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WI

WI is an abbreviation or initialism with several meanings. It most commonly refers to , a state in the . Other uses include places such as the Western Isles and the ; people or characters like Wi Jung and Wi Tak; organizations and businesses such as the and WI (TV station); and other concepts like and Web Intelligence.

Places

Wisconsin

is a Midwestern state in the United States, bordered by to the north and to the east, with a total area of 65,496 square miles, making it the 23rd largest state by area. As of the 2020 U.S. Census, the state's population was 5,893,718, with the estimate reaching 6,033,734 by January 1, 2025, reflecting modest growth trends driven by migration and natural increase. The capital is , located in the south-central region, while serves as the largest city and a major economic hub with a population of 563,531 as of 2025. Known as "America's Dairyland" due to its prominent dairy industry, the state features diverse landscapes including rolling hills, dense forests, and over 15,000 lakes. The region's history is deeply rooted in indigenous peoples, including the and (also known as Chippewa), who inhabited the area for thousands of years before contact, establishing villages and trade networks along the waterways. settlement began in the with French explorers and fur traders, followed by American influxes in the , particularly lead miners and farmers from and . Wisconsin was admitted to the on May 29, 1848, as the 30th state, following the ratification of its amid debates over and territorial boundaries. Economically, Wisconsin's strengths lie in , , and , with dairy products like cheese and leading agricultural output, alongside as a key crop in the northern wetlands. The sector, contributing nearly 19% of the state's GDP, focuses on machinery, metal products, and processing, centered in areas like and Green Bay. generated $25.8 billion in economic impact in 2024, attracting visitors to scenic spots such as Door County on the peninsula, known for its cherry orchards, lighthouses, and shoreline. The state's official two-letter postal abbreviation, WI, has been in use since 1963 as part of the U.S. Postal Service's standardized system to streamline . In recent years, Wisconsin has seen continued at about 0.35% annually from 2022 to 2023, supported by economic opportunities in healthcare and sectors. Environmentally, the state has advanced restoration efforts through the federal Great Lakes Restoration Initiative, allocating funds in 2024 for wetland protection, control, and improvements along its 1,000-mile shoreline.

Western Isles

The Western Isles, officially known as Na h-Eileanan Siar and commonly referred to as the , form an of islands located off the northwest coast of in Ocean. This chain stretches approximately 130 miles from the in the north to Barra Head in the south and includes 14 inhabited islands, such as (the largest), Harris, , , , and . The total land area covers about 1,120 square miles (2,900 km²), characterized by rugged terrain, moorlands, and over 6,000 lochs, making it one of 's most remote and sparsely populated regions. As of mid-2024, the is estimated at 26,020, with the majority residing on . Administratively, the Western Isles have been a unitary council area since 1975, governed by , with on the Isle of serving as the principal town, administrative center, and main port. The region maintains a strong cultural identity, though the proportion of speakers has declined to 45% of the population according to the 2022 census, down from 52% in , reflecting broader challenges in despite ongoing promotion efforts. Historically, the islands were under Norse control as part of the Kingdom of the Isles from the 9th century until 1266, when sovereignty was transferred to via the following the ; this period left lasting influences on place names, , and . During , the played a strategic role in Allied defenses, hosting RAF bases such as RAF and RAF for Coastal Command operations, including anti-submarine patrols and radar surveillance over the North Atlantic. The local economy relies on traditional sectors like —particularly and whitefish from ports like —and , a small-scale agricultural that sustains rural communities across 80% of the land under unique tenure laws. In recent decades, has emerged as a growth area, with s harnessing the region's strong Atlantic winds; notable examples include community-owned projects like the Beinn Ghrideag wind farm on , which generate significant power and reinvest revenues into local development. Between 2023 and 2025, infrastructure enhancements include service upgrades under Scotland's Islands Connectivity Plan, featuring new vessels delivered in 2024 and 2025 to improve reliability and capacity on routes to the mainland and between islands. Additionally, climate adaptation measures address rising sea levels and , as outlined in the council's Strategy 2022-2027, which prioritizes resilient for , , and to mitigate flood risks and support sustainable growth.

Wi, Nordland

Wi is a minor village in Hamarøy municipality, county, . Situated at approximately 68° N latitude, it lies just north of the , contributing to its with long winters and in summer. The village has a population of under 100 residents, according to the latest municipal estimates, reflecting the sparse settlement typical of the region's rural communities. The geographical setting of Wi is coastal along the , one of Norway's longest fjords, with nestled amid towering mountains and branching fjords that characterize the dramatic landscape of Salten district. This environment has historically supported traditional and small-scale farming, with local economies relying on like and , as well as limited suited to the short . Surrounded by protected natural areas, Wi exemplifies the rugged beauty of northern Norway's coastal communities. The name Wi derives from the Old Norse term "ví," denoting a sacred place or in pre-Christian , a linguistic element preserved in several Scandinavian toponyms associated with sites. Development in the village remains minimal, preserving its quiet, traditional character while increasingly supporting , particularly for viewing the during the dark winter months from September to March, when auroral activity is prominent due to the high latitude. In recent years, regional connectivity in has improved through infrastructure enhancements, including the introduction of new hybrid ferries on nearby routes in , reducing emissions and travel times for coastal access. Like the Western Isles of , another remote European location abbreviated as WI, Wi benefits from its isolated yet scenic position, fostering a sense of untamed natural appeal.

West Indies

The West Indies is an comprising more than 7,000 islands, cays, and reefs that form a chain separating Ocean from the , stretching approximately 2,700 kilometers from in the north to the near . This region is divided into major island groups, including the —such as , , (shared by and the ), and —and the , which encompass volcanic islands like , , and , along with and . Geographically, the serves as a diverse ecological laboratory, with varied terrains from coral atolls to rugged mountains, influencing its and vulnerability to natural events. Politically, the West Indies features a complex mosaic of 13 independent nations, such as , , and , alongside over 20 dependent territories, including (a U.S. ) and the . Many of these entities are members of the (CARICOM), an intergovernmental organization founded in 1973 with 15 full member states and 5 associate members, aimed at promoting , coordination of , and functional cooperation across the region. The total of the West Indies stands at approximately 44.7 million as of late 2025, reflecting a blend of Afro-Caribbean, Indigenous, European, and Asian-descended communities shaped by historical migrations. Historically, the entered European awareness with Christopher Columbus's arrival in 1492, whom he believed to have reached the outskirts of , hence the name "Indies." Subsequent colonization by , , , and the transformed the islands into economies reliant on enslaved labor for , , and production, leading to the forced migration of millions and profound demographic shifts. The transatlantic slave trade, peaking in the , fueled brutal exploitation until abolition efforts gained momentum; ended the trade in 1807 and slavery in its colonies by 1838, while followed in 1848. movements emerged in the 19th and 20th centuries, exemplified by Haiti's successful slave revolt from 1791 to 1804, which established the world's first Black-led republic and inspired anti-colonial struggles across the Americas. Post-World War II accelerated, with most British territories gaining sovereignty by the 1980s, though efforts like the short-lived (1958–1962) highlighted ongoing aspirations for regional unity. Culturally, the is renowned for its vibrant expressions, including music genres like —originating in as a satirical, rhythmic tradition tied to —and , which evolved in in the as a socially conscious offshoot of and , influencing global movements for justice and peace. holds a central place in regional identity, with the , representing multiple nations since 1928, symbolizing unity and prowess; the abbreviation "WI" is standard in scorecards and commentary, evoking the team's dominance in the and 1980s under icons like and Vivian Richards. Economically, drives growth, attracting millions annually to beaches and eco-sites, while agriculture—particularly bananas in the like and St. —supports livelihoods despite challenges from global trade; oil production in adds significant revenue, though the sector remains vulnerable to price fluctuations. Overall, the emphasizes services, with contributing up to 30% of GDP in many islands, complemented by remittances and light . In recent years, the has faced intensified climate impacts, including devastating hurricanes; for instance, Hurricane Beryl in July 2024, the earliest Category 5 storm on record, caused widespread destruction in , , and other islands, exacerbating recovery from 2023's active season with storms like . These events, linked to warming oceans, have led to economic losses exceeding billions and heightened calls for resilience. Regionally, CARICOM has advanced integration through the 25 by 2025 initiative to cut food import dependency by 25%, alongside 2025 updates to the Cyber Security Action Plan and amendments to the Revised Treaty for streamlined trade rules, as discussed at the 48th Heads of Government Meeting in February 2025. Such efforts underscore the contrast with temperate uses of "WI," like the U.S. state of , highlighting the tropical, multi-nation character of the region.

People and characters

No verified historical or legendary figures named "Wi Jung" or "Wi Tak" are documented in reliable sources related to Korean history or mythology. The subsections previously detailing these figures have been removed due to lack of supporting evidence. Recent archaeological recognition of Gaya heritage includes the inscription of the Gaya Tumuli on the World Heritage List in 2023. The Gaya Culture Festival in celebrates this heritage; the 2025 edition is scheduled for April 10–23. Note that the 2024 event was canceled.

Organizations and businesses

Women's Institute

The (WI) movement originated in 1897 in , , founded by Hoodless to educate rural women in domestic science, hygiene, and community improvement. The movement spread to the in 1915, where the first British WI was established in September 1915 in , , to revitalize rural communities and involve women in food production during shortages. This led to the formation of the National Federation of Women's Institutes (NFWI) in 1917 as a democratic, non-political organization led primarily by women. Its enduring motto, "For Home and Country," underscores a commitment to enhancing rural life and national well-being. The WI's core purpose is to empower women, particularly in rural areas, through educational programs, craft workshops, and citizenship initiatives that foster and . In the UK, the NFWI represents the largest women's organization in , with more than 190,000 members across over 6,000 local institutes. The movement has international branches, including the Federated Women's Institutes of Canada (FWIC, established 1919), as well as in and , adapting similar goals to local contexts. WI activities traditionally include monthly meetings focused on practical skills like and crafts, but they have long extended to on pressing issues. During , members played a vital role in by establishing preservation centers and producing vast quantities of from surplus to support efforts. While the organization is stereotyped for jam-making, it has evolved into a powerful voice for policy influence, including modern campaigns on to raise awareness and urge political action. In recent years, the NFWI has prioritized initiatives, such as the "End Plastic Soup" campaign targeting microplastic pollution from clothing fibers. Post-pandemic, membership has shown resilience, with over 24,000 new members joining between June 2023 and June 2024 through targeted recruitment efforts. These developments reflect ongoing growth and adaptation to contemporary challenges like .

Other uses

Wi-Fi

Wi-Fi is a trademark owned by the , referring to wireless (WLAN) technologies based on the family of standards, including variants such as 802.11a, 802.11b, 802.11g, 802.11n, 802.11ac, and 802.11ax. These standards enable devices like smartphones, laptops, and sensors to connect to networks without physical cables, typically achieving ranges of up to 100 meters in indoor environments depending on factors like interference and obstacles. The technology operates by transmitting data over radio waves, facilitating high-speed , , and device communication in homes, offices, and public spaces. Development of began in the 1990s with early wireless networking efforts, culminating in the formation of the in 1999 by industry leaders to promote interoperability and certify compliant devices. The name "" was coined by the branding firm Interbrand and evokes "" audio (hi-fi), though it does not officially stand for "wireless fidelity" and has no acronymic meaning. Key operational concepts include the use of unlicensed bands: 2.4 GHz for broader coverage but higher , 5 GHz for faster speeds and less congestion, and 6 GHz introduced in 6E for even greater capacity and reduced latency. has evolved with protocols like WPA3, announced by the [Wi-Fi Alliance](/page/Wi-Fi Alliance) in 2018, which enhances encryption against brute-force attacks and provides stronger protection for personal and enterprise networks compared to its predecessor, WPA2. By 2025, has achieved widespread global adoption, with billions of devices worldwide utilizing the technology for everyday connectivity, including over 17 billion short-range devices that often rely on . Recent advancements include , based on the standard, which began rolling out in consumer and enterprise products in late 2024 and expanded through 2025, delivering theoretical maximum speeds of up to 46 Gbps through wider channels and multi-link operation, with continued growth expected and over 2 billion devices projected by 2028. This iteration also reduces latency significantly, enabling applications like (VR) and (AR) with seamless, real-time performance.

Web Intelligence

Web Intelligence (WI) is an interdisciplinary field at the intersection of (AI) and (IT), focused on leveraging computational methods to enhance the Web's intelligence. It applies and techniques to vast web-scale data for tasks such as , search optimization, and . For instance, recommendation systems like Netflix's utilize and content-based algorithms trained on user interaction data from web platforms to suggest tailored content, improving user engagement by analyzing viewing patterns and preferences. This branch of AI transforms unstructured web data into actionable insights, extending beyond traditional search to enable the "Wisdom Web," where systems exhibit practical reasoning and context-aware responses. Key components of Web Intelligence include web mining and technologies. Web mining encompasses three primary areas: content mining, which extracts textual and multimedia information from web pages; structure mining, which analyzes networks and site architectures to uncover relational patterns; and usage mining, which processes user logs and behavioral data to model navigation and interaction trends. Complementing these are semantic web standards such as the (RDF), a graph-based model for representing interconnected data, and the (OWL), which builds on RDF to define formal ontologies with logical semantics for and . These elements enable machines to interpret web content more intelligently, facilitating applications like automated and enhanced . Applications of Web Intelligence span e-business, security, and analytics, with notable examples in fraud detection and social media analysis. In fraud detection, models process transaction and behavioral from web services to identify anomalies, as seen in streaming platforms where algorithms flag unusual account activities to prevent unauthorized access. Social media analytics employs mining to track sentiment, trends, and network dynamics, supporting targeted and crisis monitoring. The field's is intertwined with advancements, with the global market estimated at USD 327 billion in 2023 and projected to reach approximately USD 224 billion by 2025, driving scalable WI solutions for processing. The IEEE/WIC/ACM International Conference on Web Intelligence, inaugural in 2001, has been a cornerstone for the field, fostering seminal contributions in areas like intelligent agents and through annual proceedings. Recent developments include the integration of large language models (LLMs) with WI frameworks, enhancing web-scale training and knowledge retrieval; for example, 2024-2025 advancements leverage LLMs alongside RDF/ for dynamic enrichment and improved query understanding in systems. This evolution addresses challenges in handling web data, promising more adaptive and contextually aware applications.

Writing Intensive

Writing Intensive (WI) is a designation in U.S. for courses that integrate substantial writing assignments to foster students' communication skills and disciplinary knowledge. Originating in the as part of the Writing Across the Curriculum (WAC) movement, which began in the to promote writing as a tool for learning across disciplines, WI courses require students to produce at least 20 pages of formal writing, often distributed across multiple assignments such as essays, reports, and revisions. These courses are typically flagged with the "WI" label in university course catalogs and emphasize iterative writing processes to enhance , including , , and revision based on instructor feedback. The primary aim is to develop students' ability to construct clear arguments, analyze , and communicate complex ideas within specific academic fields, rather than focusing solely on or style. Assessment occurs through rubrics that evaluate criteria such as clarity, logical structure, depth of argument, and use of supporting , ensuring writing contributes significantly—at least 50%—to the overall course grade. WI courses are widely implemented in , often as a within majors or general programs; for example, many institutions mandate two to four WI courses, with at least one in the student's to align writing with professional practices in that discipline. receive through WAC programs to design assignments that encourage reflective and analytical writing, and these courses may span various departments, from to sciences. In recent years, particularly from 2024 to 2025, adaptations for and formats have incorporated ethical use of tools, such as grammar checkers and automated systems, to support revision without replacing original student work; web intelligence approaches, leveraging for targeted writing , have emerged as potential aids for providing scalable on and coherence.

When Issued

"When issued" (WI) trading refers to the conditional purchase or sale of securities that have been authorized for issuance but have not yet been formally distributed or delivered to investors. This mechanism, denoted by the "WI" symbol, enables early and liquidity for new securities, such as shares from corporate spin-offs, merger considerations, or new debt instruments, without requiring immediate physical delivery. WI transactions are particularly useful in scenarios like post-merger stock distributions or initial public offerings where the security's details are known but issuance is pending. In the trading process, WI securities are quoted and executed separately from regular ("regular way") trades on major exchanges, including the (NYSE). Buyers and sellers agree on a , but settlement occurs only after the official issuance date, typically through the clearing systems like the . For spin-offs, WI trading often follows or overlaps with a "when distributed" (WD) phase, where trades settle upon actual distribution of shares to existing holders. This structure minimizes delivery risks while allowing participants to or speculate on the new security's value. Exchanges impose specific margin requirements and disclosure rules to manage the conditional nature of these trades. Historically, WI trading has been prevalent in major corporate restructurings, including initial public offerings and spin-offs, where it facilitates orderly market transitions. A notable example is the 1984 breakup of , following a 1982 antitrust settlement that divested the company into seven regional "Baby Bell" operating companies effective January 1, 1984. WI trading for these new entities, such as and , commenced in November 1983 on the NYSE, allowing investors to buy or sell shares conditionally before the formal distribution. This period saw significant volume, though it introduced risks like price volatility due to speculative trading and arbitrage opportunities, as evidenced by large-scale short positions against the bundled WI shares. WI trading carries inherent risks, including heightened volatility from incomplete information and the potential for non-issuance if deals fail, though regulatory safeguards limit such occurrences. In recent years, amid a resurgence in special purpose acquisition company (SPAC) activity—fueled by 57 SPAC IPOs in 2024 following a market slowdown—WI trading has gained renewed relevance in de-SPAC mergers, where target company shares trade conditionally before completion, with activity continuing into 2025. The U.S. Securities and Exchange (SEC) adopted final rules in January 2024 enhancing disclosures for SPAC initial public offerings and de-SPAC transactions, indirectly supporting more transparent WI practices by addressing dilution, conflicts, and projections in these high-activity environments. These regulations, effective July 2024, aim to mitigate risks in speculative trading phases like WI amid elevated SPAC volumes projected into 2025.

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