[2] The organization's flagship publication, The Skeptical Inquirer, transitioned to bimonthly issues and adopted a full magazine format starting with the January-February 1995 edition, boosting its reach to approximately 35,000 paid subscribers and an additional 20,000 newsstand copies annually.^[2] Annual conferences, ongoing since 1983, diversified in scope and attendance; the 1994 Seattle event, themed "The Psychology of Belief," drew significant participation with sessions on memory, pseudoscience, and a keynote address by astronomer Carl Sagan.^[2] CSICOP also weathered legal challenges, successfully defending against multimillion-dollar libel suits from claimants like Uri Geller (filed 1989 and 1991), culminating in a 1994 court sanction of $149,000 against Geller for frivolous litigation.^[2] By mid-decade, CSICOP's influence spurred the formation of 42 affiliated skeptical and scientific organizations across 28 countries, alongside local groups in more than half of U.S. states, reflecting grassroots expansion of its methodological approach to extraordinary claims.^[2] In 1996, the organization introduced an "Associate" membership category to broaden participation beyond its core fellowship of about 70 experts, including Nobel laureates, while hosting the inaugural World Skeptics Congress in Buffalo, New York.^[2] Subsequent international congresses followed in Heidelberg, Germany (1998), and Sydney, Australia (2000), fostering global networks and addressing topics from pseudoscience to scientific controversies.^[6] Founder Paul Kurtz, reflecting in his 1996 essay "CSICOP at Twenty," credited the group's growth to its role in promoting critical inquiry amid rising paranormal claims, positioning it as a counterforce in intellectual discourse despite internal debates over scope. The early 2000s saw continued programmatic development through conferences and publications, but a pivotal shift occurred on December 4, 2006, when CSICOP's Executive Council adopted the name Committee for Skeptical Inquiry (CSI) to encompass broader scientific skepticism beyond strictly paranormal investigations, while maintaining its core commitment to evidence-based evaluation.^[3] This rebranding aligned with evolving priorities, including critiques of pseudoscience in education and health, and supported integration with related initiatives under the Center for Inquiry umbrella, though CSI retained operational autonomy.^[1] By this period, the fellowship had grown to include prominent figures in science and philosophy, underscoring institutional maturation amid sustained output of investigative reports and awards.^[2]

Rebranding and Merger with Center for Inquiry

In 2006, the organization formerly known as the Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal (CSICOP) underwent a rebranding to the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry (CSI). The change was formally adopted on September 23, 2006, during an Executive Council meeting in Oak Brook, Illinois.^[3] The primary reasons for the rebranding included the original name's excessive length, which rendered it cumbersome for media references and public communication, and the term "paranormal" that appeared to constrain the organization's scope to debunking supernatural claims alone.^[3] In reality, CSICOP had evolved to encompass broader applications of critical thinking, scientific scrutiny of pseudoscience, and engagement with science-related public policy issues.^[3] Executive editor Kendrick Frazier emphasized that the lengthy name had become a hindrance in an era demanding concise branding, while the new designation better aligned with the organization's flagship publication, Skeptical Inquirer, and its emphasis on proactive inquiry rather than mere investigation of fringe claims.^[3] On January 23, 2015, CSI merged with the Center for Inquiry (CFI) and the Council for Secular Humanism, forming a single unified corporation under the CFI umbrella.^[7] Following the merger, CSI continued to operate as an independent program within CFI, retaining its focus on skeptical inquiry while benefiting from integrated administrative and financial structures.^[7] The merger aimed to streamline operations by eliminating redundant complexities, enhancing resource allocation, and providing greater flexibility to advance secular humanism, scientific skepticism, and reason-based advocacy.^[7] It also simplified membership processes across the entities, allowing supporters to access publications and events from CSI, CFI, and related programs through a consolidated system.^[7] This structural integration positioned CFI as the parent organization, amplifying the collective impact of skepticism and inquiry initiatives without diluting CSI's core mission.^[7]

Recent Developments and Ongoing Initiatives

In December 2023, the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry elected twelve new fellows for their contributions to science and skepticism, including planetary scientist Clark R. Chapman of the Southwest Research Institute, evolutionary biologist Jerry A. Coyne of the University of Chicago, astrophysicist Manfred Cuntz of the University of Texas at Arlington, and psychologist Stephen Hupp, editor of Skeptical Inquirer.^[8] These fellows, selected through a process emphasizing empirical rigor and critical analysis, act as organizational consultants and public ambassadors to promote rational inquiry.^[9] The annual CSICon conference remains a central ongoing initiative, convening skeptics, scientists, and educators to counter pseudoscience and misinformation. The 2024 event, held October 24–27 in Las Vegas, Nevada, drew hundreds of attendees and featured keynote addresses by physicist Brian Cox on black hole research and implications for space-time understanding, alongside cosmologist Neil deGrasse Tyson and mentalist Banachek.^[10]^[11] Future iterations, including CSICon 2026 scheduled for June 11–14 in Buffalo, New York, continue this tradition of fostering evidence-based discourse.^[11] Skeptical Inquirer magazine sustains CSI's publication efforts, delivering peer-reviewed critiques of unsubstantiated claims; the January/February 2025 issue, for instance, evaluated the Wim Hof Method's breathing and cold-exposure techniques, finding no robust evidence for its purported health benefits beyond placebo effects.^[12] Recent editions have also scrutinized topics such as federal funding cuts to the National Institutes of Health impairing basic research outcomes and historical exaggerations like the alleged suicide-inducing ban of the 1930s song "Gloomy Sunday."^[13]^[14] Public outreach persists through digital platforms, including Skeptical Inquirer Presents videos; examples from 2024 feature anomalistic psychologist Chris French analyzing perceptual illusions and "weird" phenomena via experimental psychology, and investigations testing paranormal assertions under controlled conditions.^[15]^[16] These initiatives underscore CSI's focus on empirical testing and causal explanation over anecdotal endorsement.

Mission and Principles

Core Objectives and Scientific Skepticism

The Committee for Skeptical Inquiry (CSI), originally founded as the Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal (CSICOP) in 1976 by philosopher Paul Kurtz, centers its efforts on advancing scientific skepticism as a methodical approach to evaluating unsubstantiated assertions.^[2] Scientific skepticism, in this context, entails suspending belief in claims until they are supported by rigorous, replicable evidence obtained through empirical testing, falsifiability, and peer-reviewed scrutiny, rather than accepting anecdotal reports or appeals to authority.^[17] This distinguishes it from philosophical skepticism's broader doubt or cynicism, emphasizing instead an active, evidence-driven process to distinguish verifiable phenomena from pseudoscience, paranormal events, and extraordinary assertions lacking proportional proof.^[18] CSI's primary objectives include promoting the application of scientific methods to fringe claims, such as those involving UFOs, psychic abilities, alternative therapies, and supernatural occurrences, while encouraging public education in critical thinking and scientific literacy.^[1] The organization seeks to counter the spread of misinformation by conducting investigations, publishing analyses, and fostering a culture of inquiry that prioritizes reason over credulity, as articulated in its mission to "promote scientific inquiry, critical investigation, and the use of reason in examining controversial and extraordinary claims."^[19] This involves not only debunking unfounded ideas when evidence warrants but also remaining open to paradigm shifts if compelling data emerges, aligning with the provisional nature of scientific knowledge.^[20] At its core, CSI's skepticism underscores causal realism by demanding explanations grounded in observable, testable mechanisms rather than invoking unprovable entities or forces, thereby aiming to safeguard intellectual discourse from claims that evade empirical validation.^[1] Through these objectives, CSI has historically targeted specific domains like parapsychology—where controlled experiments have repeatedly failed to replicate purported effects—and pseudomedical practices, advocating for policies and public awareness that favor evidence-based alternatives.^[2] This approach extends to broader societal issues, such as distinguishing genuine scientific debate from denialism disguised as skepticism, as seen in CSI's critiques of non-evidence-based resistance to established findings in fields like climate science or vaccine efficacy.^[17]

Philosophical Underpinnings and Methodological Approach

The philosophical underpinnings of the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry (CSI) rest on scientific skepticism, a commitment to evaluating claims through empirical evidence, reproducibility, and rational analysis rather than deference to authority or unverified testimony. This stance embraces methodological naturalism, asserting that explanations for phenomena should prioritize natural causes amenable to scientific testing over supernatural or unfalsifiable assertions. Founded in 1976 by philosopher Paul Kurtz amid concerns over rising pseudoscientific claims, CSI views science as possessing built-in error-correcting mechanisms—such as peer review and experimental replication—that enable progressive knowledge accumulation without dogmatic adherence to prior beliefs.^[2] Unlike philosophical skepticism, which doubts the attainability of certain knowledge, CSI's approach affirms that provisional truths emerge from evidence-based inquiry, fostering openness to novel ideas while demanding their subjection to scrutiny.^[1] CSI's methodological approach emphasizes objective, impartial investigation of paranormal, fringe-science, and extraordinary claims, beginning with critical examination rather than a priori rejection. Practitioners apply the scientific method by formulating testable hypotheses, seeking disconfirming evidence, and prioritizing simpler explanations consistent with established knowledge when multiple interpretations arise—a principle akin to parsimony in scientific reasoning. The organization supports this through bibliographies of peer-reviewed literature, controlled testing protocols (as in demonstrations against pseudoscientific devices), and convening experts for debate, ensuring claims face rigorous, evidence-driven assessment.^[1] This process defends the integrity of science against distortions from unverified assertions, promoting consumer protection by documenting reproducible failures in areas like parapsychology or alternative medicine.^[18] Central to CSI's framework is the insistence on falsifiability: claims must be structured to allow potential refutation through observation or experiment to warrant serious consideration. This pragmatic methodology, articulated in CSI publications, counters both credulity toward unproven phenomena and undue dismissal without investigation, maintaining that skepticism serves as a tool for reliable knowledge rather than an end in itself. By 2023, this approach had informed critiques across disciplines, underscoring science's role in discerning causal realities from illusion.^[1]

Evolution of Name and Organizational Identity

The Committee for Skeptical Inquiry was established in 1976 as the Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal (CSICOP), with a founding charter emphasizing rigorous scientific scrutiny of paranormal assertions such as extrasensory perception and UFO encounters.^[1] This initial nomenclature underscored a targeted mandate to debunk extraordinary claims lacking empirical support, reflecting the era's surge in popular interest in pseudoscience amid cultural phenomena like the Uri Geller spoon-bending demonstrations and widespread belief in astrology.^[2] On September 23, 2006, during an Executive Council meeting in Oak Brook, Illinois, CSICOP formally adopted the shortened name Committee for Skeptical Inquiry (CSI), effective after legal formalities.^[3] The rebranding addressed the original name's verbosity, which hindered media references and public recognition, while the term "paranormal" was seen as artificially narrowing the organization's remit to fringe topics, excluding broader applications of scientific skepticism to pseudoscientific trends in medicine, education, and public policy.^[3] Editor Kendrick Frazier articulated the shift as aligning with "our broader, overarching purpose...to encourage critical inquiry, scientific thinking, and the scientific outlook," expanding the mission to encompass "investigation of controversial or extraordinary claims" beyond strictly paranormal domains.^[3] This evolution in nomenclature paralleled deeper organizational integration, as CSI operates as a core program within the Center for Inquiry (CFI), formed in 1991 through the consolidation of CSICOP with the Council for Secular Humanism under a unified headquarters.^[4] The affiliation reinforced CSI's identity as a proponent of methodological skepticism grounded in evidence-based reasoning, distinct yet complementary to CFI's humanistic advocacy, fostering a more interdisciplinary approach to countering irrationalism without diluting its commitment to falsifiability and peer-reviewed validation.^[1] Over time, this has manifested in diversified fellowships and initiatives addressing contemporary issues like alternative medicine efficacy and climate pseudoscience denial, maintaining fidelity to first-principles empirical testing.^[21]

Organizational Structure

Affiliation with Center for Inquiry

The Committee for Skeptical Inquiry (CSI) operates as a core program within the Center for Inquiry (CFI), a nonprofit organization dedicated to promoting science, reason, and secular values. This affiliation provides CSI with institutional support, including shared administrative resources and facilities, while allowing it to retain operational autonomy in its skeptical inquiry activities.^[1]^[22] Historically, the roots of this relationship trace to the 1991 founding of CFI by philosopher Paul Kurtz, who established it as an umbrella entity to coordinate skeptical and humanist initiatives, incorporating the activities of the then-Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal (CSICOP), CSI's predecessor organization formed in 1976. CSICOP rebranded to CSI in November 2006 to expand its mandate beyond paranormal claims to broader scientific skepticism.^[21]^[6] A formal merger in January 2015 integrated CSI and the Council for Secular Humanism as distinct programs under CFI's corporate structure, streamlining governance, fundraising, and global outreach without altering their core functions. This restructuring, approved by boards of both entities, aimed to enhance efficiency amid growing demands for skeptical advocacy, with CSI continuing to publish Skeptical Inquirer and host fellowships independently.^[7]^[23] The affiliation enables synergies, such as joint conferences (e.g., the annual CSICon) and policy advocacy on pseudoscience, while CFI's branches in locations like New York, California, and London support CSI's international networks. CSI's leadership, including its executive director and fellows, reports within CFI's framework, but decision-making on investigations and awards remains program-specific. As of 2023, this structure has facilitated CSI's election of new fellows and sustained publication output.^[8]^[22]

Affiliated Organizations and Networks

The Committee for Skeptical Inquiry maintains a decentralized network of autonomous local and regional skeptical groups primarily in the United States, which conduct grassroots investigations into paranormal and pseudoscientific claims while aligning with CSI's emphasis on empirical scrutiny. These groups, often featured in Skeptical Inquirer for their activities and findings, numbered around 42 in the U.S. as of the early 2000s, serving to extend CSI's reach beyond its central operations.^[24] Examples include the Independent Investigations Group (IIG) in Los Angeles, which performs controlled tests of extraordinary assertions, such as the 2010 evaluation of the Power Balance bracelet's unsubstantiated health claims alongside athlete Dominique Dawes.^[22] Internationally, CSI fosters connections with over 50 independent skeptical organizations across more than 40 countries, promoting cross-border collaboration on shared objectives like debunking fringe science and consumer protection.^[25] These ties manifest through joint conferences, such as the World Skeptics Congress series co-hosted with groups like Australian Skeptics, and resource-sharing via CSI's publications and fellowships.^[2] While not formally subordinate, these entities draw inspiration from CSI's foundational model established in 1976, contributing to a global skeptical movement that emphasizes methodological rigor over centralized control.^[1]

Leadership, Governance, and Fellowship Selection

The Committee for Skeptical Inquiry (CSI) is led by an Executive Director responsible for day-to-day operations and editorial oversight of its flagship publication, Skeptical Inquirer. As of May 2025, Stephen Hupp, a professor of psychology at Southern Illinois University Edwardsville, was appointed to succeed Barry Karr, who served in the role for over three decades until his retirement later that year. Hupp also serves as editor of Skeptical Inquirer, focusing on advancing scientific skepticism through investigative journalism and critical analysis.^[26]^[27] CSI operates as a program within the Center for Inquiry (CFI), a nonprofit organization headquartered in Amherst, New York, which provides overarching administrative and financial governance. CFI's President and CEO, Robyn Blumner, oversees strategic direction for CSI alongside other initiatives promoting secularism and rational inquiry. CSI maintains an Executive Council, chaired by figures such as attorney Edward Tabash, which handles policy decisions, fellow elections, and alignment with CFI's mission to defend science against pseudoscience. This structure ensures accountability through CFI's board of directors while allowing CSI autonomy in skeptical advocacy.^[28]^[22] Fellowship selection emphasizes contributions to empirical science and public education on reason. Candidates are nominated and elected by CSI's Executive Council based on three primary criteria: (1) outstanding achievements in a scientific field, ideally linked to skepticism or related areas like psychology or physics; (2) demonstrated ability to communicate scientific principles accessibly to broad audiences; and (3) commitment to advising CSI on investigations and representing its values. Fellows, numbering over 100 as of 2023, act as consultants without formal voting power but provide expertise for publications, conferences, and claim evaluations; recent inductees include researchers from six countries elected in December 2023 for work debunking paranormal assertions and advancing evidence-based policy.^[9]^[8] This merit-based process prioritizes verifiable scholarly impact over institutional affiliation, with elections occurring periodically to refresh advisory input.^[29]

Activities

Publications and Media Output

The Committee for Skeptical Inquiry's flagship publication is Skeptical Inquirer, a magazine dedicated to scientific inquiry into claims of the paranormal, pseudoscience, and related topics. Originally launched in 1976 as The Zetetic by the Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal (CSICOP), the predecessor to CSI, it adopted its current name in 1977 and has served as the organization's official journal since inception.^[2]^[1] Skeptical Inquirer transitioned from quarterly to bimonthly publication with its January-February 1995 issue, coinciding with an expansion from digest-sized format to a larger size to accommodate increased content volume. The magazine publishes peer-reviewed articles, investigative reports, book reviews, and opinion pieces from scientists, philosophers, and skeptics critiquing unsubstantiated claims such as UFO sightings, alternative medicine efficacy, and supernatural phenomena, emphasizing empirical evidence and rational analysis over anecdotal testimony.^[2] Digital subscriptions provide access to current issues and an online archive dating back to earlier volumes, enabling broader dissemination of skeptical perspectives.^[30] Beyond print and digital editions, CSI extends its media output through multimedia formats. Skeptical Inquirer Presents features live online presentations and recorded videos from experts in science and skepticism, covering topics like paranormal investigations and misinformation trends, hosted on platforms including YouTube.^[31] Complementing this, the Skeptical Inquirer Audio Edition podcast offers narrated versions of select magazine articles, focusing on science, critical thinking, and debunking pseudoscientific assertions, with episodes released to align with publication cycles.^[32] These formats amplify CSI's reach, providing accessible critiques of extraordinary claims requiring extraordinary evidence, as articulated in foundational skeptical principles.^[1]

Conferences, Events, and Educational Programs

The Committee for Skeptical Inquiry hosts CSICon, its primary annual conference focused on scientific skepticism, critical thinking, and investigations into extraordinary claims. This event brings together scientists, researchers, and skeptics for lectures, panels, and workshops addressing pseudoscience, paranormal phenomena, and the application of evidence-based reasoning to contemporary issues.^[11]^[33] CSICon 2024 occurred in Las Vegas from October 24 to 27, featuring speakers such as Neil deGrasse Tyson and Brian Cox, who discussed topics including deception and ideological challenges to rational inquiry.^[34] The 2026 edition, commemorating CSI's 50th anniversary, is set for June 11 to 14 in Buffalo, New York, with confirmed participants including Bill Nye and Banachek, emphasizing the organization's historical roots and future directions in skepticism.^[35]^[11] Beyond conferences, CSI maintains educational initiatives like the Generation Skeptics Program, which supplies inquiry-based learning resources to cultivate scientific literacy and critical evaluation skills among youth.^[19] The Young Skeptics Program extends this effort by providing supplementary materials aligned with school curricula to encourage evidence-driven thinking and skepticism toward unsubstantiated claims in children and young adults.^[36]^[37] Associated events include specialized tours and sessions, such as the Center for Inquiry History and Mystery Tour offered during CSICon, which explore the origins of organized skepticism through site visits and discussions.^[38] These programs collectively aim to disseminate skeptical methodologies to broader audiences, prioritizing empirical verification over anecdotal or faith-based assertions.^[1]

Investigations into Claims

The Committee for Skeptical Inquiry conducts investigations into paranormal, pseudoscientific, and extraordinary claims through empirical testing, documentary analysis, and fieldwork, prioritizing replicable evidence over anecdotal reports. These probes, often led by fellows and published in Skeptical Inquirer, seek naturalistic explanations for phenomena attributed to supernatural causes, such as hauntings or unverified healing.^[2] Joe Nickell, CSI's senior research fellow from 1995 until his death in 2025, specialized in on-site examinations of alleged hauntings and relics. In a detailed review of the Amityville Horror case—stemming from the Lutzes' 1975-1976 occupancy of a [Long Island](/page/Long Island) house following a mass murder—Nickell identified no physical evidence of poltergeist activity, attributing resident accounts to suggestibility, drafts from ill-fitted windows, and exaggerated storytelling influenced by prior media hype.^[39] CSI's affiliated Center for Inquiry Investigations Group (CFIIG) performs controlled challenges against commercial pseudoscience. On October 21, 2010, CFIIG executed a double-blind experiment on the Power Balance bracelet, which purported to boost athletic performance via hologram-embedded "energy optimization"; participants, including gymnast Dominique Dawes, showed identical balance and strength outcomes with and without the device, nullifying claims and prompting the manufacturer to admit no scientific backing by December 2010.^[40]^[41] CSI also oversees a standing $500,000 paranormal challenge, inviting demonstrations of supernatural powers under laboratory conditions monitored by scientists and magicians; since its inception, no claimant has met the protocols, underscoring the absence of verifiable extraordinary evidence.^[42]

Public Engagement and Media Responses

The Committee for Skeptical Inquiry (CSI) engages the public through targeted responses to media-amplified pseudoscientific claims, emphasizing evidence-based critique to foster critical thinking amid sensational reporting. Fellows and staff often provide expert commentary to journalists and outlets, countering unsubstantiated narratives on topics such as paranormal phenomena and health fads. For instance, CSI maintains a role as a media watchdog, mobilizing scientists to evaluate extraordinary claims before they gain uncritical traction in news cycles.^[1] In June 2021, amid heightened media interest in unidentified aerial phenomena (UAP) following U.S. government reports, CSI released guidelines urging journalists to prioritize verifiable evidence, demand reproducible data, and avoid conflating absence of explanation with extraterrestrial origins. The statement, issued via the Center for Inquiry, highlighted common pitfalls like anecdotal reliance and called for skepticism proportional to claim extraordinariness.^[43] CSI has similarly addressed misuse of the term "skeptic" in coverage of contentious issues. In December 2014, over 30 CSI fellows signed a public statement decrying media equating scientific denialism—such as on climate change—with genuine skepticism, arguing that true inquiry demands empirical rigor rather than ideological resistance to consensus evidence. This effort aimed to clarify terminological precision for public audiences consuming such reports.^[44] During the COVID-19 pandemic, CSI supported public education against misinformation by contributing expertise to resource hubs debunking unproven treatments, vaccine hesitancy myths, and conspiracy narratives propagated via social and mainstream media. Examples include analyses of false claims about virus origins or selective immunity, reinforcing reliance on peer-reviewed data over viral anecdotes. These responses underscore CSI's commitment to preempting pseudoscience's public health impacts through accessible, science-driven rebuttals.^[45]^[46]

Tracking Pseudoscientific Trends

The Committee for Skeptical Inquiry (CSI) monitors pseudoscientific trends primarily through the analysis and publication of empirical data on public beliefs in paranormal and pseudoscientific claims, often drawing on large-scale surveys to quantify persistence or shifts over time.^[47] In a 1990 Gallup survey reported in Skeptical Inquirer, 83% of American adults endorsed belief in at least one paranormal phenomenon, with extrasensory perception (ESP) affirmed by 64%, psychic healing by 54%, and ghosts by 50%; these figures highlighted widespread acceptance despite scientific scrutiny, while noting declines in belief in astrology (from 55% in 1978 to 42%) and the reality of unidentified flying objects (UFOs) as extraterrestrial craft (from 33% to 27%).^[48] Such analyses allow CSI to document temporal patterns, attributing stability in many beliefs to cultural factors rather than evidential support. Subsequent surveys referenced in CSI publications reveal mixed trajectories, with some pseudoscientific ideas enduring and others waning under repeated skeptical examination. A 2005 Gallup poll, echoed in skeptical discourse, found 75% of Americans holding at least one paranormal belief, including 41% in ESP and 26% in astrology, indicating relative persistence since the 1990s but continued erosion in UFO extraterrestrial interpretations (down to 24%).^[49] CSI's Skeptical Inquirer uses these datasets to track demographic variations, such as higher endorsement among younger respondents for astrology in recent polls (rising to 37% among those under 30 by 2018), signaling potential resurgence driven by media amplification rather than new evidence.^[50] Beyond aggregate belief metrics, CSI tracks emerging pseudoscientific trends via targeted investigations and thematic issues in its publications, focusing on domains like medical pseudoscience where claims evade rigorous testing. For instance, Skeptical Inquirer has addressed global patterns in alternative medicine, documenting the proliferation of unverified therapies such as homeopathy and energy healing in clinical settings, with articles citing regulatory data showing their integration into healthcare systems despite meta-analyses demonstrating placebo-level efficacy.^[51] This approach emphasizes causal mechanisms, such as confirmation bias and profit motives, over anecdotal endorsements, and CSI fellow contributions often cross-reference longitudinal studies to forecast risks, like vaccine hesitancy linked to pseudoscientific narratives.^[52] CSI's methodology prioritizes replicable data from reputable polling firms like Gallup, avoiding reliance on self-selected or ideologically skewed samples that inflate pseudoscientific appeal; this contrasts with advocacy-driven surveys from pseudoscience proponents, which CSI critiques for methodological flaws.^[53] By aggregating these insights, CSI informs public discourse on how pseudoscience adapts—shifting from overt paranormal claims to subtler integrations in wellness and policy—while underscoring the need for evidence-based countermeasures.

Focus on Health, Safety, and Policy

The Committee for Skeptical Inquiry addresses pseudoscientific claims that threaten public health, such as unproven alternative therapies that delay evidence-based medical interventions. Through publications like Skeptical Inquirer, CSI highlights the risks of so-called alternative medicine (SCAM), where practitioners often dispense incompetent advice leading to patient harm, including worsened conditions from forgoing conventional treatments.^[54] For example, in exposing naturopathic practices lacking scientific rigor, former practitioner Britt Hermes detailed in a 2020 Skeptical Inquirer article how such training emphasizes unsubstantiated claims over empirical evidence, potentially endangering lives by promoting ineffective remedies.^[55] CSI investigations target health-related pseudoscience products marketed for safety and performance enhancement, such as the Power Balance bracelet, which claimed to use holograms to improve balance and strength. On October 28, 2010, the Independent Investigations Group (IIG), affiliated with CSI through the Center for Inquiry, conducted a controlled blind test demonstrating no measurable benefits, debunking assertions that could mislead athletes and consumers into relying on placebo effects for physical safety.^[56] Such efforts underscore CSI's commitment to countering claims where pseudoscience intersects with personal safety, like unverified supplements or devices purporting to prevent injury or disease without clinical validation.^[57] In policy domains, CSI promotes evidence-based decision-making to mitigate the influence of pseudoscience on regulations and public initiatives. Skeptics affiliated with CSI argue for applying critical inquiry to policy controversies, ensuring that decisions on issues like public health measures reflect scientific consensus rather than anecdotal or paranormal assertions.^[58] For instance, CSI has critiqued misinformation campaigns against COVID-19 vaccines, advocating psychological inoculation strategies to build resistance to falsehoods that undermine herd immunity and safety protocols.^[59] Through these activities, CSI influences discourse toward policies prioritizing empirical data, as seen in calls to integrate skepticism into evaluations of broken windows policing or environmental claims lacking causal evidence.^[60]

Awards and Recognition

Categories of Awards

The Committee for Skeptical Inquiry (CSI) bestows several awards to recognize contributions to scientific skepticism, critical thinking, and the promotion of reason over pseudoscience. These awards, often presented at CSICon conferences, include both annual prizes for specific achievements and higher honors for lifetime impact.^[61] The Robert P. Balles Annual Prize in Critical Thinking, endowed by philanthropist Robert P. Balles, honors the creator of the published work—such as a book, article, or media production—that most effectively exemplifies healthy skepticism, critical thinking, or rationalism in combating pseudoscientific claims. Established in 2003 and carrying a $2,500 monetary award, it targets works that apply scientific methods to extraordinary assertions, with recipients selected by CSI's executive council based on nominations and evaluations of impact. Examples include awards for books debunking paranormal phenomena or journalism exposing pseudoscience in health practices.^[62]^[63] The In Praise of Reason Award serves as CSI's highest distinction, recognizing individuals for outstanding, sustained contributions to critical inquiry, scientific rationality, and the defense of reason against irrationality. Typically conferred sporadically rather than annually, it has been given to figures like psychologist Ray Hyman in 2003 for advancing probabilistic thinking in parapsychology critiques and Bill Nye in 2011 for public science education efforts that counter superstition. The award emphasizes broad influence in fostering skepticism within academia, media, or public discourse.^[61] CSI also presents the Candle in the Dark Award to honor those who illuminate public understanding through science advocacy, particularly in media or education, drawing inspiration from Carl Sagan's metaphor of science as a "candle in the dark" against pseudoscientific darkness. Past recipients include Bill Nye in 1997 for his television series promoting empirical inquiry to youth. Complementing this, CSI issues the Snuffed Candle Award as a satirical rebuke to promoters of pseudoscience, such as celebrities endorsing unsubstantiated claims, highlighting the organization's commitment to calling out credulity.^[64] Additional categories, such as the reader-voted Full of Bull Award for particularly egregious pseudoscientific assertions, reflect CSI's engagement with contemporary trends, though these are less formalized than the core prizes. All awards underscore CSI's mission to prioritize evidence-based evaluation over anecdotal or faith-based claims.^[65]

Notable Recipients and Their Contributions

Joe Nickell received the Robert P. Balles Annual Prize in Critical Thinking in 2013 for his book The Science of Ghosts: Searching for Spirits of the Dead, which applies forensic and historical analysis to debunk claims of ghostly apparitions and hauntings. As a pioneering paranormal investigator and CSI's senior research fellow, Nickell has exposed frauds in areas ranging from UFO sightings to relic authentication, contributing empirical evidence that undermines supernatural assertions through methodical fieldwork spanning over four decades.^[66] Julia Belluz was awarded the 2016 Balles Prize for her investigative journalism at Vox, particularly articles dissecting flawed health claims and vaccine misinformation, such as critiques of anti-vax narratives and alternative medicine hype.^[67] Her work emphasizes evidence-based reporting, highlighting causal fallacies in pseudoscientific trends like detox diets and unproven therapies, thereby promoting public understanding of rigorous clinical trial standards over anecdotal endorsements. Bill Nye earned the In Praise of Reason Award in 2012 for advancing scientific literacy through his Emmy-winning series Bill Nye the Science Guy and ongoing advocacy against pseudoscience in education and policy.^[61] Nye's contributions include countering creationist curricula and climate denialism with accessible explanations of evolutionary biology and physics, reaching over 60 million viewers and influencing STEM engagement among youth via hands-on experiments that prioritize testable hypotheses over faith-based alternatives. Susan Gerbic received the 2019 Balles Prize for leading the Guerrilla Skepticism on Wikipedia project, which systematically corrects pseudoscientific entries, and for operations sting exposing psychic mediums' cold reading techniques.^[62] Her activism has removed thousands of unreliable citations from online encyclopedias and documented fraud in the afterlife industry, fostering a culture of verifiable sourcing and reducing the digital spread of untested claims through collaborative editing and undercover investigations.

Impact of Awards on Public Discourse

The Committee for Skeptical Inquiry's awards, such as the annual Balles Prize in Critical Thinking, have amplified skeptical analyses in public forums by recognizing works that rigorously debunk unsubstantiated claims, thereby encouraging broader media engagement with evidence-based critiques. Established in 2003 through an endowment from Barry Karr and named after Robert P. Balles, the prize honors publications exemplifying logical analysis and skepticism, often leading recipients to expand their outreach. For example, the 2016 Balles Prize awarded to science journalist Julia Belluz for her Vox reporting on health misinformation highlighted flaws in popular wellness trends, prompting discussions in outlets like The New York Times and contributing to heightened public awareness of evidence requirements in medical journalism.^[68] Recipients' post-award activities have further shaped discourse, as the recognition from CSI lends credibility to their interventions against pseudoscience. In 2022, the Balles Prize went to Timothy Caulfield for his book Is Gwyneth Paltrow Woefully Misinformed?, which critiques celebrity-endorsed health fads, and to Susan Gerbic for her Wikipedia editing campaigns targeting paranormal articles; these efforts have influenced online information reliability, with Gerbic's Guerrilla Skepticism project editing over 500 pseudoscience pages to align with scientific consensus, reducing the visibility of unverified claims in search results.^[62] Similarly, the 2007 award to Ben Goldacre for his Bad Science column spurred policy-level scrutiny in the UK, including calls for better evidence standards in pharmaceutical advertising and journalism training.^[69] While direct causal measurement of discourse shifts remains challenging absent longitudinal surveys, the awards correlate with increased citations of skeptical literature; for instance, Joe Nickell's 2012 Balles Prize for The Science of Ghosts reinforced forensic approaches to supernatural claims, influencing subsequent investigations reported in mainstream media and academic reviews. Critics note that despite such recognitions, pseudoscientific beliefs persist, suggesting awards primarily reinforce existing skeptical communities rather than broadly altering public opinion, as evidenced by persistent surveys showing high alternative medicine adherence rates (e.g., 38% of U.S. adults in 2012 per NIH data). Nonetheless, by signaling institutional endorsement of rational inquiry, CSI awards counterbalance institutional biases favoring unverified narratives in academia and media.^[63]

Fellows

Criteria and Process for Fellowship

Fellowship in the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry (CSI) is conferred as a distinguished honor recognizing individuals' significant advancements in scientific inquiry and skepticism. Election to fellowship requires demonstration of excellence in specific areas, as determined by CSI's governing body.^[8]^[9] The primary criteria for election include: outstanding contributions to a scientific discipline, preferably—though not exclusively—in fields aligned with the skeptical movement; outstanding contributions to the communication of science and/or critical thinking; and outstanding contributions to the skeptical movement itself. These standards emphasize empirical rigor and the promotion of reason over unsubstantiated claims, aligning with CSI's mission to encourage critical examination of paranormal and pseudoscientific assertions.^[8]^[9] Nominations for fellowship originate within CSI's Executive Council, which also conducts the elections. This internal process ensures selections reflect the organization's priorities in fostering expertise that can provide practical guidance on scientific and skeptical matters. Once elected, fellows act as consultants and ambassadors, offering insights to support CSI's investigative and educational efforts, though the fellowship carries no formal membership voting rights.^[8] Elections occur periodically, as evidenced by the addition of twelve new fellows announced in December 2023 for recognition starting in 2024.^[9]

Profiles of Key Current Fellows

Richard Dawkins, an evolutionary biologist and emeritus professor at Oxford University, serves as a CSI fellow and has advanced skepticism through critiques of creationism and supernatural claims in books such as The Blind Watchmaker (1986) and The God Delusion (2006), emphasizing empirical evidence over faith-based assertions.^[28] Elizabeth Loftus, a distinguished professor of psychology at the University of California, Irvine, is a CSI fellow whose experimental work since the 1970s has demonstrated the unreliability of eyewitness testimony and the suggestibility of memory, undermining pseudoscientific notions like repressed memories in therapeutic contexts. Her research, including the "lost in the mall" study published in 1995, has influenced legal standards on memory evidence.^[28] Neil deGrasse Tyson, astrophysicist and director of the Hayden Planetarium, holds CSI fellowship and promotes critical thinking via public media, debunking astrology, UFO extraterrestrial hypotheses, and climate denial through programs like Cosmos: A Spacetime Odyssey (2014) and his podcast StarTalk, reaching millions with evidence-based explanations.^[28] Bill Nye, a mechanical engineer and science communicator, is a CSI fellow who counters pseudoscience in education, notably challenging young-Earth creationism and anti-vaccine views on his former TV show Bill Nye the Science Guy (1993–1999) and in debates, such as his 2014 exchange with creationist Ken Ham, advocating for scientific literacy.^[28] Steven Pinker, Johnstone Family Professor of Psychology at Harvard University, contributes to CSI as a fellow by applying cognitive science to dismantle intuitive fallacies in works like The Better Angels of Our Nature (2011), arguing data-driven analysis refutes pessimistic pseudoscientific narratives on human progress and violence.^[28]

Notable Former Fellows and Departures

Marcello Truzzi, a sociologist and co-founder of CSICOP, resigned as editorial board co-chairman and from the organization in December 1976, less than a year after its inception, amid disputes over methodological rigor and tone. Truzzi promoted "zetetic" skepticism—an approach prioritizing provisional acceptance of evidence and dialogue with claimants over outright debunking—while criticizing fellow members for dogmatic dismissal of parapsychological research without sufficient scrutiny, which he labeled "pseudoskepticism." This rift culminated in his removal from the masthead of The Zetetic (later renamed Skeptical Inquirer), prompting him to launch the independent journal Zetetic Scholar in 1979 to foster less adversarial inquiry.^[2]^[70] James Randi, the magician and investigator who exposed numerous paranormal frauds, severed ties with CSICOP in the early 1990s due to escalating legal costs from Uri Geller's defamation lawsuits against him and the organization. Geller, a self-proclaimed psychic, sued Randi personally and CSICOP jointly multiple times starting in the late 1970s, culminating in a 1991 claim for $15 million; although Randi prevailed in court, the protracted defenses strained CSICOP's resources, leading founder Paul Kurtz to inform Randi that continued affiliation was untenable financially. Randi stepped down to shield the group, redirecting his efforts to the independent James Randi Educational Foundation established in 1996.^[71]^[2] Other former fellows, such as physicist Dennis Rawlins, exited in the late 1970s over the handling of the "Mars Effect" controversy, where Rawlins alleged data suppression in Michel Gauquelin's astrological claims study; however, these departures were less publicly acrimonious and centered on specific investigative protocols rather than core organizational philosophy.^[2]

Influence and Legacy

Contributions to Scientific Skepticism

The Committee for Skeptical Inquiry (CSI), established on April 30, 1976, as the Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal (CSICOP), advanced scientific skepticism by creating a structured nonprofit framework for subjecting paranormal and pseudoscientific assertions to empirical testing and critical analysis.^[2] Its foundational mission emphasized verifiability, falsifiability, and naturalistic explanations over anecdotal or faith-based evidence, influencing the broader adoption of methodological rigor in evaluating extraordinary claims.^[2] A cornerstone contribution is the launch of The Skeptical Inquirer magazine in 1976, which evolved into a bimonthly publication with over 35,000 subscribers by the 1990s, featuring investigative articles that dissect pseudoscientific mechanisms.^[2] Early examples include Ray Hyman's 1977 exposition of "cold reading" techniques—verbal cues and generalizations employed by psychics to simulate knowledge—and James Randi's 1983 report on Project Alpha, where two student magicians deceived parapsychology researchers into believing in genuine psychic powers, exposing flaws in experimental controls.^[2] The magazine has also published books compiling skeptical research, such as Paranormal Borderlands of Science (1981) and Science Confronts the Paranormal (1986), aggregating peer-reviewed critiques and empirical data.^[2] CSI organized annual conferences starting in 1983 to convene scientists, philosophers, and investigators, promoting interdisciplinary scrutiny of belief formation.^[2] The 1994 Seattle conference, for instance, included Carl Sagan's keynote on the cognitive psychology underlying pseudoscientific adherence, drawing hundreds of attendees and amplifying public discourse on evidence-based reasoning.^[2] Direct investigations yielded concrete debunkings, including a 1985 analysis demonstrating that firewalking relies on principles of heat transfer and brief contact rather than supernatural protection, and a 1986–1987 statistical reevaluation of astrological charts that found no predictive validity beyond chance.^[2] In 1988, CSI-supported tests of purported psychics in China produced null results under controlled conditions, undermining claims of extrasensory perception.^[2] Affiliates extended this empirical approach, as in the 2010 Independent Investigations Group (IIG) double-blind trial of Power Balance bracelets, which claimed holographic enhancements to athletic performance; results showed no improvements in balance or strength over placebos, leading to regulatory scrutiny and the product's market retraction.^[72] CSI's efforts have bolstered legal precedents for skeptical critique, such as the 1993 court award of $149,000 in sanctions against Uri Geller for baseless libel suits against CSICOP and investigator James Randi, affirming the right to challenge unverified psychic demonstrations with evidence of sleight-of-hand.^[2] Collectively, these initiatives have spurred the creation of 42 international skeptical organizations across 28 countries and supplied media outlets with data-driven rebuttals to pseudoscience, enhancing global scientific literacy.^[2]

Broader Cultural and Educational Impact

The Committee for Skeptical Inquiry (CSI) has advanced scientific literacy and critical thinking in educational settings through targeted programs and resources. Its Young Skeptics Guide initiative provides materials for students and educators, including science fair projects and curricula emphasizing empirical investigation over unsubstantiated claims, thereby integrating skepticism into K-12 and higher education.^[73] CSI has also developed course modules on topics like paranormal beliefs in contemporary culture, used in academic settings to teach analytical skills applicable beyond fringe topics.^[74] ![Skeptical Inquirer][center] Culturally, CSI's Skeptical Inquirer magazine has reached readers in 72 countries, broadening discourse on pseudoscience and influencing mainstream discussions on evidence-based reasoning.^[2] By publishing detailed critiques of paranormal and alternative claims, the magazine has contributed to a shift in public perception, reducing acceptance of unverified phenomena in media and popular culture; for example, its investigations have informed journalistic standards for verifying extraordinary assertions.^[18] CSI conferences, including annual events like CSICon, draw thousands for lectures on scientific inquiry, amplifying educational outreach and fostering networks that promote rationalism against rising misinformation.^[75] This work has spurred global replication, with CSI inspiring over 40 skeptical groups in 28 countries, extending its model of inquiry to diverse cultural contexts and enhancing worldwide resistance to pseudoscientific narratives.^[2] However, while CSI's efforts correlate with increased public skepticism toward unproven therapies and conspiracy theories, causal attribution remains debated, as broader scientific education trends also play a role.^[76]

Critiques of Overall Effectiveness

Critics have argued that the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry (CSI), despite over four decades of publications, investigations, and public outreach, has failed to substantially diminish widespread belief in pseudoscientific and paranormal claims among the general population. A 2005 Gallup poll found that 75% of Americans believed in at least one paranormal phenomenon, such as extrasensory perception (ESP) or haunted houses.^[49] A 2025 Gallup survey indicated persistent adherence, with 48% believing in psychic or spiritual healing and 39% in ghosts, though no single phenomenon garnered majority support.^[77] These figures suggest minimal long-term erosion in such beliefs, attributable in part to psychological factors like confirmation bias and the appeal of extraordinary explanations, but also highlighting the limitations of CSI's debunking strategies in altering entrenched cultural attitudes. Early internal dissent underscored perceived flaws in CSI's (formerly CSICOP) approach, exemplified by co-founder Marcello Truzzi's 1977 resignation after accusing the organization of "pseudoskepticism"—a dogmatic dismissal of claims without rigorous, open investigation.^[78] Truzzi advocated including paranormal proponents in dialogues and prioritizing neutral inquiry over adversarial debunking, but faced opposition leading to a no-confidence vote and his ouster as The Zetetic Scholar editor.^[2] This schism, occurring shortly after CSICOP's 1976 founding, reflected broader critiques that the group's confrontational style fosters hostility toward anomalous research rather than fostering evidence-based scrutiny, potentially stifling legitimate scientific exploration of fringe topics.^[70] Further evaluations point to CSI's narrow focus on paranormal topics as limiting its broader efficacy against modern pseudoscience, such as conspiracy theories or health misinformation, where debunking often reinforces believers' resolve due to backfire effects.^[79] Studies indicate that while targeted skepticism education can reduce certain unwarranted beliefs, population-level interventions have not demonstrably lowered pseudoscience prevalence, as seen in stable conspiracy endorsement rates.^[80] Critics like George P. Hansen contend that CSI's vigilantism creates a chilling effect on inquiry, prioritizing ideological conformity over empirical pluralism.^[70] Even within skeptical circles, calls for more respectful, preemptive strategies acknowledge that traditional CSI methods—reliant on post-hoc refutation—have underperformed in preempting misinformation spread via social media.^[81]

Controversies

Mars Effect Dispute (1975–1980s)

The Mars Effect refers to the hypothesis advanced by French psychologist and statistician Michel Gauquelin, who analyzed birth data of over 2,000 European sports champions and reported in 1955 that Mars was positioned in specific diurnal sectors (sectors 1 and 4, corresponding to rising and culminating positions) for approximately 22% of them, exceeding the expected 17% base rate derived from control populations.^[82] Gauquelin, initially an astrology skeptic, interpreted this as a potential planetary influence on eminence in physical professions, though he rejected traditional horoscopes. The Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal (CSICOP, predecessor to CSI) inherited interest in the claim amid its 1975 formation and an anti-astrology manifesto signed by 186 scientists, prompting collaboration with Gauquelin to test replicability.^[2] In 1977, CSICOP astronomers Marvin Zelen and George Abell, alongside founder Paul Kurtz, devised the Zelen test using Gauquelin's provided protocols on 303 prominent U.S. athletes selected from encyclopedic sources; initial results appeared to confirm the effect with Mars hits aligning near Gauquelin's rates, but Zelen et al. deemed them statistically insignificant and ambiguous due to sampling and base-rate issues, publishing their analysis in The Humanist.^[2] Founding council member Dennis Rawlins accused the trio of misconduct in a 1981 Fate magazine exposé titled "sTARBABY," alleging they suppressed confirmatory data from a larger control group (17% vs. 22% hits), ignored the Mars-dawn correlation factor, and employed post-hoc criteria shifts to discredit the results—actions Rawlins characterized as a deliberate cover-up prioritizing organizational image over evidence.^[83] CSICOP's Skeptical Inquirer responded with rebuttals, but a 1983 follow-up article conceded flaws in the Zelen test design and U.S. reporting, including valid critiques on data handling, while maintaining the overall negative verdict.^[2] A subsequent U.S. replication test, conducted 1977–1980 on 408 champions' verified birth records from state archives, yielded only 13.5% Mars placements in key sectors (55 hits versus 88.1 expected), with odds exceeding 10,000:1 against the effect; subgroup analysis of 88 "star" athletes showed 21.6%, but Gauquelin countered that inclusion of lesser-known figures diluted the eminence correlation central to his hypothesis.^[84] The Belgian Comité Para (CFEPP) independently tested 535–1,120 athletes in the late 1970s–early 1980s, reporting rates around 18.7–22%, but skeptics attributed this to Gauquelin's selective data inclusion, where excluding borderline cases inflated results; later reanalyses found no significance beyond base rates when biases were controlled.^[82] The protracted dispute, spanning 1975–1983, consumed CSICOP's Executive Council for three to four years, culminating in Rawlins' 1980 resignation and earlier departure of co-founder Marcello Truzzi, who decried the organization's dogmatism in dismissing anomalous data without full rigor.^[2] CSICOP shifted policy in October 1981 to avoid institutional research, suspending judgment on the Mars Effect pending independent replication, though critics like Rawlins viewed this as evasion amid unresolved statistical artifacts such as selection bias or unaccounted environmental factors.^[83] Gauquelin's 1991 suicide followed ongoing challenges to his data integrity, leaving the effect unconfirmed in mainstream astronomy and attributed by skeptics to methodological flaws rather than causal planetary influence.^[82]

Church of Scientology Infiltration (1977)

In 1977, the Church of Scientology's Guardian's Office (GO), responsible for external threats to the organization, targeted the Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal (CSICOP, predecessor to the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry) after its publication The Zetetic featured a critical examination of L. Ron Hubbard's Dianetics.^[85] Internal GO documents, seized during FBI raids on Scientology offices in July 1977 as part of Operation Snow White investigations, designated CSICOP and The Zetetic as a "Major Target" to be neutralized "so that they never again publish such an article."^[85] The GO's response involved a multi-point disinformation campaign aimed at undermining CSICOP's credibility rather than direct personnel infiltration. A 23-point directive instructed operatives to propagate rumors that CSICOP functioned as a CIA front organization established to foster public disbelief in paranormal phenomena, thereby enabling greater governmental control over the populace.^[85] This included forging a CIA memorandum on official letterhead and distributing it to media outlets such as The New York Times and columnist Jack Anderson, alleging CSICOP's ties to intelligence agencies for suppressing psychic research.^[85] These efforts were uncovered through the 1977 FBI seizures of over 48,000 documents from Scientology facilities in Los Angeles and Washington, D.C., which revealed the GO's systematic operations against critics, including plans to infiltrate and discredit non-governmental entities perceived as adversarial.^[86] No evidence emerged of successful placement of Scientology agents within CSICOP's staff or operations, but the campaign exemplified the GO's broader strategy of "dead agenting"—discrediting sources of negative publicity through fabricated narratives. The revelations contributed to subsequent convictions of GO leaders, including Mary Sue Hubbard, for conspiracy and theft in 1979.^[85]

Natasha Demkina Vision Claims (2004)

In 2004, Natasha Demkina, a 17-year-old Russian woman from Saransk, claimed to possess X-ray-like vision enabling her to visualize internal organs and diagnose medical conditions without equipment, a ability she said developed after a high fever at age 10.^[87] She had gained prominence in Russia for reportedly accurate diagnoses, attracting patients and media attention, though independent verification was limited.^[88] The Discovery Channel arranged a test of her claims in New York City on May 25, 2004, collaborating with representatives from the Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal (CSICOP, predecessor to CSI) and the Committee for Scientific Inquiry in Medicine (CSIM), including psychologists Ray Hyman and Richard Wiseman, to design and oversee protocols aimed at minimizing sensory cues.^[89] The test involved seven volunteer subjects seated behind a chest-high screen, with only their heads visible to prevent body language signals; they wore opaque glasses to block eye movements, and Demkina examined them one by one while dressed in a loose robe to avoid clothing artifacts.^[89] One subject was healthy, while the other six had verifiable conditions: a missing kidney, a replaced hip, a missing breast and chest scarring from mastectomy, a fractured leg with metal plate, tubing from heart bypass surgery, and an artificial knee.^[89] Demkina was required to identify abnormalities by pointing to affected body regions on a life-sized outline; the protocol set a threshold of five correct identifications out of seven for statistical significance (p < 0.05 under binomial distribution, accounting for chance), with pre-agreed "hits" based on accurate localization rather than vague descriptions.^[89] Demkina correctly identified four cases: the missing kidney (though she described it as shriveled rather than absent), the hip replacement, the bypass tubing, and the knee replacement.^[87] She missed the healthy subject (diagnosing minor issues), the mastectomy (pointing to the wrong side), and the leg fracture (failing to note the plate).^[87] In erroneous diagnoses, she sometimes proposed alternative conditions, such as ovarian issues or lung problems, without consistent accuracy.^[90] CSICOP representatives concluded the results aligned with chance expectation, as four hits fell short of the criterion and could be explained by educated guesses, subtle cues, or confirmation bias in her supporters' interpretations of her statements.^[89] The documentary The Girl with X-Ray Eyes, aired in October 2004, presented these findings, emphasizing the lack of evidence for paranormal vision.^[88] Critics of the test, including physicist Brian Josephson, argued the conditions were difficult to distinguish visually (e.g., some scars were subtle) and that Demkina provided detailed qualitative insights warranting credit beyond binary scoring, potentially indicating partial ability.^[91] However, Hyman and Wiseman countered that the protocol was transparent, pre-approved by Demkina's representatives, and that her overall performance did not exceed what nonspecific sensory or probabilistic cues could achieve, with no replication under stricter controls.^[89] CSICOP's involvement highlighted its role in applying scientific methodology to extraordinary claims, though the episode fueled debates on test rigor versus proponent accommodations.^[87] Demkina continued practicing in Russia post-test, without further large-scale skeptical challenges documented.^[92]

Allegations of Ideological Bias and Dogmatism

Marcello Truzzi, a co-founder of CSICOP (CSI's predecessor organization established in 1976), resigned in 1977 and accused the group of dogmatism, arguing that it had devolved into "debunking" rather than genuine zetetic inquiry, which emphasizes open testing of claims without preconceived rejection.^[2]^[93] Truzzi coined the term "pseudoskepticism" to describe what he saw as CSICOP's pathological skepticism—characterized by premature dismissal of extraordinary claims based on a priori materialism rather than empirical investigation—exemplified by their handling of cases like the 1976 extraterrestrial hypothesis debate, where he criticized political maneuvering over scientific rigor.^[94] Proponents of parapsychology and fringe science have echoed these charges, alleging that CSI fellows exhibit dogmatic adherence to physicalist assumptions, rejecting evidence for phenomena like telepathy or morphic resonance without adequate replication attempts.^[95] Biologist Rupert Sheldrake, in critiques dating to the 1980s and formalized in his 2012 book The Science Delusion, has described CSI-aligned skeptics as "militant materialists" who treat materialism as an unassailable dogma, blocking inquiry into non-local consciousness effects despite statistical anomalies in experiments like his canine telepathy studies (e.g., dogs anticipating owners' returns at rates exceeding chance, p < 0.001 in meta-analyses).^[95]^[96] Sheldrake contends this stance mirrors religious fundamentalism, prioritizing ideological commitment over falsifiability, as seen in CSI's consistent non-engagement with positive psi findings from researchers like Dean Radin.^[95] CSI's structural ties to the Center for Inquiry, which explicitly opposes "religious ideology" alongside pseudoscience, have fueled allegations of broader ideological bias toward secular humanism and atheism, framing skepticism as a vehicle for worldview promotion rather than neutral methodology.^[22] Critics, including former skeptics, argue this manifests in selective scrutiny—e.g., aggressive debunking of spiritual healing while downplaying institutional biases in academia favoring materialist paradigms—and has led to internal rifts, such as debates at CSICon 2023 over "ideological invasion" diluting empirical focus with cultural politics.^[97]^[98] Such claims posit that CSI's fellow selection (heavily atheist philosophers and scientists like Paul Kurtz) reinforces a echo chamber, where dissent on core tenets like universal physicalism invites ostracism, akin to the Truzzi departure.^[2]

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Introducing Skeptical Inquirer Presents, live online presentations from leading experts in science, skepticism, medicine, media, activism, and advocacy.
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Skeptical Inquirer Audio Edition | Podcast on Spotify
Listen to Skeptical Inquirer Audio Edition on Spotify. Skeptical Inquirer Audio Edition brings the insightful articles from Skeptical Inquirer magazine ...<|separator|>
[33]
CSICon - Skeptical Inquirer
This conference is run by the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry and will take place in Las Vegas from Thursday, October 24, through Sunday, October 27. (You can ...
[34]
CSICon 2024 - Las Vegas | CFI Western New York
Join us October 24-27th at the Horseshoe Las Vegas for a star-studded lineup of skeptical thinkers featuring Neil deGrasse Tyson, Brian Cox, Banachek ...Missing: ongoing initiatives
[35]
https://centerforinquiry.org/press_releases/bill-nye-leads-all-star-group-of-speakers-for-csicon-2026-in-buffalo-ny-june-11-14-2026/
[36]
welcome area - CSICOP's Young Skeptics Program
The Young Skeptics Program aims to develop and foster an understanding of the world through inquiry-based learning. We provide material to complement and ...Missing: CSI | Show results with:CSI
[37]
[PDF] Skeptical Programs for Generation Y and Beyond - AWS
The Committee for Skeptical Inquiry (CSI) has many long-standing programs to encourage critical thinking in children and young people—the world's future ...
[38]
https://csiconference.org/more-to-do/
[39]
Amityville: The Horror of It All | Skeptical Inquirer
Investigative Files. Amityville: The Horror of It All. Joe Nickell. From: Volume 27, No. 1 · January / February 2003 · Twitter Facebook. View In Full Screen.
[40]
Power Balance Bracelets a Bust in IIG Test - Center for Inquiry
Nov 11, 2010 · Power Balance claims that the holograms on their bracelets work with the body's alleged (my word) energy field and improves strength, flexibility and balance.
[41]
Power Balance Experiment | CFI Investigations Group
Nov 1, 2010 · On October 21, 2010, the IIG Los Angeles conducted a test of the “Power Balance” bracelets in conjunction with Yahoo! News.
[42]
Sci vs. Psi: Testing Superpowers | Jim Underdown on Skeptical ...
Feb 18, 2023 · It is, by far, the world's largest prize for scientifically proving superpowers—and it's never been claimed successfully. Join Skeptical Inquirer Presents on ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[43]
Committee for Skeptical Inquiry - Wikipedia
Committee for Skeptical Inquiry ; Amherst, New York, United States · Worldwide · Barry Karr · skepticalinquirer.org · Committee for the Scientific Investigation of ...History · Mission statement · Activities · Awards
[44]
Skeptics Remind News Media: Keep UFO Reporting Grounded in ...
Jun 24, 2021 · We are the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry, a group of scientists and science communicators long involved in advancing sound science, supporting ...
[45]
Deniers are not Skeptics - Center for Inquiry
Dec 5, 2014 · Proper skepticism promotes scientific inquiry, critical investigation, and the use of reason in examining controversial and extraordinary claims.Missing: core | Show results with:core
[46]
Coronavirus Resource Center - Center for Inquiry
Drawing upon the unique expertise of institutions such as the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry and Quackwatch, the Center for Inquiry is doing what we do best: ...
[47]
RFK Jr., the Ecumenical Denier, Embraces Anti-Science from the ...
Dec 19, 2024 · To top it all, he has also claimed that COVID-19 selectively spared Ashkenazi Jews and Chinese people. ... Committee for Skeptical Inquiry (CSI) ...
[48]
Belief in Paranormal Phenomena Among Adult Americans
Belief in Paranormal Phenomena Among Adult Americans. Frank Newport, George H. Gallup Jr. From: Volume 15, No. 2 · Winter 1991.
[49]
[PDF] Belief in Paranormal Phenomena Among Adult Americans c=
Apr 22, 2021 · A Gallup national survey shows that paranormal beliefs are widespread. Yet belief in astrology and the reality of. UFOs has lessened,.
[50]
Three in Four Americans Believe in Paranormal - Gallup News
Jun 16, 2005 · About three in four Americans profess at least one paranormal belief, according to a recent Gallup survey. The most popular is extrasensory perception (ESP), ...
[51]
A skeptical look - Science Musings
Sep 20, 2019 · CSICOP is still going strong in 2019, now known as CSI, or the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry. CSICon, a conference hosted by CSI, is held ...<|separator|>
[52]
“Global Pseudoscience” – New Skeptical Inquirer, Social Media's ...
May 1, 2023 · This issue's cover package focuses on “Medical Pseudoscience Around the World.” We'll be highlighting the contents all this week, starting with ...
[53]
Pseudoscience: An Ancient Problem - Skeptical Inquirer
The Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal was the forerunner of the current CSI, the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry, that ...Missing: surveys | Show results with:surveys
[54]
Pseudoscience: Do We Know What We Are Talking About?
If I had to guess, I'd bet that readers of Skeptical Inquirer feel fairly confident that they can identify notions that count as pseudoscientific and ...
[55]
The Harm of So-Called Alternative Medicine | Skeptical Inquirer
SCAM therapists can harm patients in multiple ways. Foremost, such harm occurs through the often-incompetent advice given by SCAM practitioners.
[56]
Confessions of a Former Fake Doctor in 'Skeptical Inquirer'
Feb 12, 2020 · In the latest issue of Skeptical Inquirer, Britt Hermes tells of her previous life as a licensed “naturopathic doctor.” She exposes the lies and ...Missing: debunking | Show results with:debunking
[57]
Quack Quack: The Threat of Pseudoscience | Dr. Joe Schwarcz
Mar 2, 2023 · He was also awarded the 2015 Balles Prize for Critical Thinking by the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry. Well-known for his informative and entertaining ...
[58]
Alternative Medicine | Skeptical Inquirer
Dietary supplements and homeopathic preparations, advertised by the disgraced Dr. Oz and his ilk, now constitute a multi-billion-dollar industry.Missing: Committee debunking
[59]
Why Skepticism? | Skeptical Inquirer
... Inquiry (CFI) and the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry (CSI). What purpose do ... Center for Inquiry and Richard Dawkins Foundation Now Formally Merged.<|control11|><|separator|>
[60]
"Psychological Inoculation Against Misinformation" | Sander van der ...
Jun 16, 2025 · Inoculation theory offers a natural basis for developing a psychological “vaccine” against the spread of fake news and misinformation.
[61]
Why Skepticism? | Center for Inquiry
Jul 3, 2017 · Ron Lindsay asks, "Why are we here?" That is, why do skeptics and skeptic organizations have conferences, publish magazines, and focus their effor ...
[62]
Bill Nye Wins In Praise of Reason Award - Center for Inquiry
Jan 20, 2012 · ... Skeptical Inquiry, at the CSIcon New Orleans 2011 conference awards banquet. The In Praise of Reason Award is given in recognition of ...
[63]
Timothy Caulfield, Susan Gerbic Awarded Balles Prizes for Critical ...
Committee for Skeptical Inquiry Elects 14 New Fellows from Six Countries · Timothy Caulfield, Susan Gerbic Awarded Balles Prizes for Critical Thinking.
[64]
Skeptic Authors Steven Salzberg and Joe Nickell to Receive Balles ...
Jun 14, 2013 · Skeptic Authors Steven Salzberg and Joe Nickell to Receive Balles Prize in Critical Thinking ... the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry at the CFI ...
[65]
1998 Candle in the Dark and Snuffed Candle Awards
Nov 13, 1998 · Last year's winner of the Candle In the Dark award was Bill Nye for his science television program Bill Nye, The Science Guy. “With American ...
[66]
the good fight against bad thinking - The Attic
Nov 10, 2022 · It's easy to dismiss “those people” as hopeless, immune to facts. The Committee for Skeptical Inquiry (CSI) thinks that's a mistake.Missing: achievements | Show results with:achievements
[67]
CSI Awards Balles Prize | Center for Inquiry
CSI Awards Balles Prize. June 13, 2011. The Committee for Skeptical Inquiry (CSI) will award its 2010 Robert P. Balles Annual Prize in Critical Thinking to ...
[68]
Maria Konnikova Wins Critical Thinking Prize from CSI for “The ...
May 18, 2017 · Previous winners of the Balles Prize have included Julia Belluz of Vox.com, the writers and producers of Cosmos: A Spacetime Odyssey, Paul ...Missing: CSICOP | Show results with:CSICOP
[69]
The Skeptic's Ally: Julia Belluz Gets the Balles Prize for Critical ...
Oct 29, 2016 · Being honored by the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry, with one of her heroes, James Randi, looking on, Julia said she'd return to the newsroom ...
[70]
CSI's Robert P. Balles award goes to Guardian 'Bad Science ... - Gale
The Committee for Skeptical Inquiry has awarded its second Robert P. Balles Annual Prize in Critical Thinking to Ben Goldacre for his weekly column, ...
[71]
CSICOP and the Skeptics: An Overview by George P. Hansen
Shortly thereafter, Piel gave the keynote address at CSICOP's 1990 convention and received the Committee's “In Praise of Reason Award” (Shore, 1990).Missing: 2000s | Show results with:2000s<|separator|>
[72]
The Unbelievable Skepticism of the Amazing Randi
Nov 7, 2014 · Finally, the struggle with Geller even cost Randi his place in Csicop; when Paul Kurtz told him it had become too expensive to keep going after ...
[73]
'Power Balance' Bands Shown Worthless - Skeptical Inquirer
Feb 4, 2011 · Power Balance bracelets achieved global popularity, in part because they were embraced by a parade of celebrities.Missing: Committee | Show results with:Committee
[74]
Skeptic-Science Fair
CSICOP's Young Skeptics Program. ... This will help generate further resources for students and educators and will also help spread skepticism to a wider audience ...Missing: influence | Show results with:influence
[75]
A Field Guide to Critical Thinking | Skeptical Inquirer
The course examines the complete range of paranormal beliefs in contemporary American culture, from precognition and psychokinesis to channeling and ...
[76]
[PDF] Skepticism in the Light of Scientific Literacy
The 1990 CSICOP conference examined scientific literacy, science education, and critical thinking. Fall 1990. Page 2. 1990 CSICOP CONFERENCE IN WASHINGTON.
[77]
Truth detectives: the know-it-all skeptics railing against fakery
Jan 27, 2019 · ... Committee for Skeptical Inquiry, which promotes “the use of reason in examining important issues” (Carl Sagan and Isaac Asimov were founding ...Missing: key achievements
[78]
Paranormal Phenomena Met With Skepticism in U.S. - Gallup News
Jul 23, 2025 · Nearly half of U.S. adults, 48%, believe in psychic or spiritual healing. Slightly fewer, 39%, express a belief in ghosts, while between 24% and ...
[79]
[PDF] The Trouble with Pseudoskepticism - Skeptical Inquirer
The word pseudoskepticism was coin - ed by the late sociologist and founding member of CSICOP (now CSI) Mar- cello Truzzi. The term, as originally used by ...Missing: effectiveness | Show results with:effectiveness
[80]
How Skepticism (not Cynicism) Can Raise Scientific Standards and ...
Mar 30, 2023 · ... failed to reduce the prevalence of false beliefs, particularly those related to pseudoscience (Dyer & Hall, 2019). It is also the case that ...
[81]
Effect of Critical Thinking Education on Epistemically Unwarranted ...
Aug 10, 2025 · ... pseudoscience class believed in significantly fewer conspiracy theories (Dyer and Hall 2019). ... Skepticism of Pseudoscientific Claims ...
[82]
How Can Skepticism Do Better?
We must begin to develop more effective means of disseminating the fruits of our labors to individuals who are skeptical of our skepticism.Missing: responses | Show results with:responses
[83]
Gauquelin and the Mars effect - Stichting Skepsis
The Mars effect hypothesis was first published by the French psychologist Michel Gauquelin in 1955. It says that Mars occupies certain positions in the sky ...
[84]
Starbaby - New Dualism Archive
It attacked Gauquelin's Mars Effect on various grounds, pointedly excluding the Mars/ dawn factor on which Kurtz, Zelen and Abell (hereafter to be called ...
[85]
None
### Summary of U.S. Test of Gauquelins' Mars Effect
[86]
Scientology's Tale of Disgrace | Free Inquiry
In internal Church of Scientology documents, it was unearthed that the church designated CSICOP and Zetetic a “Major Target” to be handled “so that they never ...
[87]
Documents Made Public in Case Of Infiltration by Scientologists
Oct 26, 1979 · The Federal Bureau of Investigation seized the documents in 1977 from the Los Angeles office of the Church of Scientology, which says it has 3 ...Missing: CSICOP | Show results with:CSICOP
[88]
The Girl with Normal Eyes - Skeptical Inquirer
Apr 21, 2005 · A teenage girl from Saransk, Russia, who claims to have X-ray-like vision that lets her see inside hum- an bodies. And she uses this vision to make medical ...
[89]
Natasha Demkina: The Girl with Very Normal Eyes | Live Science
Jan 27, 2005 · A Russian teen claims to have X-ray-like vision, which lets her see inside bodies and make diagnoses often more accurate than those of ...Missing: CSI | Show results with:CSI
[90]
[PDF] Testing 'The Girl with X-Ray Eyes' - Skeptical Inquirer
the Natasha business into broader perspective of other "eyeless vision" claims. ... After the CSICOP-CSMMH test of Natasha Demkina, a Discovery Channel ...
[91]
Natasha Demkina: The Girl with Normal Eyes | Skeptical Inquirer
Natasha Demkina: The Girl with Normal Eyes. Andrew A. Skolnick. From: Volume 29, No. 3 May / June 2005.Missing: Committee | Show results with:Committee
[92]
'X-ray vision' controversy in Times Higher - TCM
Dec 10, 2004 · The experiment to test Ms Demkina's claims was filmed for a Discovery Channel documentary, The Girl with the X-ray Eyes, which is also due to ...Missing: CSI | Show results with:CSI<|separator|>
[93]
Natasha Demkina | Psi Encyclopedia
Apr 2, 2018 · Russian woman who claims the ability to view inside human bodies and correctly diagnose diseases, and has a busy practice in her home ...
[94]
aliens capture uncritical media,debunkers claim
"The problem with CSICOP is that they have become the hard-liners, defending the science faith," said Truzzi, a sociology professor at East Michigan University ...
[95]
An older controversy: Marcello Truzzi and pseudoskepticism
May 14, 2013 · However, Marcello Truzzi wanted to include paranormal proponents in CSICOP and in the magazine. The CSICOP board disagreed and gave him a vote ...
[96]
About the Skeptics - Rupert Sheldrake
Healthy skeptics are open-minded and interested in evidence. By contrast, dogmatic skeptics are committed to the belief that "paranormal" phenomena are ...
[97]
Dogmatic Skepticism Does Not Advance Science
Well-funded skeptical advocacy organizations like CSICOP, the Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal [now CSI], concentrate ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[98]
CSICon 2023 and the Ideology Problem - Wadsworth-Sheng ...
Mar 8, 2024 · Skepticism is facing a problem from the inside: an ideological invasion. This October, I attended the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry ...Missing: bias | Show results with:bias
[99]
"Skeptical Inquirer" Tries to Defend Scientific Skepticism, Slides into ...
Feb 19, 2017 · "Skeptical Inquirer" Tries to Defend Scientific Skepticism, Slides into Secular Humanist and Atheist Political Advocacy. 2/19/2017. 93 Comments.<|separator|>