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Advanced Gun System

The Advanced Gun System (AGS) is a 155-millimeter automated mount developed by for the 's Zumwalt-class (DDG-1000) stealth destroyers, intended to deliver high-volume, precision-guided for land attack missions in littoral environments. Equipped with two AGS turrets per , the system features a 62-caliber barrel, a sustained firing rate of 10 rounds per minute, and compatibility with guided projectiles offering ranges up to 83 nautical miles, supported by fully automated loading and storage magazines holding up to 750 rounds to minimize crew requirements and enhance operational efficiency. The design integrates stealthy angular enclosures to reduce signature, aligning with the Zumwalt-class's emphasis on survivability against modern threats. Development began in the early as part of the DDG-1000 program, but the system's primary munition, the (LRLAP), was canceled in 2016 due to unit costs escalating to $800,000–$1 million per round, driven by the program's truncation from 32 planned ships to only three, which precluded cost-sharing benefits. This left the AGS without viable precision ammunition, prompting evaluations of alternatives like hypervelocity projectiles or conventional rounds, though barrel and system modifications would be required; subsequent plans have shifted the Zumwalt destroyers toward hypersonic missile roles, underscoring broader challenges in balancing technological ambition with fiscal and production realities in naval armament procurement.

Development and History

Origins and Strategic Requirements

The Advanced Gun System (AGS) originated as a core component of the U.S. Navy's DD(X) destroyer program, which was formally established in November 2001 following a restructuring of the earlier DD-21 initiative to align with evolving defense priorities. This development responded to the Navy's requirement for enhanced naval surface (NSFS) capabilities, particularly to replace the retiring Iowa-class and address gaps in sustained shore bombardment exposed during operations such as Desert Storm, where battleship gunfire provided critical volume fire but highlighted limitations in range and persistence for modern amphibious assaults. Post-Cold War strategic shifts emphasized littoral operations and in contested coastal environments, necessitating platforms capable of delivering precise, high-volume fire to support Marine Corps maneuver forces ashore without over-reliance on costly precision-guided missiles. The AGS was conceptualized to enable over-the-horizon engagement, with design goals targeting ranges exceeding 100 nautical miles using advanced munitions, thereby facilitating distributed from standoff positions while minimizing exposure to counter-battery threats. This approach drew from empirical assessments of NSFS needs, prioritizing for rapid response and sustained output equivalent to multiple land-based batteries to suppress enemy defenses during expeditionary operations. Key requirements included an automated reloading system to achieve a sustained firing rate of 10 rounds per minute per , allowing for economical, high-capacity far superior to legacy 5-inch systems and reducing dependency on stocks limited by and magazine depth. was initially planned across 32 DD(X)-class ships to distribute across the fleet, enabling persistent NSFS in scenarios where expenditures would prove prohibitive for prolonged engagements. These specifications reflected first-hand operational lessons, such as the battleships' effectiveness in Desert Storm but their vulnerability and decommissioning, underscoring the need for a , stealth-integrated system optimized for volume over single-shot precision.

Design Phase and Contracts

The design phase of the Advanced Gun System (AGS) commenced in the early 2000s under the U.S. Navy's DD(X) land-attack program, focusing on a turreted 155 mm naval gun capable of delivering precision-guided munitions at extended ranges for fire support missions. United Defense LP, subsequently acquired by in March 2005, led the engineering effort, selecting a 155 mm/62 to ensure compatibility with existing U.S. 155 mm standards and logistics while adapting for maritime constraints such as reduced crew requirements and automated handling. Key innovations included liquid-cooled barrels to mitigate heat buildup during sustained firing—enabling barrel life extensions beyond conventional designs—and a modular system integrated with an automated magazine holding up to 920 rounds per , facilitating a nominal of 10 rounds per minute per barrel without manual intervention. These features addressed shipboard demands for reliability in volume fire scenarios, prioritizing sustained output over intermittent precision strikes to achieve economies in ammunition costs relative to alternatives for area suppression. In June 2005, the Naval Sea Systems Command awarded United Defense a cost-plus-award-fee contract valued at up to $376 million for continued design, development, and testing of the AGS, including prototype fabrication and land-based evaluations. Concurrently, BAE Systems contracted Lockheed Martin for $120 million in July 2005 to advance the Long Range Land Attack Projectile (LRLAP), covering engineering development models, flight tests through 2008, and integration support into 2010. Prototype firings in summer 2005 validated core performance, with land-based tests of the gun mount, autoloader, and guided projectiles confirming accuracy and firing rates. By 2008, cumulative contract values for AGS gun and ammunition development surpassed $500 million, encompassing the 2005 awards plus subsequent modifications for system integration and qualification, such as a $108.9 million Navy contract to BAE in 2007 for finalizing design maturation and DDG-1000 compatibility. This investment underscored the Navy's commitment to a dual-barrel configuration per , engineered for high-volume delivery to counter coastal threats cost-effectively amid debates over gun versus missile primacy in modern . ![Office of Naval Research's Advanced Gun Barrel Technology Program demonstrates a new coating to extend 155-mm barrel life during a test demonstration][float-right]

Testing and Integration Milestones

Land-based prototype testing of the Advanced Gun System began in 2005 at facilities including those managed by BAE Systems, validating the automated mount, magazine handling, and firing mechanisms under controlled conditions. These early trials focused on achieving a sustained rate of 10 rounds per minute per gun while ensuring reliability of the autoloader, which was designed to handle 155 mm projectiles without manual intervention. By 2011, live-fire demonstrations at the Dahlgren Division integrated the (LRLAP), confirming compatibility with the gun's barrel and fire control systems over extended ranges. Qualification testing in 2013 further substantiated the system's precision, with multiple launches demonstrating controlled time-of-arrival and target impact accuracy for GPS-guided munitions. Shipboard integration milestones advanced with the (DDG-1000)'s construction, achieving full installation of the dual AGS mounts and magazines by the ship's launch in October 2013. Sea trials commencing in December 2015 and completing in early 2016 verified overall system integration, including structural stability and minimal deck vibrations under simulated firing loads, paving the way for operational assessment despite the program's truncation to three ships by a 2009 congressional decision.

Design and Technical Features

Gun Mechanism and Automation

The Advanced Gun System consists of dual 155 mm/62-caliber guns featuring water-cooled barrels with chrome-plated liners to mitigate wear from high-pressure propulsion. These barrels support an estimated service life of 3,000 rounds through liquid cooling that dissipates heat during sustained firing, enabling burst rates of 10 rounds per minute per barrel. Automation defines the system's core operation, with a fully unmanned gun mount and below-deck twin magazines holding a combined 600 rounds of projectiles and charges for the two guns. Robotic handling systems transport and load via palletized modules, eliminating crew access to hazardous areas and reducing personnel requirements from more than 10 for legacy naval guns to two per mount. Servo-driven actuators gun motion, providing from -5° to +70° and 360° traverse to optimize kinetic for volume against surface . This design prioritizes reliability in conditions, leveraging simplicity for high-volume delivery over guidance dependency.

Control and Integration

The control system of the Advanced Gun System (AGS) employs fully automated processes for target acquisition, tracking, and engagement, integrating with the Zumwalt-class destroyer's multifunction X-band radar and electro-optical/infrared sensor to provide 360-degree surveillance and precise gunfire support against littoral and surface threats. This architecture enables seamless from the ship's combat management system, allowing for rapid cueing of moving without manual intervention, and supports control illumination compatible with the platform's broader . The system's automation facilitates high-rate salvo , with each AGS mount sustaining 10 rounds per minute, equivalent in volume to a six-gun 155 mm under sustained operation, prioritizing cost-effective volume of over individual expenditures for suppressing time-sensitive at extended ranges. is achieved through with guided munitions exhibiting a (CEP) of 20–50 meters, as validated in system-level modeling and integration tests. Stealth integration preserves the Zumwalt's low-observable profile, with AGS turrets featuring enclosed, angular designs using composite materials and -absorbent coverings to reduce cross-section, emissions, and electromagnetic detectability when stowed or firing. These elements align the gun's emplacement with the ship's hull and all-composite superstructure, minimizing signature degradation in high-threat littorals while maintaining operational autonomy.

Performance Specifications

![Office of Naval Research demonstrates advanced barrel coating for 155-mm guns][float-right] The Advanced Gun System (AGS) is a 155 mm/62 caliber automated naval gun designed for precision long-range . With the (LRLAP), it achieves ranges exceeding 100 s, enabling standoff engagement of shore targets. Unguided ballistic projectiles extend to approximately 24 s, far surpassing the 13 limit of legacy 5-inch/54 caliber guns. The system delivers a sustained rate of fire of 10 rounds per minute for up to 100 rounds, supported by and electric drive mechanisms powered by the ship's integrated electric grid. Each weighs 104 tons (106 metric tons) and stores approximately 335 rounds in an automated magazine, minimizing crew requirements to 1-2 personnel per gun. reaches 2,707 feet per second (825 m/s), contributing to the kinetic and effects of munitions carrying up to 25 pounds of PBXN-9 high . Guided projectiles like LRLAP incorporate GPS/INS navigation for a circular error probable (CEP) of 20 to 50 meters, enhancing lethality through precision delivery compared to unguided naval gunfire. The larger provides firepower equivalent to U.S. Marine Corps 155 mm rounds, offering greater destructive potential per projectile than standard 127 mm/5-inch shells due to increased and . Ammunition logistics emphasize efficiency with modular 8-round pallets, each weighing about 6,000 pounds including charges, facilitating rapid replenishment and sustained operations with reduced manpower. The supports high-volume fire for extended durations, with barrel technologies aimed at prolonging service life under intense use.

Ammunition Systems

Long Range Land Attack Projectile (LRLAP)

The is a precision-guided 155 mm shell specifically engineered for the U.S. Navy's Advanced Gun System (AGS) to enable extended-range land attack missions from Zumwalt-class destroyers. Developed by starting in the mid-2000s as part of the AGS ammunition suite, it incorporates GPS and guidance for all-weather targeting, combined with rocket assistance and gliding aerodynamics to extend its effective range beyond 63 nautical miles. The projectile's design separates the warhead and propulsion sections, with a unitary high-explosive payload optimized for penetrating and destroying hardened targets, including bunkers, while supporting high-volume fire rates up to 10 rounds per minute per . LRLAP's guidance package allows for precise delivery against fixed land targets, with a planned (CEP) of 20 to 50 meters at maximum range, enabling effective deep-strike operations without reliance on more expensive standoff munitions. Live-fire testing conducted between 2011 and 2013, including qualification trials at ranges exceeding 63 nautical miles, validated the projectile's flight stability, guidance accuracy, and warhead performance under simulated combat conditions. These tests confirmed the shell's ability to achieve controlled trajectories via control surfaces and rocket boost, positioning LRLAP as a key enabler for sustained in littoral environments. The munition's economic rationale centered on delivering firepower at a projected unit cost of approximately $50,000 in high-volume production, roughly 95% less than a priced at about $1 million per unit, thereby supporting prolonged area suppression and through rapid, repetitive salvos rather than single high-value strikes. This cost structure, derived from early program estimates, reflected the inherent advantages of gun-launched projectiles for missions requiring hundreds of rounds, as opposed to missile-based alternatives limited by inventory and reload constraints, with operational analyses indicating superior efficiency for time-sensitive, high-density target engagements.

Exploration of Alternative Rounds

Following the cancellation of the (LRLAP), the U.S. Navy conducted evaluations of alternative 155mm munitions for the Advanced Gun System (AGS) from 2016 to 2018, focusing on adapting existing or modified rounds to restore capability on Zumwalt-class destroyers. In December 2016, Raytheon's GPS-guided artillery shell emerged as a leading candidate, with a range of approximately 30 nautical miles—roughly half that of the LRLAP's 63 nautical miles—and a per-round cost of about $70,000, far lower than the LRLAP's nearly $1 million. Compatibility assessments revealed significant hurdles posed by the AGS's proprietary and low-twist barrel, optimized for the LRLAP's dimensions and ballistics, requiring extensive modifications estimated at $250 million across the three Zumwalt ships to accommodate standard artillery rounds like . These adaptations limited seamless integration of off-the-shelf munitions, as the system's automated handling rejected non-custom projectiles without redesign, reducing potential fire rates and reliability in naval operations. By January 2018, no full-range replacement had been identified as viable, with evaluations concluding that alternatives like compromised the AGS's standoff advantage due to diminished range and precision over extended distances, rendering them suboptimal for the destroyers' intended land-attack role. The shifted to monitoring industry developments rather than committing to adaptations, as performance gaps persisted. Separate efforts examined the Hypervelocity Projectile (HVP), initially developed for electromagnetic railguns, for potential anti-aircraft and anti-ship applications in the AGS, capitalizing on its + speeds achievable from the gun's higher compared to 5-inch systems. However, HVP integration faced similar constraints and required further testing to validate lethality against dynamic targets, with no operational deployment timeline established by late 2018. The AGS's high-velocity chamber pressures and ammunition architecture empirically constrained off-the-shelf options, amplifying economic challenges from low scales—such as the Zumwalt program's limited three-ship buy—which deterred custom modifications without assured returns on . These factors highlighted the causal linkage between the system's specialized design and the infeasibility of rapid, cost-effective ammunition pivots.

Operational Deployment

Installation on Zumwalt-Class Destroyers

The Advanced Gun System (AGS) mounts were installed in pairs on the forward deck of each Zumwalt-class destroyer, positioned at the bow to support land-attack missions with a forward firing arc. These installations featured autonomous 155 mm turrets designed for seamless integration with the ship's Total Ship Computing Environment Infrastructure (TSCEI), which automates gun operations including projectile handling and fire control through networks. On (DDG-1000), the dual AGS turrets were fitted during construction at Bath Iron Works, with the ship beginning builder's sea trials on December 7, 2015, prior to commissioning on October 15, 2016. Initial post-commissioning trials from 2016 to 2020 validated the mounts' performance, demonstrating stability in Sea State 5 conditions (waves up to 13-15 feet) without significant structural vibrations or alignment issues, even accounting for the hull's wave-piercing design that enhances overall while minimizing radar cross-section. USS Michael Monsoor (DDG-1001) incorporated identical forward AGS placements during its build, achieving delivery to the Navy in April 2018 and commissioning on January 26, 2019, at . The system's integration with TSCEI was finalized during combat systems activation, completed in March 2020, confirming operational readiness of the bow-mounted guns without hull-related compromises. Construction delays on (DDG-1002) deferred its AGS installations and overall delivery to 2024, following sea trials that began in August 2021; the turrets were mounted forward in line with class configuration to maintain posture. Across the class, the bow positioning necessitated adaptations for the trimaran-inspired hull's stability margins, which trials affirmed as adequate for AGS operations in moderate seas.

Combat Readiness and Limitations

The Advanced Gun System (AGS) on Zumwalt-class destroyers achieved initial operational capability in a limited capacity following the 2016 cancellation of further (LRLAP) procurement, restricting the system to inert training rounds and pre-production stockpiles thereafter. This constraint prevented full combat certification, with no live-fire deployments recorded through 2023, as the destroyers' primary mission shifted from shore bombardment to missile-based surface strike roles emphasizing hypersonic and anti-ship capabilities. By 2020, completed combat systems activation and at-sea trials, but AGS integration remained ancillary to vertical launch system upgrades, underscoring its deprioritization in fleet exercises. A key strength of AGS lies in its high degree of , including robotic handling and magazine storage that eliminate manual ammunition movement, thereby reducing crew exposure to risks and enabling operation with minimal personnel—aligning with Zumwalt's reduced design of approximately 140 sailors per ship. This feature supports rapid reloading cycles in theory, with the dual-turret setup capable of sustained fire rates up to 10 rounds per minute per barrel under controlled conditions, though practical limits arise from scarcity. Limitations persist due to the absence of proliferated guided munitions, confining effective engagement to short-range ballistic projectiles incompatible with AGS's original 100-nautical-mile precision strike intent, thereby exposing the to heightened detection and counter-battery risks from adversarial long-range fires. Pre-cancellation LRLAP stocks, numbering fewer than 200 operational rounds across the class by 2018, further hampered endurance, allowing only brief demonstration salvos rather than prolonged operational scenarios. Without alternative guided options scaled for production, AGS vulnerability to suppression by enemy or missiles increases in contested littoral environments, as unguided firing reveals the ship's position without commensurate standoff advantage.

Controversies and Criticisms

Cost Escalation and Program Cuts

The Zumwalt-class destroyer program, integral to the Advanced Gun System's deployment, originated with plans for 32 ships in the early 2000s to distribute research, development, and production costs. Successive reductions—to 24, then 7 ships—occurred amid rising estimates, culminating in a 2009 congressional decision to truncate procurement to 3 hulls as part of the FY2010 budget reconciliation, redirecting funds toward restarting Arleigh Burke-class (DDG-51) production for enhanced carrier strike group air warfare capabilities. This shift reflected budgetary pressures and evolving naval priorities toward sea control over littoral land-attack missions, rather than core design deficiencies in the AGS itself. The ship quantity cuts amplified per-unit costs, elevating the average procurement price per Zumwalt to approximately $4.2 billion (excluding R&D amortization), compared to initial projections under higher-volume assumptions. GAO assessments from highlighted early indicators of budget exceedance for lead ships, attributing growth to concurrent design, testing, and construction phases that exposed unresolved technical risks without iterative fixes. By 2010, acquisition reports confirmed sustained overruns, with total development costs for the class surpassing $9 billion in R&D alone, spread thinly across the minimal fleet and negating anticipated efficiencies. These dynamics directly impacted AGS ammunition economics: the Long Range Land Attack Projectile's escalated from a 2004 target of $35,000—premised on for dozens of ships—to $800,000–$1 million per round for the reduced buy of roughly 2,000 units, as fixed expenses dominated low-volume runs. The diminished fleet size precluded , rendering full-rate production unviable and prompting subsequent ammunition program reevaluation independent of AGS hardware performance. GAO analyses underscored how such concurrency and quantity risks compounded across surface combatants, contributing to broader acquisition inefficiencies without implicating the gun's fundamental engineering.

Effectiveness Debates and Strategic Shortcomings

Advocates for the Advanced Gun System (AGS) emphasize its superiority in delivering sustained, high-volume firepower for naval surface (NSFS), particularly in amphibious operations where suppressing enemy defenses requires rapid expenditure of munitions. The AGS, with a designed up to 10 rounds per minute per barrel, enables automated, crew-reduced operation to maintain continuous barrages against area targets, outperforming missiles in scenarios demanding hundreds of projectiles for saturation effects. Analyses indicate that gun systems like the AGS provide lower logistical weight per shot compared to rocket or missile alternatives, facilitating higher sustained output without the precision guidance dependencies that limit missile throughput. This capability aligns with U.S. Marine Corps requirements for responsive, short-notice fire to support maneuvering forces ashore, where volume trumps single-shot precision for initial overmatch. Critics argue that the AGS's tactical value diminishes against modern threats due to inherent range and precision limitations, especially following the cancellation of the (LRLAP), which reduced effective standoff to approximately 20-30 nautical miles with conventional rounds versus over 100 nautical miles for cruise missiles. In contested environments, the system's reliance on line-of-sight targeting and finite magazine capacity—insufficient for prolonged engagements—exposes platforms to counterfire, favoring systems that mitigate ship vulnerability. Proponents of missile-centric approaches highlight their guidance for dynamic targets and integration with networked sensors, contending that hypersonic and dispersed threats render gun-based NSFS strategically marginal without complementary over-the-horizon assets. However, causal assessments counter obsolescence narratives by underscoring the AGS's resilience advantages: its mechanical simplicity avoids electronic vulnerabilities, jamming risks, and complex supply chains plaguing precision-guided munitions, ensuring reliable output amid disruptions. Guns excel in cost tradeoffs for volume fire, with rounds orders of magnitude cheaper than missiles (e.g., under $100,000 versus $1-2 million per Tomahawk equivalent), preserving missile stocks for high-value strikes while addressing amphibious fire gaps where saturation demands exceed affordable precision inventories. Marine Corps advocates maintain that hybrid NSFS—guns for suppression, missiles for interdiction—optimizes overmatch, as pure missile reliance incurs opportunity costs in scalability for distributed operations. Strategic shortcomings thus hinge not on inherent gun flaws but on doctrinal integration, with single-ship deployments amplifying exposure absent distributed lethality concepts.

Political and Budgetary Influences

The truncation of the Zumwalt-class destroyer program from an initial plan of up to 32 ships to just three in 2009 stemmed from escalating construction costs exceeding $3.5 billion per hull and broader fiscal constraints following the , prompting the Obama administration's Department of Defense to approve the Navy's recommendation to halt expansion and pivot procurement back to the more affordable and proven Arleigh Burke-class (DDG-51) destroyers. This decision, formalized in the FY2010 budget, reflected congressional and executive branch concerns over the risks of low-rate production for advanced, unproven technologies like the Advanced Gun System (AGS), which required a larger fleet for economic viability in ammunition scaling. Subsequent budgetary pressures intensified under the 2011 Budget Control Act, with enacted in 2013 imposing across-the-board cuts that reduced the DDG-1000 program's funding by approximately $70 million in that fiscal year alone, further straining sustainment and integration efforts for systems like the AGS. These automatic reductions, intended as a deficit-reduction mechanism but criticized for indiscriminate application to defense priorities, amplified earlier cost-growth issues inherited from the program's truncation, limiting options for mitigating per-unit expenses in specialized munitions development. The 2016 decision to cancel further procurement of the (LRLAP), the AGS's primary guided munition, was driven by the program's FY2017-2021 budget planning (POM-18), where the per-round cost had ballooned to $800,000-1 million due to the small fleet size—rendering it uneconomical compared to alternatives like missiles. This cancellation, announced amid ongoing defense trade-offs, avoided an estimated $1-2 billion in projected ammunition expenditures but overlooked potential long-term efficiencies of gun-based in distributed maritime operations, as procurement decisions favored scalable missile inventories over niche gun systems amid flat-topline budgets. , including hearings on "gold-plated" requirements in high-end platforms, contributed to scrutiny but deferred to cost-benefit analyses prioritizing volume production of multi-role assets. Such shifts underscored a pattern of aversion toward capital-intensive innovations, where empirical advantages in sustained fire rates were subordinated to immediate fiscal and strategic hedging against uncertain threats.

Current Status and Prospects

Ammunition Cancellation Aftermath

The U.S. Navy's announcement on November 7, 2016, to cease procurement of the (LRLAP) immediately stranded the Advanced Gun Systems (AGS) on Zumwalt-class destroyers without viable operational ammunition, as the limited existing stock—primarily procured for testing and totaling around 150 rounds across the class in 2015—was insufficient to fill the designed magazine capacity of approximately 600 rounds per ship. This decision, driven by unit costs escalating to nearly $1 million per round due to the program's reduction from 32 planned ships to three, eliminated any interim purchases, leaving the AGS dormant by early 2017 as no alternative munitions were qualified or funded for the system's precision fire support role. By January , Navy officials confirmed no plans existed for a replacement round, exacerbating logistical voids where the AGS's automated magazines—optimized for high-volume, sustained rates of 10 rounds per minute per —sat largely empty, nullifying the intended naval surface capability for Marine Corps operations that had justified the system's development. This rendered the guns operationally inert during the Zumwalt-class's initial deployments, with official statements attributing the impasse to the small fleet size undermining rather than technical failures in the AGS or LRLAP themselves. In response, the Navy pivoted Zumwalt-class missions away from land-attack by late 2017, formalizing a shift to anti-submarine and surface warfare roles in February 2018, where the AGS remained installed but inactive pending any future affordable munition, highlighting a core operational gap in precision shore bombardment absent from the fleet. The absence of fire support utility empirically constrained the destroyers' versatility, as the 600-round magazine design lost practical value without compatible, procurable projectiles tailored for extended-range strikes.

Repurposing Efforts and Gun Removal

In 2023, the U.S. Navy initiated the removal of the Advanced Gun System (AGS) from (DDG-1000) during a major overhaul at ' facility in , with the forward AGS mount lifted from the ship's bow on May 7, 2024. By March 2024, both AGS turrets and associated magazines had been fully extracted to accommodate structural modifications for (CPS) hypersonic missile launchers. was undocked on December 6, 2024, following installation of four initial missile tubes, with the full complement of 12 CPS canisters completed by early 2025. A parallel process began for (DDG-1001), which arrived at the shipyard in August 2023 for AGS extraction and CPS integration, aligning with engineering designs that prioritized missile capability over gun retention. The extracted AGS components, including the 155mm gun mounts and breeches, were designated for storage rather than immediate scrapping, as determined by (NAVSEA) in preliminary assessments valuing their potential future utility. As of October 2025, no public Navy announcements indicate scrapping or disposal of the stored systems, though their inactive status since installation—coupled with the (LRLAP) ammunition program's 2016 cancellation—has rendered them non-operational without significant reinvestment. This transition reflects a strategic pivot to hypersonic weapons, with CPS enabling long-range precision strikes up to 1,725 nautical miles using boost-glide vehicles, tested aboard Zumwalt starting in 2027. Repurposing the Zumwalt-class hulls for CPS addresses prior capability gaps but eliminates the AGS's designed role in naval surface , which offered sustained rates of fire exceeding 10 rounds per minute per barrel for shore . Potential revival for export or land-based applications remains improbable, given the specialized naval integration, lack of compatible production, and absence of identified foreign buyers or / Corps adoption plans as of 2025. Critics of the removal argue it forfeits volume-fire advantages in high-intensity peer conflicts, such as against forces in the Western Pacific, where AGS could have countered massed small-boat swarms or provided economical suppression of targets beyond budgets—each CPS round costing over $40 million versus AGS's projected $800,000 per LRLAP equivalent if scaled. The shift underscores a doctrinal emphasis on standoff hypersonics over gun-based persistence, though empirical assessments of AGS's untested performance in limit definitive evaluations of the trade-off.

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