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Upjohn

The Upjohn Company was an American pharmaceutical manufacturer founded in 1886 in Hastings, Michigan, by physician William E. Upjohn and his brothers Henry and James, initially as the Upjohn Pill and Granule Company, with operations soon relocated to Kalamazoo.^[1] The firm gained prominence for innovating dissolvable "friable" pills, patented by Upjohn in 1885 after experiments in his home attic, which allowed for better digestibility and marked a shift from traditional powder-based medicines.^[2] Over its history, Upjohn produced key products such as quinine pills for malaria treatment, Citrocarbonate antacid, the hemostatic agent Gelfoam used in surgeries, the antibiotic Lincocin for penicillin-allergic patients, the hair regrowth treatment Rogaine (minoxidil), and prostaglandin compounds for reproductive health.^[3] It also advanced steroid medicines, including corticosteroids for treating conditions like arthritis, asthma, and autoimmune diseases such as lupus and multiple sclerosis.^[1]^[4] The company expanded significantly in the mid-20th century, going public in 1958 and supporting U.S. military efforts in both World Wars through pharmaceutical production.^[3] By the 1990s, facing competitive pressures, Upjohn merged with Sweden's Pharmacia AB in November 1995 to form Pharmacia & Upjohn, a global healthcare provider focused on human pharmaceuticals.^[5] This entity later merged with Monsanto/Searle in 2000 to become Pharmacia Corporation, which was acquired by Pfizer in 2003 for $60 billion, integrating Upjohn's portfolio into Pfizer's operations.^[6] In 2019, Pfizer announced the spin-off of its off-patent medicines business—revived under the Upjohn name in 2015—combined with Mylan N.V., culminating in the formation of Viatris Inc. on November 16, 2020, a global generics and biosimilars leader with approximately 32,000 employees (as of 2024) and a portfolio serving one billion patients annually.^[7]^[8]^[9] Upjohn's legacy endures through institutions like the W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research, established in 1945 to study labor markets, and its influence on pharmaceutical innovation, including contributions to injectable contraceptives like Depo-Provera and wartime medical supplies.^[10] The company's headquarters, designed by architect Bruce Graham with interior gardens, symbolized its growth-era prominence in Kalamazoo.^[11]

Founding and Early History

William E. Upjohn

William Erastus Upjohn was born on June 5, 1853, in Richland, Michigan, as one of twelve children to physician Uriah Upjohn and his wife Maria. Growing up in a medical family, Upjohn was one of four siblings who became physicians.^[12] Upjohn attended the University of Michigan, where he earned his medical degree in 1875 at the age of 22.^[2] Following graduation, he established a medical practice in rural Michigan, initially serving communities near his hometown before settling in Hastings, Michigan, where he practiced for approximately ten years.^[2] In Hastings, Upjohn focused on addressing the health needs of local patients, often dealing with the challenges of administering medications in an era when pills were hard, poorly soluble, and difficult for patients—especially children and the elderly—to swallow or digest.^[13] During the early 1880s, while continuing his practice in Hastings, Upjohn began experimenting in the attic of his home to improve pill formulation, aiming to create a more effective delivery method.^[2] By 1884, he developed the friable pill, a compressible tablet designed to crumble easily under thumb pressure into a powder that dissolved readily in the stomach, thereby enhancing solubility and improving patient compliance with bitter-tasting remedies.^[14] He filed for a patent on October 14, 1884, and received U.S. Patent No. 312,041 on February 10, 1885, for the process of manufacturing these pills through a layered coating technique that avoided hardening.^[15] This invention addressed key limitations in contemporary pharmaceuticals, allowing for precise dosing and better absorption without the inconsistencies of liquid or powder forms.^[13] As demand for his improved pills grew among fellow physicians, Upjohn recognized the potential for broader application and decided in 1886 to commercialize production, marking a pivotal shift from his clinical work.^[2]

Company Establishment and Initial Operations

The Upjohn Pill and Granule Company was incorporated in 1886 in Hastings, Michigan, by Dr. William E. Upjohn and his brothers Henry, Frederick, and James, with a focus on manufacturing compressed tablets known as friable pills designed for easy dissolution. The initial capital was $5,000, enabling the launch of operations in a small local factory.^[16]^[17] Early production involved hand-rolling the pill dough using a rolling pin in the attic of Upjohn's home before transitioning to the factory, where the workforce consisted primarily of family members and local residents. The company quickly developed an initial product line of over 50 remedies, including 110 types of pills and 50 granules formulated from natural plant extracts and minerals such as quinine for malaria treatment. By the end of its first year, operations had expanded to 12 employees producing from 186 different medicinal formulas.^[18]^[17]^[19] Seeking improved rail access for distribution and further growth, the company relocated to Kalamazoo, Michigan, in 1900, where the workforce reached 25 employees. This move facilitated the company's first international sales in 1903, primarily of quinine-based products to markets abroad.^[17]^[4]

Pharmaceutical Innovations and Products

Key Drug Developments

The Upjohn Company played a pivotal role in the development of corticosteroids during the 1940s and 1950s, leveraging innovative microbial fermentation techniques to produce these vital anti-inflammatory agents on a commercial scale. In 1952, Upjohn researchers, including David H. Peterson and Herbert C. Murray, discovered that the mold Rhizopus arrhizus could introduce an 11α-hydroxy group to progesterone, enabling efficient synthesis of 11-deoxycorticosterone and subsequent intermediates for cortisone acetate. This breakthrough allowed Upjohn to commercialize cortisone and hydrocortisone by 1953, addressing the high costs and limited supply of earlier extraction methods from animal adrenals. Building on this, Upjohn introduced prednisolone in 1955 under the brand name Delta-Cortef, a potent glucocorticoid with reduced sodium-retaining effects compared to earlier steroids, making it particularly effective for treating rheumatoid arthritis, allergic conditions, and other inflammatory diseases. Prednisolone's synthesis involved further chemical modifications of hydrocortisone, such as Δ1-dehydrogenation, and quickly became a cornerstone therapy, significantly improving patient outcomes in chronic inflammatory disorders.^[20]^[21] Upjohn's advancements in steroid chemistry also extended to reproductive hormones, contributing to the emergence of oral contraceptives in the 1950s and 1960s through collaborations and in-house innovations. The company sourced progesterone from Syntex, which utilized the Marker degradation process starting from diosgenin extracted from Mexican yams, to support its fermentation-based production of progestins. This partnership facilitated Upjohn's development of medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA), a highly active oral progestin, which was introduced in 1959 for menstrual disorders and later adapted for contraception, including the injectable form Depo-Provera approved in 1972 for endometriosis and endometrial cancer (and in 1992 for contraception). In 1964, Upjohn launched Provest, an oral contraceptive containing MPA combined with ethinylestradiol, offering reliable ovulation suppression with fewer side effects than earlier formulations and marking a key step in making hormonal birth control widely accessible. These efforts built on Upjohn's fermentation expertise, enabling scalable production of steroid hormones essential for the contraceptive revolution.^[22]^[23]^[24] In the realm of antibiotics, Upjohn achieved a major milestone in the 1960s with the discovery of lincomycin, the first member of the lincosamide class. Isolated in 1962 by Upjohn scientists Mason, Dietz, and DeBoer from Streptomyces lincolnensis soil samples, lincomycin was commercialized as Lincocin in 1964 for treating serious gram-positive bacterial infections, including those resistant to other antibiotics like penicillin. Its unique mechanism, inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit, provided an alternative for patients with allergies or resistant strains, and it was particularly valuable in staphylococcal infections. This development underscored Upjohn's leadership in natural product fermentation, paralleling their steroid work and expanding treatment options during a period of rising antibiotic resistance.^[25] Upjohn's innovations also included the hemostatic agent Gelfoam in the 1940s, a absorbable gelatin sponge used in surgeries to control bleeding. The company's early steroid research laid foundational chemical strategies for subsequent developments, including non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Upjohn introduced flurbiprofen in the 1970s for arthritis relief with improved gastrointestinal tolerability over aspirin. Additionally, Upjohn developed prostaglandin compounds like Prostin E2 in the 1970s for reproductive health applications, such as inducing labor and treating patent ductus arteriosus. In the 1980s, Upjohn advanced dermatological treatments with Rogaine (minoxidil), approved in 1988 for hair regrowth. These products highlighted Upjohn's versatile application of research to human and veterinary medicine, supporting global health while adhering to emerging regulatory standards.^[1]^[26]

Research Milestones

The Upjohn Company significantly advanced its research infrastructure in the 1940s through expansions that incorporated cutting-edge fermentation technologies, particularly for penicillin production amid World War II demands. As part of a collaborative effort with other U.S. firms under government oversight, Upjohn scaled up deep-tank fermentation processes to produce substantial quantities of penicillin, transforming a previously low-yield, surface-culture method into an efficient industrial operation that supplied the antibiotic to military personnel. This wartime initiative not only accelerated antibiotic accessibility but also established Upjohn's expertise in microbial fermentation, laying the groundwork for broader pharmaceutical innovations.^[27]^[28]^[29] To support these efforts, Upjohn initiated major facility expansions in Kalamazoo, including the acquisition of 1,500 acres along Portage Road in 1946 for integrated research and manufacturing sites. Construction, completed by 1951 at a cost of $32 million funded entirely by company earnings, enabled enhanced experimentation with biological processes and positioned the firm for postwar growth in microbiology-driven discoveries. These developments marked a pivotal shift toward large-scale R&D, emphasizing sustainable production techniques over traditional chemical synthesis.^[17] In the 1950s, Upjohn researchers pioneered biotransformation methods using fungi to modify steroid precursors, enabling cost-effective synthesis of vital hormones. In 1952, D. H. Peterson and H. C. Murray demonstrated that Rhizopus species could selectively hydroxylate progesterone at the 11α position, introducing an essential oxygen atom for cortisone production; a parallel effort by W. J. Haines' team converted substance S to hydrocortisone via Mucorales fungi. Sourcing starting materials from abundant plant sterols like stigmasterol derived from soybeans, these techniques bypassed scarce animal extracts, facilitating industrial-scale output and dramatically reducing costs for corticosteroids by the mid-1950s.^[1] Upjohn's sustained investment in microbiology fueled antibiotic discovery, with dedicated departments screening soil microbes for novel compounds and optimizing fermentation for agents like streptomycin and neomycin. This focus yielded numerous patents for antimicrobial processes and isolates, such as those for Streptomyces-derived antibiotics, underscoring the company's role in advancing microbial ecology for therapeutic applications. In recognition of these enduring contributions to steroid and antibiotic research, Upjohn's Kalamazoo facilities received National Historic Chemical Landmark designation from the American Chemical Society in 2019.^[17]^[30]^[1]

Corporate Growth and Transformations

Expansion and Leadership

Following the founder's death in 1932, leadership of The Upjohn Company transitioned to his nephew, Dr. Lawrence Upjohn, who served as president from 1930 to 1944 and guided the firm through the Great Depression while maintaining profitability.^[31] In 1944, Donald S. Gilmore assumed the presidency, bringing corporate expertise from outside the family and leading expansion efforts in the postwar era until his retirement in 1953.^[32] Everett G. Upjohn, son of Lawrence Upjohn, then became president in 1953 and later chairman, emphasizing research and product development during the 1950s and early 1960s.^[33] By 1961, Ray T. Parfet, who had married into the Upjohn family, took over as president and chief executive officer, steering the company through decades of global growth until the late 1980s.^[4] Under this succession of leaders, Upjohn transformed from a regional manufacturer into a multinational pharmaceutical powerhouse, with annual sales growing from approximately $3 million in the mid-1920s to $1.76 billion by 1980.^[34] This expansion was fueled by innovative products and strategic investments in research, enabling the company to capture larger market shares in antibiotics, steroids, and anti-inflammatory drugs. International growth accelerated in the 1950s, as Upjohn established subsidiaries and export channels in Europe and Asia to counter competition from global rivals and diversify revenue streams beyond the U.S. market.^[35] By the 1980s, foreign operations accounted for about 30% of total sales, supported by localized manufacturing and marketing adaptations.^[4] To broaden its portfolio beyond prescription pharmaceuticals, Upjohn diversified into consumer health and animal health sectors during the 1960s and 1970s, launching over-the-counter products like topical creams and acquiring firms such as the Corwin Company in 1962 to strengthen its position in agricultural and veterinary markets.^[36] These moves, combined with organic R&D, helped mitigate risks from patent expirations and positioned the company for sustained competitiveness up to the 1980s.

Mergers, Acquisitions, and Restructuring

In 1995, The Upjohn Company merged with the Swedish pharmaceutical firm Pharmacia AB in a stock-swap transaction valued at $13 billion, creating Pharmacia & Upjohn Inc. as the ninth-largest pharmaceutical company worldwide.^[37] The combined entity, headquartered in London, generated approximately $6.8 billion in annual sales and employed around 30,500 people after staff reductions, with John Zabriskie, formerly Upjohn's CEO, leading as president and CEO.^[37] This merger integrated Upjohn's product lines, such as antibiotics and anti-inflammatories, with Pharmacia's portfolio to enhance global market presence.^[38] In 2000, Pharmacia & Upjohn merged with Monsanto Company and its Searle subsidiary to form Pharmacia Corporation.^[5] The merger of Pharmacia Corporation with Pfizer Inc. was announced in July 2002 and completed on April 16, 2003, in a $60 billion all-stock deal, marking one of the largest mergers in the pharmaceutical industry at the time.^[39] Under the terms, Pharmacia shareholders received 1.4 Pfizer shares per Pharmacia share, resulting in a combined company with projected 2002 revenues of about $48 billion and a dominant 10% global market share.^[40] The acquisition fully integrated Pharmacia Corporation's operations and product portfolio into Pfizer, dissolving the independent entity and bolstering Pfizer's position in areas like oncology and neurology.^[5] In 2015, Pfizer revived the Upjohn name for its global off-patent medicines business. By 2020, Pfizer spun off this Upjohn Business unit—comprising off-patent legacy products from the original Upjohn portfolio—through a reverse Morris Trust transaction combined with Mylan N.V., forming Viatris Inc. in a deal effectively valued at around $20 billion based on projected combined sales.^[41] Completed on November 16, 2020, the merger created a global leader in generics and biosimilars with anticipated 2020 revenues of $19-20 billion, where Pfizer retained a 57% ownership stake and received $12 billion in cash.^[7] Viatris focused on accessible medicines, leveraging Mylan's generics expertise and Upjohn's established off-patent brands to address unmet needs in over 160 countries.^[42]

Legal and Regulatory Aspects

Upjohn Co. v. United States

In 1976, the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) launched an investigation into Upjohn Company, a pharmaceutical manufacturer, focusing on potential corporate bribery involving questionable payments made by its foreign subsidiaries to foreign government officials to secure government business contracts.^[43] To respond to this inquiry and assess potential legal liabilities, Upjohn's general counsel, Gerard Thomas, along with outside counsel, conducted an internal investigation. This effort included distributing a detailed questionnaire to all foreign general and area managers requesting information on such payments, as well as conducting interviews with the questionnaire recipients and approximately 33 additional officers and employees, totaling communications with about 86 current or former employees.^[43] These communications were explicitly marked as confidential and intended solely for the purpose of obtaining legal advice regarding compliance with U.S. laws, such as the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, and preparing for possible litigation or regulatory proceedings.^[43] The IRS issued a summons in November 1976 seeking production of the questionnaires and related interview notes, which Upjohn resisted on grounds of attorney-client privilege and the work-product doctrine. The United States District Court for the Western District of Michigan enforced the summons, finding no waiver of privilege but determining that the government's need outweighed any protection, and ordered disclosure.^[43] On appeal, the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit affirmed the district court's decision in part, rejecting any claim of waiver but applying the restrictive "control group" test to limit attorney-client privilege in the corporate context to communications from top management or those employees with decision-making authority who act as conduits to counsel.^[43] Under this test, responses from lower-level employees, such as the foreign managers involved, were deemed unprotected because they were mere fact witnesses rather than part of the corporation's control group. The Sixth Circuit also held that the work-product doctrine did not apply to materials sought via IRS summonses.^[43] The Supreme Court granted certiorari and, in a unanimous 9-0 decision authored by Justice Rehnquist on January 13, 1981, reversed the Sixth Circuit's ruling on the attorney-client privilege issue (Upjohn Co. v. United States, 449 U.S. 383 (1981)). The Court rejected the control group test as unduly narrow and inconsistent with the purposes of the privilege, which is to encourage full and frank communication between attorneys and their clients to promote effective legal representation.^[43] Instead, it expanded the scope to protect communications made by any corporate employee to counsel acting in that capacity, provided the communications occur at the direction of corporate superiors and are intended to secure legal advice for the corporation.^[43] The Court emphasized that limiting privilege to a small control group would discourage corporations from gathering necessary information through lower-level employees, potentially undermining candid advice and corporate compliance efforts; in Upjohn's case, the employees' responses were privileged because they were directed by management for legal purposes and kept confidential within the company.^[43] Chief Justice Burger filed a concurrence agreeing with the privilege holding but expressing reservations about the majority's application of the work-product doctrine to IRS summonses, though he joined the judgment.^[43] The Upjohn decision had significant implications for corporate law, establishing the "Upjohn warning" as a best practice where counsel must inform employees that the privilege belongs to the corporation, not the individual, and that the company may waive it or disclose communications as needed. This ruling facilitated broader internal investigations and compliance programs by assuring corporations that employee communications with counsel would generally remain protected, thereby promoting proactive self-auditing and reducing the risk of inadvertent legal violations in multinational operations.^[44] It remains a cornerstone precedent, influencing federal and state courts in extending privilege beyond strict managerial hierarchies while requiring case-by-case assessments of confidentiality and purpose.

Other Legal Challenges

In the 1970s, the FDA subjected Upjohn to intense regulatory scrutiny over the promotion and safety of its antibiotics, particularly Cleocin (clindamycin) and Panalba (a combination of tetracycline and novobiocin). Reports of severe side effects, including pseudomembranous colitis associated with Cleocin, prompted the FDA to require significant label changes in 1975, restricting the drug to serious infections where less toxic alternatives were inappropriate and adding a prominent warning about the risk of fatal colitis.^[45]^[46] Similarly, Panalba faced challenges after studies showed it was less effective than its components alone and linked to allergic reactions and at least 12 deaths; the FDA ultimately banned its sale in the U.S. market in 1970 following legal battles, though Upjohn continued exporting it abroad under a regulatory loophole.^[47]^[48] Upjohn also encountered major regulatory hurdles with Depo-Provera (medroxyprogesterone acetate), an injectable contraceptive. The FDA rejected approval for contraceptive use in 1974 and again in 1983, citing concerns over potential cancer risks observed in animal studies, particularly breast and endometrial cancers; this led to public hearings, scientific debates, and restrictions on U.S. marketing, though the drug was exported internationally and eventually approved in 1992 after additional safety data.^[49]^[50] These actions highlighted concerns over aggressive promotion of antibiotics for broader uses despite emerging safety data, resulting in market restrictions rather than direct fines in these cases. During the 1980s, Upjohn engaged in several patent disputes to defend its innovations, including a notable 1986 lawsuit against Riahom Corporation for infringement of patents related to minoxidil-based hair growth formulations, where the court granted a preliminary injunction after finding a likelihood of success on the merits and potential irreparable harm.^[51] In the 1990s, Upjohn encountered ethical controversies surrounding its research practices and corporate restructuring, including protests against animal testing at pharmaceutical facilities amid rising animal rights activism.^[52] Compliance with antitrust regulations became a key issue following the 1995 merger with Pharmacia Aktiebolag to form Pharmacia & Upjohn; the FTC required a consent agreement addressing potential anticompetitive effects in markets for products like minoxidil and antibiotics, with provisions to license technology and divest assets if necessary, enforceable by civil penalties up to $10,000 per violation.^[53] These challenges reflected heightened public and regulatory focus on ethical conduct in drug development and market consolidation.

Facilities and Infrastructure

Corporate Headquarters

The Upjohn Company's corporate headquarters, known as Building 88, was completed in 1961 on a 100-acre site in Kalamazoo, Michigan, serving as the firm's primary administrative center. Designed by architect Bruce Graham of Skidmore, Owings & Merrill (SOM), the two-story structure encompassed 286,000 square feet in a modernist style characterized by clean lines, expansive glass elements, and a symmetrical layout that integrated the building with its rolling landscape.^[11] The design emphasized natural light and open spaces, with executive offices arranged around interior courtyards to foster a collaborative environment reflective of mid-century corporate ideals. A defining feature was the incorporation of seven interior gardens, landscaped by the firm Sasaki with influences from traditional Japanese elements such as asymmetrical stone arrangements, water pools, and evergreen trees, alongside sculptures that enhanced the aesthetic and contemplative quality of the spaces. These gardens functioned as semi-enclosed atria, providing visual and spatial connections between work areas while integrating art into the daily operations; notable commissions included modernist sculptures that complemented the architecture. The building's innovative blend of functionality and artistry, including dedicated spaces for executive leadership, underscored Upjohn's commitment to a progressive corporate image during its expansion era.^[11]^[54] As a landmark of modernist corporate architecture, the headquarters symbolized Upjohn's prestige and innovation in the pharmaceutical industry for over four decades, hosting key leadership functions until the company's merger with Pharmacia in 1995 and subsequent acquisition by Pfizer in 2003. Following the merger, Pfizer relocated operations, leading to the building's vacancy and eventual demolition between 2005 and 2007 as part of site consolidation efforts.^[11]^[5]

Manufacturing and Research Sites

The Upjohn Company began its manufacturing operations in 1886 with the establishment of the Upjohn Pill and Granule Company in Kalamazoo, Michigan, where Dr. William E. Upjohn and his brothers produced the first friable pills using a small laboratory setup in a commercial block basement. Operations expanded within Kalamazoo, moving to a new building on Farmer's Alley by year-end and to Lovell Street in 1888 to accommodate growing demand for pharmaceutical products.^[12]^[55] In Kalamazoo, Upjohn developed a central manufacturing complex, expanding significantly during the 1910s and 1920s to include facilities for tablet compression and granule production, which enabled large-scale output of dissolvable medications.^[55] Further expansions in the 1930s through the 1950s transformed the Kalamazoo complex into a major hub for advanced pharmaceutical production, particularly for steroids and tablets. During this period, Upjohn invested in new buildings and equipment to support microbial fermentation processes, which were critical for synthesizing corticosteroids like cortisone on an industrial scale, meeting post-World War II medical needs.^[1] By the 1950s, the company extended manufacturing capabilities to Portage, Michigan, just outside Kalamazoo, adding dedicated plants for tablet coating, packaging, and chemical synthesis to boost efficiency and capacity for steroid hormones derived from plant sources.^[55] These developments solidified Kalamazoo as Upjohn's primary U.S. production center, with the complex forming a triangular industrial area bounded by key streets. Internationally, Upjohn established its first major overseas site in Crawley, England, in 1957, initially focusing on control chemistry laboratories and later expanding to include manufacturing and research for European distribution of pharmaceuticals.^[56] In the 1960s, the company opened a facility in Mexico to serve Latin American markets, leveraging a partnership with Syntex for sourcing and producing steroid intermediates from local yams, which supported regional production of hormone-based drugs.^[4] Following the 1995 merger with Pharmacia to form Pharmacia & Upjohn, the company initiated closures of about 40% of its global manufacturing plants in 1996, including several U.S. sites, to streamline operations and cut costs by $300 million annually.^[57] After Pfizer's 2003 acquisition of Pharmacia, additional U.S. plants tied to the legacy Upjohn operations were shuttered or repurposed in the mid-2000s as production shifted toward global efficiency. The Upjohn business was later spun off in 2020 to combine with Mylan, forming Viatris, which integrated remaining facilities into a network of over 40 manufacturing sites worldwide, phasing out some older Kalamazoo-area operations in favor of consolidated international production.^[7]

Legacy and Impact

Economic and Community Contributions

The Upjohn Company significantly shaped the economy of Kalamazoo, Michigan, as a cornerstone employer throughout much of the 20th century. By 1989, the company directly employed 8,300 individuals in Kalamazoo County, comprising 6.2% of the county's total workforce, with these positions generating an additional 12,540 indirect and induced jobs for a combined impact of 20,840 positions or 15.6% of county employment. This employment footprint bolstered the regional economy, contributing $1.39 billion in total output—equivalent to a substantial share of local GDP—and supporting $702 million in personal income, which represented 16.7% of the county's total.^[58] The company's economic influence extended beyond direct operations through family-led philanthropy that reinforced community infrastructure and well-being. The Harold and Grace Upjohn Foundation, established in 1958 by Grace Upjohn (widow of company leader Harold Upjohn), supports initiatives in the Kalamazoo area focused on alleviating human suffering through scientific research and care for the sick, aged, and helpless, including contributions to local institutions such as colleges and hospitals, enhancing educational access and public health services since the mid-20th century.^[59]^[60] In 1963, as part of its diversification efforts, Upjohn acquired a polymer chemicals business, which fit with its existing manufacturing processes and continued operations through the 1970s; the division was eventually sold in 1985.^[61]^[4]

W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research

The W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research was established on July 1, 1945, in Kalamazoo, Michigan, by William E. Upjohn, the founder of The Upjohn Company and a prominent member of the Upjohn family, as an independent nonprofit organization dedicated to employment studies.^[10] Initially funded through an endowment from the W.E. Upjohn Unemployment Trustee Corporation—created in 1932 by the family to administer funds set aside from company resources for worker support—the institute aimed to address unemployment challenges in the post-World War II era by providing rigorous, nonpartisan research.^[62] This philanthropic effort reflected the Upjohn family's commitment to community welfare in Kalamazoo, where the company had deep roots.^[10] From its inception, the institute's research has centered on the causes and effects of unemployment, workforce training programs, and labor policy analysis, with a goal of informing effective interventions to enhance employment outcomes.^[63] Early work emphasized regional labor market dynamics, including seminal publications like the "Jobless in Michigan" series launched in the 1950s, which documented unemployment patterns, worker interviews, and policy recommendations specific to the state's economy during periods of industrial transition.^[64] These efforts established the institute as a key resource for understanding localized employment issues and advocating for targeted training and reemployment strategies. As of 2025, the institute employs over 100 staff, including economists, policy analysts, and administrative personnel, operating from its headquarters at 300 South Westnedge Avenue in Kalamazoo.^[65] It maintains ongoing partnerships with the U.S. Department of Labor, serving as a primary data repository for DOL-funded evaluations of employment programs, such as the National Job Training Partnership Act Study, and participating in initiatives like the inaugural Job Quality Academy to advance worker standards.^[66] Recent research has expanded to contemporary challenges, including automation's impacts through AI exposure analyses, projecting occupational shifts and policy needs to mitigate displacement risks.^[67] The Institute co-led the 2025 American Job Quality Study with partners including Gallup and Jobs for the Future, finding that less than half of U.S. workers have quality jobs, influencing labor policy discussions.^[68] These contributions continue to influence federal and state labor policies, emphasizing evidence-based approaches to workforce adaptation.

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[32]
Pfizer Inc. Collection | ArchivesSpace at Western Michigan ...
It was with this creation that the Upjohn Pill and Granule Company was born in 1886 and W.E. Upjohn partnered with his three brothers Fredrick, Henry and James.
[33]
Aiming at H.M.O.'s, Upjohn Agrees to $13 Billion Merger
Aug 21, 1995 · The Upjohn Company in the United States and Pharmacia AB of Sweden said yesterday that they would join forces in a $13 billion deal aimed in part at selling ...
[34]
Upjohn, Swedish Firm to Merge in $13-Billion Deal
Aug 21, 1995 · Under merger terms, Pharmacia shareholders will be offered one share of the new company's common stock for each Class A or Class B share. Each ...Missing: details | Show results with:details
[35]
PFIZER SAID TO BUY LARGE DRUG RIVAL IN $60 BILLION DEAL
Jul 15, 2002 · Under the deal, Pfizer would trade 1.4 of its shares for each share of Pharmacia, according to the executives. That price of $45.08 a share, ...
[36]
Pfizer Swallows Up Pharmacia - CBS News
Jul 15, 2002 · Pfizer Inc. has agreed to buy rival Pharmacia Corp. for $60 billion in stock. The deal announced Monday would create a company that produces many of the common ...
[37]
Pfizer To Merge Off-Patent Unit With Mylan - Fortune
Jul 29, 2019 · The new publicly traded company will have sales of about $19 billion to $20 billion in 2020, the drugmakers said in a statement. Mylan shares ...
[38]
Viatris Inc. Launches as a New Kind of Healthcare Company ...
Nov 16, 2020 · Formed in November 2020 through the combination of Mylan and Pfizer's Upjohn business, Viatris brings together scientific, manufacturing and ...Missing: spin- | Show results with:spin-
[39]
UPJOHN COMPANY et al., Petitioners, v. UNITED STATES et al.
' " The court also held that the work-product doctrine did not apply to IRS summonses. Held: 1. The communications by petitioner's employees to counsel are ...
[40]
[PDF] Upjohn Co. v. United States: Attorney-Client Privilege
The Supreme Court in Upjohn stated it as follows: Its purpose is to encourage full and frank communication between attorneys and their clients and thereby ...
[41]
Jack Werner, Appellee, v. the Upjohn Company, Inc., a Body ...
... Cleocin use, such as diarrhea and colitis. The ... letter which ... warning was inadequate and made Cleocin unreasonably dangerous and Upjohn negligent.
[42]
F.D.A. Urged fo Impose Restrictions on 2 Drugs - The New York Times
Jan 17, 1975 · Health Research Group tells FDA that it should restrict uses of clindamycin and lincomycin, 2 drugs they contend have killed 15 persons and ...
[43]
Upjohn's Shuck and Jive Routine - Mother Jones
After much bureaucratic wrangling and resistance by Upjohn, the FDA finally forced Panalba off the market in 1970. If you think all this evidence against ...Missing: fine | Show results with:fine
[44]
COURT UPHOLDS BAN ON 7 UPJOHN DRUGS - The New York ...
Feb 28, 1970 · Fed Ct, Cincinnati, upholds FDA order taking 7 antibiotics mfrd by Upjohn Co off mkt because they produce side effects; co held that FDA did ...
[45]
Upjohn Co. v. Riahom Corp., 641 F. Supp. 1209 (D. Del. 1986)
The Upjohn Company filed this lawsuit against Riahom Corp. and its president, JP Utsick, asserting patent infringement under 15 USC § 271, and unfair ...
[46]
FTC Acceptes Settlement Agreement for The Upjohn Company and ...
Oct 27, 1995 · The Federal Trade Commission has accepted a settlement agreement from The Upjohn Company and Pharmacia Aktiebolag that is designed to ...Missing: details | Show results with:details
[47]
Upjohn Company Executive Office Building - Sasaki
Despite the influence of traditional English, French, and Japanese garden elements, the landscape and courtyards at the Upjohn campus are among the clearest ...Missing: seven | Show results with:seven
[48]
William E. Upjohn (1853-1932) - Kalamazoo Public Library
After receiving his medical degree from the University of Michigan in 1875, he practiced medicine in Hastings for ten years. Friable Pills. Known by his ...Missing: early Richland Lawton
[49]
Kalamazoo Co brief history page 7 - MIGenWeb
Dr. William E. Upjohn (1853 -1932), founder of the Upjohn Company, was known as Kalamazoo's "First Citizen" because of his active role in the community.Missing: education Lawton
[50]
Control in Crawley, UK
The Upjohn site in Crawley started in 1957, with a Control chemistry lab. The Control group had a presence in the mid-1980s, and new Control Development labs ...Missing: Company international Mexico
[51]
Pharmacia & Upjohn to Close 40% of Drug-Making Plants
Mar 5, 1996 · Pharmacia & Upjohn Inc. said today that it would close 40 percent of its worldwide drug manufacturing plants, saving $300 million a year by ...Missing: closures | Show results with:closures
[52]
[PDF] The 1989 Economic Impact of the Upjohn Company on Kalamazoo ...
Jan 1, 1990 · In 1989, the Upjohn Company employed 6.2 percent of Kalamazoo County's total employment and provided 8.5 percent of its total personal ...
[53]
Harold and Grace Upjohn Foundation: Landing Page
The Harold and Grace Upjohn Foundation seeks to enhance the quality of life for the members of the greater Kalamazoo community by providing funding access.
[54]
Sale of the Polymer and Chemical Operations - The Upjohn Company
Upjohn acquired the polymer chemicals business in 1963. It represented both a diversification attempt and a fit in its manufacturing processes with Upjohn`s ...Missing: 1970s | Show results with:1970s
[55]
[PDF] Employment Research, Vol. 16, No. 4, October 2009
Oct 1, 2009 · The Institute is an activity of the W.E. Upjohn Unemployment Trustee. Corporation, which was established in 1932 to administer a fund set aside ...
[56]
About the Institute - W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research
Since 1945, the Institute has conducted research on labor markets and workforce issues. The Institute also delivers workforce services in Southwest Michigan to ...Employment Opportunities · Experts · Board of Trustees
[57]
[PDF] SENATE-Tuesday, AprilS, 1983 - Congress.gov
Apr 5, 1983 · ... training the jobless in Michigan. "They are truly surprised that anyone would come here to talk to them about their problems." CHILD ABUSE ...<|separator|>
[58]
W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research | LinkedIn
The Upjohn Institute is an independent, nonpartisan nonprofit organization that provides research, practice and policy analysis on employment and unemployment ...
[59]
Employment Research Data Center | Upjohn Institute
The Upjohn Institute serves as the data repository for many research and evaluation projects sponsored by the US Department of Labor.Missing: partnerships | Show results with:partnerships
[60]
"AI Exposure and the Future of Work: Linking Task-Based Measures ...
Sep 30, 2025 · 2025. "AI Exposure and the Future of Work: Linking Task-Based Measures to U.S. Occupational Employment Projections." Kalamazoo, MI: W.E. Upjohn ...Missing: gig automation
[61]
Latest News - W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research
The purpose of this workshop is to bring together leading and emerging scholars to discuss their recent empirical research related to issues of outsourcing, ...Missing: 2025 size partnerships DOL