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BASE jumping

BASE jumping is a high-risk extreme sport involving participants leaping from fixed structures or natural formations—specifically buildings, antennas, bridges (spans), and cliffs (earth)—and deploying a parachute to control their descent to the ground.^[1] The term "BASE" is an acronym representing these four categories of jump sites, distinguishing the activity from traditional skydiving, which launches from aircraft at higher altitudes.^[1] The modern sport originated in the late 1970s, pioneered by American skydiver Carl Boenish, who organized the first jumps from El Capitan in Yosemite National Park in 1978 and coined the name.^[2] Participants typically require extensive skydiving experience and specialized training due to the minimal deployment time—often just seconds—compared to skydiving.^[3] BASE jumping involves specialized equipment, including a main and reserve parachute, but lacks automatic activation devices owing to low altitudes. The sport is extremely dangerous, with a fatality rate of approximately 0.04% per jump and 561 recorded deaths worldwide since 1981 as of 2025, primarily from deployment failures or terrain impacts.^[4]^[5] It is illegal in most locations without permits, including all U.S. national parks, though permitted at select sites like Idaho's Perrine Bridge and during West Virginia's annual Bridge Day event.^[6]^[7]

Overview

Definition and origins of the acronym

BASE jumping is a form of parachuting where participants intentionally jump from fixed objects at low altitudes and use a parachute to control their descent to the ground. Unlike traditional skydiving, which originates from aircraft at high elevations, BASE jumping emphasizes proximity to the landing area with minimal freefall time.^[8] The acronym BASE specifically denotes the four primary categories of launch points: Building (tall man-made structures such as skyscrapers or towers), Antenna (communication masts or similar vertical edifices), Span (bridges, arches, or other suspended frameworks), and Earth (natural geological formations like cliffs or rock faces).^[9] These categories encompass all permissible fixed-object jumps, distinguishing the sport from aerial exits.^[10] BASE jumps are characterized as low-altitude due to their typical heights ranging from 100 to 1,000 feet (30 to 300 meters) or higher, often providing jumpers with mere seconds—usually 3 to 10, depending on height and speed—to deploy the parachute after exit, in contrast to skydiving's thousands of feet of descent.^[11] No aircraft is involved, requiring jumpers to achieve sufficient airspeed through a running start or direct drop from the object.^[12] The term "BASE" was coined in 1978 by filmmaker Carl Boenish, his wife Jean Boenish, Phil Smith, and Phil "Super Phil" Mayfield to formally categorize and promote jumps from non-aircraft fixed objects, marking the sport's emergence as a distinct discipline.^[2]

Key characteristics and prerequisites

BASE jumping is characterized by leaps from fixed objects—such as buildings, antennas, bridges, and cliffs—resulting in immediate proximity to the surrounding terrain and structures, which demands precise control from the outset. Unlike traditional skydiving, where jumpers exit aircraft at high altitudes allowing for extended freefall and stabilization, BASE jumps involve minimal freefall time, often with deployment delays of just 2 to 5 seconds using techniques like hand-thrown pilot chutes or static lines to ensure rapid parachute opening. This short delay, combined with exit heights often ranging from 100 to 1,000 feet (30 to 300 meters), though some sites are higher, eliminates the opportunity for aerodynamic adjustments seen in skydiving and heightens the risk of collisions with the object or terrain.^[13]^[14]^[15] Prerequisites for safe participation emphasize a strong foundation in skydiving, with community standards recommending at least 200 prior skydives to demonstrate proficiency in canopy control, emergency procedures, and overall aerial awareness. Physical fitness is crucial, requiring cardiovascular endurance, core strength, and agility to handle the demands of exit positioning and potential off-target landings, while mental preparation involves building resilience to high-stakes decision-making under pressure. Additionally, jumpers must scout and secure legal access to sites, often navigating property restrictions or permits, to avoid unauthorized jumps that could endanger themselves or others.^[16]^[17]^[18] Environmental factors play a pivotal role in BASE jumping safety, with the activity heavily dependent on favorable weather conditions, particularly calm and consistent winds under 20 knots to prevent unstable deployments or drifts into hazards. Site scouting is a mandatory prerequisite, involving detailed assessment of exit points, flight paths, and landing zones to identify safe areas free from obstacles like trees, rocks, or urban infrastructure; for instance, natural cliff sites demand evaluation of variable terrain slopes, while urban antennas require clearance from wires and buildings. Object-specific challenges further influence planning, as bridges may involve turbulent airflow under spans, and earth jumps from cliffs necessitate accounting for elevation changes and wind corridors.^[19]^[15]^[20] The BASE jumping community upholds self-regulation as a core norm, relying on informal mentorship programs offered by experienced jumpers and specialized courses to guide novices through progression, rather than formal governing bodies. These programs stress ethical conduct, such as respecting site access rules and prioritizing collective safety to sustain jumping locations. Progression is often measured by "BASE numbers," a voluntary logging system tracking unique jumps from distinct objects, which serves as a benchmark for skill advancement without implying competition.^[21]^[22]^[23]

History

Precursors and early experiments

The roots of BASE jumping trace back to 19th-century experiments with rudimentary parachutes from fixed structures, marking early attempts to descend from heights without aircraft. In 1783, Louis-Sébastien Lenormand made the first recorded parachute jump from a tree in Montpellier, France, using a device of two umbrellas modified with a canvas frame to slow his fall from about 50 feet. This fixed-object descent demonstrated basic principles of controlled descent that would influence later innovations. By the late 19th century, daredevils like Charles Lastrange performed a 1,000-foot jump from the Brooklyn Bridge in 1897, equipped with "parachute wings" supplied by balloonist A. Leo Stevens, landing safely in the East River despite the unconventional gliding apparatus. Such feats highlighted the potential of parachutes for non-balloon jumps, though they remained stunt-oriented rather than systematic.^[24] World War I spurred practical advancements in parachute technology, laying indirect groundwork for low-altitude fixed-object experiments. In 1918, German ground crewman Unteroffizier Otto Heinecke designed a compact backpack parachute for airmen, featuring a ripcord deployment and static line option, which was issued to the Luftstreitkräfte starting that spring. The first combat bailout using a Heinecke parachute occurred on April 1, 1918, when Vizefeldwebel Weimar escaped a flaming Albatros D.Va, though early models had high failure rates—about one-third of initial users died due to line tangles or harness issues—prompting refinements like reinforced leg straps. This marked the first widespread military use of personal parachutes, influencing post-war training by emphasizing rapid, low-altitude deployments. During World War II, U.S. Army paratrooper training at Fort Benning incorporated fixed-object simulations via 250-foot towers erected in 1941-1942, where trainees practiced freefall techniques and landings to mimic combat drops, building confidence in short-delay openings from heights as low as 300 feet.^[25]^[26] Post-war civilian skydivers in the 1960s began crossing over to fixed-object jumps, testing equipment limits in informal experiments that foreshadowed BASE jumping. On July 24, 1966, California skydivers Mike Pelkey and Brian Schubert executed the first documented cliff jump from El Capitan in Yosemite National Park, descending 3,000 feet using 28-foot round parachutes after a short freefall; Pelkey fractured his ankle on landing, while Schubert broke foot bones due to rocky terrain and wind. This stunt, performed covertly to avoid rangers, represented an early adaptation of skydiving gear for ultra-low exits without aircraft. Innovators like Rod Pack, a stuntman and skydiver, pushed low-altitude boundaries in 1965 with a "chuteless" jump from 1,800 feet over Arvin, California, where he manually deployed a reserve after a simulated main failure, demonstrating maneuverability and quick pulls under 500 feet for a television special. These crossovers from aerial skydiving to terrestrial objects emphasized rapid deployment reliability, though risks remained high without specialized rigs.^[27]^[28]

Formation of modern BASE jumping

The modern era of BASE jumping emerged in 1978 when American cinematographer Carl Boenish organized and filmed a series of jumps from the summit of El Capitan in Yosemite National Park using ram-air parachutes, a technology adapted from skydiving that allowed for greater control during low-altitude deployments. This event, involving Boenish and fellow skydivers such as Phil Smith and Phil Mayfield, represented a shift from earlier isolated experiments to systematic, documented leaps from fixed objects, establishing BASE as a formalized extreme sport. The jumps from El Capitan's approximately 3,000-foot granite face not only captured public attention through Boenish's footage but also inspired a growing interest among skydivers seeking closer-to-the-ground thrills without aircraft.^[2]^[29] Throughout the 1980s, BASE jumping consolidated into a recognized discipline with the formation of early dedicated groups and key events that fostered community and legitimacy. In Houston, Texas, a core group centered around Phil Smith and Phil Mayfield conducted urban jumps from skyscrapers, culminating in their January 18, 1981, leap from a downtown building that completed the first documented jumps across all four BASE categories (building, antenna, span, and earth). This achievement highlighted the sport's progression and attracted like-minded enthusiasts, leading to informal clubs that shared techniques and sites. Simultaneously, the New River Gorge Bridge in West Virginia hosted its first legal BASE jumps in 1981 as part of the annual Bridge Day festival, drawing hundreds of participants by mid-decade and providing a model for regulated access that contrasted with the often illicit nature of other sites.^[30]^[31] By the 1990s, BASE jumping expanded internationally, transitioning from primarily American pursuits to a global pursuit with established venues and growing awareness of its dangers. The Perrine Bridge in Twin Falls, Idaho—spanning 1,500 feet over the Snake River Canyon—saw its first jumps in 1987 and became a legal site by the decade's end, attracting jumpers worldwide as one of the few U.S. locations permitting year-round activity without permits. In Europe, urban BASE gained traction in cities like Paris and London, where jumpers targeted landmarks and towers, contributing to the sport's cultural footprint despite legal challenges. This period also marked rising fatalities, including high-profile incidents that emphasized the need for advanced skills and equipment, as the activity's low margins for error became evident amid increasing participation.^[32]^[33]

Evolution of BASE numbering

The BASE numbering system originated in 1981, when filmmaker and pioneering BASE jumper Carl Boenish, along with his wife Jean Boenish, Phil Smith, and Phil Mayfield, established it as a means to formally recognize and log jumps from all four object categories—buildings, antennas, spans (bridges), and earth (cliffs).^[34] This sequential assignment of numbers served as a progression tool for the emerging sport, allowing jumpers to track their achievements and verify experience in a community where formal organization was limited. The first number, BASE #1, was awarded to Phil Smith of Houston, Texas, following his completion of qualifying jumps, marking the system's debut as a badge of accomplishment among early practitioners.^[13] To qualify for a BASE number, jumpers must complete at least one documented jump from each of the four categories, with each jump requiring witnesses or video evidence to confirm authenticity and safety compliance.^[35] The process emphasizes rigorous verification to maintain the system's integrity, as numbers are issued sequentially by custodians—initially the Boenishes and later by Rick and Joy Harrison after Carl Boenish's death in 1984—ensuring only validated completions are honored.^[36] As of 2025, over 2,700 BASE numbers have been issued worldwide, reflecting the sport's growth while underscoring its niche status within extreme activities.^[37] Since the 2010s, the evolution of the BASE numbering system has incorporated digital tools, transitioning from paper logs and manual submissions to apps and online databases that facilitate jump tracking, data analysis, and community sharing.^[38] Platforms like Subterminal and BASE Logbook enable users to store jump details, including GPS data, weather conditions, and equipment notes, in cloud-based systems, streamlining verification and allowing for real-time prestige through shared profiles.^[39] This digital shift has enhanced safety by correlating higher numbers with accumulated experience, as jumpers with elevated counts (often exceeding 100 per category) are viewed as more proficient, though it also promotes a culture of mentorship where veterans guide newcomers.^[40] Despite its structured approach, the system has faced controversies, particularly around verification rigor and the informal use of "ghost numbers"—unverified or self-assigned counts claimed in community discussions without official documentation.^[41] Disputes arise when jumpers challenge the need for witnesses in remote or high-risk sites, leading to debates over inclusivity versus credibility, with some opting for confidential numbers to preserve privacy amid the sport's legal ambiguities.^[42] These tensions highlight the balance between personal progression and communal trust in a decentralized activity.

Equipment

Parachutes, harnesses, and containers

BASE jumping relies on specialized parachutes, harnesses, and containers optimized for low-altitude deployments, where rapid opening and precise control are essential due to limited freefall time and proximity to obstacles. Ram-air canopies dominate, featuring compact, elliptical designs that facilitate quick inflation and high maneuverability in tight landing zones. These canopies are typically smaller than standard skydiving mains, ranging from 190 square feet for advanced jumpers with high wing loadings (0.9-1.2 pounds per square foot) seeking steep glides and responsiveness to 300+ square feet for novices prioritizing stability (0.6-0.8 pounds per square foot), to enhance performance while maintaining control. The fabric employs durable, low-porosity materials like ZP nylon to withstand repeated low-speed openings without compromising shape or longevity.^[43]^[44] Harnesses and containers form the integrated rig, custom-built by manufacturers such as Apex BASE, Squirrel, or adapted skydiving models like the Vector or Basik from United Parachute Technologies (UPT). These systems prioritize lightweight construction—often under 10 kg total with parachutes—to aid in agile exits from fixed objects, using high-strength webbing like Dyneema blends for the harness straps. Key features include magnetic or hook-knife riser releases for emergency cutaways, and compact containers with easy-access pin configurations (e.g., dual-pin closures) to minimize deployment snags. Pilot chutes, sized 36-48 inches in diameter depending on canopy scale and jump type (e.g., larger for low-altitude static-line jumps), support hand-throw or static-line methods, with the latter bypassing freefall for immediate extraction in sub-300-foot jumps.^[45]^[46]^[47] Modifications distinguish BASE rigs from skydiving gear, including shorter bridles (typically 8-9 feet, adjustable for specific delays) to achieve 2-4 second extraction times, balancing freefall enjoyment with safety margins at low heights. Reserve parachutes mirror main canopy specs but are packed for reliability, often without auto-activation devices (AADs) like CYPRES, as manufacturers explicitly advise against their use in BASE due to activation altitudes (around 750 feet) exceeding typical jump heights, risking premature firing or ineffectiveness. Instead, reserves emphasize manual deployment via throw-out pilots.^[48]^[49] Rig maintenance demands rigorous protocols to counter environmental stresses like rock abrasion and moisture; pre-jump inspections cover line continuity, pin security, and fabric integrity, while reserves require professional repacking every 120 days per industry standards, though BASE-specific guidelines may call for more frequent visual checks given infrequent but intense use. Total system weight remains a focus, kept below 10 kg to preserve jumper mobility without sacrificing structural robustness.^[50]

Protective clothing and accessories

BASE jumpers rely on specialized protective clothing to mitigate risks from high-speed exits, freefall impacts, and rough landings on varied terrain. Jumpsuits, typically made from durable, form-fitting materials like nylon or ripstop fabric, provide essential shielding from wind, debris, and abrasion while allowing full mobility to prevent snags on the exit point or during deployment. These suits are designed for streamlined aerodynamics and often include reinforced padding in high-impact areas such as the knees and elbows to absorb shocks upon landing.^[51] Helmets form the cornerstone of head protection, featuring hard shells with internal padding to cushion against strikes from objects or ground contact; full-face models offer additional facial shielding, while open-face variants prioritize ventilation and visibility. Knee and elbow guards, usually constructed from hard plastic or foam composites, are worn beneath the jumpsuit to protect joints during slides or uneven terrain impacts common in cliff or building jumps. Gloves, with reinforced palms and fingers, safeguard hands from cuts, burns, or blisters while enhancing grip on the pilot chute and navigation tools. Shoulder and spine protectors are also commonly integrated or worn separately to guard against compression injuries in poor landing zones.^[13]^[51]^[52] Key accessories augment situational awareness and emergency response in the low-altitude environment of BASE jumps. Audible and visual altimeters, mounted on the helmet or wrist, emit alerts at preset altitudes to guide precise deployment timing, compensating for the brief freefall phase where visual cues may be unreliable. GPS trackers enable real-time location monitoring, aiding recovery in remote or off-site landings and providing data for post-jump analysis. Helmet-mounted cameras, such as those using GoPro-style action cams with secure mounts, allow recording for training review while maintaining hands-free operation. A hook knife, with its curved blade for rapid line cutting, is a mandatory emergency tool attached to the harness, used to disentangle bridles or canopies in malfunctions without compromising control.^[51]^[53]^[51] Site-specific adaptations enhance safety for unique jump environments. For night jumps from structures like antennas or cliffs, helmets equipped with integrated LED lights improve visibility during exit and approach. In proximity to water landings, such as those under bridges (spans), wetsuits or drysuits may be layered under the jumpsuit to provide thermal insulation and buoyancy, reducing hypothermia risk in cold conditions. These items integrate seamlessly with parachute rigs via harness-compatible attachments, ensuring no interference with deployment sequences.^[54]^[13] Protective gear adheres to aviation-derived standards for reliability, with helmets often certified to EN 966 (European aviation helmet standard) or equivalent impact ratings like XPS 72-600 for drop-zone testing. Jumpsuits and pads prioritize snag-free designs per skydiving best practices, though BASE lacks a centralized regulatory body; jumpers typically select equipment TSO-certified (Technical Standard Order) for parachuting compatibility to ensure durability under extreme stresses.^[55]^[56]

Wingsuits and recent technological advancements

Wingsuits are specialized fabric garments designed for BASE jumping, featuring webbing membranes stretched between the arms and body, as well as between the legs, to create airfoil-like "wings" that enable controlled gliding during freefall.^[57] These suits significantly increase the jumper's surface area, allowing for glide ratios of up to 3:1, meaning a horizontal distance of three units can be covered for every unit of vertical descent, which is particularly vital for BASE jumps from elevated cliffs where extended horizontal travel is necessary to clear obstacles and reach safe landing zones.^[58] Recent advancements in wingsuit technology have focused on enhancing glide performance and flight duration, with innovations like the wingsuit foil representing a major breakthrough. Introduced in collaboration with Red Bull Advanced Technologies, the wingsuit foil integrates rigid carbon fiber structures to the traditional fabric wings, enabling unprecedented efficiency and enabling jumps such as Peter Salzmann's 2024 record of 12.5 km in distance over 5 minutes and 56 seconds from Switzerland's Jungfrau mountain. In September 2025, Salzmann set a new BASE wingsuit speed record of 347 km/h (216 mph) using enhanced foil technology, further advancing human flight capabilities in the sport.^[59]^[60] Additionally, manufacturers have incorporated lighter, more durable materials and adjustable wing configurations for arms and legs, allowing pilots to fine-tune aerodynamics for specific BASE environments and improving overall control and safety.^[61] The global BASE jumping equipment market, including wingsuits, has seen substantial growth, valued at approximately USD 247.9 million in 2024 and projected to reach USD 419.5 million by 2035, fueled by demand for high-performance components like carbon fiber reinforcements and integrated smart sensors for flight data monitoring.^[62] This expansion reflects increasing adoption among experienced jumpers seeking advanced wingsuit capabilities for proximity flying and extended glides. Wingsuits are engineered for seamless compatibility with BASE rigs, featuring low-profile harnesses and containers that accommodate the suit's bulk while ensuring quick parachute deployment. Hybrid systems, such as those combining wingsuit gliding with tracking suits or apps like BASEline for real-time audible feedback on speed and glide, further integrate these technologies to optimize flight paths before canopy opening.^[63]^[64]

Techniques

Jump classifications by object type

BASE jumps are classified according to the four categories of fixed objects that form the acronym B.A.S.E.: Building, Antenna, Span, and Earth. Each category involves unique environmental and structural factors that influence jump planning and execution.^[65] Building (B) jumps occur from urban structures, such as skyscrapers, where participants launch from rooftops or ledges. These sites often present challenges related to access restrictions enforced by authorities and limited landing areas in densely built environments. Wind turbulence generated by adjacent buildings can complicate exits and canopy control, while the relatively short freefall heights—typically under 150 meters (490 feet)—demand immediate parachute deployment to avoid ground proximity.^[65]^[66] Antenna (A) jumps are made from tall towers or masts, often communication structures reaching heights of 100 to 300 meters (330 to 1,000 feet). Key issues include the risk of collision with guy wires that stabilize the structure, requiring precise tracking during freefall to navigate between them safely. Height variability across sites affects deployment timing, and strong winds at elevation can exacerbate instability during descent.^[65]^[66]^[67] Span (S) jumps take place from bridges or arches, exemplified by the New River Gorge Bridge in West Virginia, which spans a deep canyon. Concerns arise from potential traffic below, necessitating careful timing to avoid hazards, as well as structural sway from wind or vehicle movement that can affect exit stability. Landings may involve proximity to roads or water, increasing the risk of off-target drifts.^[65]^[31] Earth (E) jumps involve natural formations like cliffs or mountains, with the Troll Wall in Norway serving as a prominent example due to its 1,000-meter vertical drop. Challenges stem from close terrain proximity during low-altitude freefall, variable winds that can push jumpers toward rocky faces, and the physical demands of hiking to remote access points. Wind-blown landings may direct participants into surrounding obstacles like trees or power lines.^[65]^[68] Novice jumpers typically progress by starting with higher antennas or spans, which offer longer freefall for practice, before advancing to lower earth sites where margins for error are minimal.^[3]

Exit, freefall, and deployment strategies

BASE jumping begins with the exit phase, where the jumper launches from a fixed object such as a cliff, bridge, or building, requiring precise control to ensure a stable initial trajectory and avoid immediate hazards like collisions with the structure. Common exit techniques include running leaps from the edge to gain forward momentum, particularly on flat or sloped surfaces, while "dead air" exits involve leaping from overhangs or protrusions to drop directly into undisturbed air, minimizing the risk of impacting the object during the initial fall.^[69] Static-line pulls, where a line attached to the object automatically initiates parachute deployment shortly after exit, are often used for beginners or low-altitude jumps to reduce decision-making time.^[70] Throw-out methods, involving manual pilot chute deployment, allow for more controlled exits but demand higher skill levels to execute cleanly.^[3] During freefall, which typically lasts only 2-10 seconds due to the low altitudes involved—often under 1,000 feet—jumpers must maintain stability through deliberate body positioning to counteract turbulence and achieve a predictable flight path. A head-high posture with the chest thrust toward the horizon promotes aerodynamic stability, preventing uncontrolled spins or dives that could lead to off-heading openings.^[71] Freefall management emphasizes short delays to conserve altitude, with body adjustments for tracking—arching the back and extending limbs to glide horizontally—enabling jumpers to cover greater distances from the object before deployment. Proximity flying, especially in wingsuits, involves skimming close to terrain features like ridges or walls, requiring precise airspeed control and constant visual reference to the ground for safe navigation.^[72] These techniques vary by object type, such as cliffs demanding immediate clearance from rock faces. Deployment strategies prioritize rapid and reliable parachute opening given the constrained margins for error in BASE environments. Hand-deployment involves throwing a small pilot chute to extract the main canopy, optimized for low-speed and low-altitude scenarios by using a slider-up configuration to soften the opening shock and reduce injury risk from high deceleration forces.^[73] Static-line deployment, contrasted with hand methods, automates the process via a cord connected to the launch point, ensuring consistent performance on jumps with minimal freefall, such as from bridges or antennas. For training, tandem setups harness an instructor and student together, with the instructor managing the exit, freefall, and deployment using a specialized dual-rig system, providing novices with guided exposure to BASE dynamics before solo attempts.^[74] Variations in these strategies accommodate specialized scenarios, enhancing safety or visual appeal while amplifying risks. Night jumps incorporate LED lights or chem lights attached to the jumper's body and gear for visibility, allowing coordinated group flights but necessitating heightened awareness of disorientation in low-light conditions.^[75] Tracking extensions during freefall, where jumpers prioritize horizontal separation over vertical descent, are common on wider landing zones to optimize canopy flight paths.^[76]

Landing and recovery methods

After deployment, BASE jumpers must immediately establish canopy control to direct the parachute toward the designated landing zone (LZ), often within seconds due to low-altitude openings. High-speed steering is achieved through precise inputs on the steering toggles or rear risers, enabling tight turns in confined or obstacle-filled environments typical of BASE sites. To manage excess altitude over small LZs, jumpers perform S-turns—alternating left and right curves under partial brakes—to increase the descent rate while preserving forward progress and visibility of the ground.^[77] As the LZ approaches, the flare technique decelerates the canopy for a controlled touchdown. This involves a symmetric pull on both toggles to raise the canopy's trailing edge, generating lift to reduce descent speed from approximately 20-25 mph to near zero; in BASE jumping, the brief canopy flight demands exact timing to avoid underrating or overflaring, which can result in stalls or abrupt stops.^[77] Landing techniques vary by surface to minimize injury. On dry grass or open terrain, the parachute landing fall (PLF) is standard: feet and knees together, body angled sideways, absorbing impact by rolling from the balls of the feet through the calf, thigh, hip, and shoulder to distribute force across the body. Water landings require a modified PLF with feet-first entry and arms crossed to protect the face, accounting for deceleration in water and potential currents. Urban or rugged LZs may necessitate post-touchdown evasion rolls or slides to avoid hazards like rocks or structures. Reserve parachutes are deployed only in dire situations, as BASE altitudes often preclude safe cutaway and reserve opening sequences.^[78]^[79] Post-landing recovery emphasizes efficiency in remote or inaccessible areas. Jumpers collapse and pack the main canopy on-site using BASE-specific containers designed for rapid folding without specialized tools, securing lines and fabric to prevent snags during transport. Extraction from isolated LZs typically involves pre-arranged vehicle pickup, with group spotters aiding by relaying real-time wind data via radio or visual signals to guide the jumper's final approach and confirm safe conditions.^[80] A frequent error is downwind drift, where approaching the LZ with the wind increases ground speed, leading to uncontrolled slides or collisions on touchdown. This risk is addressed through pre-jump LZ surveys, evaluating terrain slope, obstacles, and prevailing winds under similar conditions to the planned jump time, ensuring an upwind setup for landings under 15 mph gusts.^[80]

Safety

Primary hazards and risk mitigation

BASE jumping presents several primary hazards stemming from its low-altitude nature and proximity to fixed objects, which limit the time available for corrective actions during jumps. One key danger is the low deployment altitude, often as little as 100-300 feet above ground level, which can result in no-recovery errors if the parachute fails to deploy properly or deploys off-heading, leaving insufficient time to cut away and deploy a reserve. Terrain collisions are another critical risk, as jumpers must navigate close to cliffs, buildings, or bridges during exit and freefall, increasing the likelihood of impacts with the object or surrounding obstacles if tracking or stability is compromised. Wind shear and gusts exacerbate these issues by altering trajectories unpredictably, potentially pushing jumpers into hazardous areas such as power lines, roads, or water bodies. Equipment malfunctions, such as pilot chute entanglement or premature deployment, further compound the dangers; for instance, a pilot chute that fails to extract cleanly can lead to a total malfunction with minimal altitude for recovery, while premature openings at high speeds may cause structural damage to the canopy or severe injuries to the jumper.^[56]^[65]^[81] Human factors also play a significant role in BASE jumping risks, often amplifying environmental and equipment challenges. Pilot error, such as mistimed deployments or incorrect body positioning during exit, is a common contributor to incidents, particularly under the pressure of low-altitude pulls where decision-making margins are razor-thin. Fatigue arises frequently from the physical demands of accessing remote or rugged jump sites, which may involve long hikes, climbing, or overnight stays, impairing judgment and reaction times. Group pressure can lead to risky decisions, where less experienced jumpers attempt advanced jumps to match peers, bypassing personal limits or ignoring suboptimal conditions. These human elements underscore the need for self-awareness and disciplined risk assessment in an activity where individual errors have immediate consequences.^[82]^[3] To mitigate these hazards, BASE jumpers employ structured strategies focused on preparation, environmental controls, and progressive skill-building. Mandatory site briefings, typically part of First Jump Courses (FJC), educate participants on specific object characteristics, exit techniques, and potential traps like wind patterns or obstacles, ensuring informed decision-making before each jump. Buddy systems are widely recommended, involving paired or group jumps where spotters monitor conditions, provide mutual oversight, and assist in emergencies, reducing isolation-related risks. Weather minimums are strictly observed, with many guidelines advising against jumps in winds exceeding 10 mph to avoid shear or drift issues, alongside assessments for thermals, rotors, and visibility. Progression rules help build competence gradually; for example, jumpers are encouraged to complete at least 50 jumps on one object type before advancing to more complex sites, starting with forgiving bridges before tackling cliffs or antennas.^[3]^[65]^[83] Training aids further support risk reduction by simulating and reviewing scenarios. Simulators designed for low pulls allow jumpers to practice deployment timing and emergency procedures in a controlled environment, honing muscle memory for real jumps. Video analysis of prior jumps enables detailed debriefs, identifying errors in tracking, stability, or equipment handling to inform improvements. Where used, Automatic Activation Devices (AADs) are calibrated for BASE profiles, often set to activate at lower altitudes (e.g., 250-400 feet) to account for short freefall times, though their reliability in ultra-low scenarios requires careful verification and is not universally recommended. These tools, combined with prerequisites like 200 skydives before BASE entry, emphasize a conservative approach to building proficiency and minimizing exposure to hazards.^[3]^[84]^[85]

Fatality rates and statistical trends

BASE jumping has recorded over 500 fatalities worldwide since the sport's formal inception in 1981, with comprehensive tracking maintained through databases like the BASE Fatality List. Annual fatalities remained low, typically between 0 and 5 per year, through the late 1990s, reflecting limited participation at the time. However, an upward trend emerged around 2000, coinciding with growing popularity and accessibility, leading to peaks of 20 to 30 deaths annually in the early 2000s as more individuals entered the sport.^[86]^[10]^[87] Recent trends indicate persistently high risks, with 29 fatalities reported globally in 2024 according to the BASE Fatality List. For example, a study of over 20,000 jumps from Norway's Kjerag Massif found a fatality rate of approximately 1 in 2,300 jumps (0.04%).^[88] This far exceeds skydiving's rate of 1 per 431,111 jumps in the United States that year, where the United States Parachute Association documented 9 civilian deaths across 3.88 million jumps. Studies, including a long-term analysis of jumps from Norway's Kjerag Massif, suggest BASE jumping carries a five- to eightfold higher risk of injury or death compared to skydiving overall.^[89]^[90]^[91]^[88] In 2025, preliminary data as of November shows a continuation of elevated risks, with at least several fatalities reported, though exact totals remain incomplete due to ongoing compilation. Advancements in equipment, such as improved parachutes, protective suits, and canopy technology, have contributed to a slight decline in overall rates by enhancing reliability and reducing deployment failures. For instance, the 2024 Bridge Day event in West Virginia saw 325 participants complete 755 jumps without any incidents, highlighting the potential impact of modern gear in controlled settings.^[92]^[93] Statistical accuracy is challenged by factors such as underreporting in remote or unregulated jump sites, where incidents may go undocumented due to limited oversight and access. These gaps underscore the need for cautious interpretation of trends, as global participation estimates vary widely and affect per-jump risk calculations.^[94]

Legality

Global and regional regulations

BASE jumping regulations vary significantly by country and jurisdiction, primarily revolving around requirements for property owner consent and compliance with aviation authorities for jumps involving tall structures. In general, participants must obtain permission from the owner or manager of the jump site, as unauthorized access constitutes trespassing, which is illegal in most places. Additionally, jumps from antennas, bridges, or other structures near controlled airspace fall under aviation regulations, such as those governed by the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) under 14 CFR Part 105, which mandates notifications or authorizations for parachute operations to ensure air traffic safety.^[95]^[96] In the United States, BASE jumping is prohibited in all national parks, including Yosemite National Park, where it has been banned since the mid-1980s due to safety risks to jumpers and rescuers. The National Park Service enforces this under 36 CFR 2.17(a), which restricts air delivery activities, though limited permits may be issued after thorough risk assessments in exceptional cases. One notable exception is the Perrine Memorial Bridge in Twin Falls, Idaho, the only site in the U.S. where BASE jumping is legal year-round without a permit, attracting hundreds of jumps annually under local oversight. For antennas, FAA regulations require prior notification if the jump enters controlled airspace, but access remains subject to private property rules.^[97]^[98]^[99] Europe exhibits a patchwork of permissive and restrictive policies. Norway generally allows BASE jumping with property owner approval, fostering a culture of tolerance that has made it a global hub for the sport, though the iconic Troll Wall has been off-limits since 1986 following multiple fatalities that prompted a specific ban to mitigate rescue burdens. In Switzerland, BASE jumping is legal across many alpine sites, including the Lauterbrunnen Valley, supported by the Swiss Base Association, which collaborates with authorities to promote safe practices and maintain access. Conversely, the United Kingdom imposes strict controls, particularly in urban areas, where jumps often violate trespass laws on private buildings or infrastructure, rendering most urban BASE activities illegal without explicit permission.^[100]^[101]^[102] In other regions, regulations tend toward prohibition or heavy restrictions. Australia maintains some of the world's strictest bans, prohibiting BASE jumping from most sites, including landmarks like the Sydney Harbour Bridge, due to public safety concerns and limited permitting processes. In Asia, China is emerging as a venue for controlled BASE events, such as international gatherings in Yunnan Province, where organizers secure government approvals for organized jumps while prohibiting unauthorized activities. International bridges may involve cross-border agreements or treaties emphasizing airspace sovereignty, but site-specific owner consent remains paramount.^[103]^[104]^[105] These frameworks have evolved from widespread crackdowns in the 1990s—driven by high-profile accidents and resource strains on emergency services—to greater tolerance in select areas during the 2020s, where regulated sites like those in Switzerland and Idaho demonstrate viable risk management. Such bans often cite the sport's elevated hazards, including low-altitude deployment challenges, as justification for restrictions.^[97]^[100]

Enforcement challenges and recent incidents

Enforcing regulations against BASE jumping presents significant challenges due to the remote and rugged nature of many jump sites, which complicates patrolling and monitoring by authorities.^[106] In jurisdictions like the United States, where BASE jumping is prohibited in national parks, international participants often exploit varying legal frameworks across borders to evade prosecution, further straining enforcement efforts.^[107] Government shutdowns exacerbate these issues by reducing ranger staffing and resources; for instance, the 2025 U.S. federal shutdown starting October 1 led to furloughs that diminished oversight in parks like Yosemite, enabling a surge in illegal activities.^[108]^[109] In the United States, recent incidents highlight intensified enforcement amid these vulnerabilities. In 2025, three BASE jumpers were convicted for illegal jumps in Yosemite National Park: one received 18 months of unsupervised probation, a $600 fine, and 40 hours of community service; another was sentenced to two days in jail, 12 months of probation, and $760 in fines; and a third faced two days in jail, 24 months of probation, $2,510 in fines, and a two-year park ban.^[107]^[110]^[111] These convictions, handed down in September and October 2025, preceded but coincided with reports of heightened illegal BASE jumping during the government shutdown, with social media videos and ranger observations documenting increased activity from cliffs like El Capitan.^[112]^[113] Globally, enforcement varies but faces similar hurdles, as seen in longstanding bans at high-risk sites. In Norway, BASE jumping from the Troll Wall has been illegal since 1986 due to fatalities and rescue risks, with authorities maintaining strict prohibitions to deter unauthorized access despite the site's popularity among international jumpers. Recent trends in Europe include exploratory use of surveillance technologies, though specific applications to BASE jumping remain limited compared to broader airspace monitoring efforts.^[114] The BASE jumping community has responded to enforcement pressures through advocacy for designated legal venues. Annual permits for Bridge Day at New River Gorge Bridge in West Virginia, allowing organized jumps since the 1980s, serve as a model for regulated access, drawing hundreds of participants under supervised conditions.^[115] In 2025, groups like BASE Access filed lawsuits challenging the National Park Service's blanket denials of permit applications, arguing for expanded legal opportunities at select sites to reduce illegal activity while promoting safety.^[116]

Records and Achievements

Official world records

Official world records in BASE jumping are primarily recognized by Guinness World Records and specialized aviation bodies, though the sport's unregulated nature means many feats are verified through video evidence and witness accounts rather than a central authority like the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI), which focuses more on skydiving.^[117]^[118] The highest verified BASE jump stands at 7,700 meters (25,300 feet) from Cho Oyu in the Himalayas, achieved by Russian wingsuit pilot Valery Rozov in 2016; this surpassed his previous record from Mount Everest at 7,220 meters in 2013.^[118] In May 2025, British alpinist Tim Howell attempted a new record from 8,300 meters on Lhotse's south face but was forced to abandon the jump due to severe storms after reaching the exit point.^[119]^[120] Wingsuit technology has been pivotal in enabling such high-altitude feats by allowing controlled glides from extreme elevations.^[121] On September 2, 2025, Austrian wingsuit pilot Peter Salzmann achieved the first-ever soaring wingsuit BASE flight from El Hierro in Spain's Canary Islands, gaining 67 meters of altitude mid-flight using a foil wing in 40 km/h winds, with a flight duration of 160 seconds and less than 200 meters net altitude loss.^[122] In speed records, Austrian wingsuit BASE jumper Peter Salzmann set the fastest wingsuit BASE jump at 347 km/h (215 mph) during a flight from the north face of the Eiger in Switzerland on August 19, 2025, verified through GPS data and drone footage.^[60]^[123] For distance and duration, Salzmann also established records in October 2024 with a 12.5 km (7.77 miles) wingsuit flight from Jungfrau in the Swiss Alps using an innovative foil wingsuit, lasting 5 minutes and 56 seconds—the longest BASE flight time and distance to date.^[124]^[125] Other notable records include the most BASE jumps in 24 hours, held by American Dan Schilling with 201 jumps from the Perrine Memorial Bridge in Twin Falls, Idaho, on July 7-8, 2006, under Guinness verification.^[117] At events like Bridge Day, participants have collectively exceeded hundreds of jumps annually, though individual daily records remain lower than Schilling's mark.^[126]

Competitions and organized events

BASE jumping competitions and organized events have played a crucial role in legitimizing the sport, transforming it from clandestine activities into sanctioned spectacles that emphasize safety protocols and public engagement. One of the most prominent annual events is Bridge Day at the New River Gorge Bridge in West Virginia, which began in 1980 as the first officially permitted BASE jumping gathering in the United States.^[127] Held every third Saturday in October under a special exemption from the National Park Service, the event attracts hundreds of participants and spectators, with over 700 jumps recorded in 2024 and no reported incidents.^[128] Another key competition is the World Base Race, an international wingsuit proximity flying series launched in the 2010s, where athletes compete in sprint-style races down fixed-object faces, often held at sites like cliffs in Europe and Asia.^[129] These events have evolved from informal 1980s gatherings, such as early Bridge Day iterations limited to a few dozen jumpers, to structured international series in the 2020s that draw global talent and incorporate professional judging.^[127] The growth reflects increased organizational involvement from private sponsors for logistics, fostering safer practices amid rising participation.^[130] Competitions typically feature formats like accuracy landings, where jumpers aim for a target zone on the ground; speed descents, measuring time from exit to touchdown; and artistic wingsuit flights, evaluated for proximity to terrain features.^[13] Judging criteria prioritize style, distance achieved, and adherence to safety margins, with penalties for risky maneuvers to promote responsible execution.^[131] Organizing these events presents significant challenges, including securing legal permits from local authorities and national parks, which are essential due to BASE jumping's general prohibition on public structures.^[132] Emphasis is placed on spectator safety through controlled viewing areas and emergency response teams, as well as minimizing environmental impact via restricted landing zones and waste management protocols.^[133] During such gatherings, records like the most simultaneous jumps have occasionally been set, further highlighting the events' role in advancing the sport.^[127]

Notable individual jumps

One of the early iconic BASE jumps that marked a milestone in the sport's development occurred at the Perrine Bridge in Twin Falls, Idaho, which became the first legal year-round BASE jumping site in the United States, with documented jumps commencing in 1987 by local enthusiasts.^[7] This location provided a rare sanctioned venue amid widespread prohibitions, allowing jumpers to practice without legal repercussions and contributing to the evolution of techniques in a controlled environment. In Europe, the Troll Wall in Norway's Romsdalen valley emerged as an early hub for BASE jumping starting in 1981, though it was later banned following fatal accidents, yet it symbolized the sport's daring origins on Europe's tallest vertical rock face.^[134] Urban BASE feats have often pushed boundaries in densely populated areas, exemplified by the 2014 jump from the pinnacle of Dubai's Burj Khalifa by French athletes Vince Reffet and Fred Fugen, who descended 828 meters in a meticulously planned operation simulating an antenna exit to navigate the structure's spire.^[135] This nighttime endeavor, sponsored by Skydive Dubai, highlighted the precision required for high-altitude urban jumps and drew global attention to the sport's technical sophistication despite strict local regulations.^[136] Extreme examples include the 2006 endurance series at the Perrine Bridge, where U.S. National Guard Captain Dan Schilling completed 201 jumps over 21 hours to raise funds for charity, demonstrating the physical and logistical demands of repeated low-altitude leaps from the 486-foot span.^[137] More recently, in August 2025, Austrian wingsuit pilot Peter Salzmann executed a proximity flight from the north face of Switzerland's Eiger, achieving speeds up to 347 km/h in a flight that skimmed dangerously close to the terrain before deploying his parachute.^[138] BASE jumping's cultural impact has been amplified through media portrayals, such as the wingsuit sequences in the 2011 documentary film The Art of Flight, which showcased high-speed BASE flights alongside snowboarding to inspire a broader audience and underscore the sport's blend of artistry and risk.^[139] These depictions have influenced public perception, making BASE jumping more accessible in concept while emphasizing its elite skill requirements.

Comparison with skydiving

Fundamental differences in execution

BASE jumping and skydiving diverge fundamentally in their execution, beginning with the method of exit and ascent to the jump point. In BASE jumping, participants launch from stationary fixed objects such as buildings, antennas, bridges, or cliffs, often requiring physical access via hiking, climbing, or other ground-based approaches without reliance on aircraft.^[66]^[140] In contrast, skydiving involves exiting a moving aircraft at altitudes typically exceeding 3,000 meters (10,000 feet), providing a high-speed ramp-up to initial velocity and a controlled ascent via aviation.^[141]^[11] The phases of freefall and parachute deployment further highlight these contrasts. BASE jumps feature extremely brief freefall periods, often lasting only a few seconds due to low exit heights, with immediate proximity to terrain demanding rapid deployment to avoid collision; there is no forward momentum from an aircraft ramp, resulting in a near-vertical initial trajectory.^[142]^[143] Skydiving, however, allows for extended freefall durations of 30 to 60 seconds from higher altitudes, enabling acrobatic maneuvers in open airspace before deployment, with a more gradual approach to the ground.^[143]^[142] Equipment and training prerequisites reflect the specialized demands of each discipline. BASE rigs are designed for low-altitude use, typically featuring a single parachute without a reserve due to the short deployment windows, and often include custom modifications like smaller canopies for quick opening.^[143]^[141] Skydiving gear, by comparison, incorporates dual parachutes—a main and a reserve—for redundancy, suited to higher altitudes. Training for BASE jumping generally requires a minimum of 200 prior skydives to build proficiency, followed by specialized BASE courses emphasizing site-specific techniques, whereas skydiving offers accessible entry points like tandem jumps harnessed to instructors or Accelerated Freefall (AFF) programs for novices without prior experience.^[17]^[3]^[16] Jump locations underscore the environmental distinctions in execution. BASE jumping is inherently site-specific, targeting particular fixed structures in urban or natural settings where the object itself forms the launch and influences the flight path, often in confined or variable wind conditions.^[11] Skydiving, conversely, occurs over designated drop zones—pre-scouted open areas optimized for safe landings—with aircraft delivering jumpers to consistent overhead points away from obstacles.^[11]^[141]

Risk profiles and accessibility

BASE jumping exhibits significantly higher risk profiles compared to skydiving, primarily due to the low-altitude exits that provide minimal margins for error in deployment and recovery. Statistical analyses indicate a BASE jumping fatality rate of approximately 1 in 2,317 jumps, based on data from a long-term study at a single Norwegian site involving over 20,000 jumps. In contrast, skydiving recorded a fatality rate of 1 per 431,111 jumps in the United States in 2024, with 9 civilian fatalities out of 3.88 million jumps. Globally, BASE jumping saw 29 fatalities in 2024, underscoring its elevated danger relative to skydiving's 10 fatalities in the U.S. the previous year. These disparities arise from BASE's constrained reaction times and environmental variables, such as proximity to terrain, which amplify the consequences of pilot errors or equipment issues. Accessibility to BASE jumping presents substantial barriers, demanding prior skydiving experience—typically at least 200 jumps—and self-funding for specialized gear costing over $2,000, including containers, canopies, and protective equipment. Many BASE sites are illegal or restricted, requiring jumpers to navigate legal risks and remote logistics without institutional support. Skydiving, however, is far more beginner-friendly, with tandem jumps available for around $200–$300 at regulated drop zones, allowing novices to participate under professional supervision through established clubs like those affiliated with the United States Parachute Association. Participation levels further highlight these differences, with an estimated 1,000 to 3,000 active BASE jumpers worldwide, reflecting its niche and elite status. In comparison, skydiving sees approximately 3.88 million jumps annually in the U.S. alone, contributing to over 5 million globally each year. Crossover between the sports is common, as BASE often serves as an advanced progression for experienced skydivers seeking heightened challenges. Safety trends show skydiving benefiting from technological advancements, such as improved automatic activation devices and rigorous training protocols, which have driven U.S. fatality rates to historic lows of 0.23 per 100,000 jumps in 2024. BASE jumping has seen incremental safety gains through better gear and community education, yet it remains an elite pursuit with persistently high risks due to its inherent constraints.

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Thoughts On Wingsuit Exits - The Great Book of BASE
Most BASE instructors teach people to exit head high, with eyes up and chest thrust to the horizon. This puts you into a head-high position which is ideal for ...Missing: credible sources
[73]
A Few Thoughts About Low Jumps | SBA - Swiss Base Association
Don't take less than a one second delay when jumping handheld. You don't gain altitude; it only increases your chances of having a bad opening. For stowed jumps ...
[74]
BASE Jumping Freefall Chart - The Great Book of BASE
The BASE Jumping Freefall Chart below assumes an average size adult freefalling "slick" (no tracking suit or wingsuit) in a belly-to-Earth configuration. PILOT ...
[75]
Answers to questions about BASE jumping | Tandembase
Tandem BASE jumping costs $399, takes about 1.5 hours, and is tandem with an instructor. It's not safe, but can be done safely with training.
[76]
https://www.startskydiving.com/blog/how-to-become-a-base-jumper/
[77]
https://basejumper.net/attachment/87279
[78]
[PDF] BASE Oriented Canopy Control - Basejumper.com
Make your turns onto both base and final legs from 50% brakes. This will allow you the luxury of either slowing. (steepening) or speeding (flattening) your ...
[79]
[PDF] Apex BASE Owner's Manual
Very helpful to master when considering the rough terrain of most fixed object jumps. POD – A deployment device. A cross between a sleeve and a bag. Used ...Missing: core | Show results with:core
[80]
[PDF] Drills.pdf - Snake River BASE Academy
This drill set is intended to provide a starting point for practicing canopy skills that will be necessary in BASE jumping. These drills should be practiced ...Missing: techniques | Show results with:techniques
[81]
[PDF] BASEics - B.A.S.E. Jumping Fanzines
And on short-delay jumps, the position is usually uncorrectable before canopy deployment. Therefore, the hand-held pilot chute is the most commonly used method ...
[82]
Just One of Many PC Ideas - The Great Book of BASE
My opinion is that pilot chute / bridle entanglements are one of the only possible malfunctions for which there aren't well established safeguards. For line- ...Missing: premature collision wind shear
[83]
[PDF] Base Jumping Fatality Rate
Human Error: Fatigue, distractions, poor judgment, and even equipment malfunction, which is ... Statistics and Risk Mitigation BASE jumping and ... than 60 of the ...
[84]
Starting Wingsuit BASE | PDF - Scribd
It recommends a progression of at least 50 BASE jumps and 50 wingsuit skydives before attempting wingsuit BASE. Suggestions include practicing specific ...
[85]
[PDF] USER MANUAL - m2 multi AAD
The device is not designed for PARAGLIDING, PARASCENDING, PARASAILING and BASE JUMPING. Even a flawless operation of the m2 multi cannot ensure proper ...
[86]
Should I Consider Adjusting The Activation Altitude Of My Automatic ...
Bear in mind that activation altitudes may not be exact—AADs may fire 300 feet or more above the set altitude depending on the jumper's body position at ...
[87]
Timing of fatal BASE jumping incidents: 1981-2018 - PubMed
The number of annual fatalities stayed between 0 and 5 from 1981 to 1999, but around the year 2000 began an upward trend that has continued through 2018.Missing: historical | Show results with:historical
[88]
BASE JUMPING - History, accidents, and evolution - Doxastic Safety
Nov 8, 2019 · Carl Boenish, jumps from Captain 1978. He is considered father of modern Base Jumping who made jumps systematically until his death in 1984.<|control11|><|separator|>
[89]
What It's Like to Love a BASE Jumper
Dec 13, 2024 · The BASE Fatality List, an international database that tracks deaths and accidents related to BASE jumping, reports 29 fatalities in 2024 so far ...
[90]
Compared to Other Sports, How Dangerous is Skydiving
The BASE fatality records show 444 deaths in the sport since 1981. Some studies put the BASE fatality rate as high as 1 fatality per 60 jumps. No matter how ...
[91]
How Safe is Skydiving? - United States Parachute Association
Fatalities. In 2024, USPA members reported making 3.88 million skydives. In the same year, there were a total of 9 civilian skydiving fatalities in the United ...
[92]
How dangerous is BASE jumping? An analysis of adverse events in ...
BASE jumping appears to hold a five- to eightfold increased risk of injury or death compared with that of skydiving. The number of accidents and helicopter ...Missing: primary hazards mitigation authoritative sources
[93]
BASE Jumping Equipment Market to Reach USD 419.5 Million by ...
Sep 16, 2025 · Safety Innovations: Growing emphasis on helmets, protective suits, and improved canopy technology enhances trust and participation. Tourism & ...<|separator|>
[94]
Final numbers from Bridge Day 2024, looking to future ... - WVNS
Oct 23, 2024 · “We had 755 BASE Jumps completed by about 325 BASE Jumpers. They did 16 tandems. There were no injuries at the bottom. Nobody was transported ...
[95]
BASE jumpers pushed to remote, no-rules sites
May 27, 2015 · BASE jumpers complain that outsiders only notice their sport when someone dies or is injured, fostering fears about liability. BASE jumping ...
[96]
14 CFR Part 105 -- Parachute Operations - eCFR
(i) The main parachute must be packed by the foreign parachutist making the next parachute jump with that parachute, a certificated parachute rigger, or any ...Title 14 · 105.41 – 105.49 · 105.13 – 105.25Missing: BASE antennas
[97]
Section 7. Parachute Operations
Separate aircraft, other than those participating in the jump operation, from the airspace authorized for the jumping activity. Impose, as necessary, any ...Missing: definition | Show results with:definition
[98]
[PDF] Managing BASE Jumping Guidance Memo - National Park Service
Feb 8, 2024 · BASE jumping is the recreational sport of jumping from fixed objects, including artificial structures and natural features, using a parachute ...Missing: definition | Show results with:definition
[99]
BASE Jumping is Illegal In Yosemite, But People Still Do it. Why?
Oct 13, 2025 · Although BASE jumping has been illegal without a permit in Yosemite since the 1980s, the rule is routinely flouted. “During peak season, late ...
[100]
Self Guided Tour of the Perrine Bridge - Visit Southern Idaho
BASE Jumping. The Perrine Bridge is one of the only legal bridges in the United States to BASE jump off of! These jumpers are professionals, and pack their ...
[101]
Swiss Base Association
It's a huge privilege that basejumping is legal in Switzerland. Please respect our rules, the jumping sites and the local farmers and authorities. Read the ...
[102]
Meet the Mayor of Norway's Secret BASE Jumping Hangout
Oct 13, 2016 · A 20-foot tall, three-headed troll sculpture in the parking lot of my campsite. Legend has it that trolls inhabit the woods in northern Norway.Missing: example | Show results with:example
[103]
Base jumping is absurdly dangerous – so why do it? | Extreme sports
Aug 6, 2010 · Twenty years on from its initial public emergence in the 1990s base jumping still feels like an act of personal rebellion, aligned in spirit ...
[104]
Should BASE Jumping Be Legalised In Australia? - Junkee
Aug 18, 2015 · An acronym for building, antenna, span (bridge) and earth, BASE jumping is mostly illegal in Australia, but the sport continues to thrive as ...
[105]
BASE jumping: Australian thrill seekers want sport decriminalised
something that is rarely given. Earlier this ...
[106]
https://www.nytimes.com/2025/10/21/travel/yosemite-shutdown-base-jumping.html
[107]
Shutdown Brings More BASE Jumpers and Drones to Yosemite Skies
Oct 21, 2025 · BASE jumping, in which participants parachute off fixed objects such as buildings or cliffs, is illegal in Yosemite and all 62 other national ...
[108]
Three BASE Jumpers Convicted for Base Jumping in Yosemite ...
Oct 28, 2025 · On September 16, 2025, the judge sentenced Durell to 18 months of unsupervised probation, $600 in fines, and 40 hours of community service with ...
[109]
Government shutdown prompts illegal BASE jumping surge in ...
Oct 14, 2025 · “BASE jumping is illegal in all national parks, including Yosemite, due to the significant safety risks it poses to participants, the public, ...Missing: United Perrine
[110]
National Parks issues warning over people BASE jumping during ...
Oct 10, 2025 · BASE jumping—parachuting from fixed objects (building, antenna, span ((i.e. a bridge)), earth ((i.e. a cliff)))—has been effectively ...
[111]
The National Park Service Is Punishing Yosemite BASE Jumpers
Oct 31, 2025 · Nunn to 2 days in jail, 12 months of probation, $760 in fines ... BASE jumping from El Capitan and climbing the cables up Half Dome without ...
[112]
Three BASE Jumpers Convicted For Illegal Jumps In Yosemite ...
Oct 24, 2025 · On October 7 of this year, he was sentenced to two days in jail, 24 months of unsupervised probation, and $2,510 in fines. He was also banned ...
[113]
In federal shutdown, illegal BASE jumping booms at Yosemite
Oct 25, 2025 · At Yosemite National Park, BASE jumpers parachute from the summit of El Capitan in broad daylight climbers make their way along the rock face.
[114]
Yosemite BASE jumpers' sentencing prompts 'illegal activity' reminder
Oct 24, 2025 · Three people convicted for BASE jumps in Yosemite face jail, fines, probation and park bans as rangers enforce federal law and respond ...
[115]
Troll Wall - Wikipedia
The Troll Wall. Store Trolltind is the highest point along the ridge. Highest point. Elevation, 1,700 m (5,600 ft). Coordinates ...Missing: example | Show results with:example
[116]
Bridge Day - New River Gorge National Park & Preserve (U.S. ...
Aug 10, 2022 · Jumpers will gladly accommodate that request on Bridge Day, their annual convention. BASE stands for building, antenna, span, earth -- the fixed ...
[117]
[PDF] Case 4:25-cv-00790 Document 1 Filed on 02/24/25 in TXSD
Feb 24, 2025 · Perrine Bridge in Twin Falls, Idaho is one of the few bridges in the United States that is open to BASE jumpers all.Missing: FAA | Show results with:FAA
[118]
Most BASE jumps in 24 hours | Guinness World Records
The most base jumps in 24 hours is 201 set by Dan Schilling (USA) at the Perrine Memorial Bridge in Twin Falls, Idaho, USA, on 7-8 July 2006.
[119]
World's Highest BASE Jump: Rozov Jumps From Mt Cho Oyu
Feb 21, 2017 · Valery Rozov breaks a world record once more. Valery Rozov broke the highest BASE jump record on Mount Cho Oyu at 7700m.
[120]
Valery Rozov - Wikipedia
Rozov broke his own record for the highest wingsuit BASE by jumping from 7,700 metres (25,300 ft) on Cho Oyu in 2016.
[121]
Severe storm cuts Himalaya base jump short - BBC
May 29, 2025 · Tim Howell, from Martock in Somerset, planned to jump and fly down from 8,300 metres (27,230ft) on Lhotse, a neighbouring peak to Mount Everest ...
[122]
Tim Howell's World Record Jump Off Lhotse in 2025 - Jöttnar
British alpinist and BASE jumper Tim Howell returns in Spring 2025 to attempt to BASE jump off Lhotse from 8100m. It would be a new 'unbeatable' world record.
[123]
Somerset man to attempt base jump record by Mount Everest - BBC
May 19, 2024 · The record holder is the late Valery Rozov, who jumped 7,700m (25,300ft) from Cho Oyu in 2016 and died in a base jumping accident in the ...
[124]
Peter Salzmann's 347 km/h wingsuit record shown in new footage
Sep 3, 2025 · Images released this week show Austrian wingsuit pilot Peter Salzmann setting a new world speed record in August, reaching 347 km/h during a ...
[125]
Wingsuit BASE Jump Speed World Record Broken (215 MPH)
Sep 12, 2025 · On Tuesday, August 19th, 2025 Salzburg native challenged the fastest camera drone in the world to keep up with his jump from the north face of ...
[126]
Austrian pilot breaks world's longest wingsuit flight records | Euronews
Oct 29, 2024 · Austrian wingsuit pilot Peter Salzmann has set three new BASE jump world records using an innovative wingsuit foil, flying 12.5 km from Switzerland's Jungfrau ...
[127]
Groundbreaking "Wingsuit Foil" Pushes The Limits of Human Flight
Oct 30, 2024 · The jump set new world records for the longest BASE flight time (5m 56s) and longest BASE flight distance (7.77 miles) and biggest BASE jump ...
[128]
Cool statistics from the world's largest BASE jumping festival
Nov 16, 2017 · Total number of BASE jumpers: 348 · Number of states represented: 33 · Age of youngest BASE jumper: 20 · Grand total of jumps: 714.
[129]
Bridge Day History
That's the amount of vertical space that exists between The New River Gorge Bridge and the water. ... Three hundred BASE jumpers jumped from the bridge.
[130]
Bridge Day sees over 700 jumps - WVVA
Oct 19, 2024 · “So, we're probably looking at about 700, 750 total jumps this year.“ Along with BASE jumping, the day also consisted of a 5K run, rappelling ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[131]
World Base Race – The Worlds fastest flying human
The World Base Race is a racing sprint event in which the winners of each heat progress to the next round in the tournament. The race is designed as an easy to ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[132]
Wingsuit Flying | World Air Sports Federation - FAI
This is a Competition that pitches teams against each other in an aerial display of flying skills, showcasing their best to impress the judges. The competition ...
[133]
What is the ProBASE World Cup? - Skydivemag
Oct 25, 2013 · The Pro BASE Wingsuit Race in Lauterbrunnen brought international attention as probably the most outrageous BASE jumping competition ever organized.
[134]
Information about Bridge Day, West Virginia
Every third Saturday in October, thousands of people gather on the New River Gorge Bridge in Fayetteville, West Virginia to watch daredevils BASE jump into the ...
[135]
NizhuheBASEJumpEventPage - HighestBridges.com
Jun 20, 2025 · In April of 2025 the largest BASE event took take place at Nizhuhe Canyon with 30 International jumpers from around the world.
[136]
On the evolution of a BASE-jumping attraction image - ResearchGate
The 1000‐metre high Kjerag Cliff in Lysefjord, Norway was first used for this sport in 1994. Since then, it has achieved a position as a “Mecca” for BASE ...
[137]
Highest BASE jump from a building | Guinness World Records
The highest BASE jump performed from a building was 828 m (2,716 ft 6 in) by Fred Fugen and Vince Reffet (both France) off the Burj Khalifa tower in Dubai, UAE ...
[138]
Highest Base Jump from the Tallest Building - XDubai
Daring base jumpers Fred Fugen and Vince Reffet have leapt into the Guinness World Record Books, by plunging from the 828m spire of the Burj Khalifa.Missing: 2013 | Show results with:2013
[139]
Soldier sets BASE jump landmark - The Spokesman-Review
Jul 10, 2006 · Dan Schilling parachuted 486 feet from the rusted steel of the Perrine Bridge into the depths of the Snake River Gorge. With a 60-ton crane ...
[140]
215 mph: Peter Salzmann sets wingsuit speed world record - Red Bull
Sep 10, 2025 · With this extraordinary performance, Salzmann raised the BASE jump world speed record from 211 to 215 mph and outpaced the world's fastest ...Missing: distance | Show results with:distance
[141]
The Art of Flight: Watch the seminal snowboard film - Red Bull
Curt Morgan and Travis Rice create the world's most progressive snowboard film by combining cutting-edge cinematography, stunning locales and the best freestyle ...Missing: BASE jumping
[142]
Base Jumping Vs Skydiving
The word “BASE” is actually an acronym. It means building/antenna/span/earth, which represents the four objects in BASE from which most jump. It is, however, ...Missing: meaning | Show results with:meaning
[143]
Skydiving Vs. BASE Jumping ( Differences Explained)
BASE jumpers, on the other hand, typically jump from a fixed object 300 to 2,000 feet above the ground! There is far less time to address any potential issues ...
[144]
Tandem BASE Jumping vs. Skydiving: What's the Difference?
Sep 2, 2024 · BASE Jumping: Due to the lower altitudes, freefall times are much shorter, typically lasting only a few seconds before the parachute must be ...
[145]
BASE Jumping vs Skydiving: What's the Difference?
Oct 17, 2025 · Reputable BASE jump instructors will require mentees and students to have solid skydiving experience first – typically a minimum of 200 solo ...Missing: prerequisites | Show results with:prerequisites