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Ata

Ata is the informal name for a mummified human fetus, approximately 15 cm in length, discovered in 2003 amid mining debris in the abandoned town of La Noria in Chile's Atacama Desert.^[1] The specimen, initially purchased by a collector from a local grave robber, displays atypical features for a typical human fetus at term, such as an elongated cranium, a flattened head profile, ten rather than twelve ribs, and accelerated ossification patterns, which fueled early pseudoscientific claims of extraterrestrial origin despite lacking empirical support.^[1] Whole-genome sequencing conducted in 2018 revealed high-quality human DNA consistent with a female of recent South American ancestry, bearing multiple homozygous variants in genes linked to bone development, including novel mutations in COL1A1, COL2A1, SLC17A1, and MARCH6, posited to underlie severe skeletal dysplasia explaining the anomalies.^[1] However, these genetic interpretations have faced peer-reviewed scrutiny, with analyses contending that the skeletal morphology aligns with normal variation in premature human fetuses exposed to arid mummification, that the purported mutations represent common polymorphisms unlikely to cause the observed phenotype, and that the study's methodological and ethical approaches—such as sequencing without verified provenance—undermine its causal claims.^[2]^[3] The case underscores tensions in forensic genomics, where empirical DNA evidence debunks non-human hypotheses but interpretive disputes persist over linking variants to morphology absent controlled phenotypic data.^[1]^[2]

Computing

Parallel ATA (PATA)

Parallel ATA (PATA), originally known as AT Attachment (ATA), is an interface standard developed for connecting internal storage devices such as hard disk drives (HDDs) and optical drives to a computer's motherboard using parallel data transmission over ribbon cables.^[4] The interface integrates the drive controller directly onto the device, reducing the need for separate host adapters and simplifying connections compared to earlier standards like ST-506.^[5] PATA supports synchronous data transfer modes, evolving from Programmed Input/Output (PIO) to Direct Memory Access (DMA) and Ultra DMA, with maximum theoretical transfer rates reaching 133 MB/s in its final iteration.^[6] The standard originated in 1986 when Western Digital, in collaboration with Compaq and Control Data Corporation, introduced the first ATA-compatible drives to attach directly to the IBM PC/AT's ISA bus, initially supporting up to 528 MB drive capacities under the ATA-1 specification ratified by the ANSI X3T9.2 committee in 1994.^[7] Subsequent revisions, managed by the T13 technical committee under INCITS, incrementally increased performance: ATA-2 (1996) added faster PIO and DMA modes up to 16.6 MB/s; ATA-3 (1997) introduced power management; ATA-4 (1998) enabled Ultra DMA/33 at 33 MB/s; ATA-5 (2000) supported Ultra DMA/66 at 66 MB/s with 80-conductor cabling; ATA-6 (2002) reached Ultra DMA/100 at 100 MB/s; and ATA-7 (2004) finalized Ultra DMA/133 at 133 MB/s while incorporating Serial ATA compatibility elements.^[8] These evolutions addressed limitations like signal crosstalk and cable length constraints inherent to parallel signaling over multi-bit buses. Technically, PATA employs a 16-bit parallel data bus with separate 8-bit address and control lines, using a 40-pin connector (two rows of 20 pins) for both power and data, though early implementations used 40-conductor cables limited to 3 feet (0.9 m) lengths to minimize noise.^[6] For Ultra DMA modes exceeding 33 MB/s, 80-conductor cables became mandatory, inserting additional ground wires between signal pairs to reduce crosstalk and support reliable operation up to 5 feet (1.5 m).^[5] Device configuration relies on jumper settings for master/slave roles on a shared channel, allowing up to two devices per controller with daisy-chaining, though this setup can introduce contention delays.^[4] Clock speeds progressed from 8 MHz in PIO modes to 133 MHz strobe rates in Ultra DMA/133, but parallel architecture's susceptibility to electromagnetic interference capped practical throughput below serial alternatives.^[8] By the early 2000s, PATA's bulkier cables, limited scalability, and inability to exceed 133 MB/s transfer rates prompted its supersession by Serial ATA (SATA), introduced in 2003, which offered thinner cables, point-to-point topology, and initial speeds of 150 MB/s using differential serial signaling.^[6] Despite obsolescence in consumer hardware post-2010, PATA persists in legacy industrial and embedded systems requiring compatibility with older peripherals, with adapters enabling SATA-to-PATA bridges for data recovery or archival purposes.^[5] The T13 committee's final PATA-focused work ceased around 2005, redirecting efforts to SATA enhancements.^[8]

Education

ATA College

ATA College is a private for-profit vocational institution specializing in allied health and technical training, offering diploma and associate degree programs designed for entry-level careers. Originally established in 1994 as A Technological Advantage with a focus on information technology certifications, the institution rebranded to ATA Career Education in 2006 and shifted emphasis toward healthcare fields.^[9] It operates campuses in Cincinnati and Springdale, Ohio; Louisville, Kentucky; and Fort Myers, Florida, providing flexible scheduling including day, evening, and online options.^[10] The college is accredited by the Accrediting Bureau of Health Education Schools (ABHES), recognized by the U.S. Department of Education, ensuring compliance with standards for program quality and outcomes.^[11] Core programs include Practical Nursing (diploma), Registered Nursing (associate degree), LPN to RN Bridge, Medical Assisting, Diagnostic Medical Sonography, and Limited Medical Radiography with Medical Assisting, emphasizing hands-on clinical training and career placement support. Enrollment data from the National Center for Education Statistics indicates modest scale, with focus on non-traditional students seeking rapid workforce entry rather than traditional bachelor's pathways.^[12] In September 2025, the Springdale, Ohio campus voluntarily closed its Practical Nursing diploma program after the Ohio Board of Nursing determined it failed to meet minimum standards, particularly citing low NCLEX pass rates and inadequate preparation of graduates; this affected enrolled students who were notified of transfer options or refunds.^[13] The closure followed state scrutiny and suspension of new enrollments, highlighting challenges in maintaining program efficacy amid regulatory oversight.^[14] Despite operational expansions, ATA College has faced criticism for variable student outcomes in high-stakes fields like nursing, where pass rates on licensure exams serve as key performance metrics; independent reviews note the importance of verifying program-specific data prior to enrollment.^[13] Financial aid availability, including federal grants and loans, supports accessibility, though net price averages reflect typical for-profit sector costs around $20,000 annually after aid.^[12] The institution maintains a mission of practical skill development, with alumni entering roles in hospitals, clinics, and diagnostic centers, though long-term retention and advancement depend on individual performance and market demands.^[15]

Science, technology, and medicine

Atacama skeleton

The Atacama skeleton, commonly referred to as Ata, consists of the mummified remains of a humanoid figure measuring approximately 15 cm (6 inches) in length, discovered in 2003 in the abandoned mining town of La Noria within Chile's Atacama Desert.^[1] The specimen was found wrapped in a leather pouch near an abandoned church by a local resident, Oscar Muñoz, who sold it to Spanish businessman Ramón Navaro for later analysis.^[16] Physical characteristics include an elongated cranium, unusually large eye sockets, a flattened head profile, only 10 pairs of ribs (instead of the typical 12), and nine phalanges in each hand rather than the human norm of 14, alongside other skeletal dysplasias such as a malformed pelvis and underdeveloped limbs. Radiocarbon dating and initial forensic examination indicated the remains were not ancient but dated to roughly the late 20th century, approximately 40 years prior to discovery, ruling out prehistoric origins. Initial public interest framed Ata as potential evidence of extraterrestrial life, particularly after its appearance in the 2013 documentary Sirius produced by ufologist Steven Greer, who speculated it represented a non-human entity based on its anomalous morphology without conducting independent genetic verification.^[17] Such claims gained traction in fringe media but lacked empirical support, as preliminary DNA extraction in 2012 by a Stanford University team led by immunologist Garry Nolan confirmed the specimen's human origin through mitochondrial DNA sequencing matching modern Homo sapiens.^[16] Nolan's group, utilizing high-quality nuclear DNA preserved by the arid desert conditions, performed whole-genome sequencing in 2018, revealing Ata to be a female fetus of South American indigenous ancestry, with genetic markers tracing maternal lineage to Chilean populations exhibiting mixtures of Andean, European, and minor Asian heritage.^[1] The analysis identified homozygous mutations in at least seven genes— including COL1A1, COL2A1, ATP7B, RBP4, NPAS1, ROR2, and MARCH6—associated with severe skeletal dysplasias, cranial malformations, and metabolic disorders, consistent with a premature birth at around 15 weeks gestation followed by rapid mummification. These variants, some novel and unlinked to prior syndromes, explain the observed anomalies without invoking non-human causation, as the genome showed no extraterrestrial or chimeric markers.^[16] Further histopathological examination corroborated the genetic findings, identifying signs of intrauterine growth restriction, pulmonary hypoplasia, and arthritis-like joint degeneration atypical for such a young specimen, attributable to the cumulative effects of multiple deleterious alleles rather than external trauma or artificial construction.^[1] Despite persistent speculation in non-scientific circles, peer-reviewed studies emphasize that Ata exemplifies extreme human phenotypic variation from rare compound mutations, akin to documented cases of dwarfism syndromes like thanatophoric dysplasia, underscoring the capacity for consanguinity and genetic bottlenecks in isolated populations to produce such outliers. No credible evidence supports alternative hypotheses, as all verifiable data aligns with a human developmental pathology.^[16] The case highlights methodological rigor in distinguishing empirical genomics from unsubstantiated conjecture, with Nolan noting the specimen's DNA integrity enabled insights into underexplored bone disease pathways.^[1]

ATA languages

The Pele-Ata language, ISO 639-3 code ata, is a Papuan language spoken by around 2,000 individuals primarily in the villages of Uasilau and nearby areas of West New Britain Province, Papua New Guinea.^[18] It features two main dialects, Pele and Ata, and is alternatively known as Wasi or Uasi, reflecting local ethnonyms for the speech variety and its users, the Ata people.^[19] As a non-Austronesian (Papuan) tongue, Pele-Ata belongs to the West New Britain linkage within broader Papuan classifications, though its exact genetic affiliations remain debated due to limited comparative data; it exhibits typological traits common to the region's isolates and small families, such as complex verb morphology and SOV word order.^[20] The language maintains vitality as a first language among ethnic Ata communities, with ongoing documentation efforts including bilingual dictionaries produced by linguistic fieldwork since the late 20th century.^[18] Distinct from the Papuan variety, Ata Manobo (atd) is an Austronesian language of the Manobo subgroup, spoken by the Ata Manobo ethnic group in northwest Davao del Norte Province and adjacent areas of northeastern Mindanao, Philippines.^[21] It serves as the primary vernacular for communities historically engaged in swidden agriculture and forest-based livelihoods, with linguistic features including Philippine-type voice systems that align focus across arguments in verb forms.^[22] Documentation includes phonemic analyses and lexical resources compiled through fieldwork, highlighting its retention amid pressures from dominant languages like Cebuano and Tagalog.^[23] Speaker numbers are estimated in the low thousands, though exact figures vary due to mobility and assimilation trends; language maintenance persists through intergenerational transmission in rural settings, as evidenced by ethnographic studies on ethnic identity.^[24] These ATA-named languages are unrelated genealogically, with the Papuan Pele-Ata representing an indigenous New Guinea isolate cluster and Ata Manobo embedded in the expansive Malayo-Polynesian branch; no shared etymology for the name "Ata" has been substantiated beyond coincidental homophony tied to local toponyms or ethnonyms.^[19]^[21]

Sports and martial arts

American Taekwondo Association

The American Taekwondo Association (ATA), now operating as ATA International, was founded in 1969 in Omaha, Nebraska, by Haeng Ung Lee, a South Korean taekwondo master born in 1936 who immigrated to the United States in 1962 after serving as a military instructor and opening schools in Korea.^[25]^[26] Lee developed the organization's proprietary Songahm Taekwondo style, which emphasizes standardized forms (hyung), deep stances, hand techniques alongside kicking, and a structured curriculum copyrighted in 1983 to promote accessibility and discipline for students of all ages.^[25]^[26] In 1977, ATA relocated its headquarters to Little Rock, Arkansas, where it expanded operations, including a 46,000-square-foot training facility opened in 2016.^[26] ATA has grown into one of the largest taekwondo organizations globally, with over 300,000 active members across more than 1,100 licensed schools in 25 countries as of 2024, including programs like ATA Tigers for preschoolers and advanced adult training with a belt progression from white to ninth-degree black belt.^[26]^[27] The organization hosts annual events such as the ATA Worlds competition, previously the World Expo in Little Rock until 2019, which generated an estimated $4 million in local economic impact.^[26] Following H.U. Lee's death in 2000 and his posthumous elevation to Eternal Grand Master and tenth-degree black belt in 2003, leadership transitioned through family members: Soon Ho Lee, In Ho Lee in 2011, G.K. Lee in 2019, M.K. Lee in 2022, and Taekwon Lee as CEO in 2023.^[26]^[27] ATA supports charitable initiatives via the H.U. Lee Memorial Foundation, including scholarships, contributions to the Muscular Dystrophy Association, Arkansas Special Olympics, Susan G. Komen for the Cure, and Arkansas Children's Hospital.^[26] While praised for its emphasis on character development and broad participation, ATA's commercial model and focus on formalized patterns over competitive sparring have drawn criticism in taekwondo practitioner communities for potentially prioritizing enrollment and revenue over rigorous combat training, though no major institutional scandals are documented in official records.^[28]^[29]

Organizations

American Trucking Associations

The American Trucking Associations (ATA) is the largest national trade association representing the U.S. trucking industry, founded on September 23, 1933, in Washington, D.C., through the merger of the American Highway Freight Association and the Federated Truck Associations of America during a period of economic recovery efforts under the National Industrial Recovery Act.^[30] Initially comprising 25 state associations, ATA developed a Code of Fair Competition in 1933 to standardize industry practices amid the Great Depression.^[30] Over nine decades, it has evolved into a key advocate for trucking's growth, emphasizing safety, taxation policies, and highway infrastructure development.^[30] ATA operates as a three-part federation including 50 affiliated state trucking associations, five specialized industry conferences (such as the Agricultural and Food Transporters Conference), and a professional staff supported by policy committees, an Executive Committee, and a Board of Directors.^[31] ^[30] It represents over 37,000 members, encompassing for-hire motor carriers, private fleets, and suppliers across sectors like less-than-truckload (LTL), truckload, agriculture, and auto hauling, from large operations to small businesses where 91.5% of carriers operate 10 or fewer trucks.^[32] ^[33] Membership is open to entities based on gross revenues, providing access to expert guidance on operational challenges.^[34] The organization focuses on advocacy for highway safety, security, environmental sustainability, and industry profitability, educating policymakers on trucking's economic contributions, which include moving 72.7% of U.S. freight by weight in 2024 and supporting 8.4 million related jobs, including 3.58 million professional drivers.^[31] ^[35] ^[33] ATA maintains a presence in every congressional district, influencing legislation on infrastructure and regulation while offering members tools, research, and data through publications like American Trucking Trends.^[31]

American Translators Association

The American Translators Association (ATA) is a professional organization dedicated to advancing the professions of translation and interpreting through standards of competence and ethics, professional development opportunities, and advocacy.^[36] Founded in 1959 by Henry Fischbach and twelve colleagues in New York City, ATA serves as the largest such association in the United States, with over 10,000 members spanning translators, interpreters, educators, project managers, and related professionals across more than 90 countries.^[37]^[37] Membership categories include active, associate, and student levels, open to individuals with an interest in the field, and the organization operates as a 501(c)(6) non-profit governed by an elected, volunteer Board of Directors.^[36]^[38] ATA's early milestones include electing Alexander Gode as its first president in 1960 and holding the inaugural annual meeting that year in New York.^[37] In 1966, it adopted a formal Code of Professional Ethics and issued its first Professional Services Directory.^[37] The association launched its bimonthly publication, The ATA Chronicle, in 1972 to provide in-depth coverage of industry topics.^[37]^[39] By 2007, membership surpassed 10,000, reflecting sustained growth, and ATA marked its 50th anniversary in 2009.^[37] Today, it maintains partnerships with entities like the International Federation of Translators (FIT) and ASTM International to support global standards and over 85,000 professionals indirectly through affiliated networks.^[37] A core component of ATA's offerings is its certification program for translators, initiated in 1973 with exams first administered in New York and Philadelphia.^[37]^[40] The pass/fail examination assesses translation competence in specified language pairs and subject areas, requiring certified members to complete continuing education for renewal.^[40] Successful certificants earn the "CT" designation, a verifiable seal, and priority listing in ATA's Language Services Directory, enhancing professional credibility and marketability.^[40] While exact numbers of certified translators are not publicly detailed, the program's rigor underscores ATA's commitment to quality, with only a subset of members achieving this credential amid high standards.^[40]^[41] ATA fosters professional growth through its annual conference, which attracts participants from over 50 countries for sessions on skills, business practices, and networking; the 66th edition is scheduled for October 22–25, 2025, in Boston, Massachusetts.^[42] Additional activities include live and on-demand webinars, volunteer-led committees, awards programs, and resources like the Member-to-Member Program for payment practices and discounts.^[43]^[36] The organization emphasizes ethical governance and industry advocacy, positioning itself as a key authority without reliance on salaried staff beyond core operations.^[36]

Air Transport Auxiliary

The Air Transport Auxiliary (ATA) was a British civilian organization formed in September 1939, immediately following the outbreak of the Second World War, to support the war effort by ferrying military aircraft.^[44] Conceived by Gerard d'Erlanger, managing director of British Airways, the ATA initially supplemented commercial airline operations but rapidly evolved into a dedicated ferry service, delivering aircraft from factories, repair depots, and maintenance units to Royal Air Force (RAF) squadrons and Royal Navy Fleet Air Arm bases.^[45] This role freed operational military pilots for combat duties, addressing acute shortages as Britain faced invasion threats and sustained aerial campaigns like the Battle of Britain.^[46] By war's end, the ATA had grown to employ over 1,250 pilots—men and women drawn from 25 countries—who collectively ferried 309,000 aircraft across 147 types, logging millions of flying hours under hazardous conditions.^[45] Pilots flew solo missions without radios, parachutes in many cases, defensive armament, or ground control support, navigating via maps, compasses, and visual references in all weather, often at night or through enemy-threatened airspace.^[45] Operations expanded from light trainers to advanced fighters like the Supermarine Spitfire and heavy bombers such as the Avro Lancaster, with pilots cross-trained to handle unfamiliar types after minimal conversion courses.^[46] Headquartered at White Waltham Aerodrome in Berkshire, the ATA maintained nine ferry pools across England and Scotland, coordinating deliveries amid frequent disruptions from German bombing and fuel rationing.^[44] A distinctive feature was the inclusion of women pilots, totaling 168 individuals who comprised roughly 10% of the ATA's flying personnel and who flew the same demanding routes as men.^[47] Recruited starting in 1940 under Pauline Gower's women's section, these pilots—many pre-war aviators or enthusiasts—underwent rigorous selection, including medical exams and flying tests, despite initial resistance from military authorities skeptical of their capabilities.^[48] Achievements included Lettice Curtis becoming the first woman to deliver a four-engine bomber in 1942, with 11 women eventually qualifying on such heavy types; overall, female pilots accounted for significant mileage, such as Ann Wood-Kelly's ferrying of over 900 aircraft.^[49] Their integration challenged prevailing gender norms in aviation, contributing to post-war precedents for women's roles in military support services, though the ATA's civilian status insulated it from direct combat bans.^[50] The organization's effectiveness stemmed from its merit-based system, prioritizing skill over military experience—many pilots were civilians grounded by age, medical issues, or prior injuries—yet it suffered 102 fatalities from accidents, crashes, and occasional enemy action, underscoring the risks of unarmed ferry flights.^[45] The ATA was disbanded on 30 November 1945, after VJ Day, with its infrastructure absorbed into civilian aviation; surviving pilots received modest recognition, including the British Empire Medal for some, though broader honors were limited until later commemorations.^[46]

Places

Ata, Estonia

Ata is a small rural locality within Kalesi village in Raasiku Parish, Harju County, northern Estonia.^[51]^[52] It lies approximately 25 km southeast of Tallinn, the national capital, in a region characterized by low-density settlement and agricultural land use.^[53] The locality's coordinates are approximately 59°20′53″N 25°05′52″E, with postal code 75207.^[52] Public transportation connects Ata to Tallinn via bus route 135, with the Ata stop serving as the primary access point; the stop is situated about 400 meters from central points in nearby Kalesi.^[54] Local businesses, such as Markofka OÜ, are registered at addresses in Ata, indicating limited commercial activity amid predominantly residential and farming uses.^[51] The surrounding area includes sites like the Rajamaa ashram, reachable by a short walk from the bus stop, underscoring Ata's role in regional rural connectivity.^[53] No separate population statistics are recorded for Ata, reflecting its status as a minor sub-division of Kalesi village.^[52]

Ata, Iran

Ata Behlakeh, commonly referred to as Ata, is a small village in Nezamabad Rural District of the Central District, Azadshahr County, Golestan Province, in northeastern Iran.^[55] The village lies within the Caspian Sea's coastal lowlands region, characterized by humid subtropical climate influences supporting agriculture and rural livelihoods typical of Golestan Province. As of available mapping data, Ata has approximately 120 residents.^[55] Limited demographic details reflect its status as a minor rural settlement, with no major historical or economic significance documented in public records beyond local community activities.

Transportation

ATA Airlines

ATA Airlines, formerly known as American Trans Air, was a United States-based charter and low-cost scheduled passenger airline headquartered in Indianapolis, Indiana. The carrier operated from its founding in 1973 until it ceased all flights on April 2, 2008, following a second Chapter 11 bankruptcy filing triggered by the abrupt cancellation of a key military charter contract with FedEx.^[56]^[57] The airline was established in August 1973 by Latvian-American pilot and executive J. George Mikelsons as a charter operation tied to the Ambassadair Travel Club, initially using leased Boeing 707s for group leisure flights from Indianapolis Weir Cook Airport (now Indianapolis International) to destinations like Mexico and the Caribbean.^[58]^[59] Following the 1978 U.S. airline deregulation, ATA transitioned to scheduled services in 1981, acquiring Lockheed L-1011 Tristars and Boeing 727-200s to expand into transcontinental and vacation routes, including Hawaii and Puerto Rico.^[59] By the 1990s, it had grown into one of the nation's largest charter operators, securing significant U.S. military airlift contracts and establishing Chicago Midway International Airport as a primary hub for domestic leisure flights.^[57] ATA's operations emphasized charter services for tour groups, sports teams, and government contracts alongside low-fare scheduled flights to over 50 U.S. cities, seasonal routes to Europe (such as Portugal), and Pacific destinations. The airline maintained maintenance facilities in Indianapolis and employed up to 3,000 people at its peak in the early 2000s. It rebranded from American Trans Air to ATA Airlines in 2000 to reflect its shift toward scheduled low-cost competition with carriers like Southwest Airlines.^[57] The carrier's fleet evolved from early widebodies like the L-1011 and McDonnell Douglas DC-10 to an all-narrowbody configuration by the 2000s, primarily Boeing 757-200s (29 operated), Boeing 757-300s (6), and Boeing 737-800s (29), configured for 170-220 passengers in economy with some premium seating on charters. ATA recorded no fatal accidents during its 35-year history, though a May 12, 1996, decompression incident on Boeing 727-200 N775AT (Flight 406) at 33,000 feet over Ohio resulted in a safe emergency landing at Indianapolis with minor injuries to passengers.^[60] Facing industry pressures including fuel price spikes and post-9/11 demand drops, ATA filed for Chapter 11 protection on October 26, 2004, with $1.1 billion in assets against $1.2 billion in liabilities; it emerged in 2006 after shedding routes and aircraft but shuttered its regional subsidiary ATA Connection. The 2008 collapse stranded thousands of passengers and led to the liquidation of assets, with Mikelsons retaining ownership of the ATA brand until his death in 2017.^[61]^[56]

ATA Carnet

The ATA Carnet, an acronym for "Admission Temporaire/Temporary Admission," is an international customs document that permits the duty-free and tax-free temporary importation of goods into participating countries for up to one year.^[62] It functions as a standardized guarantee against unpaid customs duties and taxes, often referred to as a "merchandise passport," and simplifies clearance for non-consumable items such as professional equipment, commercial samples, and goods for trade fairs or exhibitions.^[63] The document requires that goods be re-exported in their original condition, with violations potentially triggering liability under the issuing association's guarantee.^[62] The ATA Carnet system stems from the Customs Convention on the A.T.A. Carnet for the temporary admission of goods, signed in Brussels on December 6, 1961, and entered into force on July 30, 1963.^[64] ^[65] Initially adopted by a limited number of Western European nations, it expanded globally to address inefficiencies in temporary import procedures, reducing paperwork and delays at borders.^[65] The United States acceded to the convention on December 3, 1968, with issuance handled by national bodies thereafter.^[66] Administration is managed jointly by the World Customs Organization (WCO) and the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) via its World Chambers Federation, which oversees the network of national guaranteeing associations responsible for issuance and liability.^[62] Each carnet includes a cover, a detailed general list of goods with values, and sets of vouchers (for export, import, and re-export) plus corresponding counterfoils; customs officials detach and stamp vouchers as proof of passage, while counterfoils serve as receipts for the holder.^[62] Guarantees typically cover up to 40 times the goods' value in potential duties, pooled internationally among members.^[62] Accepted in approximately 80 countries and customs territories, the ATA Carnet supports uses like touring exhibitions, athletic events, and business travel, though it excludes consumables (e.g., food, fuel) or goods for sale.^[62] ^[63] For instance, exhibition goods may remain duty-free for up to six months in some jurisdictions.^[63] Recent developments include pilots for digital ATA Carnets to replace paper versions, with global transition planned by 2027 to enhance efficiency and reduce fraud risks.^[67]

Other uses

Ata (given name)

Ata is a masculine given name primarily of Turkish and Arabic origin. In Turkish, it signifies "ancestor," "forefather," or "father," serving as a respectful title denoting paternal authority or lineage, as seen in historical and cultural contexts where it evokes reverence for elders.^[68]^[69] In Arabic, derived from the root ʿṭw (عطا), it means "gift" or "blessing," often interpreted as a divine endowment.^[70]^[71] The name appears in other cultural traditions with variant meanings. Among the Akan people of Ghana, Ata denotes the first-born twin, reflecting naming practices tied to birth order and multiplicity.^[72] In broader usage, it carries connotations of generosity and familial bonds across Islamic and Turkic societies, though its pronunciation (typically AH-tah) and brevity make it adaptable.^[73] Etymological roots trace to Proto-Turkic for the paternal sense and Semitic languages for the gifting aspect, but no single Indo-European or Afro-Asiatic proto-form unifies all variants without cultural divergence.^[69] Notable bearers include Ata Johnson (1945–2008), a Samoan-American professional wrestler and mother of actor Dwayne Johnson, whose family legacy in wrestling underscores the name's Pacific Islander adoption alongside Polynesian heritage. Turkish comedian and actor Ata Demirer (born 1972) exemplifies its prominence in modern Turkish entertainment, blending humor with cultural commentary. The name's symbolic weight is evident in Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (1881–1938), founder of the Republic of Turkey, where "Ata" in his adopted surname reinforces nationalistic ideals of ancestry and paternity.^[69] In the United States, Ata ranked outside the top 7,000 names per Social Security Administration data as of 2023, indicating niche rather than widespread use.^[73]

Ata people

The Ata people, also referred to as Ata Manobo, constitute a subgroup of the broader Manobo ethnic cluster indigenous to the Philippines. They inhabit the upland areas of northwestern Davao del Norte province, southeastern Bukidnon, and parts of Compostela Valley and northwestern Davao del Sur on the island of Mindanao.^[74] Their population is estimated at 41,000, primarily engaged in subsistence activities amid forested highlands.^[74] Genetic and anthropological evidence suggests a historical admixture of Negrito and Malay ancestries, reflected in varying physical traits such as skin tone and hair texture among community members.^[75] Social organization centers on extended kin groups, with authority vested in a datu (chieftain) who mediates disputes and leads communal decisions.^[74] Traditional livelihoods rely on kaingin (slash-and-burn) swidden farming, supplemented by hunting, gathering, and limited trade. Marriages are typically arranged by families, negotiated through a bride price paid in goods or livestock, a practice persisting despite external influences.^[74] Cultural traditions encompass betel nut chewing—a daily ritual mixing areca nut, betel leaf, and lime for social bonding and mild stimulation—and craftsmanship such as weaving liyang baskets from abaca, rattan, and bamboo fibers for storage and transport.^[76] Oral rituals like ulahing chants invoke ancestral spirits during ceremonies, while body modifications such as pangotob tattoos historically signified status or rites of passage.^[77] Religiously, approximately 91% practice animism, centered on propitiating environmental spirits and honoring Manama, a supreme creator deity, through offerings and shaman-led rituals to ensure bountiful harvests and avert misfortune.^[74] Christianity accounts for about 9%, introduced via missionary efforts since the mid-20th century, though syncretic elements persist.^[74] Historical autonomy in remote interiors allowed preservation of customs until post-colonial developments; since the 1990s, commercial logging, mining, and plantation expansions have displaced communities, prompting migrations and legal struggles over ancestral domains under Philippine indigenous rights laws.^[74] Fixed marriage rituals, involving betrothal from childhood and communal feasts, underscore enduring kinship ties but face dilution from urbanization and inter-ethnic unions.^[78]

References

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[15]
About ATA College | Medical Careers
ATA College has its roots in the information technology field has offered programs of study since 1994 in various aspects of computer technology. In the fall of ...Missing: founded | Show results with:founded
[16]
Mysterious skeleton shows molecular complexity of bone diseases
Mar 22, 2018 · Moreover, data collected from whole-genome sequencing showed that Ata's molecular composition aligned with that of a human genome. Nolan ...
[17]
Origin of 'six-inch mummy' confirmed - BBC
Mar 22, 2018 · Tests on a six-inch-long mummified skeleton from Chile confirm that it represents the remains of a newborn with multiple mutations in key ...
[18]
[PDF] Ata – English dictionary
Ata (also called Pele-Ata) is spoken in the province of West New Britain in Papua New Guinea by about 2,000 people. It is a non-Austronesian language, ...
[19]
Pele-Ata Language (ATA) - Ethnologue
Pele-Ata is a stable indigenous language of Papua New Guinea. It belongs to the Yele-West New Britain language family. The language is used as a first language ...
[20]
Pele-Ata - Glottolog 5.2
Socio-historic overview of the Ata language, an endangered Papuan language in New Britain, Papua New Guinea ... Language isolates in the New Guinea region ...
[21]
Ata Manobo Dictionary » Introduction - Webonary
Ata Manobo is a language spoken by a people group in the southern Philippines on the island of Mindanao, in northwest Davao del Norte Province and in southeast ...
[22]
Language Ata Manobo - Grambank -
This Phillippine-type voice system places focus on different arguments in different voice/focus forms, but none directly comparable to an anti-passive voice.
[23]
Manobo, Ata wordlist - SIL Global
The 1966 Expanded Philippine Word List in Ata Manobo with English gloss. Includes a brief phonemic sketch.
[24]
Language Maintenance Against All Odds Among Ata-Manobo ...
This qualitative multiple-case study explored how Ata-Manobo natives maintain their language against all odds across five cases through in-depth interviews.
[25]
Full ATA International History - Songahm Taekwondo
With active membership exceeding 300,000 worldwide, ATA is one of the world's largest martial arts organizations dedicated to the discipline of Taekwondo. ATA ...
[26]
ATA Martial Arts - Encyclopedia of Arkansas
Jan 24, 2024 · ATA has over 300,000 members worldwide, making it the largest organization in North America dedicated to the discipline of taekwondo. The ...Missing: size | Show results with:size
[27]
The Story of Eternal Grand Master H.U. Lee | ATA Martial Arts
Collectively, these sports organizations are now one organization known as ATA International, and maintain more than 300,000 active members worldwide through ...Missing: size | Show results with:size
[28]
Understanding the Concerns: Why ATA Taekwondo Is Viewed ...
Emphasis on Form Over Sparring: Critics argue that ATA's focus on formalized patterns (hyung) may place less importance on practical sparring, which is vital ...Missing: controversies | Show results with:controversies
[29]
Do you know anything about ATA taekwondo? - Sherdog Forums
May 22, 2018 · ATA schools take the "make taekwondo something that anybody can do" philosophy to the extreme. I remember someone once saying that ATA TKD is ...Missing: criticisms | Show results with:criticisms
[30]
ATA: 90 Years and Rolling | American Trucking Associations
Sep 21, 2023 · ATA's founding and the nine decades of history that follow reflect the staying power of our association, industry, and country we serve.Missing: activities | Show results with:activities
[31]
About ATA | American Trucking Associations
We are a 90-year old federation with state trucking association affiliates in all 50 states. We represent every sector of the industry, from LTL to truckload, ...Missing: history founding
[32]
American Trucking Associations
The American Trucking Associations (ATA) is the largest and most comprehensive national trade association for the trucking industry.EventsAbout ATAMembershipContact UsATA Programs
[33]
ATA American Trucking Trends 2025
Aug 28, 2025 · Join more than 37,000 ATA members representing America's trucking industry. Membership is open to for-hire motor carriers, private carriers ...
[34]
Membership FAQs | American Trucking Associations
You can contact us at 888.333.1759 or email ATAMembership@trucking.org. ATA membership dues are based on the company's gross revenues with the exception of the ...
[35]
Economics and Industry Data | American Trucking Associations
According to the U.S. Department of Transportation, as of June 2025, there were almost 580,000 active US motor carriers registered with FMCSA that own or lease ...
[36]
About Us - American Translators Association (ATA)
Founded in 1959, the American Translators Association is the largest professional association of translators and interpreters in the US.Missing: history | Show results with:history
[37]
Who We Are - American Translators Association (ATA)
1959. Henry Fischbach meets with twelve colleagues in New York to discuss forming a professional organization. The American Translators Association is founded.
[38]
Member Categories - American Translators Association (ATA)
The number of living honorary members shall not exceed 20, and only two may be elected in each year. Discounts Available for Individuals. Open to new or current ...
[39]
Publications - American Translators Association (ATA)
Providing in-depth articles covering vital aspects of translation and interpreting, The ATA Chronicle is the premier publication for language professionals.Missing: activities | Show results with:activities
[40]
Certification | American Translators Association (ATA)
ATA established its certification program in 1973 to provide a framework for recognizing professional-quality work. Learn more about the program, its history, ...Put Your Credentials To Work · About the ATA Certification Exam · Practice Test
[41]
The American Translators Association (ATA) - The Rutgers Review
Mar 14, 2025 · Founded over sixty years ago in 1959, the American Translators Association (ATA) is the largest professional association of translators and ...<|separator|>
[42]
Annual Conference - American Translators Association (ATA)
Attracting translators, interpreters, and company owners from over 50 countries, the ATA Annual Conference offers four days of nonstop learning and networking.Missing: activities | Show results with:activities
[43]
Events - American Translators Association (ATA)
ATA's 66th Annual Conference will be in Boston, Massachusetts from October 22-25, 2025! Learn More · Professional Development Webinars. Webinars Live and On ...Missing: activities | Show results with:activities
[44]
What was the Air Transport Auxiliary? - Key Aero
Nov 24, 2022 · The men and women of the Air Transport Auxiliary were civilians in uniform who played a soldier's part in the Battle of Britain.Missing: WWII | Show results with:WWII
[45]
About the ATA - Maidenhead Heritage Centre
During the war, over 1250 men and women from 25 countries ferried a total of 309,000 aircraft of 147 different types, without radios, with no instrument flying ...
[46]
Air Transport Auxiliary | Exhibitions & Displays - RAF Museum
The Air Transport Auxiliary (ATA) was a civilian service that was tasked with the delivery of aircraft from factories to the squadrons of the RAF and Royal Navy ...
[47]
Stories of the Air Transport Auxiliary - Key Aero
Feb 15, 2022 · On the 82nd anniversary of their inauguration, Tara Leggett celebrates the invaluable work of the Air Transport Auxiliary's 168 women pilots.
[48]
Unsung heroes of WWII: Women of the Air Transport Auxiliary
Established at the beginning of the Second World War, the Air Transport Auxiliary – or the ATA, was a civilian organisation in Britain tasked with ferrying ...Missing: facts | Show results with:facts
[49]
Inspirational ATA Female Pilots Honoured - Women in Transport
Feb 7, 2019 · In autumn 1942, First Officer Lettice Curtis became the first woman to fly a 4-engined bomber, an achievement shared by just 11 ATA women.
[50]
The Women of the Air Transport Auxiliary in Second World War ...
Aug 26, 2024 · The ATA was established to provide a pool of pilots to undertake essential, but not combat, flying during the war. It was made up of pilots who ...Missing: founded | Show results with:founded<|separator|>
[51]
Markofka OÜ | e-Äriregister - e-Business Register
The legal person does not accept e-invoices. View historical data. Contacts. Address. Harju maakond, Raasiku vald, Kalesi küla, Ata, 75207 Open map. E-mail ...
[52]
Harju maakond, Raasiku vald, Kalesi küla, Ata - Avaandmed.ee
Üldine Aadressi Harju maakond, Raasiku vald, Kalesi küla, Ata sihtnumber on 75207. Asukoht Aadressi koordinaadid on 59° 20' 53.22" N, 25° 5' 51.96" E...
[53]
Rajamaa ashram & Guru Ram Das Institute in Estonia
The ashram is at Rajamaa, Kalesi küla, Raasiku vald, Harjumaa, Estonia 75207, 25 km from Tallinn. You can arrive by taxi, car, train or bus.<|control11|><|separator|>
[54]
Ata stop - Routes, Schedules, and Fares - Moovit
The closest stations to Ata are: Ata is 110 meters away, 2 min walk. Aruküla is 3556 meters away, 46 min walk. Which bus lines stop near Ata?
[55]
Ata Behlakeh Map - Village - Golestan Province, Iran - Mapcarta
Ata Behlakeh · Type: Village with 120 residents · Description: village in Iran · Also known as: “'Aţā Bahalkeh”, “'Aţā Behlakeh”, and “`Ata Bahalkeh” ...
[56]
Geography of Iran - Wikipedia
Geographically, the country of Iran is located in West Asia and the bodies of water the nation borders are the Caspian Sea, Persian Gulf (Persian Gulf), and ...Missing: Ata | Show results with:Ata
[57]
ATA Airlines Discontinues Operations; Files For Bankruptcy Again
It was the second bankruptcy filing in the company's history. The airline first filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection in October 2004. The carrier was ...
[58]
What Happened To US Low-Cost Carrier ATA Airlines?
... operations and based them at Indianapolis International Airport (IND). ATA Airlines flew charters for the United States military. In its early days, ATA ...
[59]
American Trans Air Lived The American Dream Until They Didn't
American Trans Air started as Ambassadair originally, in 1973, when it was founded as a charter flight provider. For over a decade, it took its passengers all ...
[60]
Indianapolis airline founder and leader J. George Mikelsons dies at 87
May 2, 2024 · After airline deregulation in the lates 1970s, Mikelsons launched commercial airline American Trans Air in 1981 with a fleet of eight Boeing ...
[61]
What Happened To ATA Airlines' Boeing 757- ... - Simple Flying
May 27, 2022 · Despite recovering from Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection, ATA ... ATA ended operations on April 2, 2008. According to the aviation ...
[62]
ATA Airlines files for bankruptcy protection - NBC News
Oct 26, 2004 · In its filing, ATA seeks bankruptcy protection for eight different corporate entities from more than 1,000 creditors. The filing listed total ...Missing: history | Show results with:history
[63]
ATA Carnet - ICC - International Chamber of Commerce
The ATA Carnet is an international customs document that permits duty-free and tax-free temporary import of goods for up to one year.
[64]
What is a Carnet? | ATA Carnet
A Carnet or ATA Carnet (pronounced kar-nay) is an international customs and temporary export-import document. It is used to clear customs in 84 countries ...Carnet Countries · Digital ATA Carnet · Carnet Document · What is a Carnet? VideoMissing: history | Show results with:history
[65]
No. 6864. Customs Convention on the A.T.A. carnet for ... - UN iLibrary
No. 6864. Customs Convention on the A.T.A. carnet for the temporary admission of goods (A.T.A. Convention). Done at Brussels, on 6 December 1961.
[66]
History of the ATA Carnet
Over the years, the ATA Carnet system has spread from just a few West European countries to most of the industrialized world, including a growing number of ...Missing: definition | Show results with:definition
[67]
ATA Carnet Frequently Asked Question (FAQ's)
Jun 26, 2024 · The ATA Carnet is an international customs document which allows an individual traveler / business to temporarily export or import goods for commercial ...
[68]
Electronic ATA temporary admission Carnet will replace paper ...
Nov 21, 2023 · ... ATA Carnet for the Temporary Admission of Goods (ATA Convention) held a virtual joint meeting on November 2, 2023, attended by approximately ...
[69]
Meaning of the name Ata
Jun 25, 2025 · Ata is a name with diverse origins and meanings. In Turkish, it means 'father' or 'ancestor,' often used as a respectful title, ...
[70]
Ata - Baby Name, Origin, Meaning, And Popularity - Parenting Patch
Turkish; Arabic. Meaning. Turkish: 'father'; Arabic: 'gift'. Historical & Cultural Background. In Turkish culture, Ata is often associated with respect and ...
[71]
Ata Baby Name Meaning, Origin, Popularity Insights | Momcozy
In Arabic origins, Ata (عطا) derives from the root meaning "gift" or "blessing," often interpreted as "gift from God." This name has historical significance in ...
[72]
Ata Name Meaning, Origin and More | UpTodd
Meaning of Ata: Signifying 'gift' or 'a present', associated with generosity in Arabic culture. Gender, Male. Origin, Arabic. Religion, Islam. Tags: Ata in ...<|separator|>
[73]
Ata: Name Meaning and Origin - SheKnows
African Baby Names Meaning: In African Baby Names the meaning of the name Ata is: Ghanian name given to the first-born twin.
[74]
Ata Baby Name: Meaning, Origin, Popularity - MomJunction
Jun 14, 2024 · Explore the historical and cultural journey of the name Ata. Dive through its meaning, origin, significance, and popularity in the modern ...Ata Name's Presence On... · Ata's Zodiac Sign As Per... · Ata In Different Languages
[75]
http://www.ethnicgroupsphilippines.com/the-ata-manobo-of-talaingod/
[76]
The Ata Manobo of Talaingod | Ethnic Groups of the Philippines
Aug 30, 2017 · Rather, the Ata are a mix of Negrito and Malay people. This perhaps explains why some have dark skin and curly hair, while others have fair skin ...
[77]
Ata Manobo Tribe of Davao del Norte: History, Culture and Arts ...
Sep 18, 2023 · There are three identifiable Ata Manobo tribes: the Matigsalug, the Talaingod, and the Matig-Langilan. The Matigsalug, meaning “people of the ...
[78]
Ata - Parangal Dance Company
In our 2015 immersion, along with other elders, they have shared with us several aspects of traditions such as Ulahing chants and prayers Pangotob tattoo as Ata ...
[79]
[PDF] EXPLORING THE RITUALS OF ATA-MANOBO TRIBE IN THE ...
Approximately, there are a number of 7,047 households of Ata-Manobo who are located in Kapalong alone. The place with most population of Ata-Manobo is ...