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CMA

The Country Music Association (CMA) is a trade organization established in 1958 as the first dedicated to promoting a specific music genre, with the core mission of heightening awareness of country music and fostering its domestic and international growth.^[1] Headquartered in Nashville, Tennessee, the CMA represents thousands of members spanning artists, songwriters, broadcasters, and executives across dozens of countries, offering professional development, networking, and voting privileges in its governance structure.^[1]^[2] The organization honors industry excellence through over 50 annual awards, including the high-profile CMA Awards broadcast on ABC, which recognize achievements in performance, songwriting, and production; CMA Fest, a multi-day fan festival in Nashville; and specialized honors like the CMA Broadcast Awards for radio contributions.^[2]^[1] Additionally, the CMA Foundation channels investments—totaling millions annually—into music education programs to expand access and nurture future talent.^[2] While the CMA has significantly expanded country music's global reach and standardized professional practices within the genre, it has faced notable controversies, including backlash against performers for political statements, such as the 2003 Dixie Chicks incident following anti-war remarks, disputes over nomination snubs perceived as racially or stylistically biased, and criticisms of event handling that highlight tensions between traditional fan bases and evolving industry inclusivity.^[3]^[4] These episodes underscore ongoing debates about the association's role in balancing commercial success with artistic and cultural representation in a genre rooted in working-class narratives.^[3]

Business and Professional Certifications

Certified Management Accountant

The Certified Management Accountant (CMA) designation is a professional certification in management accounting and financial management administered by the Institute of Management Accountants (IMA), a global organization founded in 1919.^[5]^[6] It emphasizes skills in financial planning, analysis, control, decision support, and professional ethics, distinguishing it from certifications focused on public accounting or auditing.^[5] The program was established in 1972 to attest to proficiency in these areas, with the first examination held in December of that year, where 61 candidates passed.^[7] To earn the CMA, candidates must meet specific eligibility criteria, including holding a bachelor's degree from an accredited institution in any field or an equivalent professional certification approved by the IMA.^[8] Additionally, applicants require two continuous years of full-time professional experience in management accounting or financial management, which may be completed before or within seven years after passing the examination.^[9]^[10] Membership in the IMA is also required, along with adherence to its Statement of Ethical Professional Practice.^[11] The certification process involves passing a two-part computer-based examination: Part 1 covers Financial Planning, Performance, and Analytics, while Part 2 addresses Strategic Financial Management, each comprising multiple-choice questions and essay responses.^[12] The CMA is recognized internationally, with IMA chapters in over 140 countries and more than 100,000 individuals certified since inception as of 2021.^[13]^[14] Holders report tangible career benefits, including higher compensation; according to IMA's global salary surveys, CMAs earn 21% more in total annual compensation than non-certified peers in similar roles.^[15] In the United States, average CMA salaries reach approximately $133,000, with median figures around $118,000, particularly benefiting those in strategic finance and corporate roles.^[16]^[17] Maintaining the credential requires 30 hours of continuing professional education annually, ensuring ongoing relevance in evolving business environments.^[5]

Certified Medical Assistant

The Certified Medical Assistant (CMA) credential, designated as CMA (AAMA), is a nationally recognized certification for individuals performing administrative, clinical, and general duties in medical settings, awarded by the Certifying Board of the American Association of Medical Assistants (AAMA), which holds accreditation from the National Commission for Certifying Agencies (NCCA).^[18] This certification distinguishes holders from non-certified medical assistants and those with alternative credentials, as it mandates completion of a formal accredited educational program prior to examination, unlike some competing certifications such as the Certified Clinical Medical Assistant (CCMA) from the National Healthcareer Association (NHA), which permits pathways based on work experience or shorter training.^[19]^[20] Eligibility for the CMA (AAMA) exam requires graduation from a medical assisting program accredited by the Commission on Accreditation of Allied Health Education Programs (CAAHEP) or the Accrediting Bureau of Health Education Schools (ABHES), ensuring standardized training in anatomy, medical terminology, pharmacology, administrative procedures, and clinical skills.^[19] The exam consists of 200 multiple-choice questions delivered via computer-adaptive testing in four 40-minute segments (totaling 160 minutes), covering general (e.g., foundational knowledge), administrative (e.g., scheduling, billing), and clinical (e.g., patient preparation, vital signs) domains, with a minimum passing score of 405 on a 200–800 scale; first-time pass rates stood at 76% for the period July 2023 to July 2024.^[18] Candidates may attempt the exam up to six times per year, and successful completers receive verification of the credential upon program requirements confirmation.^[18] Recertification is mandatory every 60 months to maintain active status, achievable through earning 60 continuing education (CE) points— with at least 30 from AAMA-approved sources distributed as 10 points each in general, administrative, and clinical categories— or by retaking and passing the exam.^[21]^[22] This process verifies ongoing competency amid evolving healthcare practices. While certification is not legally required for medical assistant roles in most states, CMA (AAMA) holders often command higher employability and salaries, with certified individuals earning 5–10% more than non-certified peers on average.^[23]^[24] Medical assistants, including CMAs, execute both administrative tasks such as appointment scheduling, patient record management, and insurance processing, alongside clinical responsibilities like recording vital signs, preparing patients for exams, administering injections, and collecting specimens, all under physician or licensed provider supervision; scope of practice varies by state law, with some prohibiting independent diagnostic or prescriptive actions.^[23]^[25] As of May 2024, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reports a median annual wage of $44,200 ($21.25 per hour) for medical assistants, with employment projected to grow 12% from 2024 to 2034—much faster than the average for all occupations—yielding about 112,300 openings annually due to healthcare expansion and retirements.^[23] Entry typically involves postsecondary certificate or associate programs, though on-the-job training exists for non-certified roles; the CMA credential signals rigorous preparation, correlating with roles in outpatient clinics, hospitals, and physician offices.^[23]

Healthcare Organizations and Terms

Canadian Medical Association

The Canadian Medical Association (CMA) is a voluntary national organization representing physicians, residents, and medical students in Canada, focused on advancing medical standards, advocating for health system improvements, and supporting professional welfare. Founded on May 27, 1867, in Quebec City when 164 physicians convened at Université Laval to address care quality and professional needs in the newly formed Confederation, the CMA has evolved from early standard-setting efforts to influencing major public health initiatives.^[26] Membership encompasses tens of thousands of physicians across urban, rural, and remote practices, with distribution as of December 31, 2023, including 13,689 in British Columbia and substantial numbers in other provinces, historically comprising about 80% of practicing Canadian doctors. The organization publishes the Canadian Medical Association Journal (CMAJ), launched in January 1911, which disseminates peer-reviewed research and policy analysis. Key historical roles include spearheading the Federal Department of Health's creation amid the 1918-1919 Spanish influenza pandemic (which killed 30,000-40,000 Canadians) and advocating for the Public Health Agency of Canada post-2003 SARS outbreak.^[27]^[28]^[29]^[26] The CMA's policy framework, detailed in its PolicyBase, addresses issues like physician health, where its 2025 National Physician Health Survey documented persistent burnout and mental health strains linked to workload and administrative burdens. It promotes ethical guidelines via its Code of Ethics and has pushed for sustainable funding and workforce strategies, including draft recommendations in 2024 for balancing public and private care to preserve universal access. In 2024, the CMA issued a formal apology to First Nations peoples for physicians' roles in historical harms, such as racism, neglect, and complicity in residential school abuses, acknowledging systemic failures despite claims of medical neutrality.^[30]^[31]^[32]^[33]^[34] Controversial positions include advocacy for expanded medical assistance in dying (MAiD) with safeguards, reflecting a prioritization of patient autonomy over empirical concerns about coercion risks in vulnerable populations, as evidenced by post-legalization data showing eligibility expansions beyond initial terminal illness criteria. On interventions for youth gender dysphoria, the CMA in 2025 challenged Alberta's restrictions on puberty blockers and cross-sex hormones for those under 16, aligning with academic consensus but diverging from systematic reviews, such as the UK's Cass Report, which highlight low-quality evidence for benefits, potential irreversible harms like infertility and bone density loss, and high desistance rates without intervention—suggesting institutional biases may undervalue causal long-term outcomes in favor of short-term affirmation models.^[31]^[35]

California Medical Association

The California Medical Association (CMA) is a professional organization representing physicians in California, founded in 1856 by a group of physicians seeking to advance medical practice and advocate for the profession amid early statehood challenges.^[36]^[37] It operates as the state affiliate of the American Medical Association and maintains headquarters in Sacramento.^[36] CMA's structure includes component county medical societies and allied physician organizations, enabling localized representation while coordinating statewide efforts.^[38] CMA's stated mission, updated in October 2020, emphasizes promoting the science and art of medicine, ensuring patient care and well-being, protecting public health, advancing the medical profession, and committing to health equity and justice.^[39] Membership exceeds 50,000 physicians across all specialties and practice modes, with a reported 25% growth in 2024, positioning CMA as the largest state medical association in the United States.^[40]^[41] Benefits include advocacy support, practice resources, liability insurance endorsements, and access to legislative updates, with full membership extended to qualified osteopathic physicians since 1975.^[42] CMA engages in legislative advocacy through its political action committee, CALPAC, established in 1976, focusing on issues like Medi-Cal reimbursement, vaccine access, and reproductive health policies.^[43] In 2023, CMA sponsored bills to protect access to abortion services and procedures associated with gender identity transition, advancing them through legislative committees amid debates over state protections post-Roe v. Wade.^[44] By 2025, it supported AB 144 to maintain evidence-based vaccine mandates against potential federal policy shifts, and endorsed expansions in contraception access and confidentiality for reproductive care providers.^[45]^[46] These positions align with California state priorities but have drawn scrutiny for prioritizing institutional policy goals over empirical scrutiny of long-term outcomes in areas like gender-related interventions, where randomized controlled evidence remains limited.^[44] Historically, CMA has addressed physician credentialing to uphold professional standards, evolving from 19th-century efforts to regulate practice amid quackery concerns. Today, it provides resources for practice management, opposes insurer practices like downcoding, and collaborates on public health initiatives, including vaccine programs.^[47] While effective in expanding membership and influencing state law—such as 2025 legislative wins on health protections—CMA's advocacy reflects broader trends in organized medicine toward equity-focused frameworks, potentially influenced by academic and regulatory pressures rather than solely clinical data.^[48]^[41]

Catholic Medical Association

The Catholic Medical Association (CMA) is a national organization of Catholic healthcare professionals in the United States, dedicated to integrating Catholic moral teachings with the practice of medicine.^[49] It serves as the largest association of Catholic individuals in healthcare, providing resources for ethical formation, professional fellowship, and advocacy on bioethical issues aligned with Church doctrine.^[49] Membership includes physicians, nurses, allied health professionals, medical students, and residents, with local guilds offering regional support and education.^[50] ^[51] The organization's origins trace to 1912, when Archbishop William Henry O'Connell established the first Catholic Physicians Guild in Boston to educate physicians in Catholic medical ethics amid growing secular influences in healthcare.^[52] This initiative expanded into a federation of guilds by the early 1930s, coinciding with the tradition of the White Mass—a liturgy honoring healthcare workers, which CMA promotes annually.^[53] The national body formalized its structure over subsequent decades, adopting the name Catholic Medical Association in 1997 to reflect its broadened scope beyond physicians.^[54] Today, CMA operates as a nonprofit, emphasizing fidelity to the Ethical and Religious Directives for Catholic Health Care Services issued by the U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops. CMA's mission focuses on forming physicians to uphold Catholic principles in medical science and practice, including opposition to procedures deemed intrinsically evil by Church teaching, such as direct abortion, euthanasia, assisted suicide, and sterilization.^[55] ^[56] The association advocates for conscience protections, arguing that physicians should not be compelled to participate in or refer for morally objectionable acts like abortion or gender transition surgeries, as evidenced by its 2022 joint statement with other groups against policies eroding such rights.^[57] Position papers and resolutions, such as those rejecting abortion as healthcare, reinforce this stance, prioritizing the sanctity of life from conception to natural death.^[58] ^[59] Activities include an annual educational conference featuring speakers on faith-integrated medicine, support for medical missions through partnerships like the Mission Doctors Association, and resources for guilds to engage in public service and ethical advocacy.^[49] ^[60] CMA also produces guidelines addressing dilemmas like contraception promotion or attendance at lectures endorsing immoral interventions, advising members to avoid complicity while maintaining professional witness.^[61] These efforts counter secular trends in medicine, fostering a network where over 2,500 professionals integrate empirical healing with theological realism.^[62]

Government and Regulatory Bodies

Competition and Markets Authority (United Kingdom)

The Competition and Markets Authority (CMA) serves as the United Kingdom's principal regulator for competition and consumer protection, operating as a non-ministerial government department independent of direct political oversight. It enforces the Competition Act 1998, the Enterprise Act 2002, and related legislation to promote effective competition in markets for the benefit of consumers, while addressing anti-competitive practices, mergers that may substantially lessen competition, and consumer detriment through unfair trading. The CMA conducts market studies, investigations into cartels and abuses of dominance, and merger reviews, with powers to impose fines up to 10% of a company's global turnover for infringements, order divestitures, or accept behavioral remedies.^[63] Established by the Enterprise and Regulatory Reform Act 2013, the CMA launched in shadow form on 1 October 2013 and assumed full operational responsibility on 1 April 2014, merging the functions of the Office of Fair Trading and the Competition Commission to streamline enforcement and reduce duplication. This reform aimed to create a single, expert body capable of handling complex cases more efficiently, with a primary duty to enhance competition across the UK economy. Since inception, the CMA has prioritized sectors like digital markets, pharmaceuticals, and energy, issuing over 20 market studies by 2024 and recovering £1.2 billion in consumer redress through enforcement actions as of its 2022 annual report.^[64]^[65] Governance comprises a Board responsible for strategy and oversight, led by an interim Chair and a Chief Executive who directs day-to-day operations. As of October 2025, Doug Gurr serves as interim Chair, appointed in January 2025 following the resignation of Marcus Bokkerink amid government efforts to recalibrate the CMA toward supporting economic growth without compromising competition standards. Sarah Cardell remains Chief Executive, supported by an executive team overseeing directorates for mergers, enforcement, and consumer protection. Complex decisions, such as Phase 2 merger inquiries or market investigations, are delegated to independent panels of experts to ensure impartiality and rigorous analysis.^[66]^[67]^[68] The CMA's merger control regime requires notification for qualifying deals, with Phase 1 reviews clearing most but escalating 3.6% to Phase 2 in 2024 out of 1,037 considered notifications; fewer than 1% resulted in blocks or abandonments that year. Notable interventions include the 2023 initial prohibition of the Microsoft-Activision Blizzard acquisition over cloud gaming competition concerns—later cleared after structural remedies—and the 2020 block of Sabre/Farelogix due to risks in travel technology distribution. The authority has also fined cartels, such as £60 million against construction firms in 2016 for bid-rigging, and pursued digital market probes leading to the 2024 establishment of a dedicated Digital Markets Unit with enhanced powers under the Digital Markets, Competition and Consumers Act. Critics, including business groups, have argued the CMA's precautionary approach deters investment, prompting 2025 government guidance to prioritize pro-growth outcomes while maintaining evidentiary standards.^[69]^[70]^[71]^[72]

U.S. Chemical Materials Agency

The U.S. Army Chemical Materials Agency (CMA), later redesignated as the U.S. Army Chemical Materials Activity, operated as a subordinate command under the U.S. Army Materiel Command, headquartered at Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland.^[73] Established to oversee the safe storage, assessment, and destruction of the United States' chemical weapons stockpile in compliance with international treaties, the agency managed nine continental U.S. storage sites containing unitary chemical munitions produced primarily between 1942 and 1955.^[74] Its core responsibilities included executing the Chemical Stockpile Disposal Program, handling recovered chemical warfare materiel (RCWM), and coordinating the Chemical Stockpile Emergency Preparedness Program (CSEPP) to mitigate risks to surrounding communities.^[75] Formed in the aftermath of the 1997 ratification of the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC), which mandated the elimination of declared chemical arsenals, the CMA was reorganized in 2003 from prior chemical demilitarization elements within the Army.^[76] By 2012, amid the near-completion of stockpile destruction efforts, the entity transitioned from "Agency" to "Activity" to reflect its evolving focus on post-destruction sustainment and RCWM management rather than active stockpile oversight.^[77] The agency directed on-site operations at facilities such as those at Toole Army Depot, Utah (closed 2006), and Umatilla Chemical Depot, Oregon (closed 2011), employing incineration and neutralization technologies under strict environmental and safety protocols monitored by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and state regulators.^[78] Through 2023, the CMA supervised the destruction of approximately 90% of the U.S. chemical weapons stockpile—over 31,000 tons of agents including sarin, VX nerve agents, and mustard gas—achieving full stockpile elimination by 2023 across all declared sites.^[77] Post-stockpile, its mandate shifted to directing RCWM recovery and disposal, including support for Department of Defense efforts at sites like Spring Valley, Washington, D.C., and Blue Grass Army Depot, Kentucky, where residual or non-stockpile materials are assessed and neutralized using field-expedient methods or transport to specialized facilities.^[79] As of 2025, the organization continues to provide treaty compliance expertise, risk management for legacy sites, and technical support for global chemical non-proliferation initiatives, with no active U.S. chemical munitions remaining under its purview.^[80]

Entertainment and Cultural Organizations

Country Music Association

The Country Music Association (CMA) is a trade organization dedicated to promoting country music worldwide. Founded in 1958 by music industry pioneers in a Miami hotel room, it was the first such entity established specifically to advance a single music genre.^[1] The CMA Board of Directors was formed the following year, in 1959, to oversee operations.^[1] Its mission centers on heightening awareness of country music and fostering industry growth through professional support, research, and global outreach.^[1] CMA membership comprises over 6,200 professionals primarily earning income in the country music sector, spanning 17 categories such as artists, songwriters, broadcasters, and executives, with participants from more than 40 countries.^[81] Eligible members must work full-time in the industry and gain access to benefits including voting rights for major awards, healthcare resources, networking events, presale tickets, and exclusive research data.^[82] These provisions aim to enhance career sustainability and collaboration among members.^[82] The organization produces key events, including the annual CMA Awards, first broadcast in 1967 and now the longest-running music awards show on network television, aired live on ABC each November with winners selected by member vote.^[81] Additional honors encompass the CMA Broadcast Awards for radio and television excellence, Touring Awards since 1990, Triple Play Awards for songwriters achieving three number-one hits within 12 months (over 300 recipients since 1991), and International Awards for non-U.S. professionals.^[81] CMA also co-manages the Country Music Hall of Fame, inducting contributors since 1961 via anonymous panels.^[81] Beyond awards, CMA organizes CMA Fest, an annual music festival in Nashville, and CMA Country Christmas specials, both televised on ABC, alongside the CMA Foundation established in 2006 to fund music education programs and address access barriers for students.^[1] These initiatives have contributed to the genre's commercial expansion, with the association emphasizing professional development and equity in industry practices.^[1]

Cleveland Museum of Art

The Cleveland Museum of Art is an encyclopedic art museum situated in Cleveland's University Circle cultural district. Incorporated in 1913 by industrialists such as Hinman B. Hurlbut and John Huntington, it opened to the public on June 6, 1916, with a founding charter emphasizing accessibility "for the benefit of all the people forever."^[83]^[84] The institution prioritizes broad public engagement through its permanent collection, exhibitions, educational programs, and performing arts, while maintaining rigorous curatorial standards across global artistic traditions. Its holdings encompass over 66,500 objects representing 6,000 years of human creativity, from ancient Egyptian artifacts and Greco-Roman antiquities to European paintings by artists including Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Jacques-Louis David, and Claude Monet, as well as works in sculpture, decorative arts, textiles, and time-based media.^[85] The museum operates 20 specialized curatorial departments, fostering scholarly research and conservation efforts that underscore the collection's depth in areas like medieval European art and Asian cultural heritage. General admission to permanent galleries remains free, a policy rooted in its foundational commitment to public access, supplemented by ticketed special exhibitions.^[86] Annual visitation reached 650,000 in 2023 and approximately 685,000 through mid-2024, reflecting sustained popularity amid post-renovation enhancements and targeted programming to diversify audiences.^[87] A $350 million expansion completed in 2014, designed by architect Rafael Viñoly, integrated modern wings with the original neoclassical structure by Hubert and Prosser, adding gallery space, an atrium, and improved visitor amenities while preserving the museum's role as a leading U.S. institution for art scholarship and immersion.^[88] The Cleveland Museum of Art also advances open-access initiatives, enabling public reuse of high-resolution images to promote educational outreach beyond physical visits.^[84]

Religious Organizations

Christian and Missionary Alliance

The Christian and Missionary Alliance (C&MA) is an evangelical Protestant denomination originating from the ministry of Albert Benjamin Simpson, a Canadian-born Presbyterian pastor who resigned his position at the Chestnut Street Presbyterian Church in New York City in 1881 to pursue a deeper experience of Christ and outreach to the urban poor.^[89] Simpson organized faith-based healing meetings and missionary conventions, leading to the formal establishment of the Christian Alliance in 1887 for promoting the deeper Christian life and the Missionary Alliance shortly thereafter for global evangelism.^[90] The two entities merged in 1897, emphasizing both personal holiness and foreign missions, with early efforts focusing on unreached peoples in regions like China and South America.^[91] By 1923, the organization had expanded to include structured missionary sending, and it officially incorporated as a denomination in 1974 while retaining its interdenominational roots.^[89] Central to the C&MA's theology is the Fourfold Gospel, which portrays Jesus Christ as Savior (for redemption from sin), Sanctifier (for holy living through the Holy Spirit), Healer (for divine physical restoration), and Coming King (for eschatological return and millennial reign).^[92] This framework, derived from Simpson's interpretation of Scripture, underscores a premillennial dispensationalist orientation and openness to continuationist views on spiritual gifts, including divine healing and tongues, as supernatural empowerments for service rather than normative for all believers.^[93] The denomination affirms the inerrancy of the Bible as the ultimate authority, the Trinity, salvation by grace through faith alone, and the Great Commission as a mandate for worldwide proclamation, rejecting sacramentalism and emphasizing believer's baptism by immersion or pouring.^[94] As of recent reports, the C&MA maintains approximately 2,000 churches in the United States and Canada, with over 500,000 adherents in North America, alongside a global network supported by around 700 international workers serving in over 70 countries.^[95] Its mission prioritizes church planting among unreached groups, with historical successes including the establishment of indigenous congregations in Asia and Africa, though challenges persist in sustaining long-term growth amid secularization trends in Western contexts.^[90] The organization operates through districts, educational institutions like Nyack College (now Alliance University), and alliances with the broader evangelical movement, focusing on practical discipleship and compassion ministries without compromising doctrinal distinctives.^[89]

Marketing and Trade Associations

Canadian Marketing Association

The Canadian Marketing Association (CMA) is a national not-for-profit trade association established in 1967 to represent professional marketers in Canada.^[96] Headquartered in Toronto and managed by full-time professional staff, it serves over 400 members, including corporations, not-for-profits, public sector entities, and post-secondary institutions, many of which encompass Canada's leading brands and marketing firms.^[96] The organization focuses on advancing marketing's role in business through advocacy, professional development, and self-regulation, positioning itself as a catalyst for marketers to thrive amid regulatory and technological changes.^[96] The CMA's mission is to strengthen marketing's impact on business success by influencing policy changes, enhancing professional skills, building industry networks, and upholding best practices that safeguard consumer interests.^[96] This includes lobbying governments and regulators on issues like competition policy and data privacy, as evidenced by its submissions to bodies such as the Competition Bureau Canada.^[97] It promotes ethical standards through the Canadian Marketing Code of Ethics and Standards, which mandates honesty, accuracy, fairness, and transparency in marketing practices, serving as a voluntary self-regulatory framework adopted by members.^[98] ^[99] Key activities encompass thought leadership via reports, podcasts like CMA Connect, and events such as CMA Marketing Week, which in 2025 featured sessions on future-oriented topics including keynotes from experts like Jonah Berger.^[100] The association offers professional credentials, notably the Chartered Marketer (CM) designation, Canada's only nationally recognized marketing certification, requiring continuing professional development of 60 credits over three years to maintain.^[101] ^[102] It also runs initiatives like Digital Marketing Skills Canada for talent development and awards programs recognizing outstanding campaigns by Canadian teams.^[103] Membership benefits include access to networking directories, discounted learning resources, and policy influence, with 70% of corporate members focused on B2B marketing.^[104] Leadership transitions have included John Wiltshire serving as interim CEO from around 2017 until April 2022, followed by Alison Simpson until her departure in late 2025, after which the CMA sought a new president and CEO.^[105] ^[106] While the organization has pledged support for diversity, equity, and inclusion efforts since 2020, including annual research reports, these initiatives reflect member-driven priorities rather than core statutory functions, with data indicating polarization and age-related challenges in the sector.^[107] No major regulatory violations or ethical breaches have been publicly documented against the CMA itself, underscoring its emphasis on self-regulation over external enforcement.^[98]

Transportation and Logistics

CMA CGM

CMA CGM is a French multinational shipping and logistics company specializing in container transportation, operating as one of the world's largest container shipping firms by capacity and revenue. Founded in 1978 by Jacques Saadé as Compagnie Maritime d'Affrètement (CMA) in Marseille, the company expanded through strategic acquisitions and route development, merging with Compagnie Générale Maritime (CGM) in 1996 to form CMA CGM. By 2024, it reported global revenue of $55.5 billion, an 18% increase from the prior year, driven by container shipping volumes of 23.6 million TEUs across 250 maritime lines serving 420 ports worldwide.^[108]^[109]^[110] The company's growth accelerated in the 1990s and 2000s with entries into Asian markets, including the launch of the France Asia Line in 1994 and acquisition of the Australian National Line in 1998. Key expansions included the purchase of Delmas in 2005, Neptune Orient Lines (NOL) in 2016 for $2.4 billion to bolster Asia-Pacific presence, and CEVA Logistics in 2019 to enhance end-to-end supply chain services. In 2024, CMA CGM acquired Bolloré Logistics, further integrating freight forwarding and warehousing capabilities spanning 1,000 facilities and 11.2 million square meters. These moves positioned the firm to handle diverse cargo, from refrigerated goods to project logistics, while investing in energy transition, such as LNG-powered vessels like the CMA CGM Jacques Saadé delivered in 2020 with 23,000 TEU capacity.^[108]^[111] As of 2025, CMA CGM operates a fleet exceeding 650 vessels with a slot capacity of approximately 5 million TEUs, ranking it among the top three global container carriers by operated capacity, which reached over 4 million TEUs by mid-year. The company maintains headquarters in Marseille's Tour CMA CGM tower, inaugurated in 2011, and employs over 155,000 people across sea, air, and land divisions, including CMA CGM Air Cargo launched in 2021 with four freighters. Under CEO Rodolphe Saadé, appointed in 2017 following Jacques Saadé's death in 2018, the firm has pursued diversification, including media acquisitions like BFMTV in 2024, amid commitments to reduce emissions through alternative fuels and vessel orders totaling 57 newbuilds by 2025.^[112]^[110]^[113] CMA CGM has faced legal challenges, including a 2023 U.S. EPA settlement over alleged violations of the Vessel General Permit for wastewater discharges and ongoing 2025 lawsuits against bunker suppliers for providing contaminated fuel that damaged vessels, seeking millions in damages. Despite such incidents, the company's operational scale supports global trade resilience, with alliances like Ocean Alliance enabling shared capacity on major routes.^[114]^[115]

Scientific and Technical Terms

Chorioamnionitis (Biology)

Chorioamnionitis is an inflammatory condition affecting the fetal membranes, specifically the chorion and amnion, typically arising from bacterial infection during pregnancy. This intra-amniotic infection involves microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity, leading to acute neutrophilic infiltration at the maternal-fetal interface.^[116]^[117] Biologically, it manifests as a localized immune response where maternal neutrophils migrate into the extraplacental membranes, often extending to the decidua, in response to pathogen-associated molecular patterns from ascending bacteria.^[118] The primary biological mechanism involves hematogenous or ascending spread of microorganisms from the lower genital tract, facilitated by factors such as prolonged rupture of membranes or bacterial vaginosis. Common pathogens include Escherichia coli, group B Streptococcus, and genital mycoplasmas like Ureaplasma species, which adhere to and penetrate the choriodecidual interface, releasing endotoxins that amplify cytokine production (e.g., IL-6, IL-8) and recruit inflammatory cells.^[119]^[120] This process disrupts membrane integrity through protease activity and oxidative stress, potentially progressing to fetal involvement via funisitis, marked by umbilical cord vasculitis.^[118] Histologically, acute chorioamnionitis is graded by the density and distribution of neutrophil clusters in the amnion, chorion, and subchorionic fibrin, distinguishing it from chronic or subacute forms driven by lymphocytic infiltrates.^[121] In severe cases, the inflammatory cascade extends systemically, elevating maternal and fetal pro-inflammatory mediators that correlate with preterm labor via prostaglandin synthesis and matrix metalloproteinase activation in the membranes. While most instances stem from polymicrobial ascension, isolated cases involve transplacental hematogenous spread, though this is rarer.^[122] Experimental models confirm that bacterial load thresholds trigger Toll-like receptor signaling in decidual cells, initiating the cascade without necessarily requiring membrane rupture.^[123] Fetal inflammatory responses, when present, involve T-cell activation and elevated fetal IL-8, linking chorioamnionitis to downstream neurodevelopmental risks through microglial priming.^[117]

Calcium Magnesium Acetate (Chemistry)

Calcium magnesium acetate (CMA) is an acetate salt derived from calcium and magnesium, with the molecular formula CaMg₂(CH₃COO)₆, corresponding to a 1:2 calcium-to-magnesium ratio.^[124] ^[125] This compound features acetate anions (CH₃COO⁻) coordinated to divalent calcium (Ca²⁺) and magnesium (Mg²⁺) cations, forming a crystalline structure that belongs to the orthorhombic space group Pnma.^[124] The coordination environment involves bidentate acetate ligands bridging the metal centers, contributing to its stability and solubility in aqueous solutions.^[124] CMA can be synthesized through the reaction of dolomite (CaMg(CO₃)₂) with acetic acid (CH₃COOH), which protonates the carbonate to release CO₂ and forms the acetate salts via neutralization and complexation.^[126] Alternatively, it is produced industrially by mixing calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)₂) and magnesium oxide (MgO) with acetic acid under controlled conditions, often involving pelletization for crystallization, yielding a product with the stoichiometry CaMg₂(C₂H₃O₂)₆.^[127] ^[128] This process typically occurs in aqueous media at elevated temperatures to facilitate acetate exchange and minimize impurities like excess acetic acid.^[128] Chemically, CMA exhibits moderate solubility in water and undergoes hydrolysis, decomposing to basic calcium and magnesium acetates alongside volatile acetic acid, which elevates the pH to approximately 10.^[128] Upon heating or calcination, it decomposes stepwise: initial loss of acetic acid ligands forms intermediate oxides or carbonates, followed by complete thermal breakdown to calcium and magnesium oxides (CaO and MgO), releasing CO₂ and organic volatiles; this behavior has been studied for applications in gas desulfurization precursors.^[129] In acidic or oxidative environments, the acetate moieties can further degrade, leaving behind the alkaline earth metal ions without chloride contamination, distinguishing it from traditional salts like NaCl or CaCl₂.^[130]

Other Uses

Comparative Market Analysis (Real Estate)

Comparative Market Analysis (CMA) is a technique employed by real estate agents to estimate a property's current market value by examining data from similar properties, known as comparables or "comps," that have sold recently in the same geographic area.^[131]^[132] This analysis focuses on factors such as location, square footage, number of bedrooms and bathrooms, lot size, age of the structure, and condition, adjusting for differences to arrive at an approximate value range rather than a precise figure.^[133] Unlike a formal appraisal, which is conducted by licensed professionals for lending purposes and adheres to strict standards like those from the Uniform Standards of Professional Appraisal Practice (USPAP), a CMA serves primarily as an informal tool for pricing guidance in transactions.^[131]^[134] The process of conducting a CMA typically involves several steps. First, agents select three to five comps that match the subject property as closely as possible, prioritizing sales within the past three to six months to reflect current market conditions, though adjustments may be made for older sales in slower markets.^[132]^[135] Data is sourced from Multiple Listing Service (MLS) records, public records, or proprietary databases, including sale prices, days on market, and property features.^[133] Adjustments are then applied quantitatively where possible—for instance, adding or subtracting $20–$50 per square foot for size differences or $10,000–$30,000 for recent renovations like updated kitchens—based on local market norms derived from historical sales trends.^[136] The resulting adjusted values are averaged or ranged to suggest a listing or offering price, often presented in a report with charts comparing the subject property to comps.^[135] CMAs play a critical role in real estate transactions by enabling sellers to price competitively, reducing the risk of overpricing that can lead to prolonged market time—studies indicate properties priced above market value sell for 5–10% less on average after price reductions.^[133] For buyers, it informs negotiation strategies, helping identify overvalued listings in appreciating markets where median home prices rose 5.4% year-over-year as of Q2 2024 per Federal Housing Finance Agency data.^[132] However, CMAs carry limitations due to their reliance on agent judgment for adjustments, potential data gaps in non-MLS sales, and sensitivity to rapid market shifts, such as those from interest rate changes or inventory shortages, which can render a CMA outdated within weeks.^[131]^[134] Agents from organizations like the National Association of Realtors emphasize that CMAs should not substitute for appraisals in financed purchases, as they lack the independence and verification required for mortgage underwriting.^[131]

Cover My Ass (Slang)

"Cover my ass," abbreviated as CMA, denotes precautionary actions taken by an individual to shield themselves from potential blame, criticism, or legal repercussions in situations involving risk or accountability.^[137]^[138] The expression implies self-preservation through documentation, verification, or delegation that establishes a record of diligence or shifts responsibility elsewhere.^[139] The phrase originated in American English during the 1950s, with early attestations linked to military or bureaucratic settings where accountability was paramount.^[139] It gained traction in workplace vernacular by the late 20th century, often appearing in emails, memos, or conversations to signal protective intent, such as forwarding information "for awareness" without substantive input.^[140] Variations include "CYA" (cover your ass), which functions interchangeably and entered broader slang usage by the 1970s, reflecting a cultural emphasis on liability avoidance in hierarchical organizations.^[138] In contemporary informal communication, CMA appears in texting and digital shorthand to convey similar caution, particularly in professional or adversarial contexts like project management or disputes.^[141] For instance, an employee might email a superior summarizing a decision to "cover my ass" against future disputes over outcomes.^[137] While the term's vulgarity limits its formality, it underscores pragmatic risk mitigation, distinct from proactive problem-solving.^[140]

References

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About CMA - CMA World - CMA Country Music Association
### Summary of CMA
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Country Music Association (CMA) - Home | CMA World
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WATCH: 6 Unforgettable CMA Awards Controversies - The Boot
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What I Did NOT Like About This Year's CMA Awards - 98.1 KHAK
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About CMA Certification: Accounting Certification - IMA
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work experience | IMA
Candidates for the CMA certification must complete two continuous years of professional experience in management accounting and/or financial management.
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CMA publishes 2025 Legislative Wrap-Up
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Catholic Medical Association -
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Guilds - Catholic Medical Association -
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Resolutions - Catholic Medical Association
Resolutions are an important tool to educate other members and the general public about important healthcare and bioethical issues.
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Abortion, which is an action whose sole intent is to end this life, clearly violates the basic tenets of medical ethics. ... Catholic Medical Association Rallies ...
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Medical Missions - Catholic Medical Association -
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DoD Recovered Chemical Warfare Material (RCWM) Program
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Umatilla Chemical Depot : Projects : State of Oregon
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[PDF] FACT SHEET - U.S. Army Chemical Materials Activity
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New Army activity leverages chemical expertise for future success
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https://www.cma-cgm.com/about/the-group
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The Group CMA CGM
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CMA CGM Sues Bunker Supplier For $5M After Faulty Fuel ...
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Understanding Host-Pathogen Interactions in Acute ...
Inflammation of the chorion and/or amnion during pregnancy is called chorioamnionitis. Acute chorioamnionitis is implicated in approximately 40% of preterm ...
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On the nature of calcium magnesium acetate road deicer
CMA crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pnma with a formula of Mg2Ca(OAc)6 (OAc = acetate anion), with a magnesium to calcium ratio of two to one.
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Calcium Magnesium Acetate (CMA) Ice Melt - An Alternative Deicing ...
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Synthesis of Calcium Magnesium Acetate (CMA) Deicer from Dolomite
Dec 17, 2019 · Calcium magnesium acetate (CMA) is an environmentally friendly alternative to sodium and/or calcium chloride for the use of de-icing salt on highways.
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Performance study of modified calcium magnesium acetate (MCMA ...
May 25, 2017 · Modified calcium magnesium acetate was chemically synthesized using magnesium oxide (MgO), calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) and raw acetic acid (CH3 ...
[129]
[PDF] PILOT PLANT PRODUCTION OF CALCIUM MAGNESIUM ...
Four industrial pelletizers were evaluated, which led to the selection of the Deep Drum. Pelletizer as suitable for carrying out the synthesis and agglomeration ...
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Calcination of calcium acetate and calcium magnesium acetate
The calcination process of the calcium acetate (CA) and calcium magnesium acetate (CMA) was investigated as a previous step for coal gas desulfurisation.
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[PDF] ICE-MEL TING CHARACTERISTICS OF CALCIUM MAGNESIUM ...
The decomposition or volatilization of the acetate ion effectively leaves behind the basic calcium and magnesium ions which neutralize the sulfuric and nitric ...
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Responsible Valuation Policy - National Association of REALTORS®
A comparative market analysis (CMA) is generally used to provide information to sellers or buyers in determining listing price or offering price. 1 For the ...
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Comparative market analysis (CMA): A guide - Rocket Mortgage
Mar 8, 2024 · A CMA is a tool real estate agents use to estimate the value of a specific property by evaluating similar ones that have recently sold in the same area.
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What Is a Comparative Market Analysis? - HomeLight
May 5, 2025 · A comparative market analysis is a tool that real estate agents use to calculate the value of a home by evaluating its features, size, location, age, and other ...
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What Is Comparative Market Analysis (CMA) in Real Estate? - Indeed
Jul 26, 2025 · A CMA in real estate is a comparative market analysis that estimates a property's worth based on the sales of comparable properties in the area.
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What Is a CMA in Real Estate? (+ 2025 Checklist!) - Market Leader
Nov 10, 2022 · “CMA” stands for comparative market analysis, and it refers to the process of estimating a property's value, based on the listing prices and ...How A Cma Benefits Real... · How To Do A Cma (for... · Faq
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What Is A Comparative Market Analysis In Real Estate?
May 14, 2025 · A comparative market analysis (CMA) is a powerful method for evaluating a property's worth by comparing it to similar properties in the area.
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CMA Meaning & Definition - NoSlang.com
It's an expression used to indicate that someone is taking steps to protect themselves from the possibility of being blamed or held responsible for something.
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CMA - Cover My Ass | AcronymFinder
CMA stands for Cover My Ass ... This definition appears somewhat frequently and is found in the following Acronym Finder categories: Slang/chat, popular culture.
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Cover My Ass - Idioms by The Free Dictionary
Definition of Cover My Ass in the Idioms Dictionary. Cover My Ass phrase ... This rather rude expression dates from the 1950s and may have originated in the ...
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What's a non-vulgar alternative for “covering one's ***”? [duplicate]
Nov 5, 2017 · ... meaning: Foresee and avoid the possibility of attack or criticism. 'I like to cover my ass when I make big generalizations'. And if you ...Why are there so many American phrases about derrières?Is there an English equivalent to "Do not expose others' misdeeds"?More results from english.stackexchange.com
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CMA Texting Abbreviation Meaning - All Acronyms
CMA in Texting commonly refers to Cover My Ass, a phrase used to indicate taking precautions to protect oneself from blame or criticism in various situations.