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Timotheus

Timotheus is a masculine given name. It is the Latinized form of the Ancient Greek name Τιμόθεος (Timótheos), meaning "honoring God", derived from the elements τιμάω (tīmáō, "I honor") and θεός (theós, "god").^[1]^[2] The name has been borne by numerous historical figures, particularly in ancient Greek and Christian contexts. Notable individuals include several ancient Greek generals, poets, and sculptors, as well as Christian saints and biblical characters.

Name and Etymology

Meaning and Origin

The name Timotheus derives from the Ancient Greek Τιμόθεος (Timotheos), a compound theophoric name formed by combining τιμή (timē), meaning "honor" or "respect," with θεός (theos), meaning "god."^[2]^[3] This etymology yields a literal translation of "honoring God" or "one who honors God," emphasizing devotion and reverence toward the divine.^[1] The name first emerged during the Classical Greek period, with its earliest attestation around 520 BCE on an Attic vase, marking it as a product of evolving Greek onomastic traditions that incorporated religious elements to signify piety.^[3] As a theophoric name, Timotheos reflected the cultural importance of divine honor in Hellenistic society, where such compounds were common to invoke godly favor and moral virtue.^[3] During the Roman era, the name was adopted into Latin as Timotheus, facilitating its transmission through Roman literature and administration and laying the groundwork for its broader dissemination in Western cultural contexts.^[4]

Variants and Historical Usage

The name Timotheus, derived from the ancient Greek theophoric form Τιμόθεος (Timotheos), has adapted into various linguistic variants across cultures, reflecting its enduring yet evolving presence.^[5] In English, it commonly appears as Timothy, while French speakers use Timothée, Italian and Spanish as Timoteo, and Russian as Timofey or Timofei.^[5] These forms maintain the core meaning of "honoring God" but conform to phonetic and orthographic conventions of their respective languages.^[5] Historically, the name enjoyed widespread use in antiquity among Greek speakers and gained prominence in early Christianity through its appearance in the New Testament.^[6] It was used in ecclesiastical contexts across Europe during the medieval period.^[3] The Latin form Timotheus, as rendered in Jerome's Vulgate Bible completed around 405 AD, significantly influenced its dissemination in Western Europe from the 4th century onward, establishing it as a standard in liturgical and scholarly texts throughout the Middle Ages.^[7]^[8] Following the Protestant Reformation in the 16th century, the Latinized Timotheus declined in favor of the anglicized Timothy in English-speaking Protestant communities, driven by efforts to vernacularize biblical names and distance from Catholic Latin traditions.^[3] Today, while variants like Timothy remain moderately common, the original form Timotheus is rare in everyday usage, largely confined to academic, historical, or formal religious contexts.^[6]

Ancient Greek Figures

Timotheus (general)

Timotheus (Greek: Τιμόθεος; c. 390–354 BC) was an Athenian statesman and general, the son of the renowned admiral Conon, who had played a pivotal role in restoring Athenian naval power after the Peloponnesian War. Born into a prominent family, Timotheus entered public life as a strategos (general) in 378/7 BC, amid the aftermath of the Corinthian War (395–387 BC), where he led Athenian forces in operations against Sparta in western Greece, including successful campaigns in Corcyra, Cephallenia, Acarnania, and Molossia, culminating in a naval victory near Leucas.^[9]^[10] These efforts helped bolster the newly formed Second Athenian League, which Timotheus actively advocated expanding to revive Athenian influence in the Aegean and beyond.^[11] Throughout the 370s and 360s BC, Timotheus conducted key military operations that enhanced Athenian control over strategic territories. In 366 BC, he captured the island of Samos after a ten-month siege, expelling a Persian garrison and establishing an Athenian cleruchy there, a move that secured vital grain routes. He also undertook expeditions in Asia Minor, where he allied with the Persian satrap Ariobarzanes against the Great King Artaxerxes II, receiving territories like Crithote and Sestus as rewards, and extracted significant tribute—1,200 talents—from the Thracian ruler Cotys to fund Athenian endeavors. By the mid-350s BC, during the Social War (357–355 BC) against rebellious allies of the Second League, Timotheus was dispatched with a fleet alongside Iphicrates to support the commander Chares, though his cautious approach at the Battle of Embata led to accusations of inaction.^[9]^[11]^[10] Timotheus's political career was marked by both acclaim and controversy. He was impeached in 373 BC but acquitted, and his diplomatic acumen earned him a bronze statue in the Athenian agora for restoring maritime supremacy. However, following the Social War, he faced trial for treason in 354 BC, was fined 100 talents, and exiled to Chalcis on Euboea, where he died that same year; the Athenians later reduced the fine to 10 talents for his son Conon.^[11]^[9] His legacy was mixed: contemporaries like the orator Isocrates praised his statesmanship and moderation, while Demosthenes criticized his battlefield caution, particularly in delaying decisive action against threats like Philip II of Macedon, viewing it as emblematic of Athens's earlier hesitations.^[9] Despite such critiques, Timotheus's alliances with Persian rebels highlighted his skill in leveraging diplomacy to counter imperial rivals.^[11]

Timotheus of Miletus

Timotheus of Miletus (c. 450–360 BCE) was a renowned ancient Greek citharode, dithyrambic poet, and composer, active during the late fifth and early fourth centuries BCE. Born in Miletus, a prosperous city in Ionia on the western coast of Asia Minor, he emerged as a central figure in the "New Music" movement, which sought to revolutionize traditional Greek musical and poetic forms through bold experimentation.^[12]^[13] Timotheus's innovations profoundly transformed Greek music, particularly in the domains of instrumentation and composition. He expanded the traditional seven- or eight-string lyre (kithara) by adding additional strings, with ancient accounts attributing to him an increase to eleven strings, though some sources suggest up to twelve or even fifteen, enabling greater harmonic complexity and modulation between modes such as the Mixolydian. In his dithyrambs and citharodic nomoi, he introduced astrophic, polymetric structures incorporating iambic, trochaic, and Aeolic rhythms, alongside vivid mimetic effects that imitated sounds and emotions, diverging sharply from the stricter, strophic forms of earlier lyric poets. These changes, often achieved through technical devices like the strobilos for bending tones, allowed for more expressive and dramatic performances.^[14]^[12]^[13] His compositional output was extensive, encompassing over twenty dithyrambs, nineteen kitharodic nomoi, twenty-one hymns, and numerous preludes and encomia. Among his most celebrated works is the nomos Persians, a dramatic retelling of the Battle of Salamis from the Persian viewpoint, of which approximately one-third survives in a fourth-century BCE papyrus fragment; this piece exemplifies his innovative style through its elaborate language and musical vividness. Other notable dithyrambs include Mad Ajax, Birthpangs of Semele, Skylla, and Cyclops, with fragments preserving lines that highlight mythological narratives and emotional intensity; these compositions were performed with lyre accompaniment, blending poetry, music, and spectacle.^[13]^[12]^[15] Throughout his career, Timotheus competed successfully at major musical festivals, securing victories as a citharode, including a notable win over the innovator Phrynis around 420 BCE. He received patronage from influential rulers, such as King Archelaus I of Macedon, whose court at Pella attracted leading artists and provided a venue for performances of his works. However, his radical style drew criticism; the comic poet Pherecrates satirized him in the play Chiron (PCG fr. 155) for "corrupting" music with excessive harmonic and rhythmic complexity, portraying him as a disruptor of traditional harmony.^[12]^[16]^[14] Timotheus's legacy lies in his pivotal role in transitioning Greek music from Classical austerity to the more elaborate, experimental aesthetics of the Hellenistic era, embodying the "New Music" shift toward individualism and virtuosity. His fragments influenced later Hellenistic poets, including Callimachus, who engaged with his stylistic innovations in their own learned compositions, while his emphasis on mimetic and polymetric techniques shaped the evolution of choral and solo performance traditions. Despite polarized ancient reactions, Timotheus's contributions established a foundation for the diverse musical expressions of subsequent centuries.^[13]^[12]^[17]

Timotheus (sculptor)

Timotheus was a prominent Greek sculptor active in the mid-4th century BCE, likely Athenian in origin, and served as a contemporary and professional rival to Scopas of Paros. His career coincided with the late Classical period, during which he participated in significant pan-Hellenic architectural projects that showcased advanced sculptural techniques. Timotheus contributed to the Mausoleum at Halicarnassus, the grand tomb of Mausolus and Artemisia II built between 353 and 350 BCE and recognized as one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World.^[18] He was responsible for carving the northern frieze, featuring dynamic scenes of the Amazonomachy—a battle between Greeks and Amazons—that exemplified his skill in relief sculpture.^[19] Another key work is the Nike statue at the Temple of Asclepius in Epidaurus, a Pentelic marble votive offering dated to circa 360 BCE, depicting the winged goddess in mid-flight with billowing drapery and holding a partridge symbolizing healing.^[20] Attributions also include a statue of Hygieia from Epidaurus, now in the National Archaeological Museum in Athens, showing the goddess feeding her sacred snake, and the Leda and the Swan group, known through Roman copies that capture a moment of sudden movement with the peplos slipping from Leda's shoulder.^[21] Timotheus's style emphasized dynamic poses, flowing drapery, and heightened emotional expression, marking a shift toward the more dramatic forms of late Classical art that anticipated Hellenistic developments.^[22] As a member of the Mausoleum's international team—alongside architects Satyros and Pythius, and fellow sculptors Scopas, Bryaxis, and Leochares—his contributions highlight collaborative efforts in monumental projects.^[18] Surviving fragments from these works, preserved in institutions like the British Museum, provide crucial insights into the stylistic transitions from Classical restraint to Hellenistic vitality.^[23]

Timotheus of Heraclea

Timotheus of Heraclea was a Greek tyrant who ruled Heraclea Pontica, a colony founded by Megarians on the southern coast of the Black Sea in the region of Bithynia (modern Karadeniz Ereğli, Turkey), from approximately 345 to 337 BC. As the elder son of Clearchus, the city's first tyrant who had seized power in 364 BC and ruled harshly until his assassination in 352 BC, Timotheus succeeded his uncle Satyrus, who had served as regent during Timotheus's minority. Satyrus, Clearchus's brother, governed for seven years with notable cruelty, exceeding even his brother's savagery in punishing perceived enemies, before dying of a painful illness around 345 BC. This familial succession underscored the dynastic nature of the regime, with Satyrus deliberately remaining childless to secure the rule for his nephews, Timotheus and his younger brother Dionysius, thereby maintaining the Clearchid family's grip on power.^[24]^[25] Upon assuming sole rule after Satyrus's death, Timotheus markedly softened the tyrannical regime, transforming it into a milder form of government that incorporated democratic elements and earned him the titles of "benefactor" and "saviour" among the citizens. He alleviated public burdens by paying off citizens' debts, providing interest-free loans, releasing prisoners, and acting as a humane and just judge in disputes, actions that contrasted sharply with the brutality of his father and uncle. Timotheus demonstrated personal bravery in military campaigns, showcasing skill and magnanimity, while fostering stability through these reforms. In a key familial decision, he elevated his brother Dionysius to co-ruler early in his reign and later designated him as successor, ensuring a smooth transition within the dynasty and reflecting a collaborative dynamic between the brothers.^[24] Timotheus's rule ended with his natural death around 337 BC, after which Dionysius assumed sole power and honored his brother with a magnificent cremation ceremony, including public contests and races, amid widespread mourning by the Heracleian people. His brief tenure marked a pivotal shift from the earlier phase of oppressive tyranny under Clearchus and Satyrus toward more benevolent governance, contributing to the city's prosperity and setting the stage for Dionysius's longer reign. The primary historical account of Timotheus's life and rule survives through Memnon of Heraclea, a 2nd-century AD historian whose work preserves details of the Clearchid dynasty's internal dynamics and evolving policies.^[24]

Timotheus, son of Dionysius I

Timotheus was born circa 385 BC as one of the numerous sons of Dionysius I the Elder, the tyrant of Syracuse, from one of his lesser wives or concubines. Like several of his siblings, he was educated in Greek philosophy at the court, which was known for its patronage of intellectuals and artists during Dionysius I's reign. This education reflected the tyrant's efforts to legitimize his rule through cultural prestige, though it also fostered ambitions among his heirs.^[26] In circa 368 BC, Timotheus joined his brothers in a failed coup attempt against their father, aiming to seize power amid growing dissatisfaction with Dionysius I's harsh rule and ongoing wars. The plot was uncovered, leading to the execution of some conspirators, but Timotheus and his brothers were spared due to their youth and family ties. Following Dionysius I's death in 367 BC, Timotheus challenged the succession of his half-brother Dionysius II, who was favored as the son of the primary wife Doris. The power struggle resulted in Timotheus's exile to Greece, where he lived for several years among Greek city-states. He eventually returned to Sicily around 344 BC to support anti-tyrannical forces but was killed in battle against Carthaginian forces circa 343 BC during the escalating conflicts of the Second Sicilian War.^[27] Timotheus's actions exemplified the turbulent family dynamics of the Dionysian dynasty, where sibling rivalries and coups contributed to Syracuse's political instability in the mid-4th century BC. His rebellion against his father and contesting of the succession highlighted the fragility of tyrannical power in the Western Greek world, exacerbating internal divisions that weakened Syracuse against external threats like Carthage.^[26] In ancient historiography, Timotheus stands as a symbol of filial rebellion, as portrayed by Diodorus Siculus in his account of Sicilian affairs. His fate is often contrasted with that of Timoleon, the Corinthian liberator who later stabilized Syracuse by defeating both tyrants and Carthaginians, underscoring Timotheus's role in the prelude to broader reforms.^[27]

Christian Figures

Biblical Timotheus

Timothy, known in the Latin Vulgate as Timotheus, was a prominent first-century Christian figure and close companion of the Apostle Paul, playing a key role in the early spread of Christianity. Born circa 17–20 AD in Lystra, in the region of Lycaonia (modern-day Turkey), he was of mixed Jewish-Greek heritage, with a devout Jewish mother named Eunice—who was a believer—and a Greek father. Due to his uncircumcised status from his father's influence, Paul circumcised Timothy during the apostle's second missionary journey around 50 AD to enable his effective ministry among Jewish communities, as noted in the account of their meeting where Timothy was already well-regarded by local believers (Acts 16:1–3).^[28]^[29] Timothy's ministry began shortly after joining Paul, accompanying him on portions of the second and third missionary journeys, including travels to Philippi, Thessalonica, Berea, and Corinth, where he assisted in establishing and strengthening nascent churches. As Paul's most trusted aide—often described as his "son in the faith"—Timothy frequently served as an envoy to report on church conditions and encourage believers, such as his mission to Thessalonica amid persecution. He is listed as a co-author on several Pauline epistles, including 2 Corinthians, Philippians, Colossians, 1 and 2 Thessalonians, and Philemon, reflecting his integral involvement in Paul's apostolic work. Later, Paul appointed Timothy as overseer of the church in Ephesus, a major center of early Christianity, to guide its leadership and combat false teachings.^[28] In his later years, Timothy continued leading the Ephesian church, as addressed in the Pastoral Epistles where Paul provides counsel for his role. Tradition records that he served as the first bishop of Ephesus and met a martyr's death around 97 AD, beaten with clubs by an angry mob during the annual pagan festival of Katagogia honoring Dionysus, possibly under Emperor Nerva following Domitian's reign. This account draws from early apocryphal texts like the Acts of Timothy, highlighting his steadfast opposition to idolatry.^[30]^[28] Timothy's legacy endures as a model of youthful dedication and faithful service in early Christianity, emphasizing mentorship and perseverance despite personal vulnerabilities like frequent illnesses. Venerated as a saint and apostle across Christian traditions, his feast day is observed on January 22 in the Eastern Orthodox Church, underscoring his foundational contributions to ecclesiastical leadership.^[31]^[32]

Timotheus I of Constantinople

Timotheus I served as the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople from 511 to 518, during the reign of Emperor Anastasius I, who shared his sympathies toward Monophysitism and opposition to the Christological definitions of the Council of Chalcedon.^[33] Appointed as a presbyter and keeper of the sacred vessels at Hagia Sophia, Timotheus succeeded the deposed Patriarch Macedonius II amid ongoing tensions between Chalcedonian dyophysites and Miaphysite Monophysites, with his elevation reflecting Anastasius's efforts to consolidate imperial religious policy under a unified, non-Chalcedonian framework.^[33] Influenced by the theology of Severus of Antioch, a leading Miaphysite figure, Timotheus pursued reconciliation efforts that emphasized the single incarnate nature of Christ while navigating the political imperatives of Byzantine unity.^[33] During his patriarchate, Timotheus actively opposed Chalcedonian dyophysitism, which affirmed two natures in Christ, by convening local synods aimed at harmonizing Miaphysite perspectives with imperial orthodoxy. He ordered the recitation of the Nicene Creed at every Eucharistic liturgy—a practice previously limited to Holy Friday—to underscore continuity with pre-Chalcedonian tradition and discredit lingering Chalcedonian influences, such as those associated with his predecessor.^[33] Timotheus excommunicated prominent anti-Monophysite clergy and bishops who adhered strictly to Chalcedon, exacerbating schisms with the Church of Rome under Pope Hormisdas and the Chalcedonian faction in Alexandria, where Severus's influence had already deepened divisions.^[34] These actions, while fostering short-term alignment between the Constantinopolitan see and Anastasius's court, prioritized Monophysite doctrinal purity over ecumenical harmony, leading to widespread ecclesiastical fragmentation across the Eastern Roman Empire. Timotheus's policies sought to promote imperial cohesion through Monophysitism but encountered mounting resistance from Chalcedonian monks and laity in Constantinople, whom he balanced through cautious accommodations like the expanded use of the Nicene Creed.^[35] Upon the accession of Emperor Justin I in 518, a staunch Chalcedonian, these tensions culminated in Timotheus's swift deposition; a synod convened that year condemned Monophysite leaders, including Timotheus, and his name was struck from the liturgical diptychs in 519, formalizing his anathema and restoring Chalcedonian orthodoxy.^[34] As a pivotal figure in sixth-century Christological debates, Timotheus's tenure exemplified the interplay of theology and imperial politics in the post-Chalcedonian era, with his efforts to integrate Severus's Miaphysite teachings influencing subsequent Eastern theological discourses on ecclesiastical unity and the avoidance of Nestorian extremes.^[34] His writings, including letters advocating doctrinal compromise, contributed to the ongoing Monophysite tradition, though they were later suppressed following his condemnation.^[33]

Symphorian and Timotheus

Saints Symphorian and Timotheus were early Christian martyrs whose lives and deaths, though occurring in different regions and eras, came to be commemorated together in the Church's liturgical calendar. Symphorian, a young nobleman from Autun in Gaul (modern-day France), was born into a Christian family and raised in the faith during the late 2nd century.^[36] As a teenager, he publicly refused to participate in a pagan procession honoring Cybele, the mother of the gods, denouncing the idol as a false deity and affirming his devotion to the one true God.^[37] Arrested and brought before the proconsul Heraclius, Symphorian endured scourging and other tortures but remained steadfast, leading to his beheading on August 22, 178, during the reign of Emperor Marcus Aurelius.^[36] His mother, Blessed Augusta, famously encouraged him from the city walls with cries of "My son, be brave! Fear not, for you are defending the cause of Christ!" as he was led to execution.^[37] Symphorian's relics were enshrined in Autun, where he became the city's patron saint, with a basilica built over his tomb by Bishop Euphronius around 490; his cult spread widely among the Franks and was particularly venerated at Tours, evidenced by miracles attributed to him and recorded by St. Gregory of Tours.^[36]^[38] Timotheus, originating from Antioch in Syria, traveled to Rome during the height of the Diocletianic Persecution, a period of intense imperial efforts to suppress Christianity across the empire beginning in 303.^[36] Arriving around 310, he preached the Gospel openly for fifteen months under Pope Melchiades (311–313), converting many despite the dangers.^[36] Arrested by the urban prefect Tarquinus Perpenna, Timotheus was imprisoned, subjected to brutal tortures including beatings and the application of quicklime to his wounds, and ultimately beheaded in 311.^[36] A Christian woman named Theon recovered his body and buried it in her garden, preserving his memory in the early Roman Christian community.^[36] His acts are preserved in the apocryphal "Legend of Sylvester," an early hagiographic text.^[36] Despite their unrelated backgrounds—Symphorian a youthful Gaulish convert facing local pagan rites, and Timotheus a Syrian preacher enduring Roman imperial oppression—the two saints have been venerated jointly since the early Church, sharing a feast day on August 22 as recorded in the earliest martyrologies.^[36] Medieval hagiographies often paired them, sometimes including the martyr Hippolytus of Rome as a third companion in commemoration, highlighting a thematic unity in their witness to faith amid persecution.^[36] Symphorian's story symbolizes the bold resistance of youth to idolatry, inspiring generations in Autun and beyond, while Timotheus exemplifies unwavering evangelization in the face of systematic state violence.^[38] Together, they represent the diverse yet interconnected martyrdoms that strengthened the early Church in both provincial Gaul and the imperial capital.^[36]

Other Uses

Pastoral Epistles

The Pastoral Epistles, comprising the First Epistle to Timothy, the Second Epistle to Timothy, and the Epistle to Titus, are three books of the New Testament traditionally attributed to the Apostle Paul and addressed to his companions Timothy and Titus as practical instructions on church governance and leadership.^[39] These letters emphasize the organization of early Christian communities, the selection of qualified overseers, and the defense of orthodox teaching against emerging heresies.^[40] Under the traditional view, the epistles were composed by Paul between approximately 62 and 67 AD, following his release from imprisonment in Rome and during a period of missionary travel, with 1 Timothy and Titus written around 63–65 AD and 2 Timothy shortly before his execution.^[40] However, a significant scholarly debate surrounds their dating and authorship, with many modern critics arguing for a pseudepigraphic origin in the late first or early second century (c. 80–100 AD), based on differences in vocabulary, style, and developed ecclesiology that reflect a more institutionalized church structure than in Paul's undisputed letters.^[39] Proponents of Pauline authorship counter that variations could result from the use of an amanuensis or Paul's evolving circumstances, while opponents highlight anachronistic elements like advanced church offices not evident in earlier Pauline correspondence.^[41] Despite these disputes, the epistles were affirmed as canonical by the early church in the fourth century, appearing in key lists such as the Muratorian Fragment (c. 170 AD) and being quoted by figures like Irenaeus and Tertullian.^[39] In 1 Timothy, central themes include the qualifications for bishops (overseers) and deacons, outlined in 3:1–13 as requiring moral integrity, hospitality, and the ability to teach without being novices prone to conceit. The letter warns against false teachers promoting myths and genealogies (1:3–7; 4:1–5), stresses the importance of sound doctrine for godliness (1:10; 6:3), and addresses women's roles in worship, instructing them to learn quietly and submit, with reference to Eve's deception in 2:11–15. Titus similarly focuses on appointing elders and silencing disruptive teachers, reinforcing themes of orderly conduct and ethical leadership (Titus 1:5–9; 2:1–10).^[40] The Second Epistle to Timothy shifts toward personal encouragement amid persecution, portraying Paul as facing imminent death in his "farewell" discourse (4:6–8), where he expresses confidence in his faithful service and the Lord's crown of righteousness. It charges Timothy to "preach the word" persistently, correcting opponents and avoiding worldly entanglements (4:1–5; 2:14–26), and includes lists of reliable companions like Luke and Mark, contrasted with deserters such as Demas (4:9–22). Overall, these epistles prioritize the transmission of apostolic tradition to ensure the church's stability against doctrinal threats.^[40]

Léal Souvenir

Léal Souvenir is a small portrait painted circa 1432 by the Early Netherlandish artist Jan van Eyck, executed in oil on an oak panel measuring 33.3 × 18.9 cm, and currently housed in the National Gallery in London.^[42] The work depicts an unidentified young man dressed in a luxurious black robe trimmed with ermine fur and a distinctive red chaperon—a fashionable turban-like headdress—adorned with fine details in its folds and fabric texture. He holds an open prayer book displaying a Latin devotional text, rendered with van Eyck's characteristic precision in the illumination and page edges, while a gold chain hangs across his chest, highlighting the artist's mastery of reflective surfaces and intricate jewelry.^[42] The composition features a prominent stone parapet in the foreground, illusionistically painted to appear cracked and weathered, which scholars interpret as a symbol of human transience and mortality.^[42] Three inscriptions are carved into this parapet: at the bottom, van Eyck's signature in Latin with the date "10 October 1432"; in the center, the French phrase "LEAL SOVVENIR" meaning "loyal remembrance," suggesting the portrait may serve as a memorial to the sitter; and at the top, "TUM OTHEOS" in Greek letters, likely a transliteration of the Latin "tum o theos" ("then God"), invoking divine judgment or eternity.^[42] Van Eyck's innovative use of oil glazing achieves luminous realism, layering translucent colors to capture the subtle sheen of fabrics and the depth of shadows, a technique that advanced Netherlandish portraiture.^[43] Historically, the painting has been viewed as a possible donor portrait intended for integration into a larger altarpiece or as an independent study, though its exact purpose remains debated.^[42] In 19th-century catalogs, it was alternatively titled Timotheus due to a misreading of the top inscription as the name of the ancient Greek musician Timotheus of Miletus by art historian Hippolyte Fierens-Gevaert, but modern scholarship recognizes this as an erroneous attribution and affirms it as an autonomous work by van Eyck.^[44] The portrait's enigmatic quality, combining personal likeness with symbolic depth, exemplifies van Eyck's role in elevating secular imagery through religious undertones during the Northern Renaissance.^[42]

References

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Timotheus the New Musician (Chapter 15)
Timotheus was born in Miletus about 450 and died about 360 BCE. His professional activity can be traced from about 415 BCE into the fourth century.
[2]
Timotheus of Miletus - Perseus Catalog
Lyric Poet Musician Dithyrambic Poet; Notes: Janssen, T.H. Timotheus Persae, 1984: t.p. (Timotheus) Oxford class. dict. (c. 450-c. 360 B.C., dithyramic poetMissing: ancient | Show results with:ancient
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Studies on Timotheus of Miletus'The Persians - Research Bulletin
Mar 17, 2021 · Since Timotheus of Miletus was one of the best ancient Greek musicians, the musical background of The Persians will be taken into account as ...
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Timotheus: The Persians - ATTALUS
Timotheus was an innovative musician who lived in the late 5th century B.C. He played a lyre with eleven strings, whereas the tradional Greek lyre had seven ...
[5]
(PDF) The New Music - Academia.edu
The modern expression "New Music" refers both to a set of authors active on the Athenian theater stage between 430 and 380 bc, and to a set of formal changes ...
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the place and date of the first perform - jstor
' But the decisive objection to Miletus or any Ionian city is the theme of the poem. In the battle of Salamis an Ionian fleet, originally of one hundred ships ( ...Missing: significance | Show results with:significance
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The Fragments of Timotheus of Miletus. Oxford Classical Monographs
Jan 20, 2003 · In the final two verses of the fragment, Timotheus describes the mixture as “the blood of Dionysus and the newly-flowing tears of the nymphs”, ...
[8]
Meaning, origin and history of the name Timotheus
Timotheus ; Usage Biblical Latin, German (Rare), Dutch (Rare) ; Scripts Τιμόθεος(Ancient Greek) ; Rootstimao + theos ; DiminutivesTim, Timo(German) Tim, Timo(Dutch).
[9]
Timotheos/Timothy | LGPN - the Lexicon of Greek Personal Names
May 1, 2021 · Timotheos is compounded from two common elements of Greek compound names, time (honour) and theos (god). LGPN has 605 instances so far, with Syria and Egypt ...<|separator|>
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Timothy - Etymology, Origin & Meaning of the Name
Timothy originates from Greek Timotheos, meaning "honoring God" (time "honor" + theos "god"). Also an American English name for a grass, linked to Timothy ...Missing: ancient | Show results with:ancient
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Timothy - Wiktionary, the free dictionary
Etymology. From Middle French Timothée, from Latin Tīmotheus, from Ancient Greek Τῑμόθεος (Tīmótheos), from τῑμάω (tīmáō, “I honour”) + θεός (theós, “god”).
[12]
Meaning, origin and history of the name Timotheos
Other Languages & CulturesTsimafei(Belarusian) Timothy(Biblical) Timotheus(Biblical Latin) Timotei(Bulgarian) Tim(Danish) Tim, Timo, Timotheus(Dutch) ...
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Timotheus : Meaning and Origin of First Name - Ancestry
The name Timotheus, originating from Greek, translates to Honoring God or God's honor. It is derived from the components timo, meaning honor, and theos, ...
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https://www.academia.edu/34100714/Lynch_T_2018_Without_Timotheus_much_of_our_melopoi%C3%ADa_would_not_exist_but_without_Phrynis_there_wouldn_t_have_been_Timotheus_Pherecrates_twelve_strings_the_Str%C3%B3bilos_and_the_harmonic_paranom%C3%ADa_of_the_New_Music_Greek_and_Roman_Musical_Studies_6_2
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Sep 7, 2018 · The Vulgate was everywhere. The Latin Vulgate was so dominant that it remained in usage centuries after Latin died out and gave way to English. ...Missing: Timotheus | Show results with:Timotheus
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[PDF] "Timotheos" In: The Encyclopedia of Ancient History
Timotheos was an Athenian general (strategos), son of the famous general Konon and member of a leading family of great power and wealth.<|control11|><|separator|>
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Timotheus - ToposText
This is Lysithides, Thrasybulus's nephew; this Timotheus, the son of Conon; these Archinus's sons; and all, -379. Diodorus Siculus, Library 8-40, §15.29.4 and ...Missing: biography | Show results with:biography
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Cornelius Nepos : Life of Timotheus - ATTALUS
Timotheus, the Athenian, son of Conon. This man increased by his many accomplishments the glory which he had inherited from his father.Missing: biography | Show results with:biography
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Timotheus (1), of Miletus, citharode and dithyrambic poet, c. 450 ...
Timotheus (1) (c. 450–360 bce), of Miletus, famous citharode (lyre player and singer) and dithyrambic poet (see dithyramb).Missing: biography | Show results with:biography
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Timotheus the New Musician (Chapter 15) - The Cambridge Companion to Greek Lyric
### Summary of Timotheus of Miletus
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Lynch, T. (2018) ' "Without Timotheus, much of our melopoiía would not exist; but without Phrynis, there wouldn’t have been Timotheus": Pherecrates’ twelve strings, the Stróbilos and the harmonic paranomía of the New Music', Greek
### Summary of Timotheus of Miletus' Innovations, Pherecrates' Satire, and Biographical/Career Details
[22]
Timotheus the New Musician - ResearchGate
Timotheus was born in Miletus about 450 and died about 360 BCE. His professional activity can be traced from about 415 BCE into the fourth century.Missing: biography | Show results with:biography
[23]
[PDF] Philip II of Macedonia in Fourth Century Athens by Dina S. Guth
Feb 5, 2013 · Timotheus of Miletus, the musician (Plut. Mor. 177B); Agathon, the tragedian from Athens (Ael. Var. Hist. 2.21, 13.4; Schol. Aris. Frogs 85 ...
[24]
Callimachus in Context - Cambridge University Press & Assessment
Mar 3, 2012 · ... birth of Apollo,” in Athanassaki, Martin, and Miller: 129–48. Google ... The Fragments of Timotheus of Miletus. Oxford. Google Scholar.
[25]
Mausoleum of Halicarnassus - Livius.org
Aug 13, 2020 · He says that four famous sculptors were involved: Scopas, Bryaxis, Timotheus, and Leochares, who were responsible for the decoration on the ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[26]
Mausoleum at Halicarnassus - The History of the Tomb of Mausolus
Jan 11, 2023 · Scopas, Timotheus, Bryaxis, and Leochares were responsible for the sculptures on the north, south, east, and west, respectively. There were ...
[27]
Statue of Nike from Epidauros - Ancient-Greece.org
Jul 18, 2024 · In her right hand she holds a partridge, a symbol of the healing power of Asklepios. By the sculptor Timotheos. Made of Pentelic marble.Missing: Timotheus | Show results with:Timotheus
[28]
Statue of Leda and the Swan - Getty Museum
Aug 1, 2025 · Found in 1775 in Rome, this statue is a first-century Roman version of an earlier Greek statue from the 300s BC attributed to Timotheos.
[29]
Leda - The Collection - Museo Nacional del Prado
Apr 28, 2015 · This is a Roman copy of a famous work by Timotheus (c. 370 BC). This Greek sculptor, known for his activity in Epidaurus and in the Mausoleum at Halicarnassus, ...
[30]
Mausoleum of Halikarnassos - British Museum
The Mausoleum of Halikarnassos is an elaborate, magnificent tomb built for a king. The Mausoleum, which was regarded as one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient ...
[31]
Memnon: History of Heracleia (1) - ATTALUS
... tyrant's sons, Timotheus and Dionysius. Satyrus exceeded not only Clearchus but all the other tyrants in his cruelty. Not only did he take vengeance on ...
[32]
CLEARCHUS - Encyclopaedia Iranica
Clearchus's rise from leader of mercenary troops to tyrant of a city-state ... Nevertheless, his son Timotheus (r. ca. 352-37), a minor, was named to ...
[33]
Plutarch • Life of Dion
Summary of each segment:
[34]
LacusCurtius • Diodorus Siculus — Book XV Chapters 57‑76
### Extracted Passages from Chapters 73-76 Mentioning Specified Terms
[35]
[PDF] A Biographical Study of Timothy - Scholars Crossing
Timothy. CHRONOLOGICAL SUMMARY. I. Timothy, the person. A. He was from Lystra and probably was saved during Paul's first missionary trip.
[36]
Timothy | First Century Christian Faith (FCCF)
Sep 25, 2025 · Timothy of Lystra (Greek: Timotheos tis Lustras) was born around AD 20 in the Roman province of Cappadocia. He was a Gentile Christian from ...Missing: date | Show results with:date
[37]
https://www.ecatholic2000.com/butler/vol8/august67.shtml
[38]
Apostle Timothy of the Seventy - Orthodox Church in America - OCA
Jan 22, 2014 · Saint Timothy's martyrdom occurred in the year 93. In the fourth century the holy relics of Saint Timothy were transferred to Constantinople and ...Missing: tradition scholarly
[39]
The Mentor Relationship: Paul and Timothy - Regent University
In the New Testament, the apostle Paul recognized the value of developing Timothy into a more effective minister of the gospel. Paul carefully selected Timothy ...
[40]
(PDF) The History of the Liturgical Use of the "Professio fidei" in the ...
... Constantinople (511–518) and successor to the Orthodox. patriarch ... Source: own elaboration. The hisToRy of The liTuRgiCal use of The PRofessio ...
[41]
J. B. Bury: History of the Later Roman Empire • Vol. 2 Chap. XXII
Summary of each segment:
[42]
1 The Schism of the Non‐Chalcedonians - Oxford Academic
It argues that the emperor became Chalcedonian for raisons d'état. He came to terms with Pope Hormisdas and then implemented a papal understanding of Chalcedon ...<|separator|>
[43]
CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Sts. Timotheus and Symphorian
According to a legend of the early fifth century, St. Symphorian of Autun was beheaded, while still a young man, during the reign of Marcus Aurelius. His mother ...
[44]
ST. SYMPHORIAN, M. - e-Catholic 2000
Heraclius, being seated on his tribunal, asked him why he refused to adore the image of the mother of the gods. He answered, because he was a Christian, and ...
[45]
Timotheus and Symphorian, Saints | Catholic Answers Encyclopedia
St. Symphorian is the patron saint of Autun. His veneration spread at an early date through the empire of the Franks. His cult was especially popular at Tours; ...
[46]
[PDF] The Authorship of the Pastoral Epistles - Liberty University
The traditional view is that Paul the apostle was the author of the letters, but, beginning in the nineteenth century, many critical scholars began questioning.
[47]
Recent Study of the Pastoral Epistles - The Gospel Coalition
Jan 16, 2020 · The Pastoral Epistles (PE) have generated a considerable amount of scholarly attention, if only because they cannot be left out of any commentary series.
[48]
OBSERVATIONS ON THE AUTHENTICITY OF THE PASTORAL ...
Most scholars deny the Pastoral Epistles are from Paul, attributing them to a second-century forger, though some scholars defend their Pauline authorship.<|control11|><|separator|>
[49]
Jan van Eyck | Portrait of a Man ('Léal Souvenir') - National Gallery
Jan van Eyck, Portrait of a Man ('Léal Souvenir'), 1432. Read about this painting, learn the key facts and zoom in to discover more.
[50]
Jan van Eyck (active 1422; died 1441) | National Gallery, London
Works by Jan van Eyck. Portrait of a Man ('Léal Souvenir') · Jan van Eyck. This small portrait is puzzling in many ways. We ...
[51]
Who Is Jan van Eyck's "Tymotheos"? - jstor
name Timotheus in the Netherlands before the Reformation; only after this ... at variance with the dedicatory phrase "Leal Souvenir," which is French; with ...