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ALF

The Animal Liberation Front (ALF) is a decentralized, international activist network that promotes animal liberation through direct actions such as the unauthorized removal of animals from laboratories, farms, and zoos, as well as and targeting industries deemed exploitative of animals. Founded in by Ronnie Lee, a former law student and advocate who had previously participated in hunt , the group emerged from dissatisfaction with non-confrontational protest methods and adopted a leaderless structure modeled on autonomous cells to evade . While ALF guidelines explicitly prohibit harm to human or animal life, its tactics have inflicted over $100 million in economic damages since the , including attacks on facilities and fur businesses, leading U.S. authorities like the FBI to classify it as the leading threat from during that period. Notable operations include the liberation of thousands of lab animals in the U.S. and , alongside coordinated arsons documented in federal cases like Operation Backfire, which resulted in convictions for conspiracy and environmental . Despite claims of ethical advancement for , ALF's clandestine methods have drawn bipartisan condemnation in congressional hearings as , prioritizing ideological disruption over legal channels and contributing to heightened security for biomedical and agricultural sectors.

Arts and entertainment

Fictional characters

Gordon Shumway, commonly referred to by his nickname ALF (an acronym for "Alien Life Form"), serves as the central fictional character in the American sitcom ALF and its related media. Hailing from the planet in the , Shumway is depicted as a short, brown-furred humanoid alien with a prominent , eight stomach chambers enabling him to consume large quantities of food, and a sarcastic, rambunctious personality marked by wise-cracking humor and a penchant for mischief. Born on October 28, 1756—translated to the calendar—Shumway attended Melmac High School for 122 years and later became a of the Melmacian Orbit Guard before his homeworld's destruction in 1985. His includes parents Bob and Flow Shumway, along with siblings Curtis and Augie. Notable traits include his affinity for , (which his species regards as a , leading to repeated attempts to eat the Tanner ), and like pizza, often resulting in comedic conflicts during his efforts to hide from authorities while residing with a suburban after crash-landing his in their garage in 1986. In the prequel animated series ALF: The Animated Series (1987–1989), Shumway's earlier life on is explored, portraying him as a resident of prior to the planet's from overuse. This depiction expands on his pre-Earth adventures, emphasizing his orbit guard duties and familial dynamics amid Melmac's societal quirks, such as homes powered by hamsters on wheels. The character's design and voice were created by , who puppeteered and voiced ALF throughout the original run, blending grizzled cynicism with youthful antics to appeal to family audiences.

Television series and adaptations

ALF is an American sitcom that premiered on NBC on September 22, 1986, and concluded on March 24, 1990, spanning four seasons and 102 episodes. Created by Paul Fusco and Tom Patchett, the series centers on Gordon Shumway, a sarcastic alien from the planet Melmac known as ALF (an acronym for "Alien Life Form"), who crash-lands in the garage of the suburban Tanner family and attempts to hide from authorities while integrating into their lives. Paul Fusco provided the voice and operated the ALF puppet, while the human cast included Max Wright as patriarch Willie Tanner, Anne Schedeen as Kate Tanner, Andrea Elson as daughter Lynn, and Benji Gregory as son Brian. The show was notable as the first television series broadcast in Dolby Surround sound and achieved popularity for its humor blending family dynamics with science fiction elements, though it faced declining ratings in later seasons leading to cancellation. The series received several awards, including the People's Choice Award for Favorite New TV Comedy Program in 1987 and the Kids' Choice Award for Favorite TV Actor (ALF) in 1989. It earned 12 Emmy nominations but no wins, alongside recognitions from the Young Artist Awards for family comedy excellence in 1987 and 1988. Adaptations include two animated series. ALF: The Animated Series (1987–1988) aired 26 episodes on NBC, depicting ALF's pre-Earth adventures on Melmac with friends like Trevor, Rhonda, and Skip. ALF Tales (1988–1989), also on NBC, ran for 21 episodes, featuring ALF and Melmacians parodying classic fairy tales and stories such as "The Three Little Pigs" and "Jack and the Beanstalk." In 1996, ABC broadcast the made-for-TV movie Project: ALF, a direct sequel to the series finale, in which ALF is captured by a military task force but aided by sympathetic scientists; the film starred Miguel Ferrer and received mixed reviews for its lower production values compared to the original. Attempts at revival include a 2018 Warner Bros. reboot in early development, which was canceled by November of that year due to creative differences. Sony Pictures acquired rights around the same period for a hybrid live-action/ feature film, but no production updates have materialized as of 2025.

People

Individuals with the initials or nickname

Alfred Mossman "Alf" Landon (September 9, 1887 – October 12, 1987) was an American Republican politician who served as the 26th governor of Kansas from January 1933 to January 1937, implementing fiscal reforms during the Great Depression, including balanced budgets and infrastructure projects. He received the Republican presidential nomination in 1936, campaigning against Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal policies, but won only six states and 36.5% of the popular vote, the lowest electoral margin for a Republican nominee since 1892. Sir Alfred Ernest "Alf" Ramsey (January 22, 1920 – April 28, 1999) was an English professional who played as a for and Hotspur, winning the Football League title in 1951, and later managed Ipswich Town to the 1962 First Division championship before leading the England national team to its sole victory in 1966, defeating 4–2 in the final on July 30 at . Knighted in 1967, Ramsey's tactical innovations, including a 4-4-2 formation, influenced modern . Alf Clausen (born March 28, 1941) is an composer and conductor recognized for scoring over 500 episodes of the animated series from 1990 to 2017, earning seven Emmy nominations for his orchestral work blending jazz, classical, and parody elements, such as the theme's adaptations for episodes like "." Prior to , he composed for shows including and . Alf Kjellin (February 28, 1920 – April 5, 1988), born Göte Kjellin, was a and who appeared in like Zygmund Jankel (1941) and Tarzan the Ape Man (1959), and directed episodes of American television series such as The Man from U.N.C.L.E. (1964–1968) and (1967), contributing to 12 episodes of the latter including "." Alf Landon Humphreys (born August 15, 1947), known professionally as Alf Humphreys, is a Canadian with roles in like The Dead Zone (1983) and television including and , often portraying authoritative figures; he also teaches acting at the .

Given name and surname variants

Alf is a masculine of Old Norse origin, from the element álfr meaning "", often used independently in contexts or as a diminutive of (from Ælfrǣd, "elf counsel") or Alfonso. It gained popularity in English-speaking countries during the 19th and early 20th centuries but declined after mid-century, with variants including and Alfi in modern usage. Notable individuals with the given name Alf include (1887–1987), the Republican governor of from 1933 to 1937 and the party's unsuccessful presidential nominee in 1936, who received 36.5% of the popular vote against . (1920–1999) managed the to victory in the , the country's only major international title. (born 1941) composed music for over 500 episodes of the animated series from 1990 to 2017. Alf Prøysen (1914–1970), a writer and musician, authored children's literature and folk songs that remain culturally significant in Norway. As a surname, Alf is uncommon, primarily found in and among German or Scandinavian descendants, with an estimated global incidence of around 2,000 bearers as of recent data. A prominent bearer is Johnny Alf (1929–2010), a bossa nova pianist and singer who influenced the genre's development in the 1950s and 1960s through compositions like "Rapaz de Bem".

Places

Geographical locations

Alf is a in the Cochem-Zell district of , , situated at the confluence of the Alf River and the , known for its scenic location in the Moselle wine region. The town features historical sites such as the 12th-century Castle Arras and serves as a base for tourism along the river valley. The Alf River, also known as Alfbach, is a 52-kilometer-long left tributary of the , originating in the mountains near Darscheid and descending 454 meters to its mouth near the town of Alf. Mount Alf is a peak exceeding 3,200 meters in elevation, located in the northern Sentinel Range of the in , mapped during the Marie Byrd Land Traverse expedition of 1957–1958. Alf Creek is a in , , recognized as an official geographical feature by federal naming authorities. Alf Lake, also in at approximately 809 meters elevation near the Stellako area, and another in spanning about 23.8 hectares, are similarly documented Canadian water bodies.

Buildings and facilities

An facility (ALF), also known as an assisted living residence, is a residential community-based setting that provides , meals, and assistance with (ADLs) such as bathing, dressing, medication management, and mobility support to adults, typically seniors or individuals with disabilities who require some help but not the intensive medical care of a . These facilities emphasize independence and social engagement, often featuring private or semi-private apartments, communal dining areas, and recreational spaces, distinguishing them from institutional homes. ALFs originated during the as an alternative to traditional homes, responding to demands for less restrictive options that promote autonomy while offering on-site support. Services typically include three meals daily, housekeeping, transportation, and limited monitoring, but exclude skilled unless arranged separately; residents must generally be capable of self-evacuation in emergencies or have adequate staffing ratios. Physical designs incorporate features like wide doorways, ramps, elevators, and non-slip flooring to accommodate mobility aids, with buildings ranging from small group homes (under 20 residents) to larger complexes with multiple floors. Regulation of ALFs occurs at the level, with no uniform standards; states facilities based on acuity, requirements, and protocols, such as and medication storage. For example, classifies ALFs as Type A (for residents able to evacuate independently without nighttime assistance) or Type B (for those needing more support), while other states categorize by size or care level, with oversight focusing on , , and rights. Variations exist in building layouts, from single-story homes to multi-unit apartments, but all must comply with local building codes for senior housing. As of 2022, the U.S. hosts approximately 32,000 ALFs serving over 1 million residents, predominantly women aged 85 and older, with an average facility size of 37 licensed beds. These facilities represent a key segment of , housing about 88% of senior residential community beds and accommodating roughly 818,000 to 1 million individuals annually.

Organizations and activism

Animal rights groups

The Animal Liberation Front (ALF) originated in the United Kingdom in the mid-1970s, founded by activist Ronnie Lee as an evolution of the Band of Mercy group, with the first formal actions occurring in 1976. The organization lacks a central or formal membership, functioning instead as a decentralized network of autonomous cells that claim responsibility for independent "direct actions" aligned with its ideological guidelines. ALF's stated objectives emphasize liberating animals from facilities involving exploitation, such as farms and laboratories; inflicting economic disruption on entities profiting from animal use; publicizing instances of animal mistreatment; and adhering to a policy of non-violence toward humans or animals during operations. Tactics include trespassing to release confined animals, vandalism of equipment, arson using improvised incendiary devices, and graffiti to publicize claims, all designed to impose financial costs estimated at over $110 million from more than 1,100 documented incidents worldwide since 1976. In the United States, where ALF activities expanded in the late , the (FBI) designates the group as a threat within the category of special-interest , due to the risks posed by incendiary attacks and potential for escalation despite the no-harm-to-life precept. Specific U.S. examples include the 2003 nail bomb attacks on the Life Sciences Center in , on August 28 and Shaklee Corporation facilities on September 26, which caused structural damage but no injuries; these were attributed to ALF supporter , who remains a . Between 1995 and 2010, ALF-linked arsons and bombings contributed to at least 239 such attacks by and environmental extremists combined, targeting labs, farms, and agricultural sites. Government assessments, including FBI reports, highlight ALF's coordination with groups like the (ELF) and its role in over 190 open investigations across U.S. field offices as of 2004, underscoring concerns over economic sabotage's indirect threats to jobs and research continuity. While ALF spokespersons frame actions as ethical imperatives against , federal agencies prioritize the pattern of property destruction as criminal extremism rather than legitimate protest.

Health foundations and leadership forums

The American Liver Foundation (ALF), established in 1976 by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases, operates as a focused on facilitating , advocacy, support services, and research to prevent, treat, and cure . Headquartered in , ALF addresses the impact of liver conditions on approximately 30 million Americans through initiatives including policy advocacy for increased research funding and public awareness campaigns on risk factors such as , alcohol use, and . The foundation maintains a national (1-800-465-4837) that connects patients and families to local resources, referrals, and support groups. ALF's research efforts, via its Research Awards Program launched in 1979, have distributed over $26 million to more than 850 scientists and physicians, supporting studies on , reversal, and emerging therapies for conditions like nonalcoholic (NASH). These grants prioritize early-career investigators to build long-term expertise in , with annual awards typically ranging from $100,000 to $150,000 per recipient based on peer-reviewed proposals. The organization also partners with medical institutions for recruitment and disseminates evidence-based guidelines through its website and publications, emphasizing empirical data on prevalence and outcomes. In the realm of leadership forums, the American Leadership Forum (ALF) network comprises independent regional chapters that convene interdisciplinary fellows programs to develop collaborative leadership skills, often incorporating participants from health foundations and providers. Established in the 1980s, ALF chapters—such as those in , , and Mountain Valley—host multi-month cohorts of 25–40 emerging leaders, including executives from entities like Sierra Health Foundation and Northwest Health Foundation, to tackle challenges through dialogue and joint projects. These forums emphasize bridging sectoral divides, with health-focused sessions addressing topics like equitable access to care and , drawing on participants' professional networks for actionable outcomes without formal policy mandates. ALF's model has trained over 10,000 fellows nationwide since inception, fostering sustained networks evidenced by alumni-led initiatives in coalitions.

Businesses and professional entities

The Association of Litigation Funders (ALF) is a self-regulatory in the , established to promote ethical standards among third-party litigation funding providers, who finance legal claims in exchange for a share of any successful outcomes. ALF members, which include major funders operating in , adhere to a emphasizing , no-win-no-fee structures, and avoidance of champerty or maintenance risks. The organization collaborates with bodies like the International Legal Finance Association (ILFA) to influence policy on alternative litigation finance, a sector that has grown significantly since the early 2010s amid rising legal costs. ALF Law Firm, based in , , operates as a corporate and commercial legal practice serving domestic and international clients in areas such as mergers, registration, and regulatory compliance under reforms. Founded to capitalize on the kingdom's economic diversification, the firm provides advisory services tailored to foreign investment laws and Sharia-compliant transactions. Alf Italia S.p.A. is an Italian furniture manufacturer headquartered in , specializing in modern upholstered sofas, beds, and modular living room systems since its founding in 1980. The company exports to over 90 countries, emphasizing customizable designs with materials like and eco-friendly fabrics, and maintains production facilities focused on ergonomic innovation.

Health and medicine

Medical conditions

Acute liver failure (ALF), also known as fulminant hepatic failure, is defined as the rapid development of severe liver injury with coagulopathy (international normalized ratio [INR] greater than 1.5) and encephalopathy in patients without preexisting chronic liver disease, typically occurring within 26 weeks of the initial hepatic insult. This condition arises from massive hepatocyte necrosis, leading to impaired synthetic function and detoxification capacity of the liver. ALF is distinguished from acute-on-chronic liver failure by the absence of underlying cirrhosis. The etiology of ALF varies by region but predominantly involves drug-induced liver injury, with acetaminophen (paracetamol) toxicity accounting for approximately 42% of cases and , often due to intentional overdose. Other causes include idiosyncratic drug reactions (e.g., antibiotics, anticonvulsants), (particularly , B, or E in endemic areas), , , , and toxin exposure such as mushrooms or herbal supplements. In about 15-20% of cases, no etiology is identified (indeterminate ALF). influences , with acetaminophen-related ALF showing better transplant-free survival compared to indeterminate or drug-induced non-acetaminophen cases. Epidemiologically, ALF is rare, with an incidence of fewer than 10 cases per million population annually in developed countries, though rates may be higher in regions with prevalent . In the U.S., drug-induced causes represent over 50% of cases, reflecting patterns of use and . Global burden data from 2023 indicate ALF contributes to high morbidity despite its infrequency, with improvements in management reducing historical fatality rates. Clinical presentation includes nonspecific prodromal symptoms such as fatigue, nausea, vomiting, and right upper quadrant pain, progressing to , altered mental status from , and bleeding due to . Severe cases may involve , renal failure, , or multiorgan dysfunction. Encephalopathy grading (I-IV) correlates with severity, with grade III-IV indicating and poor prognosis without intervention. Diagnosis requires evidence of acute liver injury via elevated aminotransferases (often >1000 IU/L), hyperbilirubinemia, and prolonged /INR, alongside , while excluding through history, , and . Etiology-specific testing includes acetaminophen levels, viral serologies, autoimmune markers, and toxicology screens; may confirm necrosis if needed. or MELD score assess transplant urgency. Management is primarily supportive in intensive care settings, focusing on hemodynamic stability, infection control, and monitoring. N-acetylcysteine is standard for acetaminophen toxicity and beneficial in non-acetaminophen ALF, improving oxygenation and transplant-free survival. Orthotopic liver transplantation remains the definitive therapy for irreversible cases, with survival rates exceeding 80% post-transplant, though waitlist mortality is significant. Experimental therapies like liver support show promise but lack definitive efficacy data. Prognosis has improved from near-universal fatality pre-1980s to 50-60% spontaneous in acetaminophen ALF with modern care, but overall mortality remains 20-30% without transplant, higher in non-acetaminophen . Factors like age under 40, non-stuporous , and favorable predict better outcomes per AASLD guidelines.

Care facilities

Assisted living facilities (ALFs), also known as residences, provide housing, meals, and supportive services to adults who require assistance with (ADLs) such as bathing, dressing, eating, and medication management, but do not need the intensive skilled or 24-hour medical care provided in nursing homes. These facilities emphasize and , often featuring private apartments or shared units with communal dining and social areas, while offering personalized care plans tailored to individual needs. Unlike medical institutions, ALFs focus on promoting through non-medical support, including , transportation, and recreational activities, though services vary by facility and acuity. The concept of emerged in the United States during the late 1970s and as an alternative to institutional nursing homes, driven by a toward models that prioritize and home-like environments over medicalized settings. States began enacting specific ALF policies in the late , with widespread adoption by the ; by 2019, more than 2,250 state-level regulations governed these facilities, reflecting ongoing evolution to address resident needs without federal oversight. Today, ALFs operate under state-specific licensing and certification requirements, which dictate staffing ratios, training standards, and operational protocols but lack uniform national guidelines, leading to significant interstate variations in care quality and oversight. In the U.S., over 1,000,000 individuals reside in ALFs, predominantly those aged 85 and older, with a majority being female and non-Hispanic white. Approximately 30,000 such facilities exist nationwide, serving around 818,000 to 918,700 residents as of recent estimates, though occupancy rates have rebounded to about 85% by late 2023 following pandemic-related declines. Some states allow reimbursement for personal care and supportive services in ALFs, enabling access for lower-income residents, but private pay remains the primary funding source, with average monthly costs exceeding $4,000 depending on location and services. Facilities must maintain sufficient staffing for daily assistance and medication oversight, though they are not required to provide licensed nurses on site continuously, which can limit responses to acute health events.

Science and technology

Computing and software

The Algebraic Logic Functional (ALF) programming language integrates and paradigms, using logic with as its foundation, which includes predicates and Horn clauses for logical aspects alongside functions and equations for functional computation. Developed in the early 1990s, ALF supports by allowing equations to define functions and logic programs to handle non-deterministic search, with equality serving as a unifying mechanism for both. Implementations include interpreters that compile ALF code to instructions for efficient execution of logic components. Action Language for Foundational UML (ALF) is a standardized textual notation defined by the (OMG) in 2013 for specifying executable behaviors within UML models, enabling precise representation of structural and behavioral elements without graphical diagrams. ALF extends fUML (Foundational UML) by providing syntax for actions, expressions, and statements that map directly to UML's foundational subset, supporting applications in , simulation, and . As of version 1.1 released in 2014, it facilitates detailed system operations in domains like testing and verification, with tools integrating it into environments such as for behavioral modeling. ALF ("Another Logical Framework") is a structure editor and proof assistant for monomorphic Martin-Löf type theory, developed at in the early 1990s to support interactive theorem proving and theory editing. It combines a general with Martin-Löf's logical framework, allowing users to define and manipulate proofs through a graphical interface that enforces type correctness and dependency tracking. The system emphasizes extensibility, enabling custom logical frameworks via new type definitions while maintaining consistency through dependent types and .

Other technical terms

In , particularly in the study of hyperkähler metrics and gravitational instantons, ALF denotes asymptotically locally flat spaces, which are four-dimensional Riemannian manifolds with end structures resembling the flat metric on \mathbb{R}^3 \times S^1, exhibiting quadratic area growth at infinity. These metrics arise in the construction of Ricci-flat geometries, such as those degenerating from complete hyperkähler manifolds, and are analyzed for their role in modeling collapsing metrics on K3 surfaces or higher-dimensional Calabi-Yau spaces. In , ALF refers to autonomous load following, a capability in advanced fast reactors where the reactor power adjusts automatically to load changes via inherent reactivity s from and density variations, without external movements. Studies of sodium-cooled and lead-cooled fast reactors demonstrate that ALF performance depends on feedback coefficients, with lead offering superior stability due to stronger Doppler effects, enabling safer operation in variable-demand grids. In and , ALF stands for Agnostic Life Finder, a proposed low-cost for in situ life detection on Mars integrated with in-situ resource utilization systems. It processes regolith samples to concentrate potential biosignatures like polyelectrolytes via electrostatic fields, agnostic to specific biochemistries, and delivers them for analysis, potentially screening large volumes for organic aggregates indicative of .

Transportation

Vehicles and systems

(ALF) was a manufacturer of fire engines, aerial ladders, and other emergency response vehicles, established in 1873 in , and ceasing operations in 2014. The company specialized in custom-built apparatus for firefighting, including pumpers with capacities up to 1,000 gallons and high-pressure turrets, as well as airport crash rescue units. During , ALF produced fire trucks with 1,000-gallon tanks for military use, contributing to both domestic and allied efforts. Its vehicles were noted for robust construction, often featuring inline engines like the 855-cubic-inch 6-cylinder producing 130 horsepower in models such as the 1925 Triple Combination Pumper. The Accelerated Loading Facility (ALF) is a full-scale pavement testing system used to simulate decades of heavy vehicle trafficking under controlled conditions, enabling rapid evaluation of , , and infrastructure durability. Developed for accelerated testing, the ALF applies prototype wheel loads—typically up to legal limits or higher—over test sections up to 100 feet long, compressing years of wear into months for materials . Facilities like those operated by the U.S. and Australia's National Transport Research Organisation use the ALF to assess performance under varying loads, temperatures, and environmental factors, informing designs for highways and heavy haul roads. For instance, a 55-ton ALF variant can replicate traffic equivalent to millions of axle passes, providing empirical data on fatigue cracking and rutting without relying on long-term field observations. ALF Company produces electric specialty vehicles, including custom golf carts and low-speed mobility solutions designed for sustainable urban and recreational transport. These vehicles emphasize smart features like modular designs for global applications, focusing on zero-emission operation in controlled environments such as campuses or resorts.

Mythology and culture

Mythological references

In Norse mythology, "alf" derives from the Old Norse term álfr (plural álfar), referring to a class of ethereal, humanoid supernatural beings often translated as elves. These Álfar were envisioned as radiant entities tied to fertility, light, and the natural world, distinct from gods or giants yet possessing magical attributes that influenced human affairs such as love, health, and crop yields. Álfheimr (Old Norse: "elf-home" or "realm of the Álfar"), one of the nine worlds in Norse cosmology, served as the primary abode of the ljósálfar or light elves, who dwelt in harmony with the Vanir deities and were ruled by Freyr, god of prosperity. This realm was characterized by its luminous quality, paralleling the Álfar's etymological link to Proto-Germanic albiz, connoting brightness or whiteness. Darker counterparts, dökkálfar, resided underground and exhibited more ambiguous or malevolent traits, blurring lines with dwarves in some accounts. The Álfar featured in rituals like , autumnal sacrifices honoring ancestral or elven spirits for protection and abundance, reflecting their role as intermediaries between the divine and mortal realms. Names incorporating "alf," such as those of legendary kings like Alf the Old, underscored cultural reverence for these beings as progenitors or dynastic symbols in Germanic lore.

Other uses

Miscellaneous acronyms and abbreviations

The Animal Liberation Front (ALF) is a leaderless, international movement originating in during the 1970s, known for conducting direct actions such as , , and property destruction targeting facilities involved in animal experimentation, farming, and related industries. U.S. federal agencies, including the FBI, classify ALF activities as within the category of , with documented incidents including bombings and mink releases that have caused significant economic damage. In Australian slang, "Alf" serves as a derogatory term for an uncultivated, unsophisticated, or foolish male, often evoking a stereotypical basic or nationalistic figure, though this usage has been largely supplanted by terms like "." Other less common designations include Area Labor Federation, denoting regional affiliates of labor unions under the structure in the United States, and Fellowship, applied to various evangelical Christian congregations emphasizing .

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