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Terrace

'''Terrace''' may refer to a level ledge or raised area, or be used in various contexts including natural landforms, architectural features, specific places, works in arts and entertainment, and personal names. For specific uses, see the following sections.

Natural Landforms

Geological Terraces

Geological terraces are step-like landforms consisting of nearly flat platforms separated by steep escarpments, formed primarily through the interplay of erosion, sediment deposition, and tectonic processes over long timescales. These features develop along rivers, coastlines, and fault zones as landscapes respond to changes in base level, climate, and crustal deformation. For instance, cyclic variations in river incision or coastal erosion create abandoned surfaces that preserve records of past environmental conditions.^[1] Fluvial terraces, also known as river terraces, form when rivers incise into their floodplains, leaving behind elevated platforms of former valley floors composed of alluvial sediments. This process often results from climatic shifts that alter discharge and sediment load, or from tectonic uplift that lowers the base level, prompting renewed downcutting. A prominent example is the series of Quaternary fluvial terraces along the Colorado River in the Grand Canyon, which record episodic incision during the Pleistocene epoch, spanning from approximately 2 million to 11,700 years ago, driven by climatic fluctuations and regional uplift.^[2]^[3] Marine terraces originate as wave-cut platforms at sea level that become elevated through tectonic uplift or isostatic rebound, preserving bench-like surfaces capped by marine sediments. These terraces form during interglacial periods of high sea level and are subsequently stranded above the modern shoreline. In the Kenting Peninsula of southern Taiwan, a flight of late Pleistocene marine reef terraces, dated to between 125,000 and 10,000 years ago, illustrates rapid uplift rates of about 5 mm per year due to arc-continent collision, with each level corresponding to past highstands.^[4] Fault-block terraces arise from differential tectonic movement along faults, where blocks of crust are uplifted or down-dropped, creating terraced landscapes through the exposure and erosion of fault scarps. These features are common in extensional or compressional regimes and often combine with fluvial or marine processes. For example, deformed fluvial terraces along the Van Duzen River in northern California exhibit offset risers and treads across the Cascadia subduction zone's related faults, recording late Pleistocene vertical slip rates of 0.06–0.38 mm per year.^[5] Geological terraces hold significant value in reconstructing paleoclimate, as their formation and preservation reflect responses to glacial-interglacial cycles that influenced erosion rates and sediment delivery. Fluvial terraces, in particular, provide evidence of climate-driven base-level changes, with incision episodes correlating to arid or cold periods that reduced vegetation and increased runoff. Marine terraces serve as direct proxies for eustatic sea-level variations, enabling the calibration of global ice-volume models over Quaternary timescales. In terms of landscape evolution, these landforms quantify long-term denudation and uplift rates, revealing how tectonics and climate interact to shape topography. Dating methods, such as cosmogenic nuclide analysis (e.g., measuring ^10Be and ^26Al in quartz), allow precise determination of exposure ages for terrace surfaces, often achieving uncertainties of 5-10% for features up to 1 million years old, thus facilitating correlations across regions.^[6]^[7]^[8]^[9]

Agricultural Terraces

Agricultural terraces are human-engineered level platforms built into hillsides and slopes to create arable land for farming, primarily by slowing water runoff, preventing soil erosion, and optimizing irrigation in regions where flat terrain is scarce.^[10] These stepped structures transform steep landscapes into productive fields, enabling cultivation on otherwise unusable land while conserving soil fertility and supporting intensive agriculture.^[11] By reducing the velocity of surface water and trapping sediments, terraces minimize nutrient loss and enhance water retention, which is essential for crops in mountainous or hilly environments.^[12] Construction of agricultural terraces typically involves excavating soil from upper slopes to form flat benches, reinforced by retaining walls made of local materials such as stone, compacted earth, or wood to hold back the soil and prevent collapse.^[13] Integrated water management systems, including canals, ditches, and sluices, channel rainwater or streams across the terraces to ensure even distribution, as seen in irrigated rice paddies where fields are flooded seasonally.^[14] These methods vary by region and material availability, with stone walls providing durability on rocky terrains and earthen ones suiting softer soils, often incorporating drainage layers of gravel to avoid waterlogging.^[15] The historical development of agricultural terraces traces back to ancient civilizations seeking to adapt to challenging topographies. In the Andes, pre-Inca cultures initiated terracing as early as 1000 BCE, with the Inca Empire refining the technique by the 1400s to support a vast population through crops like potatoes and quinoa across about one million hectares.^[13] In China, wet rice cultivation emerged around 5000 BCE, but terraced systems for rice paddies evolved significantly from the 6th century BCE onward, with ethnic groups like the Hani building elaborate networks over 1,300 years ago to harness mountain springs.^[16] These practices have evolved into modern sustainable agriculture, incorporating contour plowing and cover crops to further reduce erosion while maintaining traditional designs.^[17] Notable examples include the Longsheng Rice Terraces in Guangxi, China, constructed over 650 years ago by the Zhuang and Yao peoples to cultivate rice on steep karst hills, forming a dragon-like pattern that spans thousands of hectares.^[18] The Banaue Rice Terraces in the Philippines, constructed by the Ifugao around 400–500 years ago using stone and mud walls—though traditionally dated to 2,000 years ago—represent a UNESCO World Heritage Site for their intricate irrigation from forested watersheds and role in communal rice farming, as confirmed by recent archaeological studies.^[14]^[19] In the Andes, Inca terraces near sites like Pisac and Moray facilitated diverse crops including potatoes and quinoa, with walls designed for thermal regulation and water efficiency.^[13] Environmentally, agricultural terraces offer significant benefits, such as reducing soil erosion by up to 52% and runoff by over 41%, thereby preserving biodiversity with enhanced habitats for local flora—up to 189 plant species in some systems—and sequestering soil organic carbon by 32%.^[20] They promote sustainable water use and nutrient retention, fostering resilient ecosystems in fragile landscapes.^[21] However, challenges include high maintenance demands, as abandoned or poorly managed terraces can increase erosion rates by 100 times at their bases and disrupt hydrological cycles, reducing freshwater availability by up to 56% in some basins.^[20] Climate change exacerbates vulnerabilities through intensified droughts and floods, threatening structural integrity and crop yields in these aging systems.^[22]

Architectural and Construction Features

Building and Garden Terraces

Building and garden terraces are flat, elevated outdoor platforms attached to structures or integrated into landscapes, serving as extensions of interior spaces for leisure, relaxation, or aesthetic enhancement. These features create a seamless connection between buildings and their surroundings, often at ground level, rooftop, or midway elevations. Common types include roof terraces, which utilize upper building levels for panoramic views; balcony terraces, smaller projections from walls; and garden terraces, which incorporate steps, retaining walls, and planters to form multi-level outdoor areas adjoining homes or public spaces.^[23]^[24]^[25] The architectural evolution of terraces traces back to ancient Rome, where peristyle gardens in elite domus featured columned porticos surrounding open courtyards with planted horti, often elevated on artificial terraces (basis villae) to capture views and integrate water features like fountains. This design influenced later periods, culminating in the Renaissance with the Villa d'Este in Tivoli, Italy, constructed starting in 1550 under Cardinal Ippolito II d'Este and architect Pirro Ligorio. The villa's terraced gardens descend amphitheater-style from the palace across 4.5 hectares of steep slopes, employing gravity-fed hydraulics for over 500 fountains and grottoes, setting a precedent for Mannerist landscape architecture across Europe. In the modern era, terraces gained prominence in the 1920s with the advent of elevators, transforming them into luxurious, accessible amenities that emphasize privacy and urban integration.^[26]^[27]^[28] Design elements prioritize durability, functionality, and harmony with the environment, using materials such as natural stone for timeless stability, poured concrete for structural strength, and treated wood for warmth and ease of installation. Essential features include protective railings to prevent falls, integrated planters to support vegetation, and sloped or channeled drainage systems—often incorporating gravel layers or French drains—to manage rainwater and avoid structural damage. Orientation plays a key role in maximizing sunlight exposure and scenic views, with partial coverings like pergolas providing shade without enclosing the space.^[29]^[30]^[25] Functionally, terraces serve residential purposes as private patios for dining and lounging, commercial roles in cafes for al fresco seating to enhance customer experience, and public promenades for leisurely walks. Safety standards, governed by codes like the International Building Code (IBC), mandate guardrails at least 42 inches (1067 mm) high for any drop exceeding 30 inches (762 mm), with occupant loads calculated based on anticipated use per IBC Table 1004.5, such as 5 net square feet (0.46 m²) per person for standing space in assembly areas—and structural designs ensuring load-bearing capacity for live loads of 40-100 pounds per square foot (195-488 kg/m²) depending on occupancy.^[31]^[32] Notable cultural examples include the Hanging Gardens of Babylon, an ancient engineering marvel circa 600 BCE attributed to King Nebuchadnezzar II, featuring ascending tiered terraces supported by vaulted arches and irrigated via a chain-pump system to sustain lush vegetation amid arid surroundings—one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. In contemporary contexts, urban sustainability drives green terraces, such as the 15 cascading garden levels of ACROS Fukuoka Prefectural International Hall in Japan (opened 1995), which moderate building temperatures, boost biodiversity, and reduce urban heat island effects through integrated greenery.^[33]^[34]

Terraced Housing and Urban Design

Terraced housing consists of continuous rows of three or more uniform houses that share common side walls, creating a cohesive linear arrangement suited to dense urban environments.^[35] This design maximizes land use by eliminating side setbacks, with houses typically featuring identical or mirrored facades for visual harmony along the street.^[36] In urban planning, streets accommodating such rows frequently use the suffix "Terrace" to denote narrow thoroughfares lined with attached dwellings, often elevated or following a gentle slope.^[37] The origins of terraced housing trace back to the late 17th century in England, initially serving affluent residents in planned developments like Georgian terraces in London and Bath, which emphasized elegant uniformity and classical proportions.^[35] During the 19th-century Industrial Revolution, the style surged in popularity to house the influx of workers in expanding industrial cities such as Manchester and Leeds, where developers built vast rows to meet demand for affordable, high-density accommodation.^[38] This era saw variations like back-to-back terraces in northern England, where houses shared both side and rear walls to further optimize space, though these were later criticized for poor ventilation and light. The model spread to British colonies, including Australia, where 19th-century terraces filled inner suburbs of Sydney and Melbourne for middle- and working-class families, adapting European designs to local climates with features like verandas.^[39] In North America, Philadelphia adopted similar row houses from the 18th century onward, influenced by English precedents, to support the city's grid-based urban growth.^[40] Key design characteristics include narrow frontages of about 15-20 feet, deep floor plans extending 40-60 feet, and two to three stories with shared party walls that provide structural stability and thermal insulation.^[41] Uniform elements such as sash windows, stoops, and pitched roofs contribute to a rhythmic streetscape, while internal layouts often feature parlors at the front and kitchens at the rear.^[42] These features made construction efficient and cost-effective, allowing rapid development on narrow urban lots.^[43] In urban contexts, terraced housing fosters community cohesion through physical proximity and shared front areas, historically enabling social interactions in working-class neighborhoods while optimizing infrastructure like utilities and streets.^[35] Today, it plays a vital role in addressing housing affordability amid urbanization, with many terraces renovated for modern living while retaining original charms.^[44] However, gentrification has elevated property values in areas like inner London, displacing lower-income residents and sparking debates on equity.^[45] In the UK, preservation is enforced through listing as Grade II or higher under the Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990, protecting historic terraces from demolition or unsympathetic alterations to safeguard cultural heritage.^[46] Prominent examples include the Victorian terraces of London's Notting Hill, developed from the 1830s on the Ladbroke Estate, which blend stucco facades with iron railings and now symbolize upscale urban revival through colorful repainting.^[47] Across the Atlantic, Philadelphia's row houses, comprising roughly 70% of the city's housing stock since the 1800s, illustrate practical adaptations like marble steps and wrought-iron gates, embodying efficient density in a grid layout.^[48]

Stadium and Venue Terraces

In stadiums and entertainment venues, terraces refer to sloped or tiered standing areas designed to accommodate large numbers of spectators, providing elevated views of the playing field or performance space. These structures typically feature stepped inclines made of concrete or earth, allowing fans to stand closely together for an immersive experience, as seen in the end zones behind goals in soccer pitches or sloped outfields in early baseball parks.^[49]^[50] The origins of terraced spectator areas trace back to ancient amphitheaters, where tiered stone seating on hillsides enabled visibility for thousands during events like gladiatorial contests in Roman structures such as the Colosseum, built around 70-80 CE. In modern sports, terraces gained prominence in the early 20th century, particularly in European football, where they were constructed as cost-effective ways to house growing crowds; for instance, Liverpool FC's Spion Kop at Anfield, named after a Boer War battle site in 1906, became a iconic example with its steep banking that held up to 30,000 standing fans by the 1920s after expansions. Similarly, Aston Villa's Holte End at Villa Park, developed post-World War I and enlarged in 1939, was Europe's largest standing terrace at the time, accommodating nearly 30,000 supporters. In baseball, terraced outfields like the sloped "terrace" at Cincinnati's Crosley Field from 1934 served dual purposes as warning tracks and drainage aids, influencing field design until the park's demolition in the 1970s.^[51]^[52]^[53]^[54] Terraces were engineered with steep gradients—often 25-30 degrees—for optimal sightlines, but this design contributed to safety risks during overcrowding. The 1989 Hillsborough disaster, where 97 Liverpool fans died in a crush on an inadequately managed terrace during an FA Cup semi-final, exposed flaws in perimeter fencing and crowd control, prompting the Taylor Report's recommendations for all-seater stadiums in top-tier English football to eliminate standing risks. The report, published in 1990, attributed the tragedy primarily to police failures and outdated infrastructure rather than fans, leading to the phased removal of terraces across the UK by 1994 and influencing global safety standards like those from UEFA.^[55]^[56] Culturally, terraces fostered a vibrant "terrace culture" in football, where dense crowds amplified fan chants, songs, and collective energy, creating an electric atmosphere distinct from seated viewing. This communal standing tradition, rooted in working-class support, produced enduring rituals like synchronized swaying and adapted pop tunes at ends like Anfield's Kop, where acoustics enhanced the roar during matches. The Holte End similarly became synonymous with Villa fans' passionate displays, contributing to the terrace's role as a symbol of unfiltered fandom before safety mandates shifted dynamics.^[57]^[58] In contemporary venues, terraces have evolved into hybrid "safe standing" designs using rail seating—foldable seats with barriers that lock for standing—allowing regulated standing without full terracing. Introduced in the English Premier League from 2022 following fan campaigns and trials in Germany (e.g., at Bayern Munich's Allianz Arena since 2018), these sections balance atmosphere with safety; as of 2025, safe standing areas are present in approximately 80% of Premier League stadiums, as seen in Celtic Park's rail-seated areas holding thousands. Beyond sports, modern outdoor venues incorporate terraced viewing platforms for events, such as stepped amphitheaters at music festivals or cafe terraces overlooking stages, echoing ancient forms while prioritizing accessibility.^[59]^[60]^[61]^[62]

Places

Settlements

Several settlements around the world bear the name "Terrace" or variants like "Terrace End," often derived from local topography featuring elevated or stepped landscapes, such as glacial benches or raised riverbanks.^[63] These names reflect the physical characteristics of the terrain that influenced early settlement patterns. Terrace, British Columbia, Canada, is a prominent example, located in the Skeena region at the confluence of the Skeena and Kitsumkalum rivers. Founded in the early 1900s by settlers including George Little, who arrived around 1905 and surveyed the townsite in 1912, it originated as a telegraph station and steamboat landing before becoming a key rail hub with the completion of the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway in 1914.^[63] Incorporated as a village in 1927 and as a city in 1987, the community grew significantly during World War II due to a nearby military base and later through the forest industry from the 1960s to 1980s.^[63] Its economy has historically centered on forestry, with sawmills like Skeena Forest Products driving expansion, though it has diversified into services, retail, and tourism focused on outdoor activities and First Nations heritage.^[63] As of the 2021 census, the population was 12,017, with estimates suggesting approximately 13,000 residents as of 2025 amid steady growth supported by regional economic development, including anticipated expansion from LNG projects.^[64]^[65] In the United States, Terrace Park is a suburban village in Hamilton County, Ohio, near Cincinnati. Established around 1879 with the opening of a post office and formally incorporated in 1893, it developed as a residential community on elevated terrain overlooking the Little Miami River, attracting families seeking a picturesque, walkable environment.^[66] The village maintains a small-town character with historic homes and green spaces, emphasizing community preservation through organizations like the Terrace Park Historical Society, founded in 2001.^[67] Its economy revolves around proximity to Cincinnati's professional services and commuting workforce, with a 2025 population of approximately 2,349, showing slight decline from 2,355 in 2020 amid suburban trends.^[68] Terrace End serves as a central suburb of Palmerston North in New Zealand's Manawatu region. Settled in the 1870s as one of the area's earliest communities during the expansion of European colonization, it was named for the terraced riverbanks along the Manawatu River and quickly became a hub for farming and early infrastructure, including the opening of Terrace End School in 1884.^[69] The suburb features a mix of residential, commercial, and recreational spaces, including historic sites like the Terrace End Cemetery established in the late 19th century.^[70] With a diverse population including significant European and Māori communities, its economy ties into Palmerston North's education, agriculture, and light industry sectors. As of 2024, the population stands at 6,740, up from 6,177 in 2018, indicating ongoing urban growth.^[71]

Other Locations

Terrace Mountain, located in Yellowstone National Park in Wyoming, United States, rises to an elevation of 8,002 feet (2,439 meters) within the Gallatin Range and serves as a key feature for backcountry hiking and wildlife viewing.^[72] The mountain's summit, covered in glacial till, supports diverse ecosystems including coniferous forests and alpine meadows, contributing to the park's biodiversity. In New Zealand, the Pink and White Terraces, once considered the eighth wonder of the world, were vast silica sinter formations at Lake Rotomahana, with the White Terraces (Te Tarata) spanning about 16 hectares and the Pink Terraces (Otukapuarangi) covering 12 hectares before their destruction in the 1886 Mount Tarawera eruption.^[73] Remnants of the Pink Terraces were rediscovered in 2011 submerged in the lake, and further surveys in 2024 confirmed their preservation underwater, aiding ongoing geological and ecological studies.^[74] Among man-made sites, Terrace Gardens in Prince William Forest Park, Virginia, United States, feature terraced landscapes with stone walls, winding stairs, benches, and plantings of fruit trees and flowers, designed in the 1930s as scenic walkways leading to waterfront areas.^[75] These gardens enhance visitor access to the park's woodlands and streams, promoting recreational and educational experiences in a preserved natural setting. Terrace Airport, officially Northwest Regional Airport Terrace-Kitimat (YXT), in British Columbia, Canada, operates as a regional hub with a 6,000-foot runway, handling commercial flights from airlines like Air Canada and WestJet to connect remote northwestern areas.^[76] It plays a vital role in supporting tourism to nearby natural attractions, such as coastal rainforests and fjords, with annual passenger traffic exceeding 100,000 as of 2024.^[77] These locations underscore the term "terrace" in geographical and infrastructural contexts, drawing visitors for outdoor activities like hiking and sightseeing while highlighting ecological importance; for instance, conservation efforts around the rediscovered Pink Terraces remnants emphasize geothermal monitoring to protect submerged sinter deposits amid climate change impacts.^[74]

Arts, Entertainment, and Media

Games and Interactive Media

In video games, the term "terrace" often refers to elevated, stepped landscapes or architectural features that enhance exploration and navigation, appearing as hub areas or environmental elements in several titles. One prominent example is the Terrace in Super Mario Galaxy (2007), the first dome of the Comet Observatory, which serves as a grassy, multi-level hub where players launch into galaxies; its terraced structure includes platforms and ramps that facilitate access to initial levels like the Good Egg Galaxy.^[78] Similarly, the Assassin's Creed series incorporates terraces as key locations in historical settings, such as the Prosperity Terrace in Assassin's Creed Odyssey (2018), a military zone in the Fields of Elysium DLC featuring stepped elevations for combat and puzzle-solving, and the Terrace of the Lions in ancient Greece, a monumental site with nine lion statues on tiered platforms.^[79]^[80] These elements draw from real-world terraced architecture to create immersive, climbable environments. Board and strategy games also utilize "terrace" to denote multi-level boards that simulate elevation-based tactics. The abstract strategy game Terrace (1972), designed by R. Wayne Schmittberger and published by Parker Brothers, is played on a three-dimensional board with 64 colored squares arranged in L-shaped, terraced levels, where 2-4 players move pieces of varying sizes to capture opponents or reach opposite corners, emphasizing height advantages for blocking paths and strategic positioning.^[81] The game's terraced design creates depth in gameplay, turning simple movement into complex elevation battles, and it gained niche recognition through its appearance as a background prop in the Ten Forward lounge on Star Trek: The Next Generation (1987–1994), visible in multiple episodes.)^[82] Gameplay mechanics involving terraces frequently highlight height as a tactical or navigational challenge, providing advantages like superior vantage points for attacks or obstacles that require puzzle-like traversal. In Super Mario Galaxy, the Terrace's stepped layout introduces platforming basics, where gravitational shifts across levels teach players to adapt to multi-tiered spaces.^[83] In the Assassin's Creed series, terraces enable parkour mechanics, allowing protagonists to leap between tiers for stealthy infiltration or combat escapes, as seen in Assassin's Creed Valhalla (2020) with the House Terrace in Asgard, a mythical site integrated into Ymir's Tear stone collection puzzles.^[84] These features extend to visual and exploratory design, where terraced landscapes in open-world games like Assassin's Creed Odyssey promote verticality, encouraging players to scale ancient cities for rewards and immersion. The cultural impact of terraces in games lies in their role within exploration and puzzle genres, where they symbolize layered worlds that reward discovery and strategic thinking, influencing design in titles up to 2025. Super Mario Galaxy's Terrace, for instance, set a precedent for hub-based progression in 3D platformers, inspiring remasters like the Nintendo Switch 2 port released in 2025, which preserved its terraced aesthetics for modern audiences.^[85] In strategy games, Terrace's elevation mechanics have contributed to the abstract genre's emphasis on spatial puzzles, maintaining a cult following among board game enthusiasts for its pure, geometry-driven challenges without thematic distractions. Overall, these elements have popularized terraces as motifs for height-based gameplay, appearing in indie titles like Tiny Terraces (2024 demo), a cozy farming simulator where players build and manage terraced plots, blending relaxation with resource optimization in puzzle-like progression.^[86]

Other Creative Works

In literature, terraces often serve as motifs symbolizing liminal spaces between private introspection and public observation. In E.M. Forster's A Room with a View (1908), the "terrace of violets" recurs as a symbol of repressed desire and social propriety, where the protagonist Lucy Honeychurch encounters transformative moments amid the Italian landscape.^[87] Similarly, in poetry, terraces evoke metaphors of elevation and isolation; Honor Moore's poem "Terrace" (from her 2014 collection The Pink House) uses the terrace as a reflective vantage point on memory and absence, likening it to a "new mirror" polished for introspection.^[88] Terrance Hayes's "The Blue Terrance" (2018) extends this by employing the terrace as a conceit for racial and personal identity, subtracting "minor losses" to reclaim childhood amid societal constraints.^[89] In film, terraces and elevated apartment backdrops facilitate themes of voyeurism and confinement. Alfred Hitchcock's Rear Window (1954) utilizes the rear courtyard of a Greenwich Village apartment complex—complete with fire escapes and open rear areas akin to terraces—as the central setting, where photographer L.B. Jefferies observes neighbors, blurring boundaries between watcher and watched.^[90] This architectural frame underscores the film's exploration of urban isolation and ethical surveillance.^[91] Music has featured terraces both literally and metaphorically, often in indie and electronic genres evoking serene or contemplative spaces. German producer Rampa's track "Terrace" (2019) from the album The Calling captures a minimalist, atmospheric vibe inspired by outdoor urban retreats.^[92] Similarly, Shelter Boy's "Terrace" (2021), featuring boy pablo, uses the terrace as a lyrical motif for carefree escapism and fleeting connections, with lines like "We'll be sitting on the terrace" symbolizing momentary relief from daily pressures.^[93] Guitarist Greg Howe's instrumental "The Terrace" (1996) from his album Five draws on jazz-fusion to evoke stepped, ascending musical forms reminiscent of terraced landscapes.^[94] Visual arts, particularly Impressionism, frequently depict terraced gardens to convey light, leisure, and harmony with nature. Pierre-Auguste Renoir's Two Sisters (On the Terrace) (1881) portrays two women on a sunlit terrace overlooking a Mediterranean harbor, using vibrant blues and greens to capture the fleeting warmth of a summer day.^[95] Claude Monet's The Artist's Garden at Vétheuil (1880) highlights terraced flower beds he personally designed, emphasizing dappled sunlight filtering through foliage to symbolize domestic tranquility.^[96] Alfred Sisley's The Terrace at Saint-Germain, Spring (1875) juxtaposes a terraced hillside with the historic château, blending natural growth against architectural permanence to reflect modernity's intrusion on tradition.^[97] Vincent van Gogh's Terrace in the Luxembourg Gardens (1886) applies pointillist touches to depict shadowed steps and sunlight, experimenting with Impressionist techniques to evoke urban solitude.^[98] Sculptures inspired by stepped terrace forms often abstract agricultural or architectural terraces into monumental expressions of form and site. Jackie Ferrara's site-specific installation Terrace (1998) at the University of California, San Diego's Stuart Collection uses wooden stepped structures to mimic terraced hillsides, integrating with the landscape to explore perception and scale in public art.^[99] Diana Al-Hadid's The Ziggurat Splits the Sky (2025), commissioned for Princeton University Art Museum's East Sculpture Terrace, features a 15-foot melting ziggurat with stepped, fragmented forms, symbolizing cultural erosion and temporal flux.^[100]

People

Given Name

Terrace is an uncommon given name derived from the English word "terrace," which refers to a raised, flat platform or level area, often associated with gardens or architecture. The term originates from Old French terrasse in the 12th century, ultimately tracing back to Latin terra, meaning "earth" or "land," evoking themes of stability, elevation, and connection to nature.^[101]^[102] As a personal name, it emerged as a modern, inventive choice in English-speaking countries, primarily in the 20th century, and is considered unisex, though predominantly used for boys (approximately 86% male usage).^[103] In terms of popularity, Terrace has remained rare throughout its recorded history in the United States, with the Social Security Administration documenting 821 instances from 1880 to 2023. It peaked in 1980 with 28 births (all boys), and saw fewer occurrences in the early 2000s, with 6 births in 2000, but has since declined and does not appear in the top 1,000 names in recent decades.^[104]^[105]^[106] This low prevalence underscores its status as an unconventional option, often chosen for its unique, nature-inspired connotation rather than traditional naming trends. One of the most notable individuals with Terrace as a given name is Terrace Martin, an American musician, rapper, singer, and record producer born on December 28, 1978, in Los Angeles. Known for his genre-blending work in hip-hop and jazz, Martin has collaborated with artists such as Kendrick Lamar, Snoop Dogg, and Anderson .Paak, earning Grammy nominations for albums like To Pimp a Butterfly (2015) and his own projects, including the jazz-funk ensemble Sounds of Crenshaw.^[107]^[108] His career highlights the name's potential association with creative and elevated artistic expression. While Terrace occasionally appears as a surname with Scottish roots, its use as a given name represents a distinct, personal identity choice.^[109]

Surname

Terrace is a surname of topographic origin, derived from the Old French word terasse, meaning a raised platform or terraced land, often referring to someone who lived near such features in medieval landscapes.^[110] This etymology suggests it emerged as a descriptive name for individuals associated with agricultural or elevated terrains, with roots traceable to Norman influences in 11th-century Europe.^[110] Variants include the French Terrasse and anglicized forms like Terraz, reflecting regional linguistic adaptations.^[110] The surname is primarily distributed in English-speaking countries, with the highest concentrations in North America, where approximately 50% of bearers reside, particularly in the United States and Canada.^[111] Historical records from 19th-century censuses, such as the 1841–1891 UK censuses and the 1880–1930 US censuses, document its presence among working-class families in urban and rural areas, often linked to labor and trade occupations.^[112] In the US, it ranked outside the top 100,000 surnames by the early 20th century, indicating relative rarity.^[113] Notable individuals with the surname Terrace include Herbert S. Terrace (born 1936), a prominent psychologist and professor of psychology and psychiatry at Columbia University, renowned for his research on animal cognition and language acquisition in primates, including the landmark Nim Chimpsky project.^[114] Michael Terrace (1926–2018), an acclaimed American ballroom dancer, choreographer, and actor, gained fame in the mambo scene at New York's Palladium Ballroom and inspired the character Johnny Castle in the film Dirty Dancing.^[115] Pete Terrace (born 1927), a Puerto Rican-American composer, vibraphonist, and bandleader known as the "King of the Boogaloo," contributed significantly to Latin jazz and Afro-Cuban music through albums like King of the Boogaloo in the 1960s.^[116] Genealogically, the Terrace surname exhibits migration patterns from Europe to North America during the 19th and early 20th centuries, driven by economic opportunities and the Industrial Revolution, with many bearers settling in the northeastern US and Canada as laborers or artisans.^[110] Records show adaptation through spelling changes upon immigration, facilitating integration into Anglo-American communities, though the name remains uncommon globally, with fewer than 200 bearers estimated in recent distributions.^[111]

References

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Terrace
### Summary of Key Facts About Terrace, BC
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The City of Terrace is located at the heart of Northwestern BC, supporting about 12299 residents as well as those in the surrounding communities who work, ...
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We are committed to reconciliation, founded on understandings of truths experienced through colonialism, residential schools, and systemic racism.<|control11|><|separator|>
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An example from a chronosequence on marine terraces in Taiwan
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Cosmogenic nuclide techniques provide tools for exposure age dating, burial dating, and quantifying denudation rates in geosciences.
[15]
[PDF] Terracing - Natural Resources Conservation Service
Terraces are earthen ridges or channels that catch runoff, reduce soil loss, and prevent erosion by cutting slopes into shorter, more level steps.Missing: definition | Show results with:definition
[16]
Terracing as a 'Best Management Practice' for Controlling Erosion ...
Terracing is a soil conservation practice using ridges and channels to prevent runoff and erosion, reducing water velocity and allowing more intensive cropping.
[17]
Terraces - SERA-17 - NC State University
Mar 14, 2023 · Purpose. Terraces are used to reduce runoff and erosion potential and the delivery of sediment and attached nutrients (phosphorus) to downslope ...
[18]
Farming Like the Incas
Sep 6, 2011 · At the Incan civilization's height in the 1400s, the system of terraces covered about a million hectares throughout Peru and fed the vast empire ...
[19]
Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras
The Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras is an outstanding example of an evolved, living cultural landscape that can be traced as far back as two ...
[20]
Terraces - WaterHistory.org
Each step is irrigated by water transported down the mountainside from springs, rivers, or reservoirs, using a complex network of canals, sluices, and pipes.
[21]
The Origins and History of Rice in China and Beyond - ThoughtCo
Jul 3, 2019 · Wet rice farming, including the creation of rice paddies, was invented in China about 5000 BCE, with the earliest evidence to date at ...
[22]
Chinese rice terraces - Appropedia, the sustainability wiki
Mar 27, 2012 · The construction of Rice Terraces date back to ancient times. This method of growing rice has allowed Chinese farmers to cultivate sloped, ...<|separator|>
[23]
Longsheng Rice Terraces - China Discovery
Built from Ming Dynasty and completed at early Qing Dynasty, Longsheng Rice Terraces has a history over 650 years. Covered all terrace fields are distributed ...
[24]
Advantages and disadvantages of terracing: A comprehensive review
Terraces provide many ecosystem services, including the reduction of runoff and sediment by over 41.9% and 52%, respectively, and the improvement of grain ...
[25]
https://www.landuum.com/en/history-and-culture/the-terrace-a-viewpoint-towards-the-landscape/
[26]
Cultivation Terraces: A tradition in the face of the challenges of ...
The intensification of droughts, floods, and many diverse climatic alterations make farmers reconsider production strategies on sustainability and adaptation ...
[27]
What's the Difference Between a Balcony and a Terrace? - The Spruce
Mar 19, 2024 · Terraces are usable outdoor spaces designed for the side of a home or roof of a building, while balconies are elevated platforms that jut out from a room.
[28]
Terrace in architecture
A terrace is a landscaped outdoor space, at ground level or above ground, that extends a building and creates a connection between the interior and the exterior ...
[29]
The Terrace, a Viewpoint towards the Landscape - Revista Landuum
A terrace is an external area that is open and flat, it is used, either as an integral element of the landscape, as an extension at the top of a building, or ...
[30]
Roman Housing (Houses and Villas) - Pompeii Sites - Scavi di Pompei
Thus, around the typical garden of the Italic house (hortus), a porch formed by a row of columns (peristyle) was built, with walkways to access the living rooms ...
[31]
Villa d'Este, Tivoli - UNESCO World Heritage Centre
The Villa d'Este gardens stretch over two steep slopes, descending from the palace down to a flat terrace in the manner of an amphitheatre. The loggia of the ...
[32]
A Brief History of the Terrace - Optima, Inc.
Dec 11, 2019 · The usage of terraces dates back 12000 years, evolving over the millennium to be the sophisticated components of urban architecture that ...
[33]
Patio materials – the pros and cons explained for 8 popular options
Apr 5, 2023 · 1. Porcelain pavers · 2. Natural stone · 3. Concrete · 4. Wooden decking · 5. Composite decking · 6. Gravel · 7. Bricks · 8. Bark chippings ...
[34]
How To Design a Terraced Garden - This Old House
For a cohesive look, use durable, weather-safe materials such as stone, bricks, or wooden planks that match or complement your retaining walls. Seating areas: ...Missing: railings | Show results with:railings
[35]
2018 International Building Code (IBC) - 1004.7 Outdoor areas.
Outdoor areas must have egress, occupant load assigned by the building official, and if egress passes through the building, the building's load is combined ...
[36]
https://www.mansionglobal.com/library/architectural-styles/terraced-home
[37]
Hanging Gardens of Babylon | Location, Images, History, & Facts
Sep 22, 2025 · The Hanging Gardens of Babylon, which were constructed c. 8th–6th century BCE, are considered one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World.
[38]
Green buildings around the world: 18 examples of sustainable ...
Apr 24, 2020 · Green buildings: 18 examples of sustainable architecture around the world · Pixel Building (Melbourne, Australia) · One Central Park (Sydney, ...
[39]
A Brief Introduction to Terraced Housing - The Historic England Blog
Nov 15, 2019 · The style first emerged as a building type in the late 17th century and continued to develop in line with the development of towns and cities across England.<|separator|>
[40]
What is a terraced home? | Mansion Global
Jun 25, 2024 · A terraced home is one that is part of a street, square, circus or crescent where the properties are set next to each other, sharing side walls ...
[41]
Street suffixes - Buckinghamshire Council
Mar 2, 2020 · Terrace: For a terrace of houses but not a subsidiary name within another road. Mews: Officially a term for converted stables in a courtyard ...Missing: meaning urban
[42]
Built Britain: What is Terraced Housing? - Anglotopia
Mar 26, 2024 · The terraces were built in the early 19th century and were designed to provide elegant and spacious homes for the wealthy. The houses are ...
[43]
Australian terraced housing that survived and thrived
Jul 12, 2016 · Terraced housing was introduced to Australia in the C19th, the design work being based on the architecture of terraces in London and Paris.
[44]
The Philadelphia Rowhouse: A History Lesson
Jul 2, 2019 · Philadelphia rowhouses, modeled after European terraced houses, are narrow, attached homes with flat roofs, designed for cost-effective ...
[45]
What is a Terraced House? Features & Types Explained | uhomes.com
Jan 7, 2025 · A terraced house is a type of home that shares walls on both sides with neighbouring properties. It is usually part of a row of similar houses, ...What is a Terraced House... · Disadvantages · Tips on Buying & Renting...
[46]
Terrace Houses - A Popular Form of Residential Architecture
These houses are typically designed with a narrow frontage and a deep floor plan, allowing for efficient use of limited urban space while providing adequate ...<|separator|>
[47]
Row Houses - Encyclopedia of Greater Philadelphia
Row houses in Philadelphia are easy to build on narrow lots, affordable, and define the city's architecture, reflecting its ambitions.
[48]
What is a Terraced House? - Guinness Homes
Apr 12, 2024 · Terraced houses are built in rows, sharing side walls with neighbours to form a continuous street front. This design first appeared in the 16th century.
[49]
Sold out? The right-to-buy, gentrification and working-class ...
Feb 20, 2020 · This article argues that the right-to-buy legislation offered these residents the illusion of entering a property-owning middle-class.
[50]
Changes to Historic Terraced Housing
Jul 8, 2020 · If your house is listed or in a conservation area its garden or surrounding area is also given some protection through the planning system.
[51]
The History Of Notting Hill | The Abbey London
Nov 12, 2024 · In the 19th century, it was home to large estates and farmland, gradually developing into a residential area during the Victorian era. The ...Portobello Market · Arts · Culture
[52]
The Philadelphia Rowhouse: Its Past And Its Future
Jun 20, 2017 · The multi-floor row home, comprising 70 percent of Philadelphia housing stock, is not only ubiquitous, but economical in land use making ...Missing: Notting Hill
[53]
The Rise, Fall, and Revival of Standing at Football Matches
Oct 25, 2016 · Originally terracing was introduced at football stadiums for the simple reason that they were cheap, easy to build and allowed large numbers of people to use ...
[54]
Crosley Field: The Left Field Terrace - SABR.org
The terrace, along with the ballpark, was demolished in the early 1970s after the Reds moved to Riverfront Stadium.
[55]
Embracing the horseshoe: A look through centuries of stadium design
Feb 2, 2015 · The earliest known stadiums—the term itself comes from a Greek word for a unit of measurement—came from Greece, where stands surrounded U-shaped ...
[56]
125 years on: The story of the Spion Kop - Liverpool FC
Jan 25, 2025 · In 1928 a roof was constructed, and it officially had its name recognised by the club. This development helped the acoustics and the Spion Kop's ...
[57]
125 Memorable Villa Park Moments | Aston Villa
Apr 16, 2022 · The Holte End terrace is expanded during 1939, making it the largest behind-the-goal enclosure in Europe. 34. Villa's players wear numbered ...
[58]
Story of Crosley Field's sloped outfield - MLB.com
Jan 21, 2021 · It served a purpose as a warning track, and a big warning track at that. You had a terrace that went all the way around from left field to right ...
[59]
[PDF] THE HILLSBOROUGH STADIUM DISASTER
Apr 15, 1989 · after Hillsborough which are covered in my Report. The extension of ... Since Hillsborough was concerned with a disaster on the terraces, I headed ...
[60]
Before Hillsborough fans were seen as terrace fodder. Now they are ...
Apr 15, 1999 · 96 fans died, with many more injured, because in order to see a game of football people were packed into a steel cage on a small stretch of terracing which ...
[61]
The art of the football chant: the creators, the inspirations, the history ...
Aug 1, 2021 · Football chanting is absolutely a reflection of all of the people within it, within the crowd. It's always going to reflect society, on a sort of macro level, ...
[62]
The Way We Were: The story of terraces and English football - JOE
Oct 12, 2016 · The story of the evolution of the terrace in British sport is primarily the story of how society related to its young working-class men.
[63]
Photos of football terraces around the UK. - BBC Sport
Dec 25, 2024 · Designated safe-standing areas were introduced in some Premier League and Championship grounds in 2022. However, old-fashioned terraces can ...
[64]
Safe Standing - Allianz Arena - companeer
Mar 29, 2018 · This article illustrates how modern safe standing accommodation was implemented at FC Bayern's Allianz Arena in Munich.
[65]
The History Of Safe Standing In Football - Ferco Seating
The term safe standing describes a modern design option which allows spectators to safely stand whilst watching a sporting event – usually a football match.
[66]
Terrace Population 2025
Terrace is a city located in British Columbia, Canada with a current estimated population of 13,374. The population was recorded at 12,604 in the 2021 Canadian ...
[67]
Introducing The Terrace Park Historical Society
Around 1879, a post office bearing the name 'Terrace Park' was established and in 1893 the Village of Terrace Park was incorporated. The arrival of the Little ...
[68]
Terrace Park Historical Society
The Terrace Park Historical Society is now hosting the Village Views archives on our website. Enjoy this wonderful record of our Village through the years, ...Resources · About Us · Donate · Membership
[69]
Terrace Park, Ohio Population 2025
Terrace Park has a 2025 population of 2,349. Terrace Park is currently declining at a rate of -0.04% annually and its population has decreased by -0.13% since ...
[70]
Terrace End School - History - Google Sites
When Terrace End School opened in 1884 it was the only the second non – private school in Town. It was just a mean room with no desks.
[71]
Palmerston North (Terrace End) Cemetery - NZ History
Palmerston North (Terrace End) Cemetery contains the official war graves of 22 men who served in the New Zealand forces during the First World War and who died ...
[72]
Discover Terrace End: Palmerston North's Vibrant Central Suburb
Terrace End reflects community diversity, with a population of 6,740 as of June 2024, including significant European (around 84%) and Māori representation, per ...
[73]
Mammoth Hot Springs and the North - Yellowstone National Park ...
Apr 30, 2025 · The summit of Terrace Mountain is covered with glacial till, thereby dating the travertine formation there to earlier than the end of the ...
[74]
New Zealand's Lost-and-Found Pink Terraces | Science | AAAS
A recent field expedition to New Zealand's Lake Rotomahana discovered submerged remnants of the long-lost, world-renowned Pink Terraces.
[75]
Century-old eruption mystery solved by US and NZ scientists
May 28, 2024 · A highlight was the discovery of remnants of the Pink Terraces sitting below the lake surface. The neighbouring White Terraces were not so lucky ...
[76]
6 - Terrace Gardens (U.S. National Park Service)
Mar 3, 2021 · Terraces with scenic walks down to the waterfront past stone walls, winding stairs, benches, fruit trees and flowers.
[77]
Northwest Regional Airport Terrace – Kitimat YXT!
Welcome to Northwest Regional Airport Terrace – Kitimat YXT! Welcome to the ... Air Canada, 8437, Vancouver, BC, 9:38 AM, 9:38 AM, On Time. WestJet, 3445 ...Arrivals and DeparturesDeparturesFlight InformationAbout UsPassenger Information
[78]
Terrace Northwest Regional Airport (YXT/CYXT) | Arrivals, ...
Terrace Northwest Regional Airport, (YXT/CYXT), Canada - View live flight arrival and departure information, live flight delays and cancelations, ...
[79]
Terrace (Super Mario Galaxy)
Oct 10, 2025 · The Terrace's exterior resembles an Earth-like atmosphere; it is grassy and sits on a plain-like patch of the Comet Observatory. Inside, the ...
[80]
Prosperity Terrace | Assassin's Creed Wiki - Fandom
Let's take a leap of faith into the amazing new technology that has gone into… Assassin's Creed: Shadows. ... The Prosperity Terrace was a military zone in the ...
[81]
Terrace of the Lions | Assassin's Creed Wiki - Fandom
Let's take a leap of faith into the amazing new technology that has gone into… Assassin's Creed: Shadows. ... The Terrace of the Lions is a monument of nine ...
[82]
Terrace | Board Game - BoardGameGeek
Rating 6.4/10 (551) Terrace is a strategy game that is played on a three dimensional board with 64 squares of one color, which are arranged in L-shaped levels.
[83]
Terrace aka Star Trek checkers, obscure game showcase/rules
Dec 18, 2018 · ... abstract games and this game intrigues me. ... The #1 Reddit source for news, information, and discussion about modern board games and board game ...
[84]
Terrace Dome - Super Mario Galaxy Guide - IGN
Sep 10, 2012 · Super Mario Galaxy at IGN: walkthroughs, items, maps, video tips, and strategies.
[85]
House Terrace Ymir's Tear Stone Location | Assassin's Creed Valhalla
May 9, 2021 · This is a guide to the location of Asgard's Ymir's Tear Stones in House Terrace in Assassin's Creed: Valhalla (AC Valhalla).
[86]
Super Mario Galaxy: Part 1 - Terrace (Switch 2 4K) - YouTube
Oct 7, 2025 · This video shows a playthrough of Super Mario Galaxy for the Nintendo Switch 2 in stunning 4K. This video showcases the introduction of the ...
[87]
https://www.litcharts.com/lit/a-room-with-a-view/literary-devices/motif
[88]
A Room with a View: Motifs 3 key examples - LitCharts
The moment in the terrace of violets is not the only time the flower has an aphrodisiacal effect. In the fifteenth chapter, the invoking of violets precipitates ...
[89]
Terrace by Honor Moore - Poems | Academy of American Poets
Terrace - A plane tree, leaves green as if polished. ... Poet and memoirist Honor Moore is the author of three collections of poetry ...
[90]
The Blue Terrance | The Poetry Foundation
The Blue Terrance by Terrance Hayes. If you subtract the minor losses, you can return to your childhood too: the blackboard chalked with crosses, the math ...
[91]
Rear Window (1954) - Greatest Films
Rear Window (1954) is an intriguing, brilliant, macabre Hitchcockian visual study of obsessive human curiosity and voyeurism.
[92]
The Architecture of Gazing in Alfred Hitchcock's Rear Window
Jul 15, 2021 · Space, architecture, and perspective all work together to create a cinematic universe within the film narrative of Alfred Hitchcock's Rear Window.
[93]
Terrace - song and lyrics by Rampa - Spotify
Listen to Terrace on Spotify. Song · Rampa · 2019.Missing: titled | Show results with:titled
[94]
Shelter Boy - Terrace ft. boy pablo - YouTube
Jun 11, 2021 · ... terrace, terrace My mind it will be careless, careless We'll be sitting ... Best playlist song boy pablo | Indie music. Song film•22K views.
[95]
Greg Howe - The Terrace [Audio HQ] - YouTube
Oct 24, 2011 · "The Terrace" song n. 4 from the album "Five" (is the fifth studio album released in 1996 through Shrapnel Records) by guitarist Greg Howe.
[96]
Two Sisters (On the Terrace) | The Art Institute of Chicago
Two Sisters (On the Terrace) is one of the most popular paintings in the Art Institute. Here Renoir depicted the radiance of lovely young women on a warm and ...
[97]
The Artist's Garden at Vétheuil by Claude Monet
Monet planted gardens wherever he lived. When he rented this house at Vétheuil, he made arrangements with the owner to landscape the terraces, ...
[98]
Alfred Sisley, The Terrace at Saint-Germain, Spring, 1875. Acquired ...
In this painting Sisley subtly juxtaposes past and present, tradition and modernity. On the hill to the left is the Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye, ...
[99]
Terrace in the Luxembourg Gardens - Clark Art Institute
Van Gogh began experimenting with Impressionist subject matter and techniques, using small touches of pure color to capture the sunlight and shadows of this ...<|separator|>
[100]
Jackie Ferrara - Terrace - Stuart Collection
... terraces, and architectural structures since the early 1970s. Ferrara is one of several artists who emerged during the seventies by using the forms and ...
[101]
Commission by Diana Al-Hadid to Fill New East Sculpture Terrace
May 12, 2025 · The commission is "The Ziggurat Splits the Sky," a 15-foot tall, site-specific sculpture resembling a melting stepped temple, with a split ...
[102]
Terrace - Etymology, Origin & Meaning
Originating from Old French terrasse (12c.), from Latin terra "earth," terrace means a raised, flat platform or balcony, often for walking or viewing.Missing: name | Show results with:name
[103]
Explore Terrace: Meaning, Origin & Popularity - MomJunction
In 2000, the name reached its peak popularity, given to 6 in every million babies. The name did not find any takers in 2021.
[104]
Terrace as a First Name
The popularity of Terrace peaked in 1975, when it was the 1,787th most popular name for baby boys. Is Terrace a Boy's Name or a Girl's Name? Terrace is a ...
[105]
What Does The Name Terrace Mean? - Names.org
From 1880 to 2023, the Social Security Administration has recorded 821 babies born with the first name Terrace in the United States. That's more than enough ...
[106]
Grammy-nominated Terrace Martin reflects on life, career and legacy
Dec 1, 2023 · Terrace Martin, the Grammy-nominated multi-instrumentalist, rapper, singer, engineer and producer known for his genre-bending prowess rooted in hip-hop and ...
[107]
About — Sounds Of Crenshaw
Terrace Martin is one of the most versatile and freely collaborative artists of his generation. A product of Los Angeles' rich music community, the multi- ...
[108]
https://soundsofcrenshaw.com/about
[109]
Terrace - Surname Origins & Meanings - Last names - MyHeritage
The surname Terrace has its historical roots in the Old French word terasse, which refers to a raised platform or a piece of land that has been ...
[110]
Terrace Surname Origin, Meaning & Last Name History - Forebears
This surname occurs predominantly in The Americas, where 51 percent of Terrace reside; 50 percent reside in North America and 50 percent reside in Anglo-North ...Missing: etymology | Show results with:etymology
[111]
Terrace Surname Origin, Meaning & Family Tree | Findmypast.co.uk
What does the name Terrace mean? Learn about the meaning, origin, popularity, and more! Explore the history of your surname at Findmypast.Missing: etymology | Show results with:etymology
[112]
Terrace Surname/Last Name: Meaning, Origin & Family History
Terrace ranks #101737 in the US. 87.01% White in US. Scottish: variant of Terris.Missing: distribution | Show results with:distribution
[113]
Herbert Terrace | Department of Psychology
The general focus of my research is the evolution of intelligence with specific emphasis on cognitive processes that do not require language.
[114]
Michael Terrace - Palladium Mambo
Mike Terrace, performing with three successive partners, was one of the most successful dance acts to emerge out of the Palladium.
[115]
https://www.palladium-mambo.com/terrace-m/terrace-m.shtml