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UFC 21

UFC 21: Return of the Champions was a mixed martial arts (MMA) event produced by the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC) on July 16, 1999, at the Five Seasons Events Center in Cedar Rapids, Iowa.^[1]^[2] The card consisted of eight professional bouts across various weight classes including heavyweight and welterweight, reflecting the UFC's early adoption of weight class restrictions amid growing state athletic commission regulations.^[1]^[2] The event's marquee matchup was a UFC Welterweight Championship defense, where incumbent champion Pat Miletich defeated challenger André Pederneiras by TKO (doctor's stoppage) at 1:34 of the second round due to a cut over Pederneiras's eye.^[1] In the heavyweight co-main event, former UFC Heavyweight Champion Maurice Smith overcame Marco Ruas—the winner of the UFC 7 tournament—via TKO (corner stoppage) at 5:00 of the first round after landing leg kicks that damaged Ruas's lead leg.^[1]^[2] Other notable results included Jeremy Horn's first-round TKO victory over Daiju Takase with elbows, Tsuyoshi Kosaka's second-round TKO of Tim Lajcik, and Paul Jones submitting Flavio Moura with a rear-naked choke in the opening round.^[1]^[2] UFC 21 underscored the promotion's evolution during a transitional period, as it featured returning established fighters like Miletich and Smith while enforcing weigh-in protocols for title eligibility—a step toward mainstream legitimacy in the sport.^[1] The full fight card delivered a high finish rate, with seven of eight bouts ending before the final round via knockout, technical knockout, or submission.^[2]

Event Background

Promotion and Context

UFC 21 represented the 21st numbered event in the Ultimate Fighting Championship's (UFC) burgeoning history, occurring at a pivotal moment when the promotion grappled with intense regulatory scrutiny and worked to establish mixed martial arts (MMA) as a legitimate sport rather than a fringe spectacle. In the late 1990s, the UFC encountered widespread opposition from athletic commissions, politicians, and media outlets, with events often banned in multiple states due to perceptions of excessive violence and lack of oversight. Senator John McCain notably labeled UFC fights as "human cockfighting," prompting a campaign of letters to cable providers that led major companies like Cablevision to drop UFC pay-per-view offerings, severely limiting distribution.^[3] To counter these challenges, the UFC under Semaphore Entertainment Group (SEG) pursued sanctioning in receptive jurisdictions, such as Iowa for this event, while advocating for standardized rules to align MMA with traditional combat sports. These efforts included introducing weight classes, time limits, and protective gear earlier in the decade, but by 1999, the focus shifted to securing approval from influential commissions like Nevada's, though initial bids failed amid ongoing debates over fighter safety and event structure. This period underscored the UFC's precarious financial and legal position, with events like UFC 21 serving as testing grounds for reforms aimed at broader acceptance.^[3] Billed under the theme "Return of the Champions," UFC 21 emphasized the comeback of established titleholders, particularly welterweight champion Pat Miletich, who headlined in a title defense to reaffirm the promotion's competitive hierarchy amid its legitimacy struggles. Thematically, it positioned the event as a showcase for proven victors reclaiming dominance, aligning with the UFC's narrative of evolving from no-holds-barred chaos to structured athleticism.^[1] Promotional strategies centered on pay-per-view distribution as the core revenue model, supplemented by home video releases to reach audiences in restricted markets and capitalize on growing underground interest. During the live broadcast, a significant announcement hyped the light heavyweight title clash between defending champion Frank Shamrock and undefeated challenger Tito Ortiz for UFC 22, complete with a dramatic in-ring confrontation to generate buzz and sustain viewer engagement across events. These tactics reflected the UFC's reliance on direct-to-consumer sales and cross-event storytelling to navigate limited advertising opportunities and regulatory barriers.^[4]

Date and Venue

UFC 21 took place on July 16, 1999, at the Five Seasons Events Center in Cedar Rapids, Iowa.^[5]^[6] The event attracted an attendance of approximately 3,000 spectators, though specific gate revenue figures are not available in historical records.^[7] It was broadcast live on pay-per-view in the United States, featuring the main card while preliminary bouts went untelevised, and was later released on home video.^[5]^[8]

Innovations and Rules

Round Structure Changes

UFC 21 introduced a standardized round structure to the promotion's events, marking a shift from the previous format of unlimited time bouts. Preliminary fights were set to two five-minute rounds, non-title main card bouts to three five-minute rounds, and championship matches to five five-minute rounds. This change was implemented by the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC) in collaboration with regulatory bodies to formalize the sport's presentation. UFC 21 was the first UFC event sanctioned by a state athletic commission, the Iowa Department of Inspections and Appeals, which required these timed formats for approval.^[9] The rationale behind these modifications stemmed from efforts to make fights more structured and appealing to a broader audience, countering criticisms that earlier no-time-limit formats led to excessively long, unpredictable, and less viewer-friendly contests. Prior UFC events, such as those through UFC 20, typically lacked fixed rounds or time constraints, requiring outcomes via knockout, submission, or referee stoppage without duration limits, which often resulted in chaotic spectacles rather than regulated competitions.^[9] By adopting timed rounds, UFC 21 aimed to enhance pacing, safety, and broadcast viability, aligning mixed martial arts more closely with established combat sports like boxing.^[9]

Introduction of 10-Point Must System

The 10-Point Must System, adopted at UFC 21, serves as the primary scoring mechanism for mixed martial arts competitions, where three judges evaluate each round independently. The winner of the round receives 10 points, while the loser is awarded 9 points or fewer based on the degree of dominance demonstrated through effective striking, grappling, aggression, and control, with additional deductions possible for fouls. At the conclusion of the bout, the fighter with the higher total score across all rounds is declared the winner via unanimous decision (all three judges agree) or majority decision (two judges agree), providing a clear, quantifiable resolution to non-stoppage fights.^[10] UFC 21, held on July 16, 1999, represented the inaugural implementation of this system in the promotion's history, directly borrowed from boxing's established framework to mitigate the inconsistencies and subjectivity prevalent in prior UFC events that often relied on informal or overall fight assessments without round-by-round evaluation.^[11] This change aligned with broader efforts to professionalize MMA judging, ensuring more reliable and defensible outcomes by mandating a structured point allocation.^[12] By prioritizing round-specific performance, the 10-Point Must System shifted strategic emphases in MMA toward sustained dominance and effective output throughout the fight duration, encouraging fighters in decision bouts to adopt consistent pacing and tactical engagement over erratic bursts or reliance on sudden knockouts or submissions.^[13] This evolution helped foster a more calculated approach to non-finishing contests, rewarding cumulative control and activity rather than isolated moments of brilliance.^[14]

Fight Card Results

Welterweight Championship: Pat Miletich vs. André Pederneiras

Pat Miletich, the defending UFC welterweight champion known as "The Croatian Sensation," entered the bout with a professional record of 23-2-2, having captured the title at UFC 16 in March 1998 by defeating Chris Brennan via submission and successfully defending it once against Jorge Patino at UFC 18 in January 1999 via unanimous decision.^[15] A grappling specialist from Bettendorf, Iowa, Miletich was renowned for his ground control and submission skills, having trained under various martial arts disciplines including wrestling and Brazilian jiu-jitsu.^[15] Challenging for the title was André "Dede" Pederneiras, a Brazilian grappler with a 1-0 professional record, coming off a knockout victory over Rumina Sato via soccer kick and punches at Vale Tudo Japan 1998 in October 1998.^[16] As the founder of the Nova União gym in Rio de Janeiro, Pederneiras was a black belt in Brazilian jiu-jitsu and aimed to represent the growing Brazilian contingent in the UFC with his technical striking and submission expertise.^[16] The championship fight opened with both fighters exchanging tentative jabs in the center of the Octagon during the first round under the newly implemented five-minute structure. Miletich pressed forward, clinching to deliver knees to Pederneiras' body and landing a sharp left hook followed by an elbow strike, while Pederneiras countered with low leg kicks and displayed visible frustration without attempting a takedown.^[17] In the second round, Miletich continued his aggressive approach with jabs before connecting with a powerful right hand that opened a significant cut over Pederneiras' left eye. Pederneiras responded by pulling guard and landing an illegal elbow strike from the bottom position, prompting Miletich to complain to referee John McCarthy, who paused the action to issue a warning. Upon inspection, the ringside doctor determined the laceration was too severe for Pederneiras to continue safely, resulting in a TKO victory for Miletich at 1:34 of the round.^[1]^[17] This win marked Miletich's second successful defense of the welterweight title, reinforcing his dominance in the division and extending his reign as champion heading into subsequent events.^[15]

Heavyweight: Maurice Smith vs. Marco Ruas

Maurice Smith, a Seattle-based kickboxer who competed professionally from 1980 to 2005, brought a striking-oriented style to mixed martial arts after amassing titles in organizations like the World Kickboxing Association, where he remained nearly undefeated for a decade.^[18] His transition to MMA highlighted his expertise in stand-up fighting, culminating in a UFC Heavyweight Championship win over Mark Coleman at UFC 14 in 1997 via unanimous decision.^[19] By UFC 21, Smith had established himself as a top heavyweight contender, leveraging his reach and precision kicks to counter grapplers.^[20] Marco Ruas, a Brazilian practitioner of Luta Livre—a grappling art emphasizing submissions and ground control—entered the bout as a seasoned veteran with a reputation for no-holds-barred Vale Tudo competitions.^[21] He gained prominence as the UFC 7 tournament champion in 1995, defeating three opponents in one night, including a ground-and-pound stoppage of Paul Varelans in the final.^[22] Ruas's approach focused on closing distance for takedowns and joint locks, drawing from his background in Brazilian street fighting styles to dominate on the mat.^[23] The heavyweight co-main event unfolded on July 16, 1999, at the Five Seasons Events Center in Cedar Rapids, Iowa, under UFC 21's new three five-minute round format.^[1] Smith opened aggressively with leg kicks to disrupt Ruas's movement, maintaining a stand-up range that played to his kickboxing strengths. Ruas responded by shooting for a takedown, successfully bringing Smith to the canvas and advancing to a mount position where he threatened submissions.^[24] Smith reversed the momentum with effective ground strikes, landing short punches from top control while defending against Ruas's heel hook attempts. As the round reached the five-minute mark, Ruas limped badly from a knee injury sustained during the scramble, prompting his corner to halt the fight and award Smith a TKO victory via corner stoppage.^[1]^[25] Tactically, Smith's strategy emphasized distance management through kicks and clinch work, minimizing Ruas's opportunities to fully impose his grappling dominance and forcing the Brazilian into reactive positions on the ground.^[17] This approach neutralized Ruas's preferred ground-and-pound and submission game, as Smith's defensive posture and opportunistic striking from the top prevented prolonged control, ultimately exacerbating the injury that ended the bout.^[26] The result marked Smith's continued success against grapplers, reinforcing his reputation as a pioneer in blending kickboxing with MMA adaptability.^[27]

Middleweight: Jeremy Horn vs. Daiju Takase

The middleweight bout at UFC 21 pitted American grappler Jeremy Horn, an experienced wrestler with a professional record of 31-4-4 entering the fight, against Daiju Takase, a Japanese kickboxer making his UFC debut with a 1-0-1 record.^[28]^[29] Horn's background emphasized takedowns and submissions, honed through years of competitive grappling in regional promotions.^[30] Takase, known for his striking from kickboxing, aimed to keep the fight standing against the taller, heavier opponent.^[31] The fight opened with tentative striking exchanges, as Takase landed low kicks and blocked a high kick from Horn, who countered with punches and knees in the clinch. Horn then shot for a double-leg takedown, overcoming Takase's sprawl to bring the action to the mat.^[17] Once grounded, Horn swiftly passed to side control, delivering effective ground-and-pound strikes while Takase struggled to defend or escape. Horn advanced to full mount, raining down unanswered elbows and punches that bloodied Takase and prompted referee intervention.^[32] The bout ended via TKO (elbows and punches) at 4:41 of the first round.^[1] Horn's dominant performance exemplified wrestling-based control, leveraging takedown superiority to neutralize Takase's striking under UFC 21's new round structure and scoring system that rewarded aggressive action.^[1] This win improved Horn's record to 32-4-4 and underscored his role as a reliable gatekeeper in the middleweight division during the sport's transitional era.^[28]

Other Bouts

In the preliminary card, Paul Jones defeated Flavio Luiz Moura in a middleweight bout by rear-naked choke submission at 4:20 of the first round, marking a quick finish in Jones's UFC debut as an Iowa-based wrestler.^[33]^[34] Heavyweight contender Tsuyoshi Kosaka overcame Tim Lajcik via TKO due to corner stoppage at 5:00 of the second round, showcasing Kosaka's endurance after absorbing early pressure from the aggressive Lajcik.^[35] Eugene Jackson secured a knockout victory over Royce Alger in their middleweight clash with a punch at 1:19 of the second round, highlighting Jackson's striking power against the wrestling-oriented Alger.^[36]^[37] The event's alternate heavyweight bouts, intended as backups for the main card, delivered high-energy action. Andre Roberts knocked out Ron Waterman with a punch at 2:51 of the first round, rallying from an early deficit in a wild exchange.^[38]^[39] In the other alternate, Travis Fulton outpointed David Dodd via unanimous decision after two five-minute rounds, relying on his grappling control to edge out the decision under the newly introduced 10-point must system.^[40]^[41]

Post-Event Recognition

UFC Encyclopedia Awards

The UFC Encyclopedia, published in October 2011, retrospectively awarded honors for standout performances at UFC 21, recognizing achievements that were not contemporaneously given during the event itself. Fight of the Night was awarded to the bout between Andre Roberts and Ron Waterman, praised for their intense exchanges in an alternate heavyweight matchup that showcased relentless action and dramatic momentum shifts. Knockout of the Night went to Eugene Jackson for his second-round punch knockout against Royce Alger in a middleweight contest, highlighting Jackson's striking power in securing a decisive finish. Submission of the Night was given to Paul Jones for his first-round rear-naked choke victory over Flavio Luiz Moura in a middleweight fight, noted for its technical execution and rapid dominance.

Legacy and Notable Moments

UFC 21 marked a pivotal moment in the evolution of mixed martial arts by introducing the 10-point must scoring system, the first time the UFC adopted this boxing-derived method for judging bouts. This change awarded 10 points to the winner of each round and nine or fewer to the loser, emphasizing effective striking, grappling, and control to promote fairer and more strategic competitions. The implementation helped standardize judging practices, laying the groundwork for the Unified Rules of Mixed Martial Arts adopted in 2000 and influencing the sport's transition from spectacle to regulated athletic contest.^[12] Pat Miletich's successful welterweight title defense against André Pederneiras at UFC 21 stood as a key milestone in the division's early history, reinforcing his status as the inaugural UFC welterweight champion from 1998 to 2001. As one of his four successful defenses, the victory highlighted Miletich's pioneering role in establishing the 170-pound class as a cornerstone of UFC competition, showcasing well-rounded skills that set a benchmark for future welterweight contenders.^[42] During the event, Bruce Buffer announced the upcoming middleweight title bout between champion Frank Shamrock and challenger Tito Ortiz for UFC 22, igniting anticipation for what would become one of MMA's earliest marquee rivalries. This revelation foreshadowed the intense stylistic clash that unfolded in September 1999, where Shamrock's submission victory over Ortiz not only defended his title but also exemplified the growing emphasis on versatile fighting approaches in the sport.^[17] Overall, UFC 21 contributed significantly to the UFC's efforts to overcome 1990s controversies, including political bans and public criticism over its no-holds-barred image, by incorporating structured rounds, weight classes, and scoring that aligned MMA more closely with mainstream sports. These reforms, including five-minute rounds and the new judging system, propelled the organization toward broader regulatory acceptance and helped solidify MMA's legitimacy as a professional discipline.^[43]

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