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WASTE

WASTE is a peer-to-peer (P2P) and friend-to-friend protocol and software application for secure instant messaging, group chat, and file sharing over decentralized networks. Developed by Justin Frankel at Nullsoft, it was released on May 28, 2003, but removed from public access shortly thereafter by Nullsoft's parent company AOL due to concerns over its potential for unauthorized file sharing.^[1] The software enables users to create private, encrypted "nullnets" using a shared passphrase for authentication, facilitating secure communication and data exchange among small groups without central servers. Key features include end-to-end encryption with 1,536-bit keys, cross-platform support (primarily Windows, with Linux server capabilities), and tools for file transfers and IRC-style channels.^[2] Open-sourced after its initial withdrawal, WASTE influenced later privacy-focused P2P technologies despite its short commercial lifespan.^[3]

History and Development

Origins and Creation

WASTE was developed in 2003 by Justin Frankel, the principal developer at Nullsoft, the company he co-founded in 1997 as a 19-year-old programmer in Sedona, Arizona.^[4] Frankel had previously gained prominence for creating Winamp, a groundbreaking free MP3 player released in 1997 that revolutionized digital music playback and attracted millions of users.^[5] His experience at Nullsoft, which was acquired by AOL in 1999 for around $100 million, included another unauthorized project: the 2000 release of Gnutella, an open-source peer-to-peer file-sharing protocol that similarly bypassed corporate oversight and sparked legal controversies.^[6] Motivated by a desire to innovate in decentralized networking beyond large-scale public systems like Gnutella, Frankel pursued friend-to-friend (F2F) architectures to enable secure communication among small, trusted groups.^[2] The project began as an unauthorized side endeavor at Nullsoft, reflecting Frankel's rebellious streak and interest in privacy-focused technologies.^[7] He quietly developed and posted the initial version of WASTE on Nullsoft's website on May 28, 2003, without formal approval from AOL, intending it initially for internal use such as secure file sharing between AOL's offices in San Francisco and Dulles, Virginia.^[2] This stealthy launch underscored Frankel's pattern of rapid prototyping and open-source advocacy, honed through his earlier successes at Nullsoft.^[8] The name WASTE draws inspiration from Thomas Pynchon's 1966 novel The Crying of Lot 49, where it serves as an acronym for "We Await Silent Trystero's Empire," symbolizing a clandestine, underground communication network that operates parallel to official systems.^[2] This literary reference aligned with Frankel's vision of building covert, resilient channels for information exchange amid growing concerns over surveillance and centralized control in the early 2000s internet.^[9] Frankel's initial design goals centered on establishing a fully decentralized peer-to-peer system tailored for trusted users, eschewing central authorities to prioritize security and privacy.^[2] The protocol aimed to facilitate encrypted file sharing, private messaging, and group chats within small networks—typically limited to dozens of participants—using a mesh topology where connections form only between authenticated peers, creating a darknet overlay on the internet.^[10] This F2F approach was intended to mitigate risks associated with open networks, allowing users to build private "wastes" based on personal relationships rather than anonymous participation.^[11]

Release and Initial Controversy

WASTE was released on May 28, 2003, by Nullsoft's principal developer, Justin Frankel, who uploaded the software to the company's website without authorization from its parent company, America Online (AOL). The application was distributed under the GNU General Public License (GPL), enabling open-source modification and redistribution, and was initially intended for secure, encrypted communication among small groups, such as internal file sharing between AOL's offices.^[2]^[12] Within 24 hours of its availability, AOL removed WASTE from the Nullsoft site, citing the lack of internal approval and potential legal risks associated with distributing peer-to-peer software, echoing concerns from Nullsoft's earlier unauthorized Gnutella release in 2000. AOL replaced the download page with a notice revoking all rights to the software and demanding that users cease distribution, arguing that the release violated company policy and could expose the firm to liabilities in an era of heightened scrutiny over file-sharing technologies.^[1]^[3]^[13] The swift takedown sparked immediate community backlash, with the software garnering widespread attention on tech forums like Slashdot, where it received thousands of downloads before removal. In response, developers and enthusiasts quickly mirrored the GPL-licensed code on SourceForge, where the project was registered on May 30, 2003, ensuring its continued availability and preservation as open-source software despite AOL's efforts to suppress it. Amid the controversy, Frankel threatened to resign from Nullsoft on June 2, 2003, though he ultimately departed AOL in January 2004.^[2]^[14]^[15]^[7] Early media coverage in outlets such as CNET, The Guardian, and BetaNews highlighted WASTE's potential for private, encrypted networking, framing it within broader discussions on digital privacy implications during the post-9/11 era of expanding surveillance and copyright enforcement. These reports emphasized how the software could enable "darknets" for secure group communication, raising questions about corporate control over innovative tools amid growing public concerns over data security and government monitoring.^[1]^[13]^[3]

Technical Overview

Protocol Fundamentals

WASTE is a friend-to-friend (F2F) darknet protocol designed to function as a virtual private network (VPN) over the internet, facilitating secure communication and data exchange among a closed group of users without exposing participants to the broader network.^[2] It operates by creating encrypted tunnels between trusted peers, enabling features such as instant messaging and file sharing in a manner that mimics a private intranet while leveraging peer-to-peer (P2P) connections.^[2] This architecture emphasizes privacy and security by limiting connectivity to pre-approved contacts, distinguishing it from open P2P systems that allow connections from unknown parties.^[2] The protocol employs a fully decentralized structure, eschewing central servers in favor of direct peer-to-peer interactions among users who mutually trust one another.^[2] Connections are established exclusively between known individuals, forming a resilient mesh network where each node can route traffic through intermediaries if direct paths are unavailable.^[2] This reliance on trusted peer connections ensures that the network remains insular and resistant to external interference or surveillance, as no single point of failure or authority controls access or data flow.^[2] Communication in WASTE utilizes TCP port 1337 by default, allowing peers to initiate and maintain connections over standard internet infrastructure.^[2] The protocol is optimized for small-scale deployments, with recommendations for networks comprising 10 to 50 nodes to maintain performance and manageability.^[2] In basic operation, users exchange public keys with selected contacts to authenticate and establish secure links; once connected, these peers form a dynamic mesh that routes messages and files through the network, ensuring end-to-end delivery within the trusted group.^[2] Encryption underpins all transmissions to protect content integrity and confidentiality, though specific mechanisms are abstracted at this foundational level.^[2]

Encryption and Authentication

WASTE utilizes RSA public-key cryptography to authenticate peers and enable secure exchange of symmetric session keys, ensuring that only verified trusted parties can establish connections within the network. RSA keys are generated with sizes of 1024 bits or larger, defaulting to 1536 bits, providing robust asymmetric security for the initial handshake process.^[2] Public-private key pairs in WASTE are derived from a user-supplied passphrase, which seeds a cryptographically secure random number generator based on RSA reference implementations, incorporating MD5 hashing and entropy gathered from user input such as mouse movements during setup. This passphrase-based derivation ties the identity of each peer to a unique key pair, with the private key protected by the passphrase to prevent unauthorized use. The resulting keys support both peer authentication via public key hashes and the encryption of session keys during connection establishment.^[2] Data protection in WASTE relies on the Blowfish symmetric block cipher operating in Propagating Cipher Block Chaining (PCBC) mode, a variant of CBC that incorporates plaintext feedback to enhance diffusion and error propagation. Session keys consist of 64-byte random values generated for each connection, exchanged securely via RSA encryption. The first 56 bytes are XORed to derive the Blowfish key (448 bits maximum strength), while the last 8 bytes serve as initialization vectors specific to each connection direction, preventing replay attacks and ensuring unique encryption streams. These keys provide confidentiality for all transmitted data.^[2]^[16] All traffic in WASTE, including messages and file transfers, undergoes end-to-end encryption, meaning content remains protected from intermediaries and can only be decrypted by the intended recipient peers using the shared session keys. The key exchange process begins with out-of-band sharing of public keys or their SHA-1 hashes, often manually verified through trusted channels to bootstrap trust. Upon connection attempt, peers perform a challenge-response authentication: one peer sends random bytes and an encrypted hash of its public key, the responder verifies and reciprocates, followed by RSA-encrypted exchange of session keys and vectors, confirmed via the random challenges to prevent man-in-the-middle attacks. This ensures that only authenticated peers derive the final XOR-combined session key needed for decryption.^[2]^[16]

Network Architecture

Core Network Mechanics

WASTE employs a peer-to-peer mesh topology, forming a distributed architecture where nodes connect in a partial mesh configuration to enable direct and indirect communication without relying on centralized servers.^[17] Each node functions both as a client and a server, provided it is not blocked by a firewall on the default port (typically 1337), allowing the network to scale with additional participants who accept incoming connections.^[2] This setup ensures that traffic is routed through multiple nodes, with each participant relaying data for others to obfuscate the origins of communications and enhance overall privacy within the closed group.^[2]^[17] Connection establishment begins with users manually adding trusted peers by providing their IP addresses or DNS names alongside public keys, which are used for authentication via RSA cryptography to verify identities and exchange session keys.^[2]^[17] This process creates a closed network limited to explicitly authorized participants, often identified by a shared network name or ID, restricting access to small, trusted groups of 10-50 nodes to maintain security and manageability.^[2]^[17] Once connected, nodes dynamically form links based on availability, prioritizing paths of lowest latency to distribute traffic efficiently across the mesh.^[17] Traffic handling incorporates load balancing by routing data via the lowest-latency paths available, which helps prevent bottlenecks and improves network resilience against node failures or disconnections.^[17] As more nodes join and accept connections, the mesh strengthens, reducing the load on individual links and enabling redundant pathways for reliable transmission.^[2] This mechanism, while not perfectly optimized, effectively balances the network's operational demands in a decentralized environment.^[17] Search functionality operates through decentralized indexing, where queries are broadcast across the connected nodes to locate files or users without a central directory.^[18]^[17] Users can initiate searches directly, with results drawn from the shared resources of currently online participants, supporting virtual directory browsing to identify available content within the network.^[2] This approach maintains the distributed nature of the system, ensuring no single point of failure in discovery processes.^[18]

Nullnets and Passphrase Usage

In WASTE, nullnets represent open, public configurations of the peer-to-peer network that operate without a required passphrase or network identifier, enabling broader accessibility through the exchange of public keys. Users join these networks by posting their credentials—typically consisting of a username, public key, and connection details—to the WASTE Key Exchange, a community-maintained resource for coordinating participation. This setup allows for decentralized connections among potentially untrusted parties, with one prominent nullnet historically supporting 20 to 30 active users as of the late 2000s.^[19] The passphrase, interchangeably referred to as the network name or ID, serves as a shared secret that derives a unique network identifier, ensuring isolation between distinct groups and preventing accidental mergers or overlaps. Integrated into the protocol's cryptographic processes, such as the RSA-based key exchange using SHA-1 hashing, the passphrase is case-sensitive and must match exactly for peers to authenticate and route traffic within the same logical network. Without it, as in nullnets, networks can seamlessly merge, facilitating public discourse but increasing exposure risks.^[2] For private networks, best practices emphasize selecting long, random passphrases composed of mixed characters to generate robust identifiers and minimize collision probabilities, where unrelated networks with identical passphrases could inadvertently interconnect via mesh routing paths. The key generation password—distinct but complementary—should also employ strong, unique compositions (e.g., incorporating uppercase, lowercase, numbers, and symbols) to secure private keys, avoiding reuse across installations or storage on shared systems.^[2] A representative example contrasts the primary nullnet, used for exploratory or community-wide interactions with lower trust assumptions, against passphrase-secured setups for intimate friend groups, where the identifier enforces strict boundaries and enhances privacy through controlled access.^[19]

Features and Capabilities

Messaging and Chat Functions

WASTE's instant messaging functionality enables direct peer-to-peer text exchange between connected users, providing a secure channel for private conversations within the network. To initiate a chat, users right-click on a peer's name in the main interface and select the chat option, mimicking the operation of conventional instant messaging applications like AIM or ICQ. Presence indicators appear alongside connected users in the main window, displaying their online status to facilitate real-time communication.^[2] Group chats in WASTE are facilitated through dynamic, IRC-style chat rooms designed for multi-user discussions, routed across the peer-to-peer mesh for participants within the same network. Visible public channels, such as #wanparty, are listed at the bottom of the main window and can be joined by double-clicking, while private or hidden rooms require manual commands like /join &hidden entered via the chat interface. These rooms operate exclusively among users sharing the network passphrase, effectively limiting access to invited participants through the closed-group structure.^[2] The original software's user interface centers on a buddy list integrated into the main window, which enumerates all connected peers along with their status, IP addresses, and trust ratings for quick access to chat functions. Pseudonymous nicknames are assigned during initial setup and serve as identifiers in all messaging interactions, allowing users to maintain anonymity without revealing real identities. While the protocol does not support dedicated offline message queuing, direct messages require active peer connections, with any pending communication deferred until reconnection through the mesh.^[2] Integration with the network ensures that all instant messages and chat room exchanges follow encrypted paths across the decentralized topology, leveraging public key authentication for secure routing among trusted nodes. Setup for messaging begins with key pair generation in the application, followed by manual exchange of public keys with contacts via out-of-band methods, and connection using their IP or DNS addresses; the nickname is configured in the setup wizard to personalize interactions from the outset. Usage involves monitoring the buddy list for availability and initiating chats either privately or in rooms, with all text transmissions broadcast or routed solely within the passphrase-defined group to preserve the closed ecosystem.^[2] WASTE employs a decentralized file sharing system designed for secure distribution among trusted peers, emphasizing privacy through limited propagation rather than open indexing. Users can share files by designating specific directories, which are automatically indexed for discovery within the network. This approach allows for direct peer-to-peer transfers without relying on centralized servers, aligning with the protocol's focus on small, closed groups.^[2] File discovery occurs via keyword-based searches that propagate through the connected network. Peers initiate queries using simple text strings, such as entering search terms in the browser interface or via chat commands like "/search filename.ext," which broadcast the request to all accessible nodes. Matching files from shared directories on other peers are returned as results, enabling users to browse and select items for download without a global directory. This propagation is confined to the trust network, ensuring searches do not extend beyond authorized connections.^[2] Once located, files are transferred using a direct peer-to-peer protocol and bandwidth throttling to manage network resources. Users can configure upload and download limits, for example, setting incoming transfers to 60-70 KB/s on a 768k DSL connection, to prevent overload. The transfers window monitors progress, allowing manual control over active sessions. Additionally, chat integration permits sharing file links directly in conversations for seamless access.^[2] Shared folders form the core of the system, where users select directories to expose to the network. Enabling the "Index files, allow searching and browsing" option automatically catalogs contents for trusted peers holding the appropriate public keys, facilitating access without manual uploads. This setup promotes efficient sharing among small groups, such as friends or collaborators, by keeping files locally hosted and queryable only within the passphrase-protected nullnet.^[2] The mechanisms are optimized for small-scale networks, typically limited to around 50 users, to preserve privacy and performance. Without global indexing, WASTE avoids the vulnerabilities of large P2P systems, focusing instead on trusted, encrypted connections that prevent widespread exposure. This design choice prioritizes security for intimate networks over scalability for mass distribution.^[2]

Security Analysis

Strengths in Anonymity and Encryption

WASTE's design emphasizes robust anonymity by operating as a friend-to-friend (F2F) protocol, restricting connections exclusively to pre-approved trusted peers through manual public key exchanges, thereby preventing exposure to external observers or unverified users. This F2F model ensures that network participation is limited to a closed group, reducing the risk of infiltration and enhancing overall privacy within the trusted circle.^[18] A key strength in anonymity stems from comprehensive traffic obfuscation, where all communications are transmitted as uniform encrypted streams, making it difficult for adversaries to perform traffic analysis and distinguish between message types, file transfers, or idle connections.^[20] The protocol employs RSA for secure session key exchange and authentication, paired with Blowfish encryption in PCBC mode for link protection, which further conceals data patterns and origins across the network.^[20] The fully decentralized architecture eliminates single points of failure, as the partial mesh topology allows messages to traverse multiple redundant paths among nodes, enabling the network to remain operational even if individual nodes go offline or experience outages.^[20] This resilience is inherent to the peer-to-peer structure, where each participant can act as both client and router without relying on central servers.^[18] Strong access control is enforced via the F2F paradigm, confining interactions to explicitly authorized peers and preventing unauthorized access or eavesdropping by outsiders, which bolsters security in sensitive communications.^[18] In small groups of 10 to 50 nodes, WASTE achieves high efficiency with low latency, as searches and transfers occur rapidly within the limited scope, avoiding the overhead of large-scale discovery mechanisms.^[20]

Identified Vulnerabilities and Flaws

The WASTE protocol employs Blowfish in Propagating Cipher Block Chaining (PCBC) mode for link-level encryption, a non-standard mode that introduces significant cryptographic weaknesses. PCBC is malleable, allowing an attacker with access to ciphertexts to modify them in ways that produce predictable changes in the decrypted plaintext without knowledge of the key. This vulnerability enables chosen-ciphertext attacks, where an adversary can forge valid messages or existential forgeries by exploiting the mode's structure, particularly when combined with known plaintext blocks. For instance, interchanging adjacent ciphertext blocks can alter the message integrity without immediate detection, as the mode propagates errors but does not inherently provide authentication beyond basic checks. These flaws were analyzed in detail, demonstrating that PCBC variants like PCBC+ permit forgery attacks with complexity as low as O(2^{n/2}) operations using the birthday paradox for malleability exploitation.^[21] A core operational flaw in WASTE stems from its reliance on unverified nicknames for user identification within the network. While public key cryptography authenticates peer connections, nicknames are assigned arbitrarily and not bound to keys or certificates, permitting any participant to impersonate another by adopting the same nickname. This enables spoofing attacks, where a malicious peer can masquerade as a trusted contact to disseminate false information, inject malicious files, or disrupt chat functions without detection by other users. The protocol's friend-to-friend design assumes trust among peers but lacks mechanisms to verify or challenge nickname uniqueness, exacerbating risks in larger networks. This issue was partially mitigated in version 1.6 by displaying public key hashes alongside nicknames. WASTE lacks a built-in protocol-level mechanism for dynamic expulsion or revocation of misbehaving peers. Once added via public key exchange, peers can be manually removed by individual users deleting the corresponding key files, but full network exclusion requires coordinated action by all participants. This manual process can lead to fragmented connectivity if not all peers synchronize removals, resulting in persistent exposure to compromised or adversarial nodes until resolved offline. Reconnection issues further compromise operational reliability in WASTE, particularly with dynamic IP addresses common in residential networks. The protocol does not automatically handle IP changes or NAT traversal beyond initial setup, necessitating manual intervention—such as updating host lists or using static DNS entries—to reestablish links. This leads to frequent downtime, as peers behind changing IPs become unreachable until manually re-added, disrupting file sharing and chat continuity. Without built-in discovery or heartbeat mechanisms for IP updates, networks experience intermittent connectivity, especially in mobile or unstable environments.^[2]

Implementations and Evolution

Original Software Versions

The original WASTE software, developed by Nullsoft, debuted in May 2003, establishing basic friend-to-friend (F2F) connectivity for secure, encrypted peer-to-peer communication among small trusted groups.^[14] This initial release focused on core mechanics like RSA key exchange and Blowfish encryption to enable instant messaging, group chat, and file sharing without central servers, prioritizing anonymity and decentralization. Development progressed through several iterations, culminating in stable releases up to version 1.7 in 2008 and the final official update, 1.7.4, on December 24, 2008.^[14] These later versions introduced user interface enhancements, such as improved buddy lists and network status displays, alongside bug fixes to enhance reliability and usability, while maintaining backward compatibility with earlier builds for established networks.^[2] Experimental branches emerged to optimize performance, notably variants employing a 16k packet size that reduced overhead and boosted transfer speeds compared to the standard 4k packet limit.^[14] However, these modifications rendered them incompatible with conventional WASTE networks, limiting their adoption to specialized testing environments. The core protocol demonstrated stability across versions, supporting consistent mesh topologies without major disruptions.^[18] WASTE was primarily designed for Windows platforms, offering a full graphical user interface (GUI) client and server for Win98 and later systems, with no official cross-platform ports during Nullsoft's stewardship.^[18] This Windows-centric approach aligned with Nullsoft's expertise in the ecosystem but restricted broader accessibility until community efforts later expanded support.^[14]

Forks and Modern Derivatives

Following the discontinuation of official development by Nullsoft in 2008, community efforts led to several forks and derivatives of WASTE, primarily hosted on SourceForge, aimed at enhancing compatibility, security, and functionality for modern use cases. The primary continuation, the SourceForge WASTE project, maintains the core protocol while extending support to multiple platforms including limited native implementations for BSD, Linux, Mac, and full support for Windows, with a cross-platform beta (wxWaste) using wxWidgets.^[14] This adaptation addresses the original Windows-only limitation, allowing broader accessibility for encrypted peer-to-peer collaboration in small groups.^[14] One notable early fork is WASTE Again, initiated from WASTE version 1.5.0.408 beta 3, which introduces universal plug-and-play (uPnP) for simplified network configuration without manual router adjustments, SOCKS4a proxy awareness, and full compatibility with Tor for anonymous routing.^[22] This derivative, licensed under GPLv2, evolved into version 1.8 and serves as a foundation for further enhancements, focusing on ease of setup and integration with privacy tools.^[22] BlackBelt WASTE represents an ongoing modern derivative, building on these efforts to create AI-enhanced private networks with support for IPv4, Tor (v2/v3 onion addressing), and I2P (via SOCKS proxy) to bolster anonymity in mixed environments.^[23] Released under GPLv3, version 1.8 (latest build as of October 2025) includes voice-over-IP (VoIP) capabilities for secure conferencing, distributed AI-driven performance tuning, recurrent neural networks for noise reduction in audio, and scalability for handling over 1,000,000 queued files up to 4TB each, achieving transfer rates exceeding 80 MB/s per connection in IPv4 mode.^[23] These additions emphasize high-impact privacy and usability improvements for contemporary peer-to-peer applications.^[23] Other minor forks, such as Swarm Darknet, extend WASTE's framework with similar anonymity integrations and large-scale file queuing, while community discussions highlight efforts to mitigate known vulnerabilities in the original PCBC encryption mode, which is susceptible to attacks like adjacent block swapping that compromise confidentiality.^[24]^[25] These derivatives prioritize seminal security enhancements, such as stronger key management and anti-spoofing measures using 3072-bit RSA public-key infrastructure, to improve overall protocol resilience without altering the decentralized mesh topology.^[24]

Legacy and Impact

Influence on P2P and Darknet Technologies

WASTE represented an early implementation of friend-to-friend (F2F) darknets, enabling small, trusted groups to form encrypted overlay networks for private communication and file sharing without relying on public infrastructure.^[26] Its architecture, which limited connections to pre-approved peers, shares similarities with trusted overlay networks in later privacy-oriented systems, including Freenet's Darknet mode and I2P's garlic routing for anonymity.^[27] The protocol demonstrated the feasibility of closed, resilient peer-to-peer (P2P) groups for private use.^[28] The protocol's integration of strong RSA encryption for all links, combined with optional traffic padding to obscure patterns, underscored the importance of end-to-end security in P2P environments.^[29] Post-2003 academic papers analyzed WASTE's flooded query mechanism and reverse-path forwarding for balancing privacy against vulnerabilities like eavesdropping in group settings.^[29] WASTE was noted as similar to other trusted connection networks like the Dark Freenet.^[30] Following its abrupt removal by AOL in May 2003 amid internal controversy, WASTE's GPL-licensed source code found refuge on SourceForge, where community maintainers continued development and created derivatives like BlackBelt WASTE.^[31]^[14] This hosting enabled ongoing enhancements, such as cross-platform portability and integration with anonymizing tools, preserving the software's viability despite corporate intervention.^[24] The episode encapsulated a cultural pushback against corporate oversight in open-source P2P development, as creator Justin Frankel's unauthorized release challenged AOL's policies and galvanized support for autonomous, user-driven networks.^[32] WASTE thus became a symbol of defiance, encouraging the ethos of decentralization in darknet communities and reinforcing the value of open collaboration over proprietary control.^[13]

Comparisons to Contemporary Protocols

WASTE's friend-to-friend (F2F) architecture confines connectivity to manually approved trusted peers, fostering a straightforward trust model ideal for small, closed groups but inherently limiting scalability and dynamic expansion compared to Tor's onion routing protocol. Tor enables anonymous traversal of the public internet via layered encryption across a vast volunteer-operated relay network, supporting broader access without requiring personal introductions between users.^[18] Similarly, while WASTE shares darknet aspirations with I2P by prioritizing secure, internal communications, I2P accommodates larger, more fluid networks through garlic routing, which bundles messages for enhanced anonymity and resilience against traffic analysis. WASTE, by contrast, emphasizes static, invite-only topologies suited to intimate collaborations rather than I2P's scalable, peer-managed hidden services ecosystem.^[18]^[33] In comparison to modern VPN protocols like WireGuard, WASTE's decentralized mesh topology offers greater distribution of control and resistance to single points of failure, but at the cost of complex initial peer bootstrapping and configuration. WireGuard prioritizes high-speed, lightweight point-to-multipoint connections with minimal overhead and straightforward key-based setup, making it more accessible for everyday secure tunneling over the open internet.^[18] By 2025, forks such as BlackBelt have evolved WASTE by integrating Tor and I2P transports, as well as AI features and voice conferencing, enabling hybrid overlays that extend reach beyond pure F2F while preserving core encryption, though these remain specialized tools overshadowed by the ubiquity of Tor and commercial VPNs in mainstream adoption.^[34]

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BlackBelt WASTE - ipv4 / Tor / i2p + AI
### Summary of Swarmdarknet Project
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[PDF] Defending Privacy: the Development and Deployment of a Darknet
PCBC mode which WASTE Again uses and is known to have vulnerabilities [10] ... A range of tests were carried out from the domain of security, usability, ...<|separator|>
[33]
[PDF] The Darknet: A Digital Copyright Revolution
[32] Users often refer to darknets for file sharing as friend-to-friend (F2F) ... like the aptly named WASTE, a parasitic darknet capable of secretly piggybacking ...
[34]
[PDF] THE EVOLUTION OF P2P NETWORKS FOR FILE EXCHANGE: THE ...
Perhaps the most popular darknet to date is WASTE, an open source project created in. 2003 by the P2P hacker Justin Frankel, also creator of the original ...
[35]
[PDF] How to Disappear Completely: A Survey of Private Peer-to-Peer ...
WASTE [32, 33] is a group-based network created by Justin Frankel, the author of. Gnutella. ... The impact of free-riding on peer-to-peer ... WASTE peer-to-peer ...Missing: influence | Show results with:influence
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Private Communication Through a Network of Trusted Connections
In this type of network (sometimes called a Darknet, or a friend-to-friend network) every participant communicates directly only with his own trusted peers ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[37]
Nullsoft founder fed up with AOL control - ZDNET
Jun 4, 2003 · Frankel's comments come less than a week after AOL pulled a program he authored called Waste that enables small groups of people to create ...
[38]
Nullsoft founder tired of AOL's attitude [updated] - Ars Technica
Jun 3, 2003 · Frankel sold Nullsoft to AOL almost four years ago, but he remained onboard and has been involved with the unit since that time. However, last ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[39]
[PDF] Comparison of Anonymous Communication Networks-Tor, I2P ...
The group of connected routers form a circuit of encrypted connections through relays on the Tor network. No individual resource on this relay path knows the ...
[40]
BlackBelt Privacy Tor/i2p+WASTE+VidVoIP - SourceForge
Rating 4.7 (10) · Free · WindowsWASTE - friendly support. Built-in NULLNET. WASTE networks IPv4 (ip), Tor (Onion), or i2P (eep); Share URL's or SIP addresses. WASTE will initiate a call ...