Fact-checked by Grok 2 weeks ago

Windsor

The House of Windsor is the reigning royal house of the United Kingdom and the other Commonwealth realms, having succeeded the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha in 1917.^[1] The name change, decreed by King George V on 17 July 1917, was prompted by widespread anti-German sentiment during the First World War, as the prior house name reflected the family's German ducal origins; Windsor was selected for its longstanding association with British monarchy through Windsor Castle, a key royal residence since the medieval era.^[2]^[3] The house has produced five sovereigns to date—George V (1910–1936), Edward VIII (1936, who abdicated), George VI (1936–1952), Elizabeth II (1952–2022), and the current head, Charles III (since 2022)—presiding over pivotal events including two world wars, decolonization, and the monarchy's adaptation to a constitutional role amid republican pressures.^[1]^[4] Defining characteristics include the family's strategic rebranding to bolster public loyalty during crises, as evidenced by the 1917 proclamation relinquishing German titles, and its enduring symbolic function in national identity despite episodes of personal scandal, such as Edward VIII's abdication to marry Wallis Simpson, which tested institutional resilience.^[3]^[5]

Etymology and Historical Origins

Linguistic and Geographical Roots

The name Windsor derives from Old English Windlesōra, a compound of windel (referring to a windlass, a mechanical device for hauling ropes or pulling boats) and ōra (meaning bank, shore, or slope), thus denoting "winch-bank" or "riverside landing with a windlass."^[6] This etymology reflects practical Anglo-Saxon nomenclature tied to topography and utility, specifically a site where vessels could be winched upstream against the current.^[7] The term evolved through Middle English Wyndelsore into its modern form by the medieval period.^[8] Geographically, the name originated with a Saxon settlement on the south bank of the River Thames in Berkshire, England, approximately 20 miles west of London, where the river's meandering course and elevation created a natural hauling point for navigation.^[7] This location, documented in the Domesday Book of 1086 as Windsore, predated the Norman Conquest and leveraged the Thames' strategic role in early trade and defense, with the site's elevated terrain providing defensibility that later influenced the construction of Windsor Castle circa 1070 by William the Conqueror.^[8] The placename's roots underscore causal ties between linguistic descriptors and environmental features, such as the need for mechanical aids in pre-industrial river transport, rather than abstract or symbolic connotations.^[6]

Evolution of Usage

The designation "Windsor" originated as a place name in Old English as Windlesōra, denoting a "bank or slope with a windlass" (a winch used for hauling boats along the River Thames), reflecting the site's practical geography near a landing point in what is now Berkshire, England.^[6] This term evolved from earlier Saxon usage around the 7th-9th centuries, when the area functioned as a modest settlement, with the name appearing in records by the 11th century as the castle—constructed by William the Conqueror circa 1070—gained prominence as a royal stronghold, solidifying "Windsor" as synonymous with monarchical power and defense.^[7] ^[8] By the medieval period, "Windsor" extended to surnames for locals or those associated with the town and castle, deriving directly from the toponym, as common in English naming conventions where habitational surnames proliferated from the 12th century onward.^[9] The name's usage proliferated in the early modern era through royal patronage, with Windsor Castle serving as a favored residence for monarchs like Henry VIII and Elizabeth I, embedding it in heraldic and administrative contexts, though it remained primarily locative until the 20th century.^[1] A pivotal shift occurred on July 17, 1917, when King George V proclaimed the adoption of "Windsor" as the official house name for the British royal family, replacing the German-derived "Saxe-Coburg and Gotha" amid World War I-era anti-German sentiment, explicitly drawing from the castle's prestige to evoke native English heritage.^[2] ^[10] This dynastic rebranding, relinquishing all German titles, transformed "Windsor" from a regional identifier into a global emblem of the monarchy, influencing subsequent cultural references, such as in fashion (e.g., Windsor knots and chairs) and colonial place-naming, where settlements in Canada, the United States, and elsewhere were explicitly modeled after the English archetype post-18th century.^[6]^[1]

Geographical Locations

United Kingdom

Windsor is a historic town in the ceremonial county of Berkshire, England, situated on the south bank of the River Thames, directly opposite the town of Eton.^[11] It forms part of the Royal Borough of Windsor and Maidenhead, the only royal borough outside Greater London, which recorded a population of 153,500 in the 2021 census.^[12] The town center lies at approximately 51°29′N 0°36′W, at an elevation of 49 meters (161 feet) above sea level, and is positioned about 22 miles (35 km) west of central London along the Thames Valley.^[13] ^[14] The geography of Windsor centers on its riverside position, with the Thames providing a natural boundary and historical trade route; the river here marks the county border with Buckinghamshire to the north.^[11] To the south, the town adjoins Windsor Great Park, a large landscaped estate covering over 2,000 hectares of woodland, meadows, and lakes, originally established as a royal hunting ground in the medieval period.^[15] The underlying geology features chalk hills of the Chilterns extending into the area, contributing to fertile floodplains along the river suitable for agriculture and settlement since prehistoric times.^[16] Nearby settlements include Old Windsor, a village 2 miles east with evidence of Saxon-era occupation dating to the 7th century or earlier, predating the main town's development.^[17] The region's temperate maritime climate, influenced by the Thames, supports diverse flora and fauna, including ancient oaks in the Great Park and migratory bird populations along the river corridor.^[18] Urban development has been constrained by green belt policies, preserving much of the surrounding countryside while concentrating infrastructure around the historic core and transport links like the Great Western Railway.^[16]

Canada

Windsor is a city in Essex County, southwestern Ontario, Canada, located on the western bank of the Detroit River opposite Detroit, Michigan, in the United States. The city spans approximately 342.68 square kilometers and functions as a key hub for cross-border trade, connected to Detroit via the Ambassador Bridge—a suspension bridge opened on November 15, 1929, handling over 25% of all goods trade between the US and Canada—and the Detroit-Windsor Tunnel, an underwater vehicular crossing completed in 1930 that carries around 10 million vehicles annually.^[19]^[20] These infrastructure links make Windsor the primary commercial gateway between the two nations, facilitating billions in annual trade primarily in automotive parts and assembled vehicles.^[21] As of the 2021 Canadian Census, Windsor's population stood at 229,660 residents, reflecting a 5.7% increase from 217,188 in 2016, with the broader census metropolitan area (CMA) encompassing 422,630 people. The demographic profile includes 19% seniors aged 65 and older, 64% working-age adults, and 16% children under 15, supporting a labor force heavily oriented toward manufacturing. Historically, the area developed from early French settlements in the 18th century, evolving into a village by 1836 and achieving city status on July 1, 1935, after rapid industrialization; its population surged from 21,000 in 1908 to over 105,000 by 1928, driven by proximity to emerging US automotive centers.^[22]^[23]^[24] The local economy remains anchored in advanced manufacturing, particularly the automotive sector, which employs a significant portion of the workforce through facilities like the Stellantis Windsor Assembly Plant—Canada's largest truck manufacturing site, producing over 300,000 vehicles yearly—and supporting suppliers for exports to the US. This industry cluster contributes to Windsor's GDP, bolstered by logistics and trade advantages from its border location, though it faces challenges from global supply chain disruptions and shifts toward electrification. Educationally, the University of Windsor, tracing origins to Assumption College founded in 1857 and incorporated as a university in 1963, enrolls about 17,500 full- and part-time students across programs in engineering, business, law, and sciences, with research strengths in automotive engineering and environmental sciences aligned to regional needs.^[21]^[25]

United States

Numerous locales in the United States bear the name Windsor, with geographic records indicating 24 such places.^[26] These communities, often named in homage to the English town of Windsor or its royal connotations, vary in size and historical significance, ranging from small rural towns to growing suburban areas. Windsor, Connecticut, holds distinction as the state's first permanent English settlement, established in 1633 by colonists from the Massachusetts Bay Colony on lands previously inhabited by Indigenous groups including the Poquonock, Sicaog, Tunxis, and Podunk peoples.^[27] The town, located in Hartford County along the Farmington River, developed early industries such as tobacco farming and manufacturing, contributing to Connecticut's colonial economy. Its 2020 census population was 29,492, reflecting steady suburban growth near Hartford.^[28] Windsor, Colorado, situated in Weld and Larimer counties along the Cache la Poudre River, traces its origins to the late 19th century amid the settlement of the Colorado plains, where vast bison herds once supported Native American hunters prior to European arrival.^[29] Incorporated as a town in 1882, it experienced agricultural booms in sugar beets and later diversified into manufacturing and residential development, with rapid expansion driven by proximity to Fort Collins and Greeley. The 2020 census recorded a population of 32,716, up from 18,644 in 2010, marking one of the state's fastest growth rates at approximately 75% over the decade.^[30]^[31] Windsor, Vermont, in Windsor County, earned the moniker "Birthplace of Vermont" for hosting the adoption of the Vermont Constitution on July 2, 1777, during the American Revolutionary War era, affirming the short-lived Vermont Republic's independence from New York and New Hampshire claims.^[32] Founded in 1761, the town along the Connecticut River fostered manufacturing in woolens, iron, and machinery through the 19th century, though its economy later shifted toward smaller-scale enterprises. The 2020 census population stood at 3,559 for the town, with the compact downtown census-designated place numbering around 1,961.^[33] Windsor, California, in Sonoma County within the Russian River Valley wine region, emerged as an unincorporated area in the 19th century before incorporating as a town in 1999 amid post-earthquake reconstruction and vineyard expansion following the 1906 San Francisco event.^[34] Its growth tied to tourism, agriculture, and commuting to Santa Rosa, the town recorded a 2020 census population of 26,344, slightly down from 26,801 in 2010 due to regional housing dynamics.^[35] Other smaller Windsors, such as those in Missouri, Wisconsin, and Massachusetts, typically feature populations under 5,000 and rural or semi-rural characters, with histories linked to 19th-century migration and local agriculture, though they lack the national prominence of the aforementioned towns.^[36]

Australia and New Zealand

In Australia, Windsor, New South Wales, is a historic town located approximately 56 kilometers northwest of Sydney on the Hawkesbury River, serving as the seat of the Hawkesbury local government area. Established in 1810 by Governor Lachlan Macquarie and originally known as Green Hills, it represents the third-oldest site of British settlement on the Australian mainland, with European settlers arriving in the area as early as 1794 to develop agriculture amid fertile floodplains. The town features preserved 19th-century architecture and functioned as a key river port for grain transport in the colonial era.^[37]^[38] Windsor, Queensland, is an inner northern suburb of Brisbane, situated about 5 kilometers north of the city center, with a population of 7,811 residents as recorded in the 2021 census. Developed in the late 19th century amid local quarrying activities that supplied basalt for infrastructure, it transitioned from an independent municipality—proclaimed a town in 1904—to integration into greater Brisbane, retaining historical ties to early suburban expansion and transport links like the Windsor railway line opened in 1899.^[39] Windsor, Victoria, constitutes an inner suburb of Melbourne, positioned 5 kilometers southeast of the central business district within the City of Stonnington local government area. Emerging in the mid-19th century during Melbourne's suburban growth, it encompasses residential and commercial zones along the Yarra River, with heritage elements including Victorian-era buildings and proximity to transport hubs like Windsor railway station, established in 1867. In New Zealand, Windsor in North Otago is a rural township located 19 kilometers inland from Oamaru in the Waitaki District, positioned near the 45th parallel south and centered on agricultural activities such as farming on surrounding estates. Named after the Windsor Park estate by early settler Edward Menlove in the 19th century, it remains a small locality focused on pastoral land use without significant urban development.^[40] Windsor, a suburb of Invercargill in Southland, lies in New Zealand's southernmost urban area, characterized by residential neighborhoods and community facilities within the broader Invercargill City Council jurisdiction. Developed as part of Invercargill's 20th-century expansion, it supports local housing and green spaces amid the region's temperate climate and agricultural backdrop.

Other Locations

In South Africa, Windsor is a locality within the Randburg area of Johannesburg in Gauteng province, characterized by residential suburbs such as Windsor East and Windsor West, with an elevation of 1,560 meters.^[41] ^[42] In Jamaica, Windsor denotes a rural community in Trelawny Parish on the northern Cockpit Country fringe, historically linked to plantation pens and great houses, with the name likely deriving from short-term colonial governor Lord Windsor in the early 18th century.^[43] The area encompasses Windsor Caves, a key karst site hosting Jamaica's largest bat population and substantial guano deposits used historically for fertilizer export.^[44] In Trinidad and Tobago, Windsor is a small populated place in Tobago, situated at an elevation of 233 meters near the regional capital Scarborough, approximately 9.7 kilometers distant as the crow flies.^[45] ^[46] Additional minor localities named Windsor exist in countries including Fiji and Zimbabwe, reflecting British colonial naming influences, though these lack significant independent documentation beyond geographic registries.^[47]

Royal Associations

House of Windsor

The House of Windsor is the reigning royal house of the United Kingdom and the other Commonwealth realms. It was established on July 17, 1917, when King George V issued a royal proclamation declaring that the royal house and all descendants of Queen Victoria in the male line would bear the name Windsor, replacing the prior designation of House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha.^[1]^[48] The change was prompted by heightened anti-German sentiment in Britain during the First World War, as the prior name derived from the German duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha through Prince Albert, consort to Queen Victoria; George V sought to align the monarchy more closely with British identity amid public criticism of royal German ties, including family connections to Kaiser Wilhelm II.^[2]^[49] The name Windsor was selected for its longstanding association with Windsor Castle, a principal royal residence since the Norman Conquest and symbolizing native English heritage, rather than continental origins.^[1] The proclamation applied specifically to the sovereign's immediate family and descendants, stipulating that they would relinquish German titles and styles while retaining the surname Windsor for official purposes; this did not retroactively alter the lineage but marked a deliberate rebranding to preserve monarchical continuity under wartime pressures.^[48] Descending patrilineally from Edward VII (reigned 1901–1910), son of Victoria and Albert, the house traces its European roots to the House of Hanover but emphasizes British sovereignty post-1917. Successive monarchs of the House of Windsor include George V (reigned 1910–1936), Edward VIII (reigned January–December 1936), George VI (reigned 1936–1952), Elizabeth II (reigned 1952–2022), and the current sovereign, Charles III (ascended September 8, 2022).^[1] In 1960, a supplementary Letters Patent under Elizabeth II introduced the surname Mountbatten-Windsor for male-line descendants of Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, who lack royal titles, reflecting his anglicized surname derived from his mother's Battenberg line; however, the dynastic house name remains Windsor, with no indication of alteration upon Charles III's accession.^[2] This adjustment accommodated marital influences without disrupting the house's core identity, which continues to embody constitutional monarchy principles established under prior houses but adapted to modern national sentiments. Windsor Castle, situated in the town of Windsor, Berkshire, England, was originally constructed in the 1070s by William the Conqueror as a motte-and-bailey fortress to secure Norman control over the western approaches to London along the River Thames.^[50] The structure initially featured timber walls and buildings atop an artificial mound, forming the core of what became a concentric castle design through subsequent rebuilds.^[51] Spanning 13 acres (5.3 hectares), it encompasses over 1,000 rooms, more than 300 fireplaces, and extensive defensive walls, establishing it as the largest continuously inhabited castle globally.^[52] The castle has served as a principal royal residence for 40 monarchs, with King Charles III maintaining it as a primary home following the death of Queen Elizabeth II there on September 8, 2022.^[53] The castle's layout divides into three wards: the Upper Ward, housing the State Apartments and semi-State Rooms; the Middle Ward, dominated by the Round Tower; and the Lower Ward, containing St. George's Chapel and residential quarters for the Military Knights of Windsor.^[50] The Round Tower, the central keep rebuilt in stone by Henry II around 1170, rises approximately 65 meters (213 feet) and originally functioned as a defensive stronghold, later adapted to house the Royal Archives from 1864 onward.^[51] In the 1820s, under George IV, architect Jeffry Wyatville raised the tower's height by 10 meters and modified its battlements for aesthetic symmetry with the surrounding skyline.^[54] The State Apartments in the Upper Ward, extensively remodeled by Charles II in the 1670s with Baroque interiors by Hugh May, display royal treasures including paintings by Rembrandt and Rubens, Sèvres porcelain, and armor from the Royal Armouries.^[55] These rooms host state banquets and investitures, such as Order of the Garter ceremonies. St. George's Chapel, in the Lower Ward, was founded in 1348 by Edward III as the chapel for the Order of the Garter but rebuilt from 1475 under Edward IV in Perpendicular Gothic style, with completion of the nave by 1511 and fan vaulting added by 1528.^[56] The chapel serves as the burial site for 11 monarchs, including Henry VIII, Charles I, and recently Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, and accommodates up to 800 for services.^[55] Adjacent related structures include the Horseshoe Cloister (built 1180, housing clergy) and the Curfew Tower (14th century, formerly a prison). The castle grounds extend into Windsor Great Park, but core fortifications remain enclosed within the original bailey walls, reinforced in stone by Henry II between 1173 and 1179.^[50] A major fire on November 20, 1992, damaged over 100 rooms in the Upper Ward, prompting a £36.5 million restoration completed by 1997, which incorporated modern fireproofing while preserving historical elements.^[53]

Titles and Heraldry

The House of Windsor was established as the official name of the British royal dynasty by King George V through a proclamation issued on 17 July 1917, prompted by widespread anti-German sentiment during the First World War; this replaced the prior house name of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, with "Windsor" selected in reference to Windsor Castle.^[2] ^[57] The proclamation stipulated that all descendants of Queen Victoria in the male line, excluding female descendants who marry, would bear the surname Windsor, effectively designating it as the family title for non-sovereign members without peerages.^[2] In 1960, Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip introduced the hyphenated surname Mountbatten-Windsor for their descendants lacking the style of Prince or Princess, preserving Windsor as the core dynastic identifier while incorporating Philip's anglicized surname; this change was formalized via a declaration approved by the Privy Council on 8 February 1960.^[57] Styles and titles within the House of Windsor are regulated by letters patent issued by the sovereign. The 1917 letters patent granted the style "Prince" or "Princess" and "Royal Highness" to the sovereign's children, sons of the sovereign's sons, and the eldest living son of the eldest son of the Prince of Wales.^[57] Subsequent adjustments include the 2012 letters patent by Elizabeth II, extending these styles to all children of the Prince of Wales (then Prince William's children), and the 1996 removal of "Royal Highness" from divorced spouses.^[57] Peerage titles, such as Duke of Windsor (conferred on Edward VIII post-abdication in 1937), are personal grants and not hereditary to the house name unless specified, but all align under the Windsor designation for lineage.^[2] Heraldry for the House of Windsor centers on a dedicated badge approved by King George VI on 28 July 1938, depicting the Round Tower of Windsor Castle surmounted by a crown and encircled by an oak wreath symbolizing strength and endurance.^[58] This badge serves as a collective emblem for the dynasty, distinct from individual differenced coats of arms borne by members, which derive from the royal arms of the United Kingdom: quarterly of England (gules, three lions passant guardant or), Scotland (or, a lion rampant within a double tressure flory-counter-flory gules), and Ireland (azure, a harp or stringed argent), with an inescutcheon of Ulster.^[58] The royal arms, used by the sovereign as head of the house, include supporters of a lion and unicorn, a crest of a lion statant guardant crowned, and the motto "Dieu et mon droit," but house members add labels or cadency marks for distinction, as regulated by the College of Arms.^[57] The Windsor badge underscores the dynasty's ties to the castle, without supplanting personal or sovereign heraldry.^[58]

Achievements of the Windsor Dynasty

The House of Windsor was established on 17 July 1917 when King George V proclaimed the change of the royal house name from Saxe-Coburg and Gotha to Windsor, a move prompted by anti-German sentiment during World War I that helped preserve monarchical stability and public loyalty amid wartime pressures.^[1] George V's active support for the war effort, including visits to troops and Allied leaders, reinforced the monarchy's role as a unifying symbol during the conflict and subsequent interwar economic challenges.^[59] His reign from 1910 to 1936 navigated the monarchy through the loss of European thrones while maintaining constitutional continuity in Britain.^[60] During World War II, King George VI exemplified leadership by refusing to evacuate London despite the Blitz, thereby bolstering national morale through visible resilience and personal example.^[61] He conducted morale-boosting tours of bombed cities, reviewed troops, and awarded medals, actions that underscored the royal family's solidarity with civilians and military personnel.^[62] Princess Elizabeth, the future Queen Elizabeth II, contributed directly by enlisting in the Auxiliary Territorial Service in 1945 as a mechanic and driver, becoming the first female member of the royal family to serve in uniform.^[63] Queen Elizabeth II's 70-year reign from 1952 to 2022 sustained the Commonwealth through over 200 official visits to its member states, fostering diplomatic ties and institutional evolution from the former British Empire.^[64] As patron of more than 600 charities, she facilitated fundraising exceeding £1.4 billion for causes including health, education, and disaster relief across the UK and Commonwealth realms. King Charles III, prior to his 2022 accession, founded The Prince's Trust in 1976, which has supported over 1 million disadvantaged young people in the UK through education, employment training, and enterprise programs.^[65]

Criticisms and Controversies

The House of Windsor has faced ongoing criticism for the financial burden it imposes on British taxpayers, with the Sovereign Grant—derived from Crown Estate revenues—totaling £86.3 million in the 2022-2023 fiscal year to fund official duties, staff, and palace maintenance.^[66] Critics, including the anti-monarchy group Republic, contend the true annual cost exceeds £500 million when accounting for security, lost tax revenues from exemptions, and indirect expenses, labeling it an "abuse of public money" amid economic pressures.^[67] A 2023 Guardian investigation highlighted systemic secrecy in royal finances, such as offshore holdings and non-disclosure of private wealth, arguing this opacity undermines public accountability despite the family's exemption from inheritance taxes on certain assets.^[68] Proponents counter that the Crown Estate generates surplus profits for the Treasury—£1.1 billion in 2021-2022—outweighing costs, though detractors like Republic dismiss this as insufficient given the monarchy's unelected status.^[69] Prince Andrew's association with convicted sex offender Jeffrey Epstein drew intense scrutiny after Epstein's 2019 arrest, with Virginia Giuffre alleging in a 2022 civil lawsuit that Andrew sexually assaulted her at age 17 in 2001, a claim he denied but settled out of court for an undisclosed sum estimated in the millions without admitting liability.^[70] In a November 2019 BBC Newsnight interview, Andrew admitted to multiple visits to Epstein's properties and a 2001 photograph showing him with Giuffre and Ghislaine Maxwell, but asserted no recollection of her and cited a medical condition preventing sweating as disproving her account of an encounter. (Note: Original BBC link not directly in results, but referenced across sources.) Following public backlash, Queen Elizabeth II stripped him of military titles, royal patronages, and the use of "His Royal Highness" in January 2021; in October 2025, his coat of arms was removed from Windsor Castle amid renewed questions about Epstein ties revealed in unsealed documents.^[71] Royal watchers, including those citing palace sources, have questioned the extent of prior knowledge within the family, though no evidence of institutional cover-up has been substantiated beyond Andrew's personal associations.^[72] King Charles III's pre-accession conduct has fueled enduring controversies, particularly his extramarital affair with Camilla Parker Bowles, confirmed in a 1994 interview where he admitted adultery during his marriage to Diana, Princess of Wales.^[73] Leaked 1989 telephone recordings, dubbed "Tampongate" and published in 1993, captured intimate exchanges including Charles joking about reincarnation as Camilla's tampon, eroding public trust and contributing to the Waleses' 1996 divorce.^[74] As Prince of Wales, his "Black Spider" letters—private correspondence to ministers leaked in 2015—revealed lobbying on issues like alternative medicine and architecture, prompting accusations of undue political influence despite judicial rulings affirming his right to advise as heir.^[75] Critics have also targeted his patronage of homeopathy and environmental causes perceived as anti-scientific, though supporters view these as consistent with his long-standing interests in sustainability, evidenced by his establishment of the Prince's Trust in 1976, which has aided over a million youth.^[74] The 2020 departure of Prince Harry and Meghan, Duchess of Sussex, from senior royal roles—styled "Megxit"—intensified family rifts, with the couple citing intrusive media coverage and institutional racism in a 2021 Oprah Winfrey interview, alleging unnamed royals speculated on their son Archie's skin color.^[76] Harry's 2023 memoir Spare detailed physical altercations with Prince William and frustrations over security arrangements post-resignation, while Meghan's Netflix projects have included perceived critiques of royal protocols; palace sources report reluctance for reconciliation fearing private discussions could fuel further commercial disclosures.^[77] Buckingham Palace has maintained silence on specifics, emphasizing privacy, though the feud has amplified republican calls for reform, with polls showing divided public opinion on the Sussexes' ongoing use of titles.^[78] Historically, Edward VIII's 1936 abdication to marry Wallis Simpson—renamed Duke and Duchess of Windsor—exposed divisions, with post-war revelations of his Nazi sympathies, including a 1940 visit to Hitler and alleged collaborationist leanings documented in declassified files, damaging the family's image despite cover-ups.^[79] These episodes underscore recurring themes of personal failings intersecting with public duty, though empirical support for institutional conspiracy remains limited to circumstantial evidence in most cases.^[80]

Notable People

Individuals with the Surname Windsor

Barbara Windsor (1937–2020), born Barbara Ann Deeks, was an English actress celebrated for her roles in nine films of the Carry On comedy series between 1964 and 1974, as well as her portrayal of landlady Peggy Mitchell in the BBC soap opera EastEnders from 1994 until her character's death in 2016.^[81] Standing at 4 feet 10 inches tall, she began her career with stage appearances in the 1950s, including West End debuts, before transitioning to film and television.^[81] Windsor received the Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire in the 2016 New Year Honours for services to entertainment and charity; she was diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease in 2014 and died on 10 December 2020 from related complications.^[82]^[81] Barry Windsor-Smith, originally Barry Smith (born 25 May 1949), is a British-Canadian comic book illustrator and writer who rose to prominence in the late 1960s with his detailed artwork for Marvel Comics, including early issues of Conan the Barbarian and contributions to The Avengers and X-Men.^[83] After moving to the United States in 1971, he pioneered a hyper-detailed style influencing fantasy and superhero genres, earning multiple Eisner Awards, including for his 2021 graphic novel Monsters.^[83] His career spans independent publishing through his studio, Gorblimey Press, established in the 1970s.^[83] Antony Harold Curties Windsor (born 2 September 1950), known as Tony Windsor, is an Australian politician who represented the electorate of New England as an independent in the federal House of Representatives from 2001 to 2013, following prior service in the New South Wales Legislative Assembly for Tamworth from 1991 to 2001.^[84] He supported the Labor minority government under Julia Gillard after the 2010 election, emphasizing rural issues like water policy and infrastructure.^[84] Windsor was appointed Member of the Order of Australia in 2015 for significant service to politics and parliamentary reform.^[84] Bobby Windsor (born 31 January 1948), nicknamed "The Duke," is a Welsh former rugby union hooker who won 28 caps for Wales between 1973 and 1979, contributing to three Grand Slam victories in the Five Nations Championship during that period.^[85] He played club rugby for Pontypool and toured with the British and Irish Lions in 1974 to South Africa, appearing in all four Tests during the unbeaten series.^[85] Known for his toughness in the front row, Windsor later detailed his career in the 2010 autobiography The Iron Duke: The Life and Times of a Working-Class Rugby Hero.^[85] Devon Windsor (born 7 March 1994) is an American fashion model signed with IMG Models, recognized for walking in multiple Victoria's Secret Fashion Shows starting in 2013 and campaigns for brands including Maybelline and Free People.^[86] Hailing from St. Louis, Missouri, she has also launched her own swimwear line, Devon Windsor Swim, in 2017, focusing on inclusive sizing.^[86]

Fictional or Cultural Figures Named Windsor

In the long-running British soap opera Emmerdale, broadcast on ITV since 1972, the Windsor surname identifies a fictional family originating from the village of Emmerdale, featuring in numerous dramatic arcs involving farming, crime, and family conflicts. Donna Windsor, portrayed by Verity Rushworth, debuted in 2002 as a troubled teenager and developed into a key character as a police officer, appearing until her storyline concluded in 2014 with themes of corruption and sacrifice.^[87] Other Windsor family members in Emmerdale include Vic Windsor, a farmer and pub landlord played by Alun Lewis from 1993 to 1998, whose tenure involved rural business ventures and personal disputes. Scott Windsor, son of Vic, was depicted across two actors—Toby Cockerell (1993–1996) and Ben Freeman (1998–2007)—as a character entangled in arson, imprisonment, and redemption narratives. Kelly Windsor, daughter of Vic, portrayed by Adele Silva from 1997 to 2007 (with a brief return in 2011), featured in plots centered on relationships, business schemes, and tragedy, including a car crash death. In American cinema, Alec Windsor emerges as a notable antagonist in the 2022 horror-comedy Spirit Halloween: The Movie, directed by Brendan Peterson. Played by Christopher Lloyd, the character is introduced as a avaricious 1940s real estate developer whose attempt to seize land from a witch leads to his cursed death and ghostly resurrection, haunting a modern Halloween pop-up store to prey on trapped youths.^[88] The Windsor name also appears in contemporary romance fiction, such as Casey McQuiston's 2019 novel Red, White & Royal Blue, where Prince Henry belongs to the fictional Mountchristen-Windsor dynasty, a stand-in for the British royal family in a story of international political intrigue and queer romance adapted into a 2023 film.

Designs and Cultural Artifacts

Windsor Chair

The Windsor chair is a form of wooden seating furniture distinguished by its construction from a solid sculpted seat into which multiple turned spindles, legs, and other elements are socketed via round tenons inserted into drilled holes, creating a lightweight yet sturdy structure without the need for complex joinery like those in framed chairs of the period.^[89] This design emerged in rural England during the early 18th century, with the earliest documented references dating to around 1710 in areas such as Buckinghamshire and Oxfordshire, rather than the town of Windsor itself, despite the name's association possibly stemming from local production for markets near Windsor Great Park or broader regional trade networks.^[90] Production typically occurred in small, specialized workshops where bodgers (rural turners) supplied rough components to chair makers, reflecting an early division of labor that enabled scalable output using green wood techniques.^[91] Key features include a splayed leg arrangement for stability, a back composed of numerous slender vertical spindles—often 8 to 12 or more—supporting a curved top rail or bow, and frequent use of steam-bending for resilient elements like armrests or hoops, which allowed for ergonomic shaping without weakening the wood.^[89] Seats were carved from a single plank, typically wide and saddle-shaped to distribute weight, while legs and stretchers were lathe-turned for decorative baluster or vase profiles. Traditional examples employed a mix of native hardwoods suited to specific parts: close-grained elm or oak for the seat's carvability and durability; beech, ash, or maple for turnings due to their hardness and fine grain; and yew, ash, or fruitwoods like cherry for spindles, which required flexibility for bending and carving of decorative knobs or crests.^[92] This multi-wood approach maximized material properties, with green wood preferred for its workability before seasoning, resulting in chairs that were affordable, portable, and resistant to warping compared to contemporaneous upholstered or veneered pieces.^[89] Variations proliferated by mid-century, including comb-back models with extended upper spindles forming a fan-like crest, wheel-back types featuring circular perforations in the splat for added lightness, and low-seat "farmer's chairs" for informal use, alongside armchairs introduced around the 1740s often positioned as fireside seating.^[93] Initially suited for outdoor or vernacular settings due to their simple, unpainted finishes, Windsors gained indoor popularity in taverns and homes for their comfort and stackability, influencing exports to colonial America by the 1730s where local adaptations using native woods like hickory emerged.^[94] Despite romantic legends linking the style to royal patronage, such as King George II's supposed encounter with a prototype, historical evidence points to pragmatic rural innovation by wheelwrights adapting cart-making techniques rather than aristocratic origins.^[95] By the late 18th century, painted finishes in green, black, or red—often with milk paint over undercoats—became common to mask wood inconsistencies and enhance aesthetics, underscoring the chair's role as democratic furniture accessible across social strata.^[89]

Windsor Knot

The Windsor knot, also known as the full Windsor or double Windsor, is a method of tying a necktie that results in a wide, symmetrical, triangular shape suitable for displaying the tie's pattern prominently.^[96] This knot requires approximately 13 folds of the wide end of the tie, making it bulkier than simpler knots like the four-in-hand, and it is best suited for spread-collar shirts to fill the collar gap effectively.^[97] It gained popularity in the mid-20th century as a formal option, though it demands a longer tie due to the fabric usage in its construction.^[98] Despite its name, the knot was not invented or primarily used by Edward, Duke of Windsor (formerly King Edward VIII), who favored a thick four-in-hand knot with wide ties to achieve a similar bulky appearance; rather, it emerged publicly in the 1920s–1930s as an imitation of his style, with the name attributed retrospectively.^[97] Some accounts trace early bulky knots to King George V's preference for full looks on heavy fabrics, but the standardized Windsor form crystallized later through menswear adaptations.^[99] By the 1930s, it appeared in tailoring guides as a structured alternative to asymmetrical knots, reflecting evolving menswear norms favoring symmetry in formal attire.^[98] To tie a Windsor knot, begin with the wide end of the tie hanging about 14 inches (35 cm) longer than the narrow end, draped around the neck with the seam facing inward. Cross the wide end over the narrow end, then loop it up through the neck loop from below; bring it across the front from left to right, then up through the neck loop again. Pull it down behind the knot, wrap it around the front from right to left, and thread it up through the neck loop once more before drawing it down through the new front loop formed; finally, adjust by sliding the knot up while tightening both ends.^[100] This process yields a self-releasing structure that can be undone by pulling the narrow end.^[96] The full Windsor suits conservative, business-formal settings like weddings or interviews due to its polished, authoritative profile, but it may overwhelm pointed collars or thinner ties, potentially appearing dated or overly stiff.^[101] A common variation, the half Windsor (or single Windsor), uses fewer wraps—typically seven—for a medium-sized, slightly asymmetrical triangle that is easier to tie and more versatile with standard tie lengths, though less voluminous.^[102] Other derivatives adjust the tail positioning for subtle aesthetic tweaks, but the core full version remains the benchmark for symmetry in neckwear knotting.^[103]

Windsor in Literature and Arts

William Shakespeare's comedy The Merry Wives of Windsor, first published in quarto in 1602, is set in the town of Windsor and features the character Sir John Falstaff attempting to seduce two local housewives, who ultimately outwit him in a series of humiliations involving laundry baskets and disguises.^[104] The play draws on local Windsor folklore and landmarks, including Herne's Oak in Windsor Great Park, and reflects middle-class English life during the Elizabethan era, with performances traditionally linked to royal commissions, such as a possible request from Queen Elizabeth I to see Falstaff in love.^[105] In the 19th century, William Harrison Ainsworth's historical novel Windsor Castle, serialized in 1842, dramatizes events at the castle during Henry VIII's reign from 1529 to 1536, intertwining real figures like Anne Boleyn and Herne the Hunter—a mythical figure from Windsor Forest—with gothic elements of romance, intrigue, and supernatural hauntings.^[106] The work, illustrated by George Cruikshank, emphasizes the castle's architectural grandeur and its role in Tudor courtly drama, though Ainsworth takes liberties with historical accuracy for narrative effect, such as amplifying legends of ghostly apparitions.^[107] Windsor Castle has been a frequent subject in visual arts, symbolizing British monarchy and continuity. Sir Edwin Landseer's 1841–1845 painting Windsor Castle in Modern Times, housed in the castle's Royal Collection, portrays Queen Victoria and Prince Albert in a domestic interior scene amid royal symbols like crowns and corgis, blending Victorian sentimentality with the castle's medieval heritage to evoke stability and familial piety.^[108] Earlier depictions, such as 17th-century views by artists in the Royal Collection, highlight the castle's skyline against the Thames, underscoring its strategic and aesthetic prominence in English landscape art.^[109] The House of Windsor, renamed in 1917 amid anti-German sentiment during World War I, features prominently in 20th- and 21st-century biographical literature and dramas, often exploring abdication crises and modern royal scandals rather than fictional invention. Andrew Lownie’s Traitor King (2021) examines Edward VIII's post-abdication exile based on declassified files, portraying the Duke and Duchess of Windsor's wartime sympathies as self-serving rather than ideological, drawing on primary documents to challenge sympathetic narratives.^[110] Such works prioritize archival evidence over romanticized portrayals, reflecting the dynasty's shift from imperial symbolism to tabloid scrutiny.

Transportation and Infrastructure

Railway and Road Links

Windsor in Berkshire, England, maintains rail connections to London through its primary station, Windsor & Eton Riverside. South Western Railway operates direct services from London Waterloo to this station, with up to two trains per hour during peak times and journey durations of approximately 55 minutes.^[111] Great Western Railway provides shuttle services from Slough to Windsor & Eton Riverside, enabling onward connections to London Paddington in about 30-40 minutes total from Windsor.^[112] Windsor & Eton Central station offers limited passenger access, primarily for charter trains, rail tours, and seasonal events like the annual Santa special operated by Great Western Railway.^[113] The station's branch line from Slough has not supported regular commuter services since the 1960s, reflecting broader mid-20th-century rationalizations of the UK rail network.^[114] Road access to Windsor utilizes the A308, which links the town directly to the M4 motorway junction 6, roughly 4 miles (6.4 km) east, facilitating travel to central London (about 25 miles or 40 km west) and Heathrow Airport (10 miles or 16 km southeast).^[115] The M25 orbital motorway lies approximately 10 miles (16 km) south, providing broader regional connectivity. Local Thames crossings include the 19th-century Windsor Bridge for pedestrians and the modern Queen Elizabeth Bridge for vehicles, both essential for intra-town and cross-river movement.^[116] A proposed Windsor Link Railway aims to enhance direct links to London Waterloo via a new alignment, potentially adding four trains per hour, though as of 2025 it remains in planning stages without construction started.^[117]

Notable Transport Hubs

Windsor & Eton Riverside railway station in Windsor, Berkshire, England, serves as the primary rail terminus for the town, connecting to London Waterloo via Slough with South Western Railway services that carry over 1.5 million passengers annually. Opened in 1848 by the London and South Western Railway, it features a distinctive curved platform and riverside location adjacent to the Thames, facilitating access to Windsor Castle and contributing to the area's tourism economy.^[118] Windsor railway station in Windsor, Ontario, Canada, functions as the western terminus of VIA Rail's Quebec City–Windsor Corridor, offering intercity services to Toronto and beyond with up to 20 daily trains as of 2025. Located at 298 Walker Road, the station includes facilities for accessibility, Wi-Fi, and ticketing, supporting regional connectivity across southwestern Ontario and cross-border links via the nearby Detroit-Windsor Tunnel.^[119] The Windsor International Transit Terminal in downtown Windsor, Ontario, operates as the central bus hub for Transit Windsor, handling local routes, regional services, and cross-border connections to Detroit, Michigan, with integrated ticketing for tunnel buses. Opened in 2011, it processes thousands of daily passengers and anchors public transit in the binational Detroit-Windsor metropolitan area, one of North America's busiest commercial crossings.^[120]

Political and Modern Uses

Windsor Framework

The Windsor Framework is a bilateral agreement between the United Kingdom and the European Union, finalized on 27 February 2023, that amends the Northern Ireland Protocol within the EU-UK Withdrawal Agreement of 2020.^[121] It establishes revised arrangements for trade and regulatory alignment between Northern Ireland and the rest of the UK, while preserving the absence of a hard border on the island of Ireland and safeguarding the EU's single market integrity.^[122] The framework was negotiated under the premiership of Rishi Sunak and signed during a visit to Windsor Castle, addressing persistent implementation challenges of the original protocol, which had led to political deadlock in Northern Ireland, including the suspension of the Stormont Assembly since February 2022.^[123] Central to the agreement are dual pathways for goods moving from Great Britain to Northern Ireland: a "green lane" for trusted traders handling goods destined to stay in Northern Ireland, featuring reduced customs checks and paperwork via digital systems and data-sharing between UK and EU authorities; and a "red lane" for goods at risk of entering the EU single market, subject to full EU customs and regulatory controls.^[124] Additional measures include the "Stormont Brake," allowing the Northern Ireland Assembly to veto future EU laws with significant democratic or economic impact on the region if a cross-community vote is triggered, and exemptions for certain retail goods like food and parcels under 30kg from routine checks.^[125] These provisions aim to minimize disruptions to the UK's internal market, with the UK government estimating that up to 80% of goods could use the green lane, though full implementation has faced delays, such as the parcel regime rollout postponed to May 2025.^[126] The framework's reception has been mixed, with initial endorsement from the UK Parliament via the 2023 Statutory Instruments and EU Council approval, yet ongoing unionist opposition highlighting incomplete removal of the "Irish Sea border" and persistent regulatory divergence risks.^[127] The Democratic Unionist Party (DUP) withdrew support after a September 2025 independent review by Lord Murphy, criticizing it for failing to fully restore Northern Ireland's constitutional parity within the UK and for complex bureaucratic burdens on businesses.^[128] Polls reflect declining public support: a May 2025 survey showed 48% viewing it positively for Northern Ireland, down from earlier peaks, with 36% opposed, particularly among unionists citing supply chain disruptions and reduced consumer choice.^[129] ^[130] Proponents, including the UK government and EU officials, argue it stabilizes post-Brexit trade flows, evidenced by resumed Stormont operations in February 2024 after DUP concessions, though a House of Lords committee in October 2025 described the system as "overwhelmingly complex" requiring urgent simplification for stakeholders.^[131]

Other Contemporary References

In ecclesiastical politics, the Windsor Report, issued on October 18, 2004, by the Lambeth Commission appointed by Archbishop of Canterbury George Carey, examined fractures in the Anglican Communion stemming from the Episcopal Church's 2003 consecration of Gene Robinson as an openly homosexual bishop and the Diocese of New Westminster's authorization of same-sex blessings.^[132] The 100-page document outlined biblical and theological foundations for communion, urged moratoriums on further consecrations of non-celibate gay clergy and blessings of same-sex unions to foster reconciliation, and advocated for an Anglican covenant to define boundaries of acceptable diversity among the Communion's autonomous provinces.^[132] While not legally binding, it shaped subsequent primates' meetings and the 2008 Lambeth Conference, though conservative primates formed the Global Anglican Future Conference (GAFCON) in 2008, criticizing the report for insufficient doctrinal firmness and prioritizing institutional unity over scriptural adherence.^[133] In American constitutional law, United States v. Windsor, decided by the U.S. Supreme Court on June 26, 2013, declared Section 3 of the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA) unconstitutional by a 5-4 vote, holding that the federal definition of marriage as solely between one man and one woman denied equal protection and due process under the Fifth Amendment to same-sex couples legally married under state law.^[134] The ruling stemmed from Edith Windsor's challenge to a $363,000 federal estate tax imposed on her late spouse Thea Spyer's estate, as DOMA barred federal recognition of their 2007 New York marriage despite its validity under state law post-Lawrence v. Texas (2003). Justice Anthony Kennedy's majority opinion emphasized DOMA's intrusion on state sovereignty over domestic relations and its infliction of dignitary harm on same-sex spouses, invalidating federal denial of over 1,000 benefits including tax exemptions, though it sidestepped broader equal protection scrutiny under the Fourteenth Amendment or states' rights to define marriage. The decision prompted the Obama administration to extend federal recognition to same-sex marriages and influenced the 2015 Obergefell v. Hodges ruling nationwide, while dissenting justices like Antonin Scalia argued it usurped democratic processes on a contentious social issue.^[135]

References

[1]
The House of Windsor | The Royal Family
The House of Windsor was adopted in 1917 by King George V, replacing Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, and remains the current Royal Family's name.
[2]
The Royal Family name
The family name was changed as a result of anti-German feeling during the First World War, and the name Windsor was adopted after the Castle of the same name.
[3]
British Royal Family Changes Its Name to Windsor | Research Starters
The British Royal Family changed to Windsor due to anti-German sentiment during WWI, as the family had German roots, and the name was taken from Windsor Castle.
[4]
The House of Windsor
There have been four British monarchs of the House of Windsor: King George V, King Edward VIII, King George VI and Queen Elizabeth II.
[5]
The House of Windsor | The Royal Mint
The House of Windsor has produced five monarchs who have reigned over Britain for more than 100 years and later served as heads of the Commonwealth.
[6]
Windsor - Etymology, Origin & Meaning
Windsor, from Old English Windlesoran meaning "bank or slope with a windlass," is a Berkshire town known for its royal residence influencing chair, tie, ...
[7]
A History of Windsor - Local Histories
Windsor began as a Saxon village. The name Windsor is believed to be a corruption of the Saxon words 'windlass Oran' meaning a bank with a windlass.
[8]
A Brief History of Windsor
The name of Windsor derives from Windlesore, or 'Winding Shores' where boats were pulled by windlass ('windles') up the river. As with all such names that ...<|separator|>
[9]
Windsor Name Meaning and Windsor Family History at FamilySearch
The placename probably derives from Old English wind 'wind' (genitive windes) + ofer 'slope, hill, ridge'. History: Windsor is the surname of the ...
[10]
How did the royal family choose the name 'Windsor'? - HistoryExtra
Apr 28, 2021 · The royal family decided to change their name in the midst of the First World War, but what made them choose Windsor?
[11]
History of Windsor
It may seem surprising but the town of Windsor is considerably older than the Castle. It dates from the 7th century with royal ownership probably from the 9th.
[12]
Windsor and Maidenhead population change, Census 2021 – ONS
Jun 28, 2022 · In Windsor and Maidenhead, the population size has increased by 6.2%, from around 144,600 in 2011 to 153,500 in 2021.
[13]
GPS coordinates of Windsor, United Kingdom. Latitude
GPS coordinates of Windsor, United Kingdom. Latitude: 51.4833 Longitude: -0.6000.Missing: elevation | Show results with:elevation
[14]
Windsor elevation
Windsor (England, Royal Borough of Windsor and Maidenhead), United Kingdom elevation is 49 meters and Windsor elevation in feet is 161 ft above sea level.
[15]
History and heritage - Royal Borough of Windsor and Maidenhead
Windsor is a town full of royal history and is part of The Royal Borough of Windsor and Maidenhead, the only Royal Borough outside of London.
[16]
About Windsor
Windsor has 1,000 years of royal history, is 30 miles west of London, and features Windsor Castle and Great Park. It is easily accessible by motorway and ...
[17]
About Old Windsor
The most historically significant being a large ninth century riverside Saxon settlement (built on the site of an earlier roman settlement), with a royal palace ...
[18]
[PDF] Demographics - Royal Borough of Windsor and Maidenhead
In total, the population is projected to grow by 1.6% from 2025 to 2043, but those aged over 65s is estimated to increase by just over 33.4%. • The borough ...
[19]
Ambassador Bridge
The Ambassador Bridge is a tolled suspension bridge across the Detroit River that connects Detroit, Michigan in the United States with Windsor, Ontario in ...Live Cameras · Ambassador Bridge · Into Canada · Bridge Facts
[20]
Detroit Windsor Tunnel - Connecting Our Communities
The Detroit Windsor Tunnel is an international border crossing that connects exciting downtown Detroit, Michigan with the charming city of Windsor, Ontario.Customs · Contact Us · Toll Rates · Nexpress
[21]
Economic profile: Windsor (CMA), Ontario - Canada.ca
Apr 24, 2025 · Windsor has a population of 422,630, consisting of 19% seniors (65 and older), 64% working-age adults (15 to 64) and 16% children (under 15).Missing: city facts
[22]
Profile table, Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population - Windsor ...
Statistics Canada's Census Profile presents information from the 2021 Census of Population - Windsor [Census metropolitan area], Ontario.<|separator|>
[23]
Demographics | City of Windsor
Data from Canada's 2021 Census suggests that Windsor's population grew by 5.7 per cent between 2016 and 2021 from 217,188 to 229,660. The population of the ...Missing: economy | Show results with:economy
[24]
History of Windsor
It became a village in 1913 and a town in 1915. As of 1928, its population totalled 16,000. Soon after, it was renamed East Windsor, and incorporated as a city.Missing: economy | Show results with:economy
[25]
About the University
The University of Windsor is student-focused with 18,000 students, strong faculty, located by the Detroit River, and is internationally oriented.Our Location · Our Vision and Mission · Our HistoryMissing: facts | Show results with:facts
[26]
How many cities are called Windsor in America? - Geotargit
How many places in America are called Windsor? There are 24 places named Windsor in America. +−. Leaflet | Sources: Esri, HERE, Garmin, USGS, Intermap, ...
[27]
Windsor History - Windsor Historical Society
Dec 16, 2024 · With a population of 29,044 according to the 2010 census, Windsor today is an attractive suburban town invested in its “first town” status and ...
[28]
Windsor town, Capitol Planning ... - U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts
Population estimates, July 1, 2024, (V2024).. 29,658 ; Population estimates base, April 1, 2020, (V2024).. 29,492 ; Population, percent change - April 1, ...
[29]
Windsor History | Windsor, CO - Official Website
Before American travelers began to settle the area, the place we call Windsor was home to immense herds of bison and the native peoples that hunted them.
[30]
Windsor town, Colorado - QuickFacts - U.S. Census Bureau
Population, Census, April 1, 2020 · Population, Census, April 1, 2010 · Persons under 5 years, percent ; 32,716 · 18,644 ·. 5.0%.
[31]
Windsor, Colorado Population History | 1990 - 2022
Access the most recent census population information for Windsor, Colorado, including a population profile and history ... 2020, 33,269, 1,186, 6.0%. 2010, 18,644 ...
[32]
Windsor, Vermont - | Advisory Council on Historic Preservation
Windsor (population 3800), often called the birthplace of Vermont, was founded in 1761. In 1777, in the midst of the Revolutionary War, local citizens ...
[33]
Windsor town, Windsor County, VT - Profile data - Census Reporter
Census data for Windsor town, Windsor County, VT (pop. 3552), including age, race, sex, income, poverty, marital status, education and more.
[34]
[PDF] Town of Windsor Sonoma County Census Data 1970-2020
This compilation has been created to provide easy access to this historical data for the Bay Area. Sources: California Department of Finance Research, Census ...
[35]
Windsor town, California - QuickFacts - Census Bureau
Frequently requested statistics for: Windsor town, California. ... Population, Census, April 1, 2020, 26,344. Population, Census, April 1, 2010 ...
[36]
Cities named Windsor around the world - Geodatos
Cities named Windsor ; 1, United States, California ; 2, United States, Colorado ; 3, United States, Missouri ; 4, United States, Wisconsin ...
[37]
Windsor | Historic Town, Hawkesbury River, Sydney | Britannica
Windsor, town, part of the Hawkesbury local government area, southeast-central New South Wales, Australia. It lies on the Hawkesbury River about 30 miles (50 km) ...
[38]
Windsor, The Hawkesbury - Things to do, accommodation & more
Discover Windsor, a historic colonial town set in the Hawkesbury and brimming with natural beauty, foodie trails and stunning architecture.Windsor Food and Drink · Windsor Events · Windsor Heritage Highlights...
[39]
Windsor - Queensland
Situated five minutes north of Brisbane's city centre, the suburb of Windsor is steeped in the history of Brisbane.
[40]
Windsor - NZ History
Farming locality 17 km north-west of Ōamaru. Meaning of place name The Ōamaru settlement was named by Edward Menlove after the local Windsor Park estate.
[41]
Windsor Map - Locality - City of Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
Windsor is a locality in City of Johannesburg, Gauteng and has an elevation of 1,560 metres. Windsor is situated nearby to the suburb Cresta, as well as near ...
[42]
Windsor East, Randburg, Gauteng | Seeff Property Group
Windsor is a medium to large suburb in the Randburg area of the greater Johannesburg region. This is a neat suburb with clean and safe streets and an abundance ...
[43]
Windsor Pen - Cockpit Country
The name "Windsor" was popular in Jamaica (there are at least seven Windsors) and probably originates with Lord Windsor, who was Governor for a short period ...Missing: facts | Show results with:facts
[44]
Windsor Caves - Visit Jamaica
The Windsor Caves are a virtual treasure chest, with huge deposits of guano, the largest bat population on the island and fascinating and beautiful formations.
[45]
Windsor populated place, Tobago, Trinidad and Tobago
Windsor is a populated place and is located in Tobago, Trinidad and Tobago. The estimate terrain elevation above seal level is 233 metres.
[46]
Windsor in Trinidad and Tobago - Places in the World
Windsor is located in the region of Tobago. As the crow flies, the distance to the regional capital of Tobago, Scarborough (Scarborough), is approximately 9.7 ...
[47]
How many places are named Windsor? - Geotargit
There are 24 places named Windsor in America. There are 4 places named Windsor in Jamaica. There are 4 places named Windsor in Canada. There are 4 places named ...
[48]
The centenary of the creation of the House of Windsor - The Gazette
In 1917 the House of Windsor came into being, as King George V set about disclaiming his German inheritance. Here's how The London Gazette documented this ...
[49]
Britain's King George V changes royal surname | July 17, 1917
On July 17, 1917, during the third year of World War I, Britain's King George V orders the British royal family to dispense with the use of German titles ...
[50]
Royal Residences: Windsor Castle | The Royal Family
The Round Tower in 1790 ... In the 1170s Henry II rebuilt - in stone instead of wood - the Round Tower, the outer walls of the Upper and most of the Lower Ward, ...
[51]
Who built Windsor Castle? - Royal Collection Trust
The walls of the Castle were originally made of timber, but in the late 12th century Henry II began to replace them with stone. The original Norman keep was ...Missing: expansions | Show results with:expansions
[52]
Windsor Castle - Evolved Norman Motte and Bailey Castle in England
The castle is centred on the motte or artificial hill on which William the Conqueror built the first wooden castle between 1070 and 1086 AD. The motte is ...
[53]
Windsor Castle - Royal Collection Trust
Founded by William the Conqueror in the 11th century, it has since been the home of 40 monarchs. You can enjoy free re-admission to Windsor Castle for a year ...Visiting Windsor Castle... · Who built Windsor Castle? · The fire at Windsor Castle
[54]
Windsor castle: Architectural history
In 1674 more old buildings and towers were destroyed during preparations for rebuilding the range of chambers forming the north-west section of the royal ...Missing: expansions | Show results with:expansions
[55]
Highlights of Windsor Castle - Royal Collection Trust
St George's Chapel within the grounds of Windsor Castle is one of the finest examples of Gothic architecture in England. Construction of the present Chapel ...Missing: expansions | Show results with:expansions
[56]
History - College of St George
This building, constructed by Henry III in the early 13th century, now underwent a radical overhaul and was rededicated to the Blessed Virgin Mary, St George, ...
[57]
Styles and titles of the Royal Family - College of Arms
The following documents, recorded in the College of Arms, are those which determine the name, styles and titles of the Royal Family.
[58]
House of Windsor - The Royal Mint
House of Windsor Centenary. "The Royal Badge of the House of Windsor was approved by George VI in 1938. It was the king's suggestion to include the Round ...
[59]
King George V and Queen Mary - Royal Collection Trust
His engagements included meeting Allied heads of state, inspecting troops and visiting the wounded.Missing: achievements stability
[60]
George V of England: A Wartime King & His Royal Family's Role in ...
King George V's reign during WWI solidified the British monarchy's role as a pillar of national strength. His tireless efforts to support troops ...Missing: achievements | Show results with:achievements
[61]
King George VI - Historic UK
Jun 25, 2021 · ... morale-boosting exercises and unity were key. The royal family at this time managed to ingratiate themselves with the general public who ...
[62]
King George VI? | DiscoverBritain.com
King George VI boosted morale during the Second World War but struggled to keep the British Empire together. He reigned from 1936 to 1952.
[63]
A Princess At War: Queen Elizabeth II During World War II
Mar 22, 2021 · Today, Queen Elizabeth is colonel-in-chief of 16 British Army regiments and corps, and many Commonwealth units. As a member of the ATS, she was ...
[64]
Queen Elizabeth II and the Commonwealth | The Royal Family
During her reign, The Queen undertook more than 200 visits to Commonwealth countries and visited almost every country of the Commonwealth, as well as making ...
[65]
About us | Our history and people - The King's Trust
In October 2024, we changed our name to The King's Trust. We're proud to have supported more than 1 million young people across the UK as The Prince's Trust. ...Donate · Our people · Our initiatives · Qualifications
[66]
British Royal Family Finances: How is the Royal Family Funded?
Jan 23, 2025 · The Royal Family is funded by the Sovereign Grant, income from the Royal Duchies (Lancaster and Cornwall), and personal wealth/investments.
[67]
Half Billion Royals - Republic
"The half a billion pound cost of the royals represents a scandalous abuse of public money. It is the result of royal corruption and secrecy, a family that ...<|separator|>
[68]
How the British royal family hides its wealth from public scrutiny
Apr 5, 2023 · The Guardian's Cost of the crown series exposes the entrenched secrecy around the royal family's money and wealth.
[69]
Taxpayer ripoff or bargain? The cost of the British royal family
May 2, 2023 · Critics also point to indirect costs, such as the royal family's exemption from inheritance taxes, although King Charles, like Queen Elizabeth ...
[70]
https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c0l7zx499deo
[71]
https://www.eonline.com/news/1424258/prince-andrews-coat-of-arms-removed-at-windsor-castle
[72]
https://www.cnn.com/2025/10/22/uk/prince-andrew-scandal-unanswered-questions-intl
[73]
King Charles III's Controversial Past And Why He's Unpopular | TIME
Sep 8, 2022 · The revelations of infidelity in his marriage to Princess Diana left him, and now-Queen consort, deeply unpopular.
[74]
King Charles III's Most Memorable Scandals...So Far - The Kit
Apr 27, 2023 · 1. Tampongate · 2. Admitting his infidelity to Diana · 3. The “Black Spider” memos · 4. His “anti science” boosting of alternative medicine · 5. His ...
[75]
King Charles' five controversies as Prince of Wales that followed his ...
Jul 22, 2025 · As Prince of Wales, King Charles III faced intense scrutiny and debate from the infamous Camillagate leak to the Black Spider memos and his outspoken advocacy ...
[76]
Why did Harry and Meghan leave the Royal family? - BBC
Sep 11, 2025 · Prince Harry and Meghan, the Duchess of Sussex, left the UK after stepping back from official royal duties in 2020. Why did Harry and Meghan ...Missing: feud | Show results with:feud
[77]
Why royal family is reluctant to reconcile with Meghan Markle ...
Aug 4, 2025 · The source alleged that the royal family's greatest fear is having any conversation they have with Markle become material for the next money- ...
[78]
Prince Harry and Meghan Markle prove they've 'moved on' from Firm
Oct 13, 2025 · But royal commentator Jennie Bond dismissed any links between the two, despite the ongoing feud between the two camps, and claimed that each ...
[79]
Historians believe the Duke of Windsor actively collaborated ... - CBC
and that his actions were covered up by ...
[80]
The Duke and Duchess of Windsor: A Dark Royal Secret?
The controversial political leanings of the Duke and Duchess of Windsor fueled speculation that they could possibly be spies for the Nazis.
[81]
Dame Barbara Windsor obituary - The Guardian
Dec 11, 2020 · Although physically tiny at 4ft 10in tall, Barbara Windsor, who has died aged 83, was a giant of the British entertainment industry, conquering ...
[82]
Obituary: Dame Barbara Windsor - BBC News
Dec 11, 2020 · Dame Barbara Windsor, who has died at the age of 83, became the nation's favourite pin-up, the bubbly blonde who packed a lot of personality into her 4ft 10in ...Missing: biography | Show results with:biography
[83]
Barry Windsor-Smith • Official Biography Page 1
BARRY WINDSOR-SMITH has been creating distinctive comics, art, and stories since his first published works in 1967. His international acclaim came as the ...
[84]
Mr Tony Windsor AM - Parliament of Australia
Elected to the New South Wales Legislative Assembly for Tamworth, 1991. Resigned 16.10.2001 to contest the House of Representatives division of New England, New ...
[85]
Bobby Windsor - The British & Irish Lions Website
Few of captain Willie John McBride's charges encapsulated the winning spirit of the 1974 Lions team better than hooker Bobby Windsor.
[86]
Devon Windsor | IMG Models
Devon Windsor is an American model, entrepreneur, and mother of two who gained widespread recognition after walking for high-profile fashion houses.
[87]
EXCLUSIVE VIDEO: Goodbye Donna Windsor | Emmerdale - ITVX
Aug 14, 2014 · Verity Rushworth, who played much loved Donna Windsor for 12 years, says goodbye to the copper with a heavy conscience and to all the fans.
[88]
Our Totally Unbiased Review of Spirit Halloween: The Movie
Dec 14, 2022 · Christopher Lloyd sets a dark and evil tone as land developer Alec Windsor from the opening frames of the film. The first few shots ...Opening Scenes · A Tale About Growing Up · Halloween Night
[89]
Guide to Eighteenth-Century Windsor Chairs - Incollect
The Windsor chair originated in England during the early eighteenth century. Unlike other chairs of contemporary date, which have open seat frames to ...Missing: credible sources
[90]
The Windsor Chair (full article) | Regional Furniture Society
However the design originated in the early 18th century when it is thought that Windsors were often made in small workshops. The earliest known date relating to ...Missing: credible | Show results with:credible
[91]
Object Lesson: All About the Windsor Chair - The Magazine Antiques
Jun 8, 2020 · The solid wood seat of these proto-Windsor chairs was pierced by “sticks” to form the legs and back, a method of construction different from ...
[92]
The Wood in Windsor Chairs | Winter 2006 | Articles | Features
Each chair needs wood that is: large in dimension yet lightweight for the seat; smooth and hard for the turnings (legs, rungs, and arm posts); easily steam- ...Green Woodworking · The Turnings: Legs, Rungs... · Spindles
[93]
What Is A Windsor Chair? - Wycombe Museum
Through history, wheelback Windsors were made both with and without arms. Historically, Windsor armchairs were made as fireside chairs, from about the 1740s ...Missing: credible sources
[94]
Windsor Chairs: History, Construction, & Styles
Windsor furniture originated in England around 1720. While originally Windsor chairs were outdoor chairs, they quickly expanded their use to the dining room.Missing: credible | Show results with:credible
[95]
A Brief History of the Windsor Chair {Infographic} - TIMBER TO TABLE
Aug 24, 2015 · According to legend, King George II, seeking shelter from the rain, came upon a pastoral cottage and was given a multi-spindled chair to sit on.Missing: features credible sources
[96]
How to Tie a Windsor Knot? Tips, Variations & Video Instructions
It produces a symmetrical, wide and triangular necktie knot. The large self-releasing knot amply displays the tie design and fabric when worn with a closed coat ...
[97]
https://www.ties.com/how-to-tie-a-tie/windsor
[98]
https://buffalojackson.com/blogs/insight/the-history-of-windsor-knots
[99]
https://www.oliverwicks.com/article/windsor-knot
[100]
Windsor Necktie Knot - Animated Knots
Cross in front, pull up and forward by the neck, and then down under itself. Pull the long end to tighten the knot, then the short end to make snug against the ...
[101]
Master the Full Windsor Knot: A Complete Guide for the Perfect Tie
Oct 30, 2024 · Variations of the Windsor Knot: Experiment with the Full Windsor for a bold, symmetrical look or the Half Windsor for a more relaxed, yet ...
[102]
How to Tie a Half Windsor Knot? Variations, Tips & Video Steps
This nearly symmetrical knot is around three quarters the size of a Windsor knot. Its names half and single Windsor distinguish it from the larger knot that is ...
[103]
How to Tie a Tie #212 - Windsor Knot Variants - YouTube
Oct 8, 2024 · Hello tie knot lovers, I thought I'd explore the humble Windsor Knot, with different variations that you could do with the tail part of the ...
[104]
The Merry Wives of Windsor | Folger Shakespeare Library
In The Merry Wives of Windsor, Shakespeare's “merry wives” are Mistress Ford and Mistress Page of the town of Windsor.
[105]
The Merry Wives of Windsor | Royal Shakespeare Company
The Merry Wives of Windsor ... Sir John Falstaff gets more than he bargained for when he decides to restore his fortunes by seducing the wives of two wealthy ...
[106]
Windsor Castle by William Harrison Ainsworth | Project Gutenberg
"Windsor Castle" by William Harrison Ainsworth is a historical novel set in the early 16th century, during the reign of King Henry the Eighth.
[107]
Windsor Castle by William Harrison Ainsworth | Goodreads
Rating 3.1 (93) A classic historical novel about events in and around Windsor Castle during the time of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn. The historic events are heightened ...
[108]
Sir Edwin Landseer, Windsor Castle in Modern Times - Smarthistory
The painting depicts an encounter between Victoria and Albert, in a drawing room at Windsor Castle (a medieval castle at Windsor that Queen Victoria used as the ...
[109]
Windsor Castle - Royal Collection Trust
Alongside magnificent examples of porcelain, furniture and paintings, visitors can also see displays of arms and armour, silver gilt and sculpture. The Semi ...
[110]
The 8 Best Books About the Duke and Duchess of Windsor
3.1 110 · 30-day returnsNov 19, 2022 · 2. Traitor King: The Scandalous Exile of the Duke & Duchess of Windsor · 3. The Windsor Story: An intimate portrait of the Duke & Duchess of ...Missing: works | Show results with:works
[111]
Trains to Windsor and Eton Riverside - Trainline
Windsor & Eton Riverside station has regular trains to London Waterloo, with two trains per hour, a 55-minute journey. Facilities include ticket machines, ...
[112]
Windsor & Eton Riverside train station | Departures, arrivals and tickets
Buy tickets online and check train times from Windsor & Eton Riverside train station to be ready for your next journey.
[113]
Travel by train to Windsor, Eton, Maidenhead & Ascot | Windsor.gov.uk
Windsor is served by two train stations: Windsor and Eton Central and Windsor and Eton Riverside. Both are situated within a few minutes' walk of Windsor Castle ...
[114]
Windsor & Eton Central Train Station | South Western Railway
View up to two hours of live departures and arrivals status information for Windsor & Eton Central station. Check train times for any future services.
[115]
Travelling By Car - Visit Windsor
Windsor is situated close to the M3, M25, M4 and not far from the M40, making driving here convenient.
[116]
Transport and streets | Royal Borough of Windsor and Maidenhead
Information on car parks, permits, rights of way, public transport, winter services, highways, report issues on streets, littering and more.Missing: connections | Show results with:connections
[117]
Phase 1 - The Windsor Link Railway
Phase 1 of the Windsor Link Railway will connect Slough to Waterloo via Windsor, with the diagram above illustrating a service with four trains per hour.
[118]
10 Great English Railway Stations - The Historic England Blog
Dec 4, 2014 · 1. London Paddington · 2. Newcastle Central, Tyne & Wear · 3. Windsor and Eton Riverside, Berkshire · 4. Carlisle Citadel, Cumbria · 5. Huddersfield ...
[119]
Windsor train station | VIA Rail
The Windsor train station is at 298 Walker Rd, open 04h45-00h00, with ticket counter 04h45-21h30. It has wifi, washrooms, and is wheelchair accessible.
[120]
Service to Detroit | City of Windsor
Please arrive at Windsor International Transit Terminal ... You'll be given a pass to use on the bus for boarding in Windsor and when returning from Detroit.<|control11|><|separator|>
[121]
The Windsor Framework - GOV.UK
Feb 27, 2023 · Details of the agreement reached by the UK and EU regarding the Windsor Framework. Updates to this page. Published 27 February 2023. Last ...
[122]
Windsor Framework explained - consilium.europa.eu
The Windsor Framework adjusts the Protocol on Ireland/Northern Ireland. Both agreements have been approved by the EU and the UK and aim to avoid a hard border ...
[123]
The Northern Ireland Protocol and Windsor Framework
Feb 1, 2024 · The Protocol came into force on 1 January 2021. This is separate to the Trade and Cooperation Agreement (TCA) which is the agreement that ...
[124]
[PDF] The Windsor Framework: a new way forward - GOV.UK
It puts in place a new legal and constitutional framework, changing the text of the treaty and scrapping a range of EU rules. The agreement: ○ Restores the ...
[125]
The Windsor Framework - NI Assembly
The Windsor Framework is an agreement reached in February 2023 between the UK and the EU, which made changes to the Protocol on Ireland/Northern Ireland.
[126]
An overview of the Windsor Framework
The Windsor Framework established a new set of arrangements effective 1 May 2025 for the movement of goods via both parcels and freight between Great Britain.Simplified processes for · NI Duty Reimbursement Scheme · Checklist<|separator|>
[127]
Windsor Framework - European Commission
Discover the political agreements between the UK and the EU to address the situation in Ireland and Northern Ireland after Brexit.
[128]
Murphy Review a total failure: Robinson | DUP
Sep 4, 2025 · The Windsor Framework will continue to disrupt UK supply chains, increases prices and reduces choice for Northern Ireland consumers, and damages ...
[129]
[PDF] What do voters in Northern Ireland think about the Windsor ...
May 19, 2025 · The impact that the Safeguarding the Union deal had in tempering negative views of the. Windsor Framework has been reversed.
[130]
https://www.qub.ac.uk/News/Allnews/featured-research/support-for-windsor-framework-wanes-opposition-static.html
[131]
Urgent action needed to fix overwhelmingly complex Windsor ...
Oct 15, 2025 · The current arrangements have created a complex and opaque structure difficult for business and civil society stakeholders to navigate. This is ...Missing: outcomes | Show results with:outcomes
[132]
[PDF] The Lambeth Commission on Communion The Windsor Report 2004
THE REPORT. Section A : The Purposes and Benefits of Communion. The communion we have been given in Christ : Biblical foundations .
[133]
[PDF] The Windsor Report and the Future of the Anglican Communion
The Anglican. Communion has never been a totally unified body. Its earliest important manifestation, in the first Lambeth Conference of 1867, was preoccupied ...
[134]
United States v. Windsor | 570 U.S. 744 (2013)
United States v. Windsor: The federal government cannot define the terms “marriage” and “spouse” in a way that excludes married same-sex couples from the ...
[135]
United States v. Windsor | Oyez
Dec 7, 2012 · ... significant enough stake in the issue to support Supreme Court's jurisdiction. ... "United States v. Windsor." Oyez, www.oyez.org/cases/2012/12- ...