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1.1.1.1

1.1.1.1 is a free public Domain Name System (DNS) resolver service launched by Cloudflare on April 1, 2018, in partnership with APNIC, designed to translate human-readable domain names into IP addresses for faster and more secure internet browsing while prioritizing user privacy by not selling personal data or retaining query logs beyond 24 hours for debugging purposes.^[1]^[2] Operated across Cloudflare's global network of over 330 cities, the service supports DNS Security Extensions (DNSSEC) for authentication and employs query name minimization to reduce privacy leakage by sending only necessary portions of domain queries to authoritative servers.^[3]^[4] It is recognized as one of the fastest public DNS resolvers, achieving average response times under 10 milliseconds worldwide according to independent benchmarks.^[5] To enhance security, 1.1.1.1 offers encrypted DNS protocols including DNS over HTTPS (DoH) and DNS over TLS (DoT), which protect queries from interception by ISPs or malicious actors, and it also provides a hidden service for Tor users.^[4] An associated mobile app, WARP, extends these benefits by routing all device traffic through an optimized, privacy-focused VPN-like connection.^[6] Additionally, the 1.1.1.1 for Families variant includes optional filtering to block malware domains and, if enabled, adult content, making it suitable for parental controls without compromising core speed or privacy commitments.^[7]

Service Overview

Description

1.1.1.1 is a free, public recursive DNS resolver service launched by Cloudflare in 2018, aimed at delivering faster and more private domain name resolution than traditional DNS providers.^[8] Developed in partnership with APNIC, the service functions as a consumer-oriented tool to improve internet browsing speed and security without requiring users to manage their own DNS infrastructure.^[9] At its core, 1.1.1.1 translates human-readable domain names, such as example.com, into machine-readable IP addresses that direct internet traffic to the correct servers.^[4] This resolution process utilizes anycast routing across Cloudflare's global network of over 330 cities, automatically directing queries to the nearest data center for minimal latency worldwide.^[10] By handling resolution recursively—fetching responses from authoritative servers on behalf of the user—the service ensures efficient, reliable performance without exposing end-user details to upstream providers.^[4] The resolver appeals to individuals, families, and organizations prioritizing privacy in DNS operations, offering a no-logging policy that avoids storing personally identifiable information from queries.^[2] Cloudflare enforces strict data handling, deleting query logs within 24 hours and undergoing independent audits to confirm adherence to these privacy commitments.^[11] Adoption has grown significantly, with 1.1.1.1 processing approximately 1.9 trillion queries daily as of early 2025.^[12]^[13] Cloudflare collaborates with internet service providers and network equipment manufacturers to enable seamless integration and pre-configuration on routers and devices, broadening accessibility.^[12] For further privacy enhancement, it integrates with Cloudflare's WARP VPN service.

Key Features

1.1.1.1 distinguishes itself through robust privacy commitments, ensuring users' data remains protected without commercial exploitation. The service does not log client IP addresses, preventing any tracking of individual users' locations or activities.^[14] Furthermore, Cloudflare explicitly states that it will not sell or share personal data from the public resolver with third parties, nor use such data for targeted advertising, setting it apart from many other DNS providers.^[11] Identifying logs, such as query data, are deleted within 24 hours to minimize retention risks.^[14] These policies are verified annually through independent third-party privacy examinations, with results publicly announced to demonstrate compliance.^[11] Performance is another core strength, achieved via strategic infrastructure optimizations. By partnering with multiple root providers like APNIC and leveraging an anycast network, 1.1.1.1 routes queries efficiently to the nearest server.^[2] Edge caching further reduces latency by storing frequent query responses locally, enabling average worldwide query times of around 11 ms according to independent benchmarks, with sub-10 ms performance common in many regions due to proximity to Cloudflare's global points of presence.^[15] This results in one of the fastest public DNS resolvers available.^[4] For enhanced security, 1.1.1.1 offers optional filtering modes tailored for protection against threats. The malware-blocking variant, accessible via IP addresses 1.1.1.2 and 1.0.0.2, prevents resolution of domains associated with malicious software, including phishing sites, ransomware, and other threats identified through curated blocklists.^[7] The family-safe mode, using 1.1.1.3 and 1.0.0.3, extends this by additionally filtering adult content, such as pornography and nudity-related sites, to create a safer browsing environment for households.^[7] These modes rely on real-time threat intelligence without compromising the base resolver's speed or privacy.^[16] Accessibility is prioritized to make the service easy to adopt across devices and networks. Users can configure 1.1.1.1 directly on operating systems like iOS, Android, Windows, and macOS through built-in DNS settings.^[16] Dedicated mobile apps for iOS and Android simplify setup, automatically applying the resolver on any network and supporting filtering modes.^[17] For broader coverage, router-level configuration enables whole-network usage, compatible with popular models from brands like Asus and others via admin panels.^[18]

History

Launch and Development

Cloudflare began developing 1.1.1.1 in late 2017, committing significant network and support resources approximately six months prior to its public release to tackle escalating privacy issues in DNS resolution, including the widespread practice of ISPs logging and monetizing user browsing histories through unencrypted queries.^[19] The initiative stemmed from Cloudflare's recognition that traditional DNS services often exposed users to surveillance by network operators, who could track every domain visited without consent.^[1] The service was officially announced and launched on April 1, 2018, marking Cloudflare's first consumer-oriented offering aimed at delivering a faster, privacy-focused alternative to existing public DNS resolvers like those from Google and OpenDNS.^[1] This rollout was enabled through a strategic partnership with APNIC, the Asia-Pacific Network Information Centre, which allocated the distinctive IPv4 addresses 1.1.1.1 and 1.0.0.1—previously unassigned due to their simplicity—for exclusive use in this recursive DNS project under a research agreement.^[20]^[21] From inception, 1.1.1.1 emphasized user privacy by committing not to log identifying IP addresses and to delete query logs within 24 hours, audited independently to verify compliance.^[1] Initial adoption was driven by heightened public awareness of ISP data practices, particularly following regulatory scrutiny in regions like the United States, where net neutrality debates amplified concerns over surveillance.^[1] Although no public beta was conducted, internal testing ensured the service's readiness, and it supported IPv6 queries via addresses 2606:4700:4700::1111 and 2606:4700:4700::1001 from day one to accommodate modern network standards.^[1] Within months, 1.1.1.1 achieved rapid growth, handling tens of gigabits per second in traffic as privacy advocates and tech enthusiasts switched. Key early developments expanded the service's privacy ecosystem. On June 5, 2018, Cloudflare introduced the Hidden Resolver, an onion service enabling DNS queries over Tor to shield users from even resolver-level tracking.^[22] Later, on April 1, 2020, the 1.1.1.1 for Families initiative launched, integrating optional malware and adult content filtering while maintaining core privacy guarantees.^[7] These enhancements solidified 1.1.1.1's role in promoting accessible, secure DNS amid ongoing debates over internet surveillance.

Operational Incidents

One of the early operational challenges for 1.1.1.1 occurred in June 2019, when a routing issue with Verizon's network disrupted anycast traffic to Cloudflare's data centers, leading to intermittent DNS resolution failures for users relying on the service.^[23] This incident highlighted vulnerabilities in peering arrangements for anycast deployment, with resolution achieved by rerouting traffic through alternative paths after coordination with the ISP, restoring full functionality within hours.^[23] In July 2020, a partial outage affected 1.1.1.1 due to a BGP misconfiguration in Cloudflare's backbone network, causing widespread unavailability of the DNS resolver for approximately 27 minutes and impacting services like Discord, Shopify, and others that depend on it.^[24]^[25] The root cause was an erroneous update that withdrew critical routes, preventing queries from reaching edge servers; mitigation involved immediate rollback of the configuration and enhanced validation checks for BGP announcements to prevent similar errors.^[24] A security-related incident emerged in September 2025, when Cloudflare disclosed the unauthorized issuance of multiple TLS certificates for 1.1.1.1 domains by Fina CA, with at least three certificates issued in May 2025 and discovered in August 2025.^[26]^[27] In total, twelve such certificates were issued between February 2024 and August 2025 without authorization, potentially enabling man-in-the-middle attacks on encrypted DNS traffic like DoH or DoT, though no actual misuse was observed.^[26] Cloudflare responded by revoking all affected certificates, notifying certificate transparency logs, and implementing stricter controls with certificate authorities, including automated monitoring for unauthorized issuances tied to their domains.^[26]^[28] More recently, on July 14, 2025, Cloudflare made a change to its service topologies that caused a 62-minute outage for 1.1.1.1 on the edge, resulting in downtime for customers using the public DNS Resolver as well as intermittent degradation for Gateway DNS.^[29] This affected the majority of users, with intermittent issues also impacting Gateway DNS, and disrupted broader internet access for those dependent on the resolver.^[29]^[30] Resolution was achieved by isolating the misconfigured topology and re-advertising correct routes via BGP, with subsequent mitigations including improved testing protocols for topology updates and decoupling of legacy systems.^[29] Cloudflare maintains transparency in its incident response by publishing detailed post-mortems on its official blog for major events, including timelines, root cause analyses, and preventive measures, which has become a standard practice to build trust and inform the community on reliability improvements.^[29]^[24] These reports emphasize rapid detection through internal monitoring and coordinated recovery efforts, contributing to ongoing enhancements in service resilience.^[26]

Technical Implementation

IP Addresses and Infrastructure

The primary IP addresses for the 1.1.1.1 DNS resolver are 1.1.1.1 and 1.0.0.1 for IPv4, and 2606:4700:4700::1111 and 2606:4700:4700::1001 for IPv6, used for standard domain name resolution with the latter two serving as secondary or backup addresses to enhance reliability. These addresses were specifically allocated by the Asia-Pacific Network Information Centre (APNIC) to Cloudflare for the public DNS service as part of a joint research and operational partnership.^[1]^[31]^[32] Historically, the addresses 1.1.1.1 and 1.0.0.1 were held by APNIC's research group within the 1.0.0.0/8 block, which was allocated to APNIC by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) in 2010 after being reserved for future use. Prior to this formal allocation, these addresses were commonly employed in the 1990s for testing and documentation purposes in early IP networking configurations, leading to their frequent appearance as placeholder examples in software, tutorials, and network setups worldwide. This widespread informal usage made the addresses effectively unusable for production deployment without intervention.^[1]^[33] In preparation for the service launch on April 1, 2018, Cloudflare initiated a six-month cleanup process to reassign the addresses globally. This involved automated scanning of the internet to detect active usages and misconfigured routes pointing to 1.1.1.1 and 1.0.0.1, followed by notifications to affected network operators and legacy users to update their systems. The effort identified only minimal active conflicts, resulting in few disruptions and enabling broad reachability post-launch.^[19] The underlying infrastructure leverages anycast routing on Cloudflare's global network, which as of 2025 encompasses 330 cities across more than 125 countries. This distributed edge server architecture ensures redundancy by advertising the same IP addresses from multiple locations, routing queries to the closest server for minimal latency and high fault tolerance.^[34]^[35]

Supported Protocols

1.1.1.1 supports DNS over HTTPS (DoH) as a primary encrypted protocol, implemented since its launch in 2018 to secure DNS queries by encapsulating them within HTTPS traffic on port 443. This allows DNS requests to masquerade as standard web traffic, reducing the risk of interception, with the primary endpoint at https://1.1.1.1/dns-query supporting HTTP/2 and HTTP/3 for efficient multiplexing.^[36] DNS over TLS (DoT) is also available, providing end-to-end encryption for DNS queries on port 853 in compliance with RFC 7858, ensuring protection against eavesdropping and tampering through standard TLS handshakes. Clients verify the connection using certificates issued for cloudflare-dns.com, which includes the IP addresses 1.1.1.1 and 1.0.0.1 in the subject alternative names.^[37] In addition to these, 1.1.1.1 offers DNS over Tor for enhanced anonymity, routing queries through the Tor network to conceal the user's IP address from the resolver while preventing the ISP from observing DNS activity. As a fallback for unencrypted scenarios, standard DNS operates over UDP and TCP on port 53, using the binary wire format defined in RFC 1035 for queries and responses, with error handling via standard DNS response codes such as NXDOMAIN for non-existent domains or SERVFAIL for server failures.^[38] Protocol support has evolved to include Oblivious DoH (ODoH) starting in late 2020, a privacy-enhancing extension that separates query authentication from resolution to prevent the DNS resolver from linking queries to client identities, implemented via proxy and target roles with endpoints like odoh.cloudflare-dns.com.^[39]^[40]^[41] These protocols integrate with the WARP VPN service to tunnel DNS traffic securely, though detailed tunneling mechanics are covered in the WARP VPN section.^[4]

Privacy and Security

Cloudflare's 1.1.1.1 DNS resolver operates under a strict no-logging policy for user IP addresses, ensuring that full IP addresses are never stored or logged to disk. Query logs are anonymized by truncating the last octet of the IP address and retained only temporarily for debugging and performance monitoring, with all such data deleted within 25 hours.^[2] This approach minimizes data retention while allowing essential operational oversight, and Cloudflare publishes semi-annual transparency reports detailing government and law enforcement requests for user data, none of which involve selling or sharing DNS query information.^[42] To verify adherence to these privacy commitments, Cloudflare committed to annual third-party audits by KPMG since the service's launch in 2018, with the initial comprehensive review completed in 2020 confirming no retention of full IP addresses or personal data beyond the stated policy and no sales of user information.^[1]^[11]^[43] On the security front, 1.1.1.1 leverages Cloudflare's global anycast network, which provides built-in DDoS mitigation capabilities capable of absorbing and filtering large-scale attacks at the edge without impacting resolver availability.^[3] In filtered modes like 1.1.1.2 (malware blocking) and 1.1.1.3 (family protection), the service actively scans and blocks DNS resolutions to known malicious or phishing domains using Cloudflare's threat intelligence feeds.^[2] Regarding the 2025 unauthorized TLS certificate issuance incident, where multiple certificates for 1.1.1.1 were improperly issued by a third-party certification authority, Cloudflare promptly investigated, coordinated revocations through certificate transparency logs, and enhanced monitoring to prevent recurrence, with no evidence of exploitation or service disruption.^[26] The service complies with the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) as a data processor, implementing measures like data minimization, pseudonymization of logs, and user consent mechanisms where applicable, while explicitly stating no participation in government surveillance programs or data-sharing alliances beyond legal requirements.^[44] For family modes, data handling follows the same anonymized and short-retention policy, with no additional logging of blocked queries or user identifiers to protect household privacy.^[2]

WARP VPN

WARP VPN is a free virtual private network (VPN) service provided by Cloudflare that extends the 1.1.1.1 DNS resolver by routing all device internet traffic through Cloudflare's global network, encrypting connections to protect against interception and using 1.1.1.1 for secure DNS resolution.^[45] It employs the WireGuard protocol, a lightweight and efficient VPN standard, to create secure tunnels without the overhead of traditional VPNs, ensuring that data is encrypted end-to-end while leveraging Cloudflare's edge infrastructure for optimized routing.^[46] This integration allows users to access the internet with improved privacy and performance, as traffic is anonymized and protected from on-path attacks.^[47] Launched in 2019 as a consumer extension of the 1.1.1.1 service, WARP was initially released for iOS and Android mobile apps, with desktop support for Windows, macOS, and Linux following in subsequent updates to broaden accessibility.^[45] The service includes split-tunnel options, enabling users to selectively route specific traffic through the VPN while allowing other connections to bypass it for customized control over privacy and performance.^[48] Available via dedicated apps across these platforms, WARP operates in a full-tunnel mode by default but supports configurations for partial routing to suit individual needs. It also supports the MASQUE protocol for encrypted traffic routing to Cloudflare's network.^[49] In terms of performance and security, WARP adopts a zero-trust architecture as part of Cloudflare's broader ecosystem, verifying each connection without assuming trust in the underlying network, which minimizes risks from untrusted Wi-Fi or cellular connections.^[50] Cloudflare commits to no logging of traffic content, destinations, or user activities, aligning with its privacy-focused DNS practices to ensure that only anonymized aggregate data is retained for service improvement.^[51] By integrating directly with Cloudflare's edge servers—spanning over 330 cities worldwide—WARP avoids the latency penalties common in legacy VPNs, delivering faster speeds through optimized paths and content delivery.^[34] For enterprise users, WARP integrates with Cloudflare One, providing advanced zero-trust access controls and device management features.^[50] Upgraded speed tiers are available through WARP+, which offers enhanced performance optimizations.^[52]

WARP+ Enhancements

WARP+ is a premium subscription tier of Cloudflare's WARP service, introduced in September 2019 alongside the initial launch of WARP. It enhances the base service by incorporating Argo Smart Routing, which dynamically selects optimal paths across Cloudflare's global network of over 330 cities to avoid congestion and reduce latency. This results in average performance improvements of up to 30% faster connections compared to standard internet routing.^[52]^[53]^[54] The WARP+ Unlimited plan operates on a subscription model priced at $4.99 per month or equivalent regional rates, providing unlimited access to Argo routing without the limitations of the free tier's referral-based bonuses. Initially, users could earn limited free WARP+ data—starting at 1 GB per referral invite—with no cap on total earnings but requiring a subscription for unrestricted use. This upgrade eliminates any data constraints on the enhanced routing features, allowing continuous high-speed performance for activities like streaming and browsing.^[52]^[55] Beyond speed optimizations, WARP+ includes access to advanced security integrations within the 1.1.1.1 app ecosystem, such as enhanced threat blocking through Cloudflare Gateway policies that filter malicious domains in real-time. It also supports seamless configuration with 1.1.1.1 for Families, enabling malware and adult content blocking modes directly in the WARP client for family-oriented protection. While WARP+ primarily focuses on performance, these features extend its utility for secure, unrestricted access.^[56]^[7] As of November 2025, WARP+ has seen ongoing refinements, with the November release of version 2025.9.558.0 for desktop clients introducing minor fixes and stability improvements across Windows, macOS, and Linux platforms, following the October 2025.8.779.0 update. These updates ensure compatibility and reliability for the premium tier, building on Cloudflare's commitment to evolving the service for mobile and desktop users.^[57]^[58]^[59]

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