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Agitation

Agitation is a nonspecific behavioral syndrome characterized by excessive psychomotor activity, heightened emotional arousal, irritability, and restlessness, often manifesting as pacing, gesturing, verbal outbursts, or repetitive mannerisms that serve no adaptive purpose.^[1]^[2]^[3] It represents an acute state of increased excitability that impairs normal cognitive and functional capacities, distinguishing it from mere anxiety by its potential for escalation to aggression or self-harm.^[4]^[5] Commonly encountered in clinical settings such as emergency departments and psychiatric units, agitation arises from multifactorial etiologies including psychiatric disorders like bipolar mania or schizophrenia exacerbations, substance intoxication or withdrawal, neurological conditions such as delirium or dementia, and acute medical issues like infections or metabolic derangements.^[2]^[1]^[3] Empirical observations indicate its prevalence in up to 10-20% of emergency psychiatric presentations, where it poses risks to patients and staff, necessitating rapid assessment to differentiate organic from functional causes.^[2]^[6] Initial management prioritizes nonpharmacologic de-escalation techniques, such as environmental calming and verbal intervention, before resorting to short-acting antipsychotics or benzodiazepines, with evidence supporting their efficacy in reducing acuity while minimizing adverse effects like oversedation.^[4]^[7] Controversies persist regarding overreliance on chemical restraint in agitated states, particularly in vulnerable populations like the elderly with cognitive impairments, where causal factors such as untreated pain or polypharmacy may be underaddressed in favor of symptomatic suppression.^[8]^[9]

Behavioral and Psychological Agitation

Definition and Characteristics

In behavioral and psychological contexts, agitation is characterized as a syndrome involving excessive, often undirected motor activity accompanied by restlessness, irritability, and emotional distress, which may escalate to verbal or physical aggression.^[10] This state differs from normal arousal by its inappropriateness to the situation and potential for disruption, frequently observed in psychiatric conditions such as psychosis, dementia, or acute delirium.^[11] ^[2] Key characteristics include observable behaviors like pacing, rocking, gesturing, or repetitious movements, alongside heightened verbal outbursts such as shouting or uncooperativeness, and physical actions ranging from fidgeting to combativeness.^[8] Emotional components often feature inner tension, crankiness, paranoia, or confusion, creating a sense of purposeless arousal that impairs self-control.^[1] Unlike anxiety, which may remain internal, agitation typically externalizes through psychomotor hyperactivity, such as inability to remain seated or calm, and can involve cognitive elements like disorganized thinking or impulsivity.^[12] ^[13] Agitation's intensity varies, with mild forms presenting as subtle restlessness and severe cases involving hostility or self-injurious acts, often triggered by unmet needs or environmental stressors rather than deliberate intent.^[14] ^[15] In clinical settings, it is assessed via observable signs rather than self-report, emphasizing its distinction from adaptive excitement or volitional activity.^[16] This behavioral pattern underscores agitation's role as a transdiagnostic symptom across neuropsychiatric disorders, where causal factors like neurochemical imbalances contribute to its persistence.^[17]

Causes and Associated Conditions

Behavioral and psychological agitation arises from a multifactorial etiology encompassing psychiatric disorders, acute medical conditions, substance-related factors, and neurobiological dysregulation. In psychiatric contexts, it commonly accompanies acute exacerbations of schizophrenia, where disorganized thinking and perceptual disturbances contribute to heightened arousal and irritability, affecting up to 70% of patients during psychotic episodes.^[2] Bipolar disorder, particularly during manic or mixed phases, is another prevalent association, with psychomotor agitation linked to elevated dopaminergic activity and impaired prefrontal cortex regulation, as evidenced in neuroimaging studies showing hyperactivity in limbic regions.^[18] Dementia, including Alzheimer's disease, correlates with agitation in 40-50% of cases, often triggered by environmental stressors or progression of neurodegeneration affecting frontal-subcortical circuits.^[19] Medical conditions frequently underlie agitation, especially delirium, which develops rapidly in hospitalized patients due to infections, electrolyte imbalances, or hypoxic states, impairing attention and cognition in 20-30% of acute care admissions.^[2]^[20] Other somatic contributors include untreated pain, fever from systemic inflammation, or endocrine disruptions like hyperthyroidism, where physiological stress amplifies sympathetic nervous system activation. Neurological insults, such as traumatic brain injury or stroke, precipitate agitation through disrupted inhibitory pathways in the basal ganglia and amygdala, with incidence rates reaching 30% post-injury.^[21] Substance-related causes are prominent, with intoxication from stimulants like cocaine or amphetamines inducing agitation via excessive catecholamine release, observed in emergency settings where such cases comprise 10-20% of presentations.^[1] Withdrawal syndromes from alcohol, benzodiazepines, or opioids similarly provoke agitation through rebound hyperexcitability in GABAergic and glutamatergic systems, often peaking within 24-72 hours of cessation.^[20] Anxiety disorders and autism spectrum disorder also feature agitation as a core symptom, driven by hyperarousal in response to sensory overload or unresolved threat perception, though empirical data emphasize ruling out organic etiologies before attributing solely to these.^[1] Associated conditions extend to mood disorders like major depressive disorder with agitation, where serotonergic imbalances correlate with psychomotor restlessness, and personality disorders involving impulsivity, though prospective studies highlight agitation as a predictor of adverse outcomes like suicidality across these diagnoses.^[12] Comprehensive assessment prioritizes excluding reversible medical triggers, as untreated physiological causes can mimic or exacerbate psychiatric presentations, underscoring the need for integrated evaluation.^[2]

Diagnosis and Assessment

Diagnosis of agitation in behavioral and psychological contexts involves clinical observation of excessive motor activity, verbal outbursts, or emotional distress that impairs functioning or safety, rather than a standalone disorder in diagnostic manuals like the DSM-5, where it appears as a symptom specifier for conditions such as bipolar disorder or schizophrenia.^[2] Initial assessment prioritizes ruling out underlying medical etiologies through vital signs, laboratory tests including blood glucose, oxygen saturation, and urine toxicology, alongside a comprehensive history of recent substance use, trauma, or infections, as agitation often signals disequilibrium in emotional regulation or an acute threat to homeostasis.^[2]^[22] Failure to exclude organic causes can lead to misattribution to primary psychiatric pathology, emphasizing the need for multidisciplinary input in settings like emergency departments.^[23] Standardized rating scales facilitate objective measurement of agitation severity and guide intervention thresholds. The Agitated Behavior Scale (ABS), developed for acute brain injury recovery, evaluates 14 behaviors (e.g., sudden mood changes, aggression) on a 1-4 scale, with scores below 22 indicating no significant agitation, 22-28 mild, 29-35 moderate, and above 35 severe, demonstrating reliability in tracking changes over time.^[24]^[25] The Behavioral Activity Rating Scale (BARS) provides rapid triage with a 1-7 continuum, from uncooperative/violent (7) to asleep (1), validated for acutely agitated psychotic patients.^[26]^[27] The Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale (RASS) assesses levels from unarousable (-5) to dangerously combative (+4), commonly used in critical care for real-time behavioral monitoring.^[28] These tools, while not diagnostic, quantify agitation to differentiate it from related states like anxiety or akathisia, informing de-escalation strategies.^[21] Differential diagnosis requires distinguishing agitation from overlapping syndromes, broadly categorized into medical (e.g., delirium from electrolyte imbalance or hypoxia), substance-induced (e.g., intoxication with stimulants), and primary neuropsychiatric causes (e.g., manic episodes in bipolar disorder, where prevalence reaches 64.2% in schizophrenia and mixed bipolar states).^[2]^[29] Neurocognitive disorders like dementia must be assessed via tools such as the Pittsburgh Agitation Scale, which observes aberrant vocalizations and motor activity over rated periods.^[30] Psychiatric evaluation includes collateral history from informants to identify triggers like psychosis or mood dysregulation, while excluding mimics like steroid-induced states or withdrawal, with expert consensus stressing prompt vital sign checks and imaging if neurological signs emerge.^[31]^[32] This stepwise approach mitigates risks of over-sedation or undertreatment by ensuring causal identification over symptomatic labeling.^[33]

Treatment Approaches

Treatment of behavioral and psychological agitation prioritizes non-pharmacological interventions to minimize risks associated with medications, particularly in chronic conditions like dementia where antipsychotics carry a black box warning for increased mortality risk (1.6-1.7 times higher than placebo).^[34] Evidence from randomized controlled trials supports person-centered care, such as communication skills training and dementia care mapping, which reduce symptomatic agitation in care home settings by addressing unmet needs and environmental triggers.^[35] Music therapy has demonstrated efficacy in lowering agitation scores in dementia patients, with meta-analyses showing sustained reductions post-intervention compared to standard care.^[36] Physical exercise and sensory interventions like bright light therapy also exhibit modest benefits by regulating circadian rhythms and reducing restlessness, though effects vary by individual baseline severity.^[37]^[38] In acute settings, such as emergency departments, guidelines like Project BETA emphasize de-escalation techniques—including open posture, nonthreatening verbal engagement, and environmental modifications—as first-line strategies to avoid coercion.^[22]^[39] These approaches succeed in resolving agitation without medication in up to 70% of cases when implemented early, per observational data from psychiatric emergency services.^[40] For persistent or severe agitation threatening safety, pharmacological options include intramuscular antipsychotics like olanzapine (10 mg) or haloperidol (5 mg), often combined with lorazepam (2 mg) for synergistic sedation.^[41] Olanzapine shows superior efficacy and tolerability over haloperidol alone in randomized trials, with faster onset (15-30 minutes) and lower extrapyramidal side effects.^[22]^[42] Antipsychotics demonstrate modest overall efficacy for acute agitation, with network meta-analyses indicating 20-40% greater response rates than placebo in schizophrenia or bipolar mania, but benefits diminish in dementia where aggression subscales improve minimally (effect size ~0.2).^[43]^[34] Risks include QT prolongation (haloperidol), sedation overshoot (olanzapine), and higher treatment failure in older adults (up to 50% non-response).^[44] Benzodiazepines alone risk disinhibition and respiratory depression, limiting monotherapy use.^[45] Recent guidelines (2023-2024) recommend individualized dosing, monitoring for akathisia (which can exacerbate agitation), and rapid taper post-resolution to curb dependency.^[46]^[47] In dementia-specific protocols, non-drug strategies precede meds, with antipsychotics reserved for imminent harm due to cerebrovascular event risks (odds ratio 3.5 in meta-analyses).^[48]^[49]

Recent Developments in Management

In 2023, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved brexpiprazole (Rexulti), an atypical antipsychotic, as the first medication specifically indicated for treating agitation associated with dementia due to Alzheimer's disease, marking a significant pharmacological advancement for this common behavioral symptom in older adults.^[50] Clinical trials supporting the approval demonstrated reductions in agitation scores, with starting doses of 0.5 mg daily titrated up to 2 mg based on response and tolerability, though risks of increased mortality in elderly dementia patients remain, consistent with black-box warnings for antipsychotics.^[51] This approval addressed a prior gap where off-label use of antipsychotics predominated despite limited evidence and safety concerns.^[52] Emerging therapies continue to explore alternatives for agitation in neuropsychiatric conditions. For instance, AXS-05 (dextromethorphan-bupropion), already FDA-approved for major depressive disorder, received breakthrough therapy designation in 2025 for Alzheimer's-associated agitation following phase 3 trials showing symptom reduction without the extrapyramidal side effects common in antipsychotics.^[53] In schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, novel agents like inhaled loxapine and sublingual dexmedetomidine have gained traction for rapid-onset management of acute agitation, offering non-injectable options that achieve sedation within minutes while minimizing injection-related risks.^[20] Updated clinical guidelines emphasize de-escalation and multimodal approaches. The American College of Emergency Physicians (ACEP) 2024 policy on severe agitation prioritizes verbal de-escalation and environmental modifications before pharmacotherapy, recommending intramuscular combinations such as droperidol plus midazolam or haloperidol alone for rapid control in emergency settings, based on evidence of faster efficacy compared to monotherapy.^[54] For dementia-related behavioral and psychological symptoms, 2025 systematic reviews advocate non-pharmacological interventions—like personalized music therapy and sensory interventions—as first-line, reserving drugs for severe cases due to modest efficacy and adverse event profiles in meta-analyses.^[55] These developments reflect a shift toward precision in dosing, route of administration, and risk stratification to balance symptom control with patient safety.^[22]

Definition and Historical Context

Political agitation denotes the strategic incitement of public discontent or mobilization toward political ends, typically by emphasizing a singular grievance or contradiction to provoke action rather than comprehensive explanation.^[56] This contrasts with propaganda, which disseminates broader ideological doctrines; agitation prioritizes emotional arousal and immediate response to events that disrupt the social equilibrium.^[57] In social contexts, it manifests as organized efforts to challenge prevailing norms or power structures through protests, rhetoric, or disruption, aiming to catalyze collective behavior for reform or upheaval.^[58] The term "agitation" entered political discourse in the 1640s during the English Civil War, where "agitators" were elected soldier representatives who articulated grievances over pay and conditions to officers and Parliament, marking an early instance of grassroots military politicization.^[59] Derived from Latin agitare ("to drive or stir up"), it originally connoted vigorous debate or mental disturbance before evolving to describe deliberate public stirring by the 19th century.^[60] Historical precedents abound, such as the Chartist movement in Britain from 1838 to 1848, where mass petitions and demonstrations agitated for universal male suffrage amid industrial unrest, influencing subsequent electoral reforms despite initial suppression.^[61] In modern political theory, agitation gained systematic formulation through Marxist thinkers like Georgy Plekhanov and Vladimir Lenin in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, who positioned it as a tool for rousing proletarian discontent against capitalist exploitation, distinct from elite-driven propaganda.^[62] This framework underpinned Soviet "agitprop" departments post-1917 Revolution, which deployed theater, posters, and speeches to mobilize masses during the Russian Civil War.^[63] Beyond communism, agitation drove 20th-century campaigns like Emmeline Pankhurst's Women's Social and Political Union from 1903, employing militant tactics such as hunger strikes and window-smashing to secure women's suffrage in Britain by 1918 and 1928.^[64] Similarly, Mohandas Gandhi's 1930 Salt March agitated against British colonial salt monopolies, galvanizing Indian independence through nonviolent mass defiance that drew over 60,000 arrests.^[65] These cases illustrate agitation's dual potential: amplifying marginalized voices while risking escalation into violence or backlash, as evidenced by the 1919 race riots following U.S. post-World War I labor agitations.^[66]

Methods and Strategies

Political and social agitators employ rhetorical, organizational, and disruptive tactics to arouse discontent, mobilize participants, and pressure authorities or institutions toward policy shifts or systemic change. Agitation fundamentally differs from mere persuasion by prioritizing emotional incitement over rational discourse, often simplifying grievances into stark, repetitive appeals to large audiences to provoke immediate action, as distinguished from propaganda's delivery of multifaceted ideas to smaller groups.^[67] This framework, outlined by Vladimir Lenin in his 1902 pamphlet What Is to Be Done?, posits agitation as a tool for linking everyday oppressions to broader political struggles, fostering revolutionary consciousness without requiring exhaustive ideological education.^[56] Organizational strategies emphasize building and sustaining momentum through targeted provocation. In Saul Alinsky's 1971 manual Rules for Radicals, agitators are instructed to "rub resentments, fanning hostilities, and searching out controversy" to disrupt complacency and compel engagement, with tactics selected for their psychological impact and feasibility.^[68] Alinsky's 13 rules include perceiving power as both actual and perceptual—"Power is not only what you have, but what the enemy thinks you have"—to intimidate opponents; operating within participants' expertise to ensure commitment; and wielding ridicule as a weapon that adversaries struggle to counter effectively.^[69] Additional principles advocate maintaining relentless pressure via varied actions, personalizing conflicts to evoke emotional responses, and picking winnable targets to build credibility, all while ensuring tactics remain enjoyable to prevent burnout.^[70] These methods, drawn from Alinsky's experience in 1930s Chicago labor organizing, have influenced subsequent community and activist efforts by prioritizing pragmatic disruption over ideological purity.^[71] Nonviolent disruptive actions form a core repertoire, systematically enumerated by Gene Sharp in his 1973 work The Politics of Nonviolent Action as 198 methods spanning symbolic gestures, economic interventions, and social withdrawals.^[72] Categories include public protests like marches and vigils to dramatize issues; group representations such as petitions and delegations to authorities; and noncooperation tactics like boycotts, strikes, and tax refusals to impose costs on targets. Sharp's analysis, based on historical cases including the 1905 Russian Revolution and U.S. civil rights campaigns, argues these succeed by creating "response dilemmas" where repression alienates bystanders while accommodation signals agitators' leverage.^[72] Civil disobedience exemplifies high-risk nonviolent strategy, entailing public, conscientious violations of law to highlight moral inconsistencies and compel reform, as conceptualized by Henry David Thoreau in his 1849 essay and operationalized by Mahatma Gandhi during India's 1930 Salt March, which mobilized 60,000 arrests and pressured British concessions.^[73] Martin Luther King Jr. adapted this in the 1963 Birmingham campaign, using sit-ins and marches to provoke police responses that garnered national sympathy, contributing to the Civil Rights Act of 1964.^[74] Effectiveness hinges on visibility, nonviolence, and acceptance of penalties to signal sincerity, though empirical reviews indicate it amplifies when paired with broader mobilization rather than isolated acts.^[75] While nonviolent methods often sustain support, escalatory tactics like property damage or bombings correlate with diminished public backing, as quantitative studies of 20th-century separatist movements show violence reducing sympathy by up to 20 percentage points compared to peaceful equivalents.^[76] Contemporary adaptations leverage digital platforms for rapid dissemination—amplifying single grievances into viral narratives—and exploit mega-events like the Olympics for global exposure, though such strategies risk dilution if over-reliant on transient outrage.^[77] Success across contexts demands adaptation to local power dynamics, with agitators historically calibrating intensity to avoid alienating potential allies.^[74]

Positive Impacts and Achievements

Political and social agitation has driven legislative and societal reforms by amplifying marginalized voices and compelling authorities to address injustices, as evidenced by landmark civil rights advancements in the United States. Nonviolent protests, boycotts, and demonstrations during the 1950s and 1960s, including the Montgomery Bus Boycott of 1955–1956 and the March on Washington in 1963, pressured Congress to enact the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which prohibited discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin in public accommodations, employment, and federally funded programs.^[78]^[79] This was followed by the Voting Rights Act of 1965, which outlawed discriminatory voting practices like literacy tests and poll taxes, thereby enfranchising millions of African Americans and increasing voter registration in the South from 29% in 1964 to 61% by 1969.^[78]^[79] Agitation in labor movements yielded improvements in working conditions and economic equity. Sustained strikes and advocacy, building from 19th-century demands for reduced hours, culminated in the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938, which established a maximum 40-hour workweek for most workers, overtime pay, and minimum wage protections, reducing average weekly hours from over 50 in the early 1900s to 37.7 by 1940 and preventing exploitation during the Great Depression.^[80]^[81] These gains stemmed from organized agitation, such as the 1930s labor upsurges involving over 1,800 strikes annually, which unionized industries and elevated wages for millions.^[80] Women's suffrage campaigns exemplify agitation's role in expanding democratic participation. Persistent rallies, petitions, and civil disobedience from the 1848 Seneca Falls Convention onward secured the 19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution in 1920, granting women nationwide voting rights and immediately boosting female voter turnout to nearly 36% in the 1920 presidential election.^[82]^[83] Preceding state-level victories, such as Wyoming's 1869 territorial grant of suffrage, demonstrated agitation's incremental efficacy, influencing broader policy shifts like liberalized divorce laws and workplace protections in the 20th century.^[82] Internationally, anti-apartheid agitation in South Africa through strikes, boycotts, and mass protests from the 1950s to the 1990s eroded the regime's legitimacy, leading to the 1994 democratic elections that dismantled institutionalized racial segregation and integrated non-white citizens into governance, with Nelson Mandela's election as president marking the end of minority rule.^[84] These outcomes underscore agitation's capacity to achieve structural change when sustained and strategically nonviolent, though success often required alignment with broader political pressures.^[85]

Criticisms and Negative Consequences

Political agitation, by design intended to provoke discontent and mobilize action against perceived injustices, frequently escalates into violence, undermining its stated goals and causing widespread harm. Empirical studies indicate that protests, particularly when met with repression, heighten the local risk of armed conflict, as mobilization draws in heterogeneous participants whose interactions can radicalize tactics from nonviolent demonstration to destructive acts.^[86] For instance, violent elements within protest movements, such as property destruction or clashes with authorities, often alienate potential supporters, leading to a "backfire effect" where public sympathy shifts away from the cause.^[87] ^[88] Research on radical flanks—extreme subsets of agitators—shows they reduce overall movement legitimacy and support, as moderate observers perceive the tactics as unreasonable or illegitimate.^[87] The 2020 unrest in the United States, sparked by agitation over police actions, exemplifies these consequences, resulting in over $1 billion in insured property damage across more than 140 cities—the highest in U.S. insurance history—and contributing to at least 20 deaths and 2,000 injuries.^[89] ^[90] Beyond direct costs, such events disrupt commerce, exacerbate urban decay in affected areas, and correlate with spikes in unrelated crime, as resources shift to containment rather than prevention. Violent protests have been found empirically less effective at achieving policy changes than nonviolent ones, with data from global cases showing that riotous waves fail to democratize regimes and instead entrench authoritarian responses.^[91] Agitation's polarizing dynamics further erode social cohesion, fostering distrust in institutions and priming societies for broader political violence. In polarized environments, provocative rhetoric and street actions amplify misperceptions of ideological divides, motivating fringe actors toward extremism while alienating the center.^[92] ^[93] Participation in such unrest also imposes personal tolls, with studies of youth exposure to protests revealing worsened mental health outcomes, including heightened anxiety and diminished well-being, even as self-reported physical health shows minor gains.^[94] These effects persist, as movements that prioritize confrontation over dialogue often yield adverse unintended consequences, such as hardened opposition and stalled reforms, per analyses of contention dynamics.^[95]

Legal and Ethical Controversies

In democratic jurisdictions, political and social agitation is largely shielded by constitutional protections for free speech and assembly, yet legal controversies arise when tactics escalate to unprotected categories such as incitement to imminent lawless action or true threats. In the United States, the Supreme Court has delineated that speech advocating illegal conduct remains protected unless it is directed to and likely to produce immediate violence, as established in precedents excluding mere abstract advocacy from criminal liability.^[96]^[97] This threshold has been invoked in cases involving protest rhetoric, where courts scrutinize intent and context to distinguish agitation from solicitation of unrest, with violations potentially leading to charges under statutes like 18 U.S.C. § 373 for solicitation to commit a crime.^[98] In the United Kingdom, recent legislative efforts to curb disruptive agitation have faced judicial pushback, highlighting tensions between public order and protest rights. The Court of Appeal ruled in May 2025 that 2023 regulations under the Public Order Act, which empowered police with broad discretion to impose noise limits and restrictions on protests deemed too disruptive, were unlawful for lacking proper parliamentary scrutiny and violating human rights standards.^[99]^[100] Similarly, arrests of protesters under the Terrorism Act 2000 for non-violent actions, such as displaying banners, have drawn criticism for overreach, with 857 such detentions reported in one year amid demonstrations against migration policies.^[101] Civil injunctions prohibiting protests at over 1,200 sites, often sought by corporations against environmental agitators, further exemplify how private entities leverage courts to preempt agitation, raising concerns over disproportionate restriction of dissent.^[102] Ethically, agitation's legitimacy hinges on adherence to non-violence, a core tenet in theories of civil disobedience from thinkers like Henry David Thoreau and Martin Luther King Jr., who posited that moral suasion requires forgoing harm to preserve the agitator's ethical authority and appeal to public conscience.^[73] Rawlsian frameworks reinforce this by conditioning justified disobedience on publicity, non-violence, and fidelity to democratic norms, arguing that escalatory tactics like property damage undermine the communicative purpose of agitation.^[64]^[103] Debates intensify over "uncivil" disobedience, where some ethicists permit limited disruption or psychological coercion if non-violent alternatives fail, yet empirical patterns indicate violent agitation correlates with reduced success rates in achieving policy change compared to peaceful methods.^[104] Critics, including consequentialists, contend that agitation's emotional manipulation risks ethical lapses like targeting bystanders or fabricating grievances, potentially eroding social trust without verifiable causal links to reform.^[105]

Physical and Mechanical Agitation

In Chemistry and Processes

In chemical processes, agitation refers to the induced motion of fluids, solids, or gases within a vessel to achieve uniform distribution, enhance mass and heat transfer, and facilitate chemical reactions by promoting molecular collisions.^[106] This mechanical process often employs impellers or stirrers driven by motors to generate turbulent or laminar flow patterns, depending on fluid viscosity and process requirements.^[107] Agitation is distinct from mere circulation, as it intentionally disrupts stasis to accelerate transport phenomena, such as dissolving solids in liquids or emulsifying immiscible phases.^[108] Common types of agitators include paddle agitators, suitable for low-viscosity fluids and gentle mixing; turbine agitators, which produce high shear for rapid dispersion in reactors; propeller agitators for axial flow in dilute solutions; anchor agitators for high-viscosity materials near vessel walls; and helical ribbon agitators for pseudoplastic fluids requiring consistent scraping and folding action.^[109] Selection depends on factors like Reynolds number, power input (typically 0.1–5 kW/m³ for industrial scales), and scale-up considerations to avoid phenomena like vortexing or dead zones that could lead to uneven reactions.^[110] In batch reactors, agitation rates of 100–500 rpm are standard for optimizing yield, as higher speeds enhance solubility but risk equipment wear or foaming.^[111] Agitation plays a critical role in unit operations such as crystallization, where controlled stirring prevents agglomeration and ensures uniform crystal size distribution (e.g., mean diameters of 50–200 μm in pharmaceutical processes); extraction, by improving phase contact for higher recovery rates (up to 95% in solvent systems); and fermentation, maintaining oxygen transfer coefficients (kLa) above 100 h⁻¹ for microbial growth.^[112] In polymerization reactors, it mitigates hot spots by dissipating exothermic heat, with studies showing that inadequate mixing can reduce conversion efficiency by 20–30%.^[113] Overall, proper agitation design, informed by computational fluid dynamics, ensures process scalability and safety, minimizing risks like phase separation or incomplete reactions.^[108]

In Engineering and Technology

In engineering, mechanical agitation entails the deliberate induction of fluid motion within vessels or tanks using powered impellers, propellers, or turbines to achieve uniform mixing, enhance heat transfer, suspend solids, or promote mass transfer in industrial processes. This differs from passive diffusion by relying on turbulent or laminar flow regimes determined by Reynolds numbers typically exceeding 10,000 for turbulent conditions in large-scale operations. Agitators are engineered systems comprising a drive motor, shaft, impeller, and mounting structure, with power input calculated via equations like P = \rho N^3 D^5 K_p, where \rho is fluid density, N is rotational speed, D is impeller diameter, and K_p is a power number dependent on impeller geometry and flow patterns.^[114] Design considerations prioritize scale-up from lab to production, accounting for geometric similarity, power per unit volume, and blending time, often validated through empirical correlations or computational fluid dynamics simulations to minimize dead zones and energy inefficiency. For instance, axial-flow propellers suit low-viscosity blending in tall vessels, while radial-flow turbines excel in shear-intensive applications like emulsion formation, with impeller diameters typically 30-50% of tank diameter for optimal circulation. In polymer processing, agitation manages high-viscosity melts under turbulent conditions to prevent uneven distribution, though laminar regimes dominate non-Newtonian fluids.^[115] Technological advancements include variable-speed drives for precise control, reducing power draw by up to 50% in batch processes, and integration with sensors for real-time monitoring of torque and flow via Industry 4.0 protocols. In slurry handling, mechanical agitation prevents settling by maintaining suspension velocities above 0.3 m/s, critical for applications like mineral processing or chemical polishing slurries in semiconductor manufacturing. Agitation agglomeration techniques, employing pans or discs at 10-50 rpm, densify powders to mitigate dust hazards, achieving particle sizes of 0.5-5 mm with binder addition in chemical industries.^[116]^[117]^[118]

Agitation in Arts and Expression

In Music

In music, the term agitato denotes a performance direction derived from Italian, instructing musicians to interpret passages in a restless, hurried, or emotionally turbulent manner, often evoking tension or unease.^[119]^[120] This marking emphasizes expressive agitation through accelerated rhythms, dynamic fluctuations, and stylistic restlessness, distinguishing it from mere tempo by incorporating affective qualities like nervousness or excitement.^[121] Typically combined with tempo designations—such as allegro agitato (lively yet agitated) or presto agitato (very fast and agitated)—it guides interpreters to balance velocity with interpretive fervor, avoiding mechanical speed in favor of conveyed emotional intensity.^[122] Composers from the Classical and Romantic periods onward used agitato to heighten dramatic effect, often in developmental sections or codas where thematic material fragments into rapid, syncopated figurations to simulate psychological distress or climactic buildup.^[123] A prominent example appears in Ludwig van Beethoven's Piano Sonata No. 14 in C-sharp minor, Op. 27, No. 2 (composed 1801), where the third movement bears the marking presto agitato. This sonata-form finale deploys perpetual motion in sixteenth notes, chromatic descents, and forte-piano contrasts across approximately 7 minutes, culminating in a stormy resolution that exemplifies agitation as both technical and emotive imperative.^[124] Similar directives feature in later works, such as Friedrich Burgmüller's 25 Études faciles et progressives, Op. 100, No. 8: Agitato (c. 1840s), a pedagogical piece for piano that trains young performers in restless articulation through staccato scales and arpeggios.^[125] These instances underscore agitato's role in bridging notation and interpretation, prioritizing perceptual unease over literal velocity.^[126]

In Literature and Rhetoric

In rhetoric, agitation denotes a strategic form of persuasive discourse employed in social movements to challenge the status quo, evoke dissatisfaction with prevailing conditions, and compel audiences toward collective action amid sustained opposition. This approach contrasts with establishment "control" rhetoric, which seeks to maintain order through reassurance and minimization of grievances. The concept gained systematic analysis in John W. Bowers and Donovan J. Ochs's 1971 work The Rhetoric of Agitation and Control, which delineates agitation's phases, including myth-making to vilify opponents, purification of the agitators' cause, and escalation to provoke responses from authorities.^[127] ^[128] Empirical studies of movements, such as 1960s U.S. civil rights campaigns, illustrate agitation's efficacy in amplifying injustices—like systemic segregation—to foster urgency, though it risks alienating moderates via perceived extremism.^[129] Literary manifestations of agitation often blend narrative with exhortation to incite reform, as seen in polemical essays and novels that dramatize societal ills for emotional impact. Henry David Thoreau's 1849 essay Civil Disobedience, for instance, agitated against unjust governance by portraying individual moral duty overriding state authority, influencing later nonviolent resistance tactics.^[128] In 20th-century contexts, agitprop—coined in the Soviet Union around 1920 as a fusion of agitation (emotional mobilization for immediate action) and propaganda (systematic ideological dissemination)—emerged as a deliberate literary mode to advance class struggle.^[130] ^[57] Vladimir Lenin's 1902 pamphlet What Is to Be Done? exemplified early agitprop by agitating workers toward organized revolution, emphasizing concrete strikes over abstract theory.^[131] Soviet proletarian literature further embodied agitation through short stories and verse awakening class consciousness, such as Em. Maisky's Three Fathers (1929), which depicted exploited laborers' plights to rally support for collectivization.^[132] German playwright Bertolt Brecht adapted agitprop techniques in works like The Threepenny Opera (1928), using satirical ballads to agitate against capitalist exploitation by humanizing the underclass and critiquing bourgeois hypocrisy.^[133] These forms prioritized brevity and direct address to audiences, often in agitprop theater derived from them, but scholarly assessments note agitprop's causal limitations: while effective for short-term mobilization, it frequently devolved into dogmatic repetition under state oversight, undermining long-term persuasion.^[127]

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Physical aggression, explosive anger, increased psychomotor activity, impulsivity, verbal aggression, disorganized thinking, perceptual disturbances, and ...
[14]
[PDF] Understanding agitation - Depression and Bipolar Support Alliance
Everyone feels antsy, fidgety, or restless from time to time. But some people develop a more severe form of uneasiness called agitation.<|separator|>
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1st International Experts' Meeting on Agitation: Conclusions ... - NIH
Feb 27, 2018 · Following the discussion during this initial exercise, agitation was defined as “A state where patients cannot remain still or calm, ...
[16]
Behavioral and Mood Evaluations: Assessment of Agitation
Agitation is inappropriate verbal, vocal, or motor activity, which is common among older persons with dementia. Its assessment is complicated.<|separator|>
[17]
Assessment and Management of Agitation in Consultation-Liaison ...
It is a state of motor and cognitive hyperactivity marked by inappropriate or excessive verbal or motor activity, as well as emotional excitement.
[18]
Current Understanding of the Neurobiology of Agitation - PMC
Jul 2, 2020 · This paper reviews the literature on the neurobiological underpinnings of aggressive behaviors, linking psychopathology with proposed mechanisms of action.
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Agitation in cognitive disorders: International Psychogeriatric ... - NIH
Agitation is a common clinical manifestation of many neuropsychiatric disorders. It is a frequent manifestation of Alzheimer's disease (AD), frontotemporal ...
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Updates in the Assessment and Management of Agitation - PMC
Jan 16, 2023 · ... agitation. Medical conditions associated with agitation are outlined in Table 2 (4, 9, 11, 20, 21). Delirium, or impairment in attention and ...
[21]
Medical Evaluation and Triage of the Agitated Patient - NIH
Agitation can be due to a general medical condition, intoxication and withdrawal, and decompensated psychiatric disease. Medical conditions include head trauma; ...
[22]
Updates in the Assessment and Management of Agitation | Focus
Jan 16, 2023 · Substance intoxication and withdrawal are frequent causes of agitation, especially in the emergency and hospital setting, and substance use is ...
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Assessment and management of agitation in psychiatry - PubMed
Recommendations on the assessment of agitation emphasise the importance of identifying any possible medical cause. For its management, experts agreed in ...
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Agitated Behavior Scale - Shirley Ryan AbilityLab
Nov 30, 2012 · Scores of 21 or below – within normal limits · Scores of 22-28 – mild agitation · Scores of 29-35 – moderate agitation · Scores greater than 35 – ...
[25]
Agitated Behavior Scale - FPnotebook
Agitated Behavior Scale ; Score 36 or higher. Severe Agitation ; Score 29 to 35. Moderate Agitation ; Score 22 to 28. Mild Agitation ; Score <22. No significant ...
[26]
Agitation and Psychiatric Disease : Clinical Resource
Clinical Assessment Tools. Behavioral Activity Rating Scale (BARS). The BARS allows for a quick assessment of agitation via a numerical rating score of 1 to 7.
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Validation of the behavioural activity rating scale (BARS)™: a novel ...
BARS™ showed psychometrically valid properties for measurement of behavioral activity in acutely agitated patients with psychosis. Introduction. Several ...<|separator|>
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Agitation Assessment: The Role of Psychiatry in Acute Settings
Sep 12, 2024 · It categorizes patients into 7 levels of agitation: unable to arouse, very sedated, sedated, calm, agitated, very agitated, and dangerously ...
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Psychomotor agitation and aggression: psychiatric emergencies. A ...
Jun 30, 2025 · Psychomotor agitation represents an emergency situation that psychiatrists deal with on a daily basis. It requires rapid and timely ...
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The Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale for Behavioral Assessment ...
The Pittsburgh Agitation Scale (PAS) is a validated, reliable tool for assessing agitation in dementia based on direct observation of behavior across four ...
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[PDF] Assessment and management of agitation in psychiatry: Expert ...
Feb 25, 2016 · To achieve an accurate differential diagnosis of the agitation, the first step is to obtain vital signs, as much of a medical and psychiatric ...
[32]
Agitation and an Altered Mental Status in the Emergency Department
Dec 8, 2022 · The differential diagnosis for AMS includes metabolic and medication-related etiologies (eg, excess use of opioids, benzodiazepines, steroids) ...
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Full article: A US-based practitioner's guide to diagnosis, evaluation ...
Key Recommendation: Before agitation is diagnosed as specifically being due to Alzheimer's dementia, assess other potential causes of agitation using a ...
[34]
a systematic review of benefits and risks from meta-analyses - PubMed
Jul 15, 2016 · Conclusions: Antipsychotics have demonstrated modest efficacy in treating psychosis, aggression and agitation in individuals with dementia.
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Non-pharmacological interventions for agitation in dementia - PubMed
Results: Person-centred care, communication skills training and adapted dementia care mapping decreased symptomatic and severe agitation in care homes ...
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(PDF) Non-pharmacological interventions for agitation in dementia
Aug 7, 2025 · Conclusion: Music intervention can be an effective non-pharmacological intervention for the reduction of agitation in dementia. Future studies ...
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Non-pharmacological interventions for behavioral and psychological ...
Nov 28, 2022 · Non-pharmacological interventions such as physical exercise (19, 20), music therapy (21), aromatherapy therapy (22), reminiscence therapy (23), ...Abstract · Introduction · Methods · Study records
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Non-pharmacological interventions for agitation in dementia
Jan 2, 2018 · Light therapy. Light therapy hypothetically reduces agitation through manipulating circadian rhythms, typically by 30-60 min daily bright light ...
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Interventions for Acute Agitation
This section provides an overview of suggested pharmacological treatment plans based on Project BETA guidelines on the psychopharmacology of agitation (Wilson ...
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Improving the management of acutely agitated patients in the ...
This article summarizes the BETA guidelines and recent supporting literature for managing the acutely agitated patient in the ED.
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“Pharmacological management of acute agitation in psychiatric ...
The most often prescribed drugs in the examined trials were haloperidol, olanzapine, lorazepam, alprazolam and droperidol, in that order of frequency. A graph ...
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Which Emergent Medication Should I Give Next? Repeated Use of ...
Dec 6, 2021 · Evidence-based antipsychotics for acute agitation include loxapine, haloperidol, droperidol, olanzapine, risperidone, ziprasidone ...
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Assessment of Reported Comparative Effectiveness and Safety of ...
Mar 22, 2019 · This network meta-analysis examines the results of randomized clinical trials that evaluated the effectiveness and safety of atypical ...
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Safety and effectiveness of benzodiazepines and antipsychotics for ...
Overall there are high rates of treatment failure among agitated older adults receiving pharmacological treatment for agitation in the emergency department.
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Managing acute agitation and aggression in the world of drug ...
Nov 8, 2021 · As such, antipsychotics and benzodiazepines have emerged as the main evidence-based options. Oral medications are considered first in the ...
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Experts Offer Guidance on Medication Management of Acute Agitation
Aug 28, 2023 · Acute agitation can be successfully treated with multiple oral and injectable medications, said experts at the Annual Meeting.
[47]
Severe Agitation | ACEP
This guideline is intended for physicians working in emergency ... For more rapid and efficacious treatment of severe agitation in the emergency ...
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Multiple adverse outcomes associated with antipsychotic use in ...
Apr 17, 2024 · In a meta-analysis of observational studies, antipsychotic use was associated with increased risks of hip fracture among people with dementia.41 ...
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Treatment of agitation in dementia - a systematic review
May 26, 2025 · Non-pharmacological approaches such as music therapy, light therapy, and digital care programs have shown promise in reducing agitation and ...Methodology · Discussion · Broader Implications<|separator|>
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FDA Approves First Drug to Treat Agitation Symptoms Associated ...
May 11, 2023 · The FDA granted supplemental approval to Rexulti (brexpiprazole) oral tablets for the treatment of agitation associated with dementia due to ...Missing: 2023-2025 | Show results with:2023-2025
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FDA Approves Rexulti for Agitation Associated With Dementia Due ...
May 12, 2023 · The approval of Rexulti “is a positive step for the treatment of agitation associated with dementia related to Alzheimer's Disease,” said Rajesh ...
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Pioneering medication for managing agitation in Alzheimer's disease
Sep 16, 2025 · On May 11, 2023, the FDA granted approval for brexpiprazole for the treatment of agitation associated with dementia due to AD. This marked a ...
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Depressive Disorder Drug Promising for Alzheimer's Disease Agitation
Apr 11, 2025 · AXS-05 is currently approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of major depressive disorder in adults, and has been ...<|separator|>
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ACEP's New Clinical Policy on Severe Agitation
Feb 12, 2024 · This clinical policy is intended for the initial treatment of undifferentiated agitation, in which the underlying etiology is unknown.
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Treatment of agitation in dementia - a systematic review - PMC
May 26, 2025 · This systematic review evaluates pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions for managing agitation in dementia.
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On the Role of Agitation and Propaganda
What Is Agitation? Agitation, whether spoken or written, generally focuses on one event, and one contradiction, and seeks to make a single idea powerfully clear ...
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Propaganda and agitation: what they mean - Workers' Liberty
Sep 14, 2012 · Agitation is propaganda occasioned by events that are not entirely ordinary and that provoke a certain upsurge in the public mood. Socialists ...
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Agitation (political) - The Free Dictionary
a person who stirs up others in favor of a political, social, or other cause or urges them to militant action. 2. a machine or device for agitating and mixing.
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Agitator - Etymology, Origin & Meaning
Originating in the 1640s from agitate, the term means an elected soldier's representative who voiced grievances about pay to officers and Parliament.
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Agitation - Etymology, Origin & Meaning
Originating in the 1560s from French and Latin, agitation means debate or mental tossing, derived from Latin agitare, meaning to move or drive forward.
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Protest, Agitation, Social movements, Collective action, Revolution
Aug 11, 2022 · Several key processes lie behind the history of social movements. Urbanization led to larger settlements, where people of similar goals could ...Key processes lie behind the... · Functions of social movements · Ideology
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Agitprop | Political Propaganda & Soviet Union History - Britannica
The twin strategies of agitation and propaganda were originally elaborated by the Marxist theorist Georgy Plekhanov, who defined propaganda as the promulgation ...
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Agitprop - Political Dictionary
The term originated in Soviet Russia and is an abbreviation of agitatsiya propaganda (agitation propaganda.) Propaganda was a key aspect of Soviet governing ...Missing: etymology | Show results with:etymology<|control11|><|separator|>
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12 Examples Civil Disobedience Throughout History |liberties.eu
Nov 15, 2022 · In 1903, the activist Emmeline Pankhurst and others founded the Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU) a woman-only political movement.
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5 of the Most Influential Protests in History - Time Magazine
Mar 12, 2015 · 1. Gandhi's Salt March. Under British rule, Indians were prohibited from collecting or selling salt—Britain had a monopoly on that staple ...
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13 significant protests that changed the course of history | Live Science
Jun 4, 2020 · The George Floyd protests · The March for Science · The Women's March on Washington · The Protestant Reformation · The Storming of the Bastille.
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Chapter 11 - Agitation and Propaganda - The Mass Line
A propagandist presents many ideas to one or a few persons; an agitator presents only one or a few ideas, but he presents them to a mass of people.
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Rules for Radicals - Saul Alinsky - Citizens Handbook
Next the organizer must begin the task of agitating: rubbing resentments, fanning hostilities, and searching out controversy. This is necessary to get people to ...
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13 Rules for Radicals by Saul Alinsky: How to Gain Power
Oct 30, 2022 · 1. 'Power is not only what you have, but what the enemy thinks you have. · 2. 'Never go outside the expertise of your people. · 3. 'Whenever ...
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Saul Alinsky's 12 Rules for Radicals - Sliwa Insights
Apr 22, 2018 · RULE 6: “A good tactic is one your people enjoy.” They'll keep doing it without urging and come back to do more. They're doing their thing, and ...
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Rules for Radicals by Saul Alinsky - The Commons
“The major premise for tactics is the development of operations that will maintain a constant pressure upon the opposition.” “If you push a negative hard and ...Introduction · Quotes
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198 Methods of Nonviolent Action by Gene Sharp - The Commons
The Methods of Nonviolent Protest and Persuasion · Formal Statements · Communications with a Wider Audience · Group Representations · Symbolic Public Acts.
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Civil Disobedience - Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Jan 4, 2007 · Civil disobedience is a public, non-violent and conscientious breach of law undertaken with the aim of bringing about a change in laws or government policies.
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Strategies of the Civil Rights Movement - Learning for Justice
Using direct action, local groups organized boycotts and protests. One of the most famous of these was the Montgomery Bus Boycott.
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Civil Disobedience, Costly Signals, and Leveraging Injustice
Oct 22, 2021 · Civil disobedience primarily functions as a costly social signal. It is effective by being reliable, reliable by being costly, and costly primarily by being ...Other Theories · Civil Disobedience as a Costly... · Is Punishment Necessary for...
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Banners, Barricades, and Bombs: How Social Movements Affect ...
May 9, 2016 · Our results show that public support decreases for both separatist organizations and social movements that adopt bombing as a tactic when compared against ...
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[PDF] Strategies of Agitation - DocDrop
Sep 10, 2025 · Major media events like the Olympics provide activists a massive worldwide audience that can be exploited in order to get dissenters' mes- sages ...
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The Civil Rights Movement | U.S. History Primary Source Timeline
They banned discrimination in public accommodations, public education, and employment, and prohibited race-based restrictions on voting. Such sweeping ...
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Feb 20, 2020 · Following the 1963 March on Washington, Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 that ensured that the ...
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The Eight-Hour Day | Unions Making History in America - Exhibitions
With the Great Depression's severe unemployment, the labor movement revived the idea of reducing work hours and pushed for passage of the Fair Labor Standards ...
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How America settled on a 5-day workweek - National Geographic
Mar 24, 2023 · The US Congress is debating shortening the official work week to 4 days. Here's a look at how clocking in for 8 hours a day, 5 days a week became the norm.
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Women's Suffrage in the Progressive Era - The Library of Congress
By 1896, women had gained the right to vote in four states (Wyoming, Colorado, Idaho, and Utah). Women and women's organizations also worked on behalf of many ...
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The Women's Rights Movement, 1848-1917 - History, Art & Archives
Women had won complete voting rights in Wyoming in 1869, but almost 25 years had elapsed without another victory. After launching the NAWSA in 1890, however, ...
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9 powerful social change movements you need to know about
Jun 8, 2020 · It barred non-white South Africans from political and economic equality. People held strikes and protests against their government's apartheid ...
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5 Peaceful Protests That Led to Social and Political Changes
Jul 8, 2016 · Cesar Chavez advocated for peaceful boycotts, protest, and a grueling yet nonviolent 25-day hunger strike which led to legislative changes to ...
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From bad to worse? How protest can foster armed conflict in ...
Many protest movements have brought down dictatorships and paved the way for democracy. However, protests can also foster large-scale violence at the level ...Missing: criticisms | Show results with:criticisms
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Radical flanks of social movements can increase support for ...
Recent research shows that use of radical tactics, such as violence or property destruction, by activist groups typically decreases support for the activists ...
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How violent protest can backfire - Stanford Report
Oct 12, 2018 · Violence by anti-racist protesters can lead people to view them as unreasonable, a perception that may lead to people identifying less with the group.Missing: agitation | Show results with:agitation
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Exclusive: $1 billion-plus riot damage is most expensive in ... - Axios
Sep 16, 2020 - Economy. Exclusive: $1 billion-plus riot damage ... Why it matters: The protests that took place in 140 U.S. cities this spring were mostly ...
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$$1 billion-plus riot damage is most expensive in insurance history
Sep 17, 2020 · ... protests($2 Billion) in the US? 59 upvotes · 50 comments ... The 2020 riots cost 20 lives, 2000 injuries, and 2 Billion dollars of damages.
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Violence, what is it good for? Waves of riotous-violent protest and ...
Jan 30, 2024 · Are nonviolent or violent protests most effective?1 Research has largely found that violent resistance is less effective than nonviolent or ...
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Polarization, Democracy, and Political Violence in the United States
Sep 5, 2023 · American voters are less ideologically polarized than they think they are, and that misperception is greatest for the most politically engaged people.
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How to Prevent Political Violence | Journal of Democracy
Political violence is rising in wealthy democracies. Polarized societies and bitter party politics are putting candidates and election officials in serious…
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The Effects of Political Protests on Youth Human Capital and Well ...
Oct 17, 2019 · For individuals who personally participated in protests, mental health scores significantly increased, signifying a worsening of mental health ...
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Oct 2, 2021 · Social movements often snatch defeat from the jaws of victory by narrowly targeting authorities with their actions instead of targeting the broader social ...
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What Does Free Speech Mean? - United States Courts
Freedom of speech does not include the right: · To incite imminent lawless action. · To make or distribute obscene materials. · To burn draft cards as an anti-war ...
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Unprotected Speech - Freedom of Expression
What constitutes “unprotected speech”? · Speech that is intended and likely to provoke imminent unlawful action (“incitement”). · Statements where the speaker ...Missing: agitation | Show results with:agitation
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Free Speech Supreme Court Cases
Read important U.S. Supreme Court decisions involving Free Speech and learn about how the Justices have shaped the law in this area.
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May 5, 2025 · The UK Court of Appeal upheld a ruling Friday that found 2023 protest regulations unlawful, marking a critical blow to legislation that civil liberties groups ...
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Liberty defeats Government appeal as Court rules anti-protest laws ...
May 2, 2025 · The Court of Appeal has today ruled that legislation granting the police 'almost unlimited powers' to restrict protests was created unlawfully.
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Why is the U.K. arresting peaceful protesters on terrorism charges?
Sep 12, 2025 · A total of 857 people were arrested under Britain's Terrorism Act for alleged offenses, according to police, along with 33 others for separate ...Missing: agitation unrest
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Civil injunctions restrict protests at 1,200 locations, BBC finds
Jul 1, 2024 · Companies and public bodies are using court orders to prevent environmental protests taking place.
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The Freedom Convoy and the Ethics of Civil Disobedience
Mar 4, 2022 · It is clear that King, like Rawls, sees non-violence as vital to civil disobedience's power to rectify injustice. The civil rights protestors ...Missing: agitation | Show results with:agitation<|separator|>
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Full article: Violence, communication, and civil disobedience
Jun 7, 2021 · The proliferation of civil disobedience in recent times has prompted questions about violence and justified resistance.Missing: agitation | Show results with:agitation
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The Ethics of Protesting - The National Catholic Bioethics Center
Jul 14, 2022 · There are ethical rules for protesting, just as there are for everything else that one does. Resorting to violence and vandalism are two of the most unethical ...Missing: debates agitation
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[PDF] Agitation
Agitation in a process generally accomplishes physical changes, chemical. changes, and/or increased rates of transport. These may occur simultaneously.
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Agitation (Mechanical) - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
Mechanical agitation refers to a simple and low-cost enrichment method that involves the use of a shake flask on a rotary shaker or a magnetic stirrer to ...
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[PDF] Chapter 9 Agitation And Mixing Michigan Technological
Agitation and mixing refer to the process of creating a uniform distribution of components within a liquid, solid, or gaseous medium. These processes are ...
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Types of Agitators - Chemical Engineering World
Jul 8, 2020 · Types of Agitators · 1. Turbine Agitators · 2. Paddle Agitators · 3. Anchor Agitators · 4. Propeller Agitators · 5. Helical Agitators.
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Types of Agitators, Agitator's Design and Significance
May 5, 2016 · Most commonly used agitators are Anchor, Propeller, Turbine, Paddle etc., and still these agitators are sub divided into types.
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Agitation Rate - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
Agitation rate plays an important role in the provision of good mixing conditions, solubilization of suspended organic material and improving mass transfer.
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Chapter 10: Mixing and Agitation - GlobalSpec
Mixing the movement of fluids and solids to enhance a process result is accomplished by means of an agitation source. For example, the sun is the agitation ...
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The Importance of Agitation and Mixing in Industry - Inoxmim
Agitation involves the movement of liquids or mixtures through the motion induced by an agitator, which promotes the mixing of ingredients and heat transfer.
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Mixing and Agitation - ScienceDirect
This chapter focuses on “agitated vessels.” The principles governing the operation of mixing are reflections of the fundamental processes of fluid dynamics ...
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Studies in Agitation | Industrial & Engineering Chemistry
Studies in Agitation ... This article is cited by 16 publications. Matthias Kraume. The Development of Stirring Technology from an Empirical Art to Science.
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Mechanical Agitation of Slurries - Martin Marietta Magnesia Specialties
Jan 22, 2024 · Mechanical agitation is the preferred method of agitation to guarantee a homogenous product and prevent slurry from settling on the bottom of the tank.
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Agitation agglomeration: Engineering particles for the chemical ...
Oct 28, 2021 · Agitation agglomeration has long been employed by the chemical processing industry as a way to manage the dust associated with bulk solids.<|separator|>
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Mechanical Agitation (or Mixing) for Drums - CMP Slurry ... - YouTube
Jul 8, 2014 · This CMP Technical Video features a demonstration on Mechanical Agitation (or Mixing) for Drums. One of the most important steps in handling ...
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AGITATO Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster
The meaning of AGITATO is in a restless and agitated manner —used as a direction in music.
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AGITATO Definition & Meaning - Dictionary.com
Agitato definition: agitated; restless or hurried in movement or style.. See examples of AGITATO used in a sentence.
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What Does Agitato Mean? - LiveAbout
Dec 30, 2017 · The Italian musical term agitato is an indication to play quickly; with agitation and excitement. Agitato can be paired with other musical commands.
[122]
How do musicians know how fast to play a piece? And why are the ...
For example, a marking of Allegro agitato has both a tempo indication (faster than a usual Allegro) and a mood indication (agitated). These words at times ...
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Using the Musical Elements for Music Expression
For instance, in renaissance, certain instruments would be used to depict contexts or associated to certain characters, fast tempo, agitated basses and frequent ...
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tempo - How fast should I set the metronome for agitato?
Dec 6, 2015 · An "agitato" tempo is fast, at least allegro. The third movement of Beethoven's Moonlight Sonata is marked "Presto agitato" for example. If your ...
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Burgmüller, Op. 109, No. 8. "Agitato" [Piano Tutorial + Sheets]
Oct 15, 2016 · Burgmüller, Op. 109, No. 8. "Agitato" [Piano Tutorial + Sheets] · Comments.
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https://www.musictheory.org.uk/res-musical-terms/italian-musical-terms.php
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[PDF] The Rhetoric of Agitation and Control Confronts Movement Theory ...
The initial pattern for the rhetorical studies of social-political movements thus was set in this way. Robert Cathcart (1972, 87) formalized the dialectical ...
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The Rhetoric Of Agitation And Control Summary - 282 Words | Bartleby
Thoreau applies tone, diction, and imagery to point out the main factors that contributed to the crucial behavior of the government.
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The Rhetoric of Agitation and Control: Impact in Scholarly Works
In Persuasion in the Media Age (2002), Borchers uses The Rhetoric of Agitation and Control (second edition) as a model to examine strategies by agitators and ...
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AGITPROP Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster
The meaning of AGITPROP is propaganda; especially : political propaganda promulgated chiefly in literature, drama, music, or art. How to use agitprop in a
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What is Agitprop — Definition, History, and Examples - StudioBinder
Jan 14, 2024 · Agitprop is a communication form that seeks to influence people through the intentional, urgent dissemination of ideas.
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Approved List of Proletarian Literature
–“Bilyal.” A story of the awakening class-consciousness of a Tartar shepherd. 16 pages. XVII. Em. Maisky: “Three Fathers.” True to life history of the rights of ...
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Agitprop - Definition and Meaning - Poem Analysis
Agitprop is political propaganda conveyed through art, music, literature, and films. It has its origns in the Soviet Union.