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Who

Who is a in the functioning primarily as an to inquire about the identity, name, or character of a or persons, as in "Who is at the door?" It also serves as a to introduce clauses providing additional information about a , such as "the doctor who treated me." Etymologically, who traces back to hwā, derived from Proto-Germanic hwaz and ultimately from the kʷos or kʷis, which denoted interrogative or relative pronouns across ancient . In , who typically appears in the subjective case as the subject of a or , distinguishing it from the objective form whom, which receives the action—though whom has declined in everyday spoken English since the , often replaced by who even in object positions due to prescriptive resistance yielding to descriptive usage patterns. This shift reflects broader trends in English toward simplification, with formal writing and older dialects preserving whom more consistently, as evidenced in legal and literary contexts.

Grammar and linguistics

Interrogative pronoun

"Who" functions as an interrogative in English to inquire about the identity of a or persons, typically serving as the of the it introduces. It is the form, used when the pronoun acts as the subject of the , as in "Who called?" where "who" replaces a noun like "he" or "she" that would be the subject. This distinguishes it from "whom," the objective case used for objects, though "who" increasingly appears in object positions in modern informal usage. Etymologically, "who" derives from Old English hwā, an meaning "what or which person," with cognates in hwer and Proto-Indo-European roots shared with Latin quis and tis. By Middle English, it had evolved into its current form, retaining its primary role in questioning subjects while occasionally extending to animals perceived as having person-like . Historical texts from the onward show consistent use in direct questions, such as Chaucer's queries about , underscoring its interrogative stability across centuries. In grammatical structure, "who" initiates wh-questions that elicit nominal answers specifying individuals, often paired with verbs in singular agreement even when implying plurality, as in "Who is responsible?" despite potential multiple actors. It contrasts with non-human interrogatives like "what," emphasizing animate reference: "Who won the ?" versus "What caused the delay?" Usage extends to indirect questions, such as "I wonder who left the door open," maintaining function without inversion. Empirical analysis of contemporary corpora, including those from the , confirms "who" predominates in 85-90% of person-referring interrogatives, reflecting its efficiency in queries. Forms like "whose" derive genitive usage for ("Who owns this? Whose is it?"), but "who" itself remains unmarked for case beyond nominative, with no plural interrogative equivalent beyond contextual plurality. In formal writing, adherence to case distinctions preserves clarity, though spoken English favors "who" universally, as evidenced by surveys showing 70% of native speakers avoiding "whom" in questions since the . This shift aligns with simplifying trends in analytic languages, prioritizing communicative function over inflectional precision.

Relative pronoun

In English grammar, "who" serves as a relative pronoun that introduces a relative clause modifying a preceding noun phrase referring to a person, functioning as the subject of that clause. For example, in the sentence "The author who wrote the novel received an award," "who" links the clause "who wrote the novel" to "the author" and acts as the subject of the verb "wrote." This usage distinguishes "who" from relative pronouns like "which," which typically refer to non-persons or things, and "that," which can informally substitute for persons but is less precise in formal contexts. "Who" appears in both defining relative clauses, which provide essential information without commas (e.g., "The witness who saw the event testified in "), and non-defining clauses, which add supplementary details set off by commas (e.g., "My colleague, who specializes in , presented the findings"). In non-defining clauses, "who" cannot be replaced by "that," preserving the clause's restrictive or appositive nature. Linguists note that "who" as a relative pronoun emerged in around 1297, evolving from its interrogative origins through analogy with other wh-pronouns, supplanting earlier demonstrative relatives like "se" or "thaet." By the 17th century, prescriptive s standardized "who" for persons to emphasize and distinctions. Modern style guides, such as those from academic institutions, recommend "who" over "which" or "that" for human antecedents to maintain clarity and formality, though informal speech often permits "that" (e.g., "The person that called was helpful"). This preference aligns with syntactic rules where "who" agrees in case with its antecedent, typically nominative here, though object forms shift to "whom" in other positions—a distinction addressed separately in usage discussions. Empirical analyses of corpora confirm "who"'s dominance in written English for person-referring relatives, with deviations often critiqued in editing contexts for blurring animate-inanimate boundaries.

Usage distinctions (who vs. whom)

"Who" functions as the subjective case of the or referring to persons, used when it serves as the of a or . In contrast, "whom" is the objective case, employed when the pronoun acts as the direct object of a verb, indirect object, or object of a preposition. This distinction preserves remnants of English's case system for personal s, analogous to "he" (subjective) versus "him" (objective). To determine usage, substitute "he" or "she" for "who" and "him" or "her" for "whom"; if the latter fits grammatically, "whom" is appropriate. For example, in "Who sent the letter?" the subject performs the action, so "who" is correct (substituting "he sent the letter"). Conversely, "To whom did you send the letter?" requires "whom" as the object of the preposition "to" (substituting "to him"). In relative clauses, "the person who called" uses "who" as subject, while "the person whom we invited" uses "whom" as object. Prepositional phrases often precede "whom" in formal structures, such as "the manager with whom I spoke," though inversion like "whom did I speak with?" is less common in contemporary prose. Historically, both forms trace to "hwā" (nominative) and "hwām" (dative/accusative), with "whom" retaining an inflected ending influenced by Latin models during the , when grammarians emphasized classical case distinctions. Over time, English has undergone morphological simplification, reducing inflectional endings, yet "whom" persisted in formal registers longer than in vernacular speech. In , "whom" has declined sharply, particularly in and informal writing, where "who" frequently substitutes even in objective positions—a trend evident in corpora analyses showing reduced frequency since the . This shift reflects broader analogical leveling with other pronouns, rendering "whom" rare outside legal, academic, or journalistic contexts, though prescriptive style guides like those from still advocate its use for precision in formal settings. Linguists observe that while "whom" may continue fading, its retention in elevated maintains grammatical nuance without impeding comprehension.

Organizations and institutions

World Health Organization (WHO)

The (WHO) is a specialized agency of the tasked with coordinating international efforts, including setting standards, promoting research, and responding to emergencies. Its Constitution entered into force on 7 April 1948, marking its formal establishment as the successor to earlier health bodies like the Health Organization of the League of Nations. Headquartered in , , the WHO comprises 194 Member States that participate in its governance and activities. Governance is led by the (WHA), the supreme decision-making body comprising delegations from all Member States, which convenes annually to approve policies, budgets, and programs. The WHA appoints an Executive Board of 34 technically qualified members, elected for three-year terms to implement its directives and provide technical oversight. The Secretariat, headed by the Director-General—currently , who assumed the role on 1 July 2017 following election by the WHA—handles day-to-day operations across six regional offices and headquarters. Funding totals around $6-7 billion biennially, sourced from assessed contributions (mandatory dues from Member States, covering approximately 20% and fully flexible for allocation) and voluntary contributions (80%, often earmarked for specific initiatives by donors including governments like the United States—which provided $1.28 billion for 2022-2023—and private philanthropies such as the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation). This structure, while enabling rapid scaling for crises, exposes the WHO to influence from large voluntary donors, potentially skewing priorities away from broad public health needs toward donor-favored areas like vaccination campaigns. Core functions include technical assistance to countries, norm-setting via instruments like the (2005), and emergency coordination, such as declaring Public Health Emergencies of International Concern (PHEICs) to mobilize global responses to outbreaks. The WHO has issued PHEICs for events like (2014-2016), Zika (2016), and (2022), facilitating information-sharing and resource deployment. During the , the WHO's response faced scrutiny for declaring a PHEIC on 30 January 2020—over a month after China's initial reports—despite internal assessments and external indicating sustained human-to-human by mid-December 2019. Director-General Tedros publicly commended China's "" and containment efforts on multiple occasions in January and February 2020, even as evidence emerged of Beijing's suppression of whistleblowers, delayed -sharing, and underreporting of cases, which hindered early preparedness. Analyses from bodies like the contend this alignment with Chinese narratives eroded the WHO's credibility and delayed lockdowns and restrictions, contributing to higher rates. Further, the organization's reliance on China-influenced funding and governance—exemplified by Taiwan's exclusion from membership due to Beijing's pressure—has been cited as compromising impartiality in outbreak investigations, including the 2021 origins probe, where access to raw was restricted. These episodes underscore tensions between the WHO's aspirational neutrality and geopolitical realities shaping its operations.

Journalism and communication

One of the Five Ws

In journalism, framework—comprising who, what, when, where, and why, often extended to include how—serves as a structured approach to ensure comprehensive coverage of news events by addressing core factual elements. This method, taught in journalism education since at least the early , prioritizes the inverted pyramid structure, placing the most critical details first to inform readers efficiently amid time constraints. The who focuses on identifying the individuals, groups, organizations, or agents involved in or affected by the event, establishing the human or institutional dimensions of the story. It prompts questions such as: Who initiated the action? Who are the victims or beneficiaries? Who holds or ? For instance, in a corporate , who delineates executives, regulators, or shareholders implicated, clarifying motives and consequences without . This element underscores and , distinguishing key actors from peripheral ones to avoid in comprehension. Failure to adequately address who can undermine a report's , as evidenced by journalistic standards emphasizing verifiable of sources and parties to mitigate or . In practice, reporters cross-reference official records, eyewitness accounts, and public statements to confirm identities, particularly in sensitive cases involving public figures or allegations, ensuring the response aligns with ethical guidelines like those from the . Thus, who not only populates the narrative with specifics but also facilitates by linking agents to outcomes.

Arts and entertainment

Music

The Who is an English rock band formed in London in 1964 by vocalist Roger Daltrey, guitarist and principal songwriter Pete Townshend, bassist John Entwistle, and drummer Keith Moon. The group emerged from the mod subculture, known for high-energy live performances featuring Townshend's guitar-smashing and Moon's explosive drumming, which once earned them a Guinness World Record for the loudest band. The band's breakthrough came with their 1965 debut album My Generation, featuring the title track that became a defining anthem of youth rebellion, peaking at No. 5 on the UK Singles Chart. They pioneered the rock opera format with Tommy in 1969, a double album narrating a deaf, dumb, and blind boy's spiritual journey to messianic status, which sold over 20 million copies worldwide and influenced subsequent concept albums in rock music. Quadrophenia, released on October 26, 1973, followed as another ambitious rock opera exploring mod identity and adolescent angst through Jimmy Cooper's psyche, achieving No. 2 on the UK Albums Chart and featuring tracks like "The Real Me" and "Love, Reign o'er Me." Tragedy marked the band with Moon's death from a on September 7, 1978, at age 32, and Entwistle's fatal heart attack on June 27, 2002, at age 57. Despite lineup changes, including drummers (1978–1988) and (1996–present), Daltrey and Townshend have continued performing, with the band selling over 100 million records globally. They were inducted into the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame in 1990. As of 2025, the duo announced North American dates for their farewell tour, signaling the end of large-scale touring.

Television and film

Doctor Who is a television series produced by the BBC, first broadcast on 23 November 1963. The programme follows the adventures of the , an extraterrestrial from the planet who travels through time and space in the , a that disguises itself as a police box. The regenerates into new incarnations upon facing death, allowing the series to continue with different actors portraying the lead role; as of 2025, fourteen actors have played the in the main series. Intended initially as educational content for children, blending historical and scientific themes, it evolved into a cultural phenomenon with over 800 episodes across its classic run (1963–1989) and revived series (2005–present), addressing themes of exploration, morality, and alien threats. In film, Who Framed Roger Rabbit (1988), directed by Robert Zemeckis, combines live-action and animation to depict 1947 Los Angeles, where human detective Eddie Valiant (Bob Hoskins) investigates a frame-up against cartoon character Roger Rabbit for murder. Produced by Amblin Entertainment and Touchstone Pictures, the film satirizes film noir tropes while integrating classic Disney and Warner Bros. characters, earning three Academy Awards, including for Visual Effects, and grossing over $351 million worldwide on a $70 million budget. Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? (1966), adapted from Edward Albee's 1962 play and directed by in his feature debut, stars as Martha and as George, portraying a bitter, childless academic couple whose late-night encounter with younger guests exposes marital dysfunction, infidelity, and illusion through alcohol-fueled verbal combat. The black-and-white production, filmed mostly in one location, received 13 Oscar nominations—winning five, including for Taylor's performance—and was noted for its raw depiction of psychological turmoil, pushing boundaries against the era's remnants. Other notable television uses include Who's the Boss?, an American airing on from 20 September 1984 to 25 April 1992, centering on former player Tony Micelli () working as housekeeper for advertising executive Angela Bower () in a role-reversal dynamic with their children. The series ran for eight seasons, producing 196 episodes and ranking among top-rated shows for its exploration of gender norms and family life.

Fictional characters and other media

In Dr. Seuss's , published August 12, 1954, by , the Whos constitute a civilization of tiny, anthropomorphic beings dwelling on a speck of dust attached to a , which detects through sound and safeguards against dismissal by larger jungle creatures. Their collective cries of "We are here!" culminate in a unified shout that proves their reality, reinforcing the book's core precept that even the smallest entities possess inherent worth. The Whos reappear as residents of in (1957), engaging in festive traditions that transform the titular antagonist's outlook on their communal joy. The Whos have been adapted into media including a 1970 CBS animated television special narrated by Hans Conried, featuring voice acting for key figures like Dr. H. Whovey, and a 2008 Blue Sky Studios animated film directed by Jimmy Hayward and Steve Martino, where they are voiced by ensembles including Steve Carell as Mayor Ned McDodd amid threats from sour kangaroos and vulture Vlad Vladikoff. These portrayals expand the Whos' world-building, depicting Whoville as a clover-shaped metropolis with inventive architecture and social structures, while preserving Seuss's emphasis on perseverance and auditory validation of existence. In science fiction television, , a series originating November 23, 1963, centers on an unnamed protagonist whose alias "the " prompts the titular query from human companions inquiring about his identity, yielding the program's name as a shorthand for this perpetual mystery. Created by , , and Donald Wilson to blend educational history with adventure, the regenerates across 14 principal incarnations as of 2025, traveling in the —a sentient capable of dimensional transcendence—to confront threats like and . The character's elusive nomenclature underscores themes of reinvention and anonymity, influencing spin-offs such as (2006–2011) and (2007–2011), with the "Who" interrogative evoking existential puzzles in episodes exploring identity and causality.

Miscellaneous uses

Reference directories (Who's Who)

Reference directories known as "Who's Who" publications are biographical compendia that compile short profiles of individuals deemed notable in fields such as , , arts, and , typically including details on career achievements, , and personal . These works originated as selective guides to influential figures, with entries often submitted autobiographically and vetted for merit by editors. The pioneering British edition, , was first published in 1849 by as an annual volume focused on contemporary prominent Britons, evolving into a standard biographical format by the late . Now published by , it maintains over 32,500 entries on living influential individuals impacting British public life, with a companion series Who Was Who archiving deceased entrants across 13 volumes. In the United States, established a parallel tradition, founded in 1898 by Albert Nelson Marquis and issuing its inaugural Who's Who in America in 1899 to document notable living . Numerous national and specialized variants proliferated in the , such as in America for regional or professional subsets, but the format's public-domain status enabled widespread imitation. While original editions prioritized editorial selection based on verifiable accomplishments, many contemporary publications operate as presses, soliciting payments from nominees for inclusion, which dilutes selectivity and introduces entries of marginal . This commercialization has led to scams, where fraudulent directories contact individuals claiming nominations to extract fees, prompting warnings from institutions like about unverified claims of prestige. Credible directories, such as the and Marquis editions, sustain value through rigorous curation, whereas models undermine reliability by conflating payment with prominence.

Acronyms and abbreviations in science and technology

In and rehabilitation technology, WHO denotes wrist-hand orthosis, a custom-fitted designed to support weak muscles, immobilize joints, or limit motion in the , , and hand for therapeutic purposes, such as treating injuries, managing , or enhancing fine . These devices, often constructed from rigid materials like or composite stays, are prescribed based on clinical assessments to prevent or facilitate recovery, with examples including the Hely & Weber UNO model featuring adjustable stays for targeted support up to 10,000 psi in specialized applications. Usage dates back to at least the early in orthotic , emphasizing biomechanical over full to promote functional outcomes. In and oilfield technology, WHO stands for well head outlet, a pressure-rated connector or feedthrough interface at the that facilitates the routing of tubing-encapsulated cables (TEC), fiber optics, or monitoring lines from downhole gauges to surface acquisition units, operating under high-pressure conditions up to 10,000 and temperatures to 125°C. This component, integral to permanent monitoring systems in and , enables transmission for , with designs incorporating dual seals and explosion-proof certifications for safety in hazardous environments. Documented in industry specifications since the , such outlets support multi-drop arrays, reducing intervention needs and enhancing operational efficiency in deep geothermal or wells. These specialized abbreviations, while niche compared to broader organizational uses, appear in technical standards, product catalogs, and patents, reflecting domain-specific adaptations rather than widespread standardization. No dominant WHO acronym prevails across core scientific disciplines like physics or , underscoring their contextual application in applied engineering subfields.

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