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Manning

Chelsea Manning (born Bradley Edward Manning, December 17, 1987) is a former U.S. and intelligence analyst who leaked over 700,000 pages of classified and sensitive government documents—primarily concerning U.S. military operations in and , as well as diplomatic cables—to between November 2009 and May 2010. Arrested in in May 2010 following a tip from a , Manning faced charges including aiding the enemy, wrongfully causing intelligence to be published to the enemy, and multiple violations of the Espionage Act; she pleaded guilty to 10 of 22 specifications but was convicted by general on 20 counts in July 2013 and sentenced to 35 years' confinement. President commuted her sentence to in January 2017—after she had spent nearly seven years in pretrial confinement and prison, including periods of amid reported attempts—resulting in her release on May 17, 2017. Born male, Manning publicly announced a female in August 2013 via a statement read in court, legally changed her name to Chelsea Elizabeth Manning, and pursued hormone therapy and gender-affirming surgery while incarcerated, marking one of the first such approvals for a military prisoner. The disclosures, which included evidence of civilian casualties in airstrikes and detainee abuses, sparked global debate over government transparency versus risks, with critics arguing the leaks endangered lives and intelligence sources by providing exploitable data to adversaries.

Etymology and history

Origins and linguistic roots

The Manning originates as a form denoting "the son of Manning," derived from the personal name Manningi, which translates to a brave, valiant, or stout-hearted man. This reflects linguistic roots traceable to pre-7th century vocabulary, with "manningi" evolving from elements signifying manhood and valor, introduced to via Viking migrations and settlements beginning in the late . The name's adoption in aligns with Norse influence in areas like the , where personal names blended with Anglo-Saxon prior to widespread hereditary surnames. Early documentary evidence underscores these Viking-era foundations, with variants such as Mannig appearing in the of 1086, recording a holder in and indicating the personal name's persistence from pre-Conquest -Anglo contexts. Such records predate the full establishment of fixed surnames but demonstrate the term's use as a descriptor of or character, distinct from later influences. In , parallel Norse settlements along the coasts and islands facilitated similar derivations, though primary attestation remains tied to broader Anglo-Norse linguistic diffusion rather than unique integrations. While variants like Mannion or Mannin occasionally link to Ó Mainnín (descendant of the little , from Mainnín), these represent anglicizations secondary to the core Anglo- in English and Scottish contexts, with phonetic overlaps but distinct semantic origins. The 's resilience stems from its descriptive potency, embedding connotations of martial prowess rooted in Norse warrior culture.

Historical distribution and variations

The surname Manning first appears in historical records in during the late , with the earliest documented instance being Ainulf Manning in 1190. Subsequent medieval references include entries in the Subsidy Rolls of dated 1327, indicating early bearers in the . Additional concentrations emerged in counties such as , where families held seats predating the . These records reflect the name's roots from or elements denoting "son of Mann," with initial distributions tied to agrarian communities in central and rather than uniform national spread. By the medieval period, the name migrated northward and westward through Viking influences, appearing in via variants like and in Ireland through assimilation with forms such as Mainnín, meaning "descendant of Mainnín." records trace Manning explicitly from the , often as an Anglicized equivalent in counties like and Kerry, distinct from native lineages but influenced by English and settlers. This diffusion produced orthographic variations including Mannin and , reflecting regional phonetic adaptations and scribal inconsistencies in registers and tax documents. The marked accelerated global dispersal due to economic pressures and mass emigration from and , with Manning families documented among settlers in via convict and free migrant ships. In , immigration records show peaks aligning with broader outflows, contributing to census enumerations: by 1880, the majority of Manning households in the United States were concentrated in eastern states, shifting from rural origins to urban-industrial centers like and . English census data from 1841 to 1901 similarly reveal transitions from agricultural counties to manufacturing hubs, underscoring causal links to industrialization and overseas opportunities rather than isolated events.

Geographical locations

Places in Australia

The Manning River, a 261-kilometre-long in , originates in the wetlands of the Barrington Tops and flows eastward through the region before reaching the via a double delta estuary near Harrington. Surveyed by Henry Dangar in 1825 and 1826 for the Australian Agricultural Company, it was formally named in 1826 by company chief Robert Dawson after William Manning, the firm's deputy governor and a vice-chancellor. This naming reflects British colonial practices of honoring administrative figures in land exploration and settlement efforts, with the river serving as the northern boundary of the Nineteen Counties proclaimed in 1829 for authorized European expansion. The Manning Valley refers to the broader alluvial floodplain and surrounding districts along the river's lower reaches, spanning from Wingham to the coast and supporting , timber industries, and cultivation since early 19th-century . First explored by in 1818, who noted its potential for , the valley's European development accelerated after 1830s land grants, though it faced frequent floods, including a record 6.4-metre event in 1929. Biripi people have longstanding ties to the area, utilizing the river for sustenance and cultural practices predating colonial arrival. Manning Point, situated on Mitchells Island at the Manning River's mouth, is a small coastal settlement established in the late amid timber extraction and booms, with arriving post-1880s surveys. The locality features sandy beaches and a rivermouth bar that shifts with and storms, influencing local and erosion patterns documented in regional reports. Its development tied into broader colonial expansion along the , including early for produce export, while retaining ecological significance for migratory birds and estuarine fisheries.

Places in Canada

Manning is a town located in , approximately 73 km north of , within Birch Hills County along the Notikewin River in the Peace River region. The community originated as the settlement of , which was subdivided into lots in 1945 following permission granted to Pat Craig, coinciding with construction of the . It developed primarily after the Second World War as part of broader northern settlement efforts, with the first post office opening in 1947 and officially adopting the name Manning in honor of Ernest Charles Manning, who served as from 1943 to 1968. The town's growth was tied to agricultural expansion and early resource activities in the region, rather than a pre-war . The area falls within territory, signed in 1899 between the Canadian government and Indigenous groups including , , and peoples, facilitating European settlement and resource access while promising rights to hunt, trap, and fish. Manning's economy reflects the region's emphasis on resource extraction, including oil and production, forestry, and agriculture, with local operations supporting broader development since the mid-20th century. As of the 2021 Census, the town's population stood at 1,126, a decline of 4.8% from 1,183 in 2016, with a of 303.1 people per square kilometer across 471 dwellings. E.C. Manning Provincial Park, situated in the Cascade Mountains of , is another prominent Canadian site bearing the name, named after the same former premier, Ernest C. Manning. The park encompasses diverse ecosystems from subalpine forests to alpine meadows, serving as a key area for and conservation rather than settlement or extraction.

Places in the United States

Manning, Iowa, a city in Carroll County, was platted and incorporated in 1881 amid the expansion of the Chicago and North Western Railroad, which spurred settlement by drawing farmers and laborers from eastern states and during post-Civil War migration waves. The railroad's arrival enabled rapid development, with the first newspaper established that November, supporting an economy initially tied to grain shipping and later diversified into livestock and crop agriculture, reflecting broader patterns of agrarian expansion in the Midwest documented in U.S. Census records of from under 500 in 1890 to peaks around 1,700 by mid-20th century. As of 2020, the population stood at 1,455, with ongoing reliance on farming amid gradual decline linked to rural consolidation. Manning, Oregon, an unincorporated community in , originated from a land claim filed by Martin Manning in 1865, during the post-Civil War influx of pioneers to the via the and subsequent overland routes. A opened in 1890, formalizing its role as a rural hub for and small-scale farming in the forested foothills west of , though it never incorporated and remains a sparse settlement without formal census designation, emblematic of transient 19th-century timber economies that faded with . , the county seat of Clarendon County, was established in 1855 as a central site for the new district's courthouse, named for former governor John Laurence Manning, and chartered in 1861 just before the , which disrupted early growth but tied its fortunes to regional plantation agriculture in and later tobacco. Settlement drew from antebellum migrations within the South, with the plat filed in 1856 supporting a grid layout for administrative and mercantile functions; the economy persists in row crops and poultry processing, vulnerable to events like in 1989, which caused widespread flooding. The 2020 population was approximately 3,878, with median household income around $27,600 reflecting challenges in a rural, agriculture-dependent area per recent economic data.

Places in other countries

Manning is a small (Gemeinde) in the Vöcklabruck District of , situated in the Hausruckviertel region at an elevation of about 510 meters. The locality spans 10.01 km² and recorded a of 781 inhabitants as of December 15, 2023, down from 829 in the 2001 census, reflecting modest demographic stability in a rural setting. Primarily agricultural, it features scattered hamlets such as Zaun and Vornwald, with limited urban development and cultural landmarks, underscoring its peripheral role beyond local administrative functions. Records indicate at least one additional minor locality named Manning within , contributing to the name's sparse presence in non-English-speaking , though detailed historical attributions to 19th- or 20th-century remain undocumented in available gazetteers. Unlike larger eponyms in English-origin nations, these sites exhibit negligible recognition or , with no of significant economic or migratory draw.

Notable people

In American football

The Manning family has produced several prominent quarterbacks in , establishing a multi-generational legacy centered on the position's demands for precision, decision-making, and leadership. Archie Manning, born May 19, 1949, played at the (Ole Miss), where he earned All-SEC honors, before entering the as the second overall pick in the 1971 draft by the . His professional career spanned 1971 to 1984, primarily with the Saints (1971–1981), followed by brief stints with the and Vikings, accumulating 23,911 passing yards, 125 touchdowns, and two selections despite playing on consistently underperforming teams with a career record of 35–101–3 as a starter. Archie's tenure highlighted individual resilience amid organizational challenges, as the Saints won only 20 games during his decade-plus there. Archie's sons, Peyton and Eli Manning, elevated the family name to NFL elite status through sustained excellence and championship success. Peyton Manning, drafted first overall by the Indianapolis Colts in 1998, quarterbacked the team from 1998 to 2010 before joining the Denver Broncos (2012–2015), retiring with 71,940 passing yards (a record at the time, since surpassed), 539 touchdowns (also once a record), five league awards, and 14 appearances. He led the Colts to victory in (2007) and the Broncos in (2016), becoming the first starting quarterback to win the with two franchises, though his postseason of 77.4 across four appearances reflected occasional critiques of performance under championship pressure. Peyton's induction into the in 2021 underscored his transformative impact on offensive schemes, emphasizing pre-snap reads and no-huddle efficiency. Eli Manning, Peyton's younger brother, was selected first overall by the in 2004 but traded to the , where he played his entire 16-season career (2004–2019), amassing 57,023 passing yards and 366 touchdowns while earning four nods. Eli's defining achievements were two victories (XLII in 2008 and XLVI in 2012), both as MVP after defeating the undefeated — including a memorable upset over his brother Peyton in — despite regular-season records often below .500 and no All-Pro selections. Eligible for the in 2025, Eli advanced to the finalist stage (top 52) in preliminary voting for the Class of 2026 but was not selected for the 2025 class amid debates over his career completion percentage (57.9%) and interception total (250) relative to his 117–117 regular-season record. Arch Manning, Archie's grandson and nephew to Peyton and , born April 17, 2004, has emerged as a promising collegiate talent at the University of , where he enrolled in 2024 after a standout high school career at . In the 2025 season, through games as of October 23, Arch completed 60.3% of passes for 1,795 yards, 15 touchdowns, and 6 interceptions, starting multiple games amid injuries to starter and contributing to Texas's undefeated start, including a 346-yard, three-touchdown performance against Mississippi State on October 25. His dual-threat ability, evidenced by prior rushing touchdowns, positions him as a potential successor in the family lineage. The , established in 2004 by the Committee to recognize outstanding collegiate quarterbacks in honor of , Peyton, and Eli's achievements, annually selects a winner based on performance, leadership, and community impact, with quarterly "Stars of the Week" honors. Past recipients include notable NFL prospects like (2017) and (2019); for 2025, midseason watch list additions featured quarterbacks such as of Miami, reflecting the award's focus on emerging talent post-Manning brothers' college eras.

In other sports

Rick Manning debuted as a for the Indians on April 7, 1975, and played nine MLB seasons primarily with the team until 1983, compiling a .258 , 737 hits, and 30 home runs across 1,148 games. He earned a in 1976 for his defensive performance in center field, recording a .995 fielding percentage that season. Manning later transitioned to broadcasting, serving as a for Indians games starting in 1990. Matt Manning, selected ninth overall by the Detroit Tigers in the 2016 MLB Draft, made his major league debut as a on August 26, 2020, against the . Over parts of four seasons with Detroit from 2020 to 2023, he posted a 5.40 in 49 appearances (35 starts), with 130 strikeouts in 133 innings pitched. Traded to the Phillies in December 2024, Manning has continued developing in their system as of 2025. In , , an Irish international left-back born June 14, 1996, joined in July 2024 after stints with Queens Park Rangers and Swansea City. He has appeared in over 150 matches prior to his move, contributing 10 goals and 15 assists, with a career pass completion rate exceeding 80% in league play. Jack Manning represented in from 1946 to 1953 before playing for in England during the 1954 season, taking 22 wickets at an average of 35.45 as a slow left-arm bowler.

In politics, military, and activism

Ernest Manning served as Premier of Alberta from 1943 to 1968, succeeding William Aberhart as leader of the Social Credit Party. Born September 20, 1908, in Carnduff, Saskatchewan, he managed the province's transition to oil-driven prosperity, emphasizing fiscal conservatism by avoiding debt accumulation while expanding social services and infrastructure amid resource revenues. His administration imposed low taxes, issued oil royalties as dividends to citizens in the 1950s, and navigated federal-provincial tensions over resource control, though criticized for retaining early Social Credit monetary theories before pragmatic abandonment. Manning's policies fostered economic stability but drew opposition for conservative social stances and limited welfare expansions compared to other provinces. , born June 10, 1942, in , founded the in 1987 to address from federal policies under Progressive Conservatives and Liberals. As until 2000 and MP for Southwest from 1993 to 2001, he advocated deficit elimination, democratic reforms like free votes, and , securing 52 seats in the 1993 election and influencing the shift toward fiscal restraint in national politics. Reform's populist platform pressured the right-wing realignment, leading to the Canadian Alliance in 2000 and eventual merger into the in 2003, though Manning faced internal criticisms for insufficient Quebec outreach and leadership transitions. His efforts catalyzed policy changes, including balanced budgets under subsequent governments. , born August 17, 1946, in , led the and served as from 1991 to 1995 and 2001 to 2010. Holding a BSc in , he prioritized energy sector development, launching Vision 2020 to achieve developed-nation status through petrochemical investments and , which boosted GDP growth but incurred high public spending. His tenure included the 1990 and faced corruption allegations over projects like unfinished high-rises and UdeCOTT scandals, contributing to his 2010 electoral defeat amid probes into mismanagement, though no personal convictions occurred. Critics attributed rising crime and debt to governance lapses, while supporters credited economic diversification efforts. Chelsea Manning, born Bradley Edward Manning on December 17, 1987, enlisted in the U.S. Army in 2007 as an intelligence analyst and deployed to from 2009 to 2010. During this period, Manning accessed and disclosed over 700,000 classified documents to , including Afghan and logs documenting civilian deaths and detainee abuses, as well as diplomatic cables; convicted in July 2013 by of 17 espionage-related charges (acquitted of aiding the enemy), she received a 35-year sentence, later commuted by President Obama on January 17, 2017, with release in May 2017 after seven years served. The disclosures fueled debates but raised concerns, as initial assessments cited risks to sources—such as targeting of named Afghan informants—though a 2017 review found no confirmed strategic damage or direct casualties. Manning, who publicly identified as female post-conviction and received approval in 2016, has positioned the actions as against war misconduct, while detractors emphasized violations of oaths and potential operational harms over internal reporting channels. Other figures include Daniel Manning (1831–1887), U.S. Secretary of the Treasury from 1885 to 1887 under , who managed currency reforms and tariff reductions as a . In Australia, Sir Henry Manning (1877–1963) served as Attorney-General and Vice-President of the Executive Council in from 1932 to 1941, contributing to legal and administrative reforms.

In entertainment, arts, and media

was a fictitious created by a marketing executive in July 2000 to generate positive reviews for underperforming films, including , , , and . These fabricated quotes, attributed to a supposed reviewer from the Advocate and Ridleyville Times, appeared in advertisements and posters. The was exposed in June 2001 by a Wall Street Journal investigation revealing no record of Manning or the cited publications, prompting a class-action against that settled for $5 million in free concessions coupons. Irene Manning (July 17, 1912 – May 22, 2004) was an American actress and singer who performed in several Warner Bros. films during the 1940s, including supporting roles in Yankee Doodle Dandy (1942) as Fay Templeton and The Desert Song (1943) as Margot. Her film credits also encompassed The Big Shot (1942), Shine On, Harvest Moon (1944), and Hollywood Canteen (1944), often leveraging her operatic training from the Eastman School of Music. Michelle Manning is an American film and television producer recognized for her work on 1980s teen comedies, including (1984) and (1985), both directed by John Hughes during her tenure at Ned Tanen's Channel Productions. She advanced from Francis Ford Coppola's Zoetrope Studios to executive roles, contributing to popular youth-oriented films amid the era's shift toward multiplex-targeted releases. Taryn Manning (born November 6, 1978) is an American actress and singer best known for portraying Tiffany "Pennsatucky" Doggett in the series from 2013 to 2019, earning acclaim for her depiction of a complex, redemption-seeking inmate. Additional film roles include Janeane in (2005) and supporting parts in 8 Mile (2002) and (2008–2013); she has also released music as the vocalist for the electronic duo . Terry Manning (December 29, 1947 – March 2025) was a and instrumental in developing the sound at in the 1960s and 1970s, engineering sessions for , Booker T. & the M.G.'s, and . His technical innovations, including multi-track techniques, influenced albums like Isaac Hayes' (1969); later, he produced and engineered for rock acts such as Led Zeppelin's (1970) and . Manning died at age 75 following an accidental fall.

In business, science, and academia

is a professor of and at , where he founded and directs the Stanford Group. His research focuses on statistical methods for , including , , and , contributing foundational algorithms like the Stanford Parser used in CoreNLP toolkit. Manning's work has garnered over 298,000 citations as measured by metrics, reflecting its influence on large language models and . In February 2025, he was elected to the for advancements in technologies. Rob Manning serves as chief engineer for NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) and its Engineering and Science Directorate, overseeing systems engineering for Mars missions. With a background in electrical engineering, mathematics, and physics, he led the flight system engineering for the Mars Pathfinder mission in 1997, the Spirit and Opportunity rovers launched in 2003, and the Curiosity rover's Mars Science Laboratory mission that landed on August 6, 2012. Manning also directed engineering for the Perseverance rover, which touched down on February 18, 2021, enabling sample collection for potential return to Earth. John F. Manning has been the dean of since July 1, 2013, and holds the Morgan and Helen Chu Dean's Chair and Bruce Bromley Professorship of Law. Prior to deanship, he served as deputy dean from 2013 and specialized in administrative and , authoring over 30 scholarly articles on and . Under his leadership, the school expanded clinical programs and faculty diversity initiatives, maintaining its position as a top-ranked U.S. law institution based on assessments. M. Lisa Manning is the of Physics at and founding director of the BioInspired Institute, established in 2018 to integrate , , and for soft materials . Her work models cellular mechanics and tissue dynamics using , with applications to and cancer , published in journals like . Manning emphasizes interdisciplinary failure-tolerant environments to foster innovation in bioengineering challenges.

Fictional characters

In literature

In Daniel Silva's Gabriel Allon espionage thriller series, Rebecca Manning is depicted as a central figure entangled in international intelligence operations, appearing in The Other Woman (2018) and The New Girl (2019), where her role involves covert activities amid geopolitical tensions. In Brad Meltzer's political conspiracy novel The Book of Fate (2006), President Leland Manning is portrayed as a fictional U.S. leader whose assassination attempt propels the plot, exploring themes of historical secrets and White House intrigue through the eyes of a surviving aide. Pat Barker's , specifically The Eye in the Door (1993), features Charles Manning as a and navigating and wartime ethics during , drawing on historical figures like for contextual depth. Debbie Macomber's romance anthology The Manning Brides (1990s compilation, including Marriage of Inconvenience and Stand-In Wife) centers on Rich Manning, a pragmatic whose relationships challenge conventional marriage dynamics in contemporary American settings. F.R. Tallis's Disciple Manning series, beginning with Disciple of the Dog (2010), introduces as a with solving crimes, blending and elements in a vein akin to adaptations.

In film, television, and games

Glenn Manning appears as the central character in the 1957 American science fiction The Amazing Colossal Man, directed by , where U.S. Army Lieutenant Colonel Glenn Manning, played by , survives a explosion during a test on March 25, 1957, at , , triggering uncontrollable growth to 60 feet tall by the film's climax. The character reappears in the 1958 sequel War of the Colossal Beast, also directed by Gordon, portrayed by Dean Parkin as a scarred, brain-damaged version of Manning who escapes custody and rampages through before dying in a power plant explosion. In television, Thomas Todd Manning serves as a long-running fictional antagonist-turned-antihero in the , debuting on July 26, 1983, as a student who orchestrates the of fellow student on October 11, 1983, leading to his conviction and subsequent story arcs involving prison escape, presumed death, facial reconstruction, and redemption through family ties and media empire-building in Llanview. Primarily portrayed by from September 13, 1993, to 1995 and 2003–2012, the character transitions to on March 23, 2012, amid network crossovers, where Manning relocates to , engages in publishing rivalries, and navigates custody battles until his presumed death in a plane crash on January 8, 2013, though later recast versions and twins like Jr. extend related plots. Jessifer Manning features as a playable in the 2000 Dreamcast game , developed by Stormfront Studios and published by ASC Games on October 17, 2000, depicted as a Harvey Mudd College-educated and team medic aboard the who investigates outbreaks, wielding weapons like a pulse rifle in gameplay across her dedicated scenario unlocked after the main campaign.

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