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Bottom dealing

Bottom dealing or base dealing is a sleight-of-hand technique in card manipulation whereby the dealer covertly deals a card from the bottom of the deck instead of the top, enabling precise control over the cards distributed in games such as poker.^[1] This maneuver allows the cheat to deliver specific cards to themselves or accomplices while simulating a legitimate deal, often without the need for extensive pre-arrangement of the deck.^[1] Primarily associated with gambling fraud, bottom dealing reduces reliance on other cheats like stocking and becomes increasingly effective as the deck thins during play.^[1] Detailed in S.W. Erdnase's seminal 1902 treatise The Expert at the Card Table, bottom dealing is described as a core skill for manipulators, requiring precise finger coordination and rhythm to avoid detection, with variations including one-handed methods and bottom changes for added versatility.^[1] Earlier references appear in John Nevil Maskelyne's 1894 Sharps and Flats, which describes it as one of the basic crooked dealing techniques used by low-level cardsharps.^[2] Beyond cheating, bottom dealing serves as a foundational sleight in close-up card magic, where it facilitates effects like forcing cards or creating illusions of fair play, as explored in Jean Hugard and Frederick Braue's 1940 Expert Card Technique. Mastering the deal demands extensive practice, often years, to achieve imperceptibility, making it a benchmark of proficiency in both fraudulent and performative contexts.^[1]

Definition and Basics

Technique Overview

Bottom dealing is a sleight-of-hand technique used in card manipulation, where the dealer secretly delivers the bottom card of the deck to a recipient instead of the top card, enabling precise control over card distribution. This method, often employed in both gambling and performance contexts, allows the performer or cheater to retain and dispense desirable cards from the deck's underside while simulating a standard top deal. As described in foundational card manipulation literature, it serves as a core tool for overriding the randomness inherent in fair dealing procedures.^[1] The primary purpose of bottom dealing is to strategically assign specific cards—such as aces or face cards—to the dealer or selected players, fostering an illusion of equitable play. By positioning key cards at the bottom prior to dealing, the technique facilitates covert delivery without altering the deck's visible order, minimizing detection risks during shuffles or cuts. This control is particularly potent in scenarios requiring outcome manipulation, as it obviates the need for extensive pre-arrangement like full-deck stocking.^[1] Visually, the deck is held face-down in the dealing hand, with the bottom card subtly extracted and forwarded as if it were the top, while the actual top card is briefly displaced to remain in place. The motion mimics routine dealing rhythms, ensuring the action blends seamlessly into the game's flow and appears innocuous to observers. In contrast to top-based sleights like the second deal, bottom dealing accesses the deck's opposite end for greater flexibility in card retention.^[1] A key advantage of bottom dealing in card games such as poker or blackjack is its capacity to bypass random distribution, allowing the skilled practitioner to secure advantageous holdings undetected and tilt probabilities in their favor. When executed proficiently, the sleight operates silently and rapidly, providing what one authoritative text terms "immense advantage" through knowledge of even a few controlled cards.^[1]

Relation to Other Sleights

Bottom dealing shares conceptual similarities with other false dealing techniques as a method of covertly controlling card distribution, but it is mechanically distinct in its execution from the top of the deck while sourcing the card from the bottom. In contrast, the second deal involves holding back the top card and delivering the second card from the top, typically using a mechanic's grip where the thumb advances both top cards, then the middle finger pushes the second card forward while the thumb retracts the top card. This difference in sourcing—top versus bottom—requires entirely separate hand positions and movements, with the bottom deal demanding greater leverage from the pinky and ring fingers to lift the bottom card without disturbing the deck's alignment.^[2] The Greek deal, sometimes called the second-from-bottom deal, further differentiates from standard bottom dealing by involving the covert delivery of the second card from the bottom while the bottom card is held in place, often by holding the bottom card in place (e.g., with the pinky or ring finger) and pushing out the second-from-bottom card with pressure from below. Unlike bottom dealing, which relies on direct extraction of the single bottom card through precise under-deck pressure, the Greek deal necessitates pre-positioning a pair at the bottom without additional stacking during the deal itself, making it a hybrid false deal suited for specific control scenarios but less versatile for repeated single-card extractions.^[2] Bottom dealing frequently integrates with false shuffles, such as the riffle or overhand shuffle variations, to maintain desired cards at the deck's underside prior to dealing; this positioning exploits the bottom's relative inaccessibility during shuffles, enabling sustained control over key cards throughout a game or performance. As noted in foundational texts, the bottom's utility in retaining cards post-shuffle underscores bottom dealing's role in comprehensive manipulation sequences, often reducing reliance on additional sleights for card retention. Among false deals, bottom dealing ranks as particularly advanced due to its requirement for exact finger coordination to avoid visible flashes or pauses, exceeding the challenges of second or Greek deals in maintaining natural rhythm under scrutiny; this complexity positions it as a cornerstone sleight in broader cheating or magical arsenals for high-stakes card control.

Historical Development

Early Origins

The bottom dealing technique, a method of surreptitiously delivering the bottom card of a deck instead of the top, likely emerged in informal gambling settings across Europe during the 16th century, where card manipulation was already a noted concern among players. One of the earliest documented allusions appears in Baldassarre Castiglione's Il Cortegiano (1528), a dialogue on courtly behavior that includes a passing reference to drawing a card from the bottom of the deck during a game, highlighting early awareness of such deceptive practices in aristocratic circles.^[3] A subsequent mention occurs in Olivier Gouyn de Poitiers's Le mespris & contennement de tous ieux de sort (1550), which critiques games of chance and describes bottom dealing as a form of fraud in card play.^[3] These references suggest the sleight's roots in Renaissance-era gaming, where standardized decks were beginning to facilitate sophisticated cheating amid rising popularity of card games like primero and tarot derivatives. By the 18th and early 19th centuries, bottom dealing had become prevalent in informal gambling dens throughout Europe and North America, particularly in environments rife with opportunism such as taverns and private assemblies. In Europe, where gambling flourished despite moral and legal opposition, techniques like underhand dealing were employed to manipulate outcomes in games such as whist and faro, often by professional sharps evading detection in unregulated settings. The practice crossed the Atlantic with colonial trade and migration, embedding itself in American gambling culture during the early 19th century, tied to emerging riverboat and saloon card games amid the expansion of frontier settlements.^[4] The first explicit literary expositions of bottom dealing as a cheating method appeared in 19th-century American gambling exposés, reflecting its integration into high-stakes play. Reformed gambler Jonathan H. Green detailed the technique in his 1868 work Gamblers' Tricks with Cards Exposed and Explained, describing it as a core manipulation involving dealing from the bottom to control distribution without marked cards or allies.^[5] John Nevil Maskelyne's 1894 Sharps and Flats critiqued bottom dealing as a rudimentary yet effective tool for low-level cheats, particularly when combined with marked cards.^[2] This documentation coincided with the spread via traveling professional card sharps in the American Old West, who used bottom dealing to dominate poker games in saloons and riverboats, enabling precise control in informal, high-risk environments.^[4] The sleight evolved alongside poker's rise in the 1820s–1830s, as the game's simplification from earlier variants like poque standardized 52-card decks and betting rounds, creating fertile ground for such manipulations amid unchecked frontier gambling.^[6] By the late 19th century, S.W. Erdnase's 1902 The Expert at the Card Table provided a pivotal, detailed illustration of the technique, marking its transition from underground fraud to documented expertise.

Modern Evolution

The bottom deal received its most influential early documentation in S.W. Erdnase's 1902 treatise The Expert at the Card Table, where it is presented as a core sleight for professional card cheats seeking to control the distribution of cards during games like poker. Erdnase details multiple grip variations, including standard left-hand holds with the deck positioned against the second finger and palm, single-handed methods involving a swing to spring the bottom card, and double-handed approaches that integrate top and bottom actions for deception. The text stresses the necessity of executing the deal rapidly, smoothly, and with minimal sound differentiation from a legitimate top deal to evade detection.^[1] By the mid-20th century, the bottom deal transitioned prominently into magic literature, exemplified by Mark Wilson's Complete Course in Magic (1975), which reframes the technique as a performative tool rather than solely a cheating method. Wilson's instructional approach emphasizes its use in controlled stage and close-up routines, highlighting grip stability and fluid motion to integrate it seamlessly into magical effects, thereby broadening its appeal beyond gambling contexts to entertainers and hobbyists.^[7] Post-World War II, the proliferation of commercial casinos in places like Las Vegas prompted further refinements to the bottom deal through security analyses and exchanges at magic conventions, where practitioners developed variations for quieter execution to counter heightened surveillance. Techniques evolved to eliminate the subtle "click" produced by card separation, achieving near-silent deals via precise finger pressure and deck beveling, as documented in expert analyses of professional cheating. Darwin Ortiz's Gambling Scams (1984) illustrates these advancements, describing how modern cheats adapt the sleight for high-stakes environments while minimizing auditory cues. In the 21st century, the bottom deal has been increasingly exposed for educational purposes in specialized texts like Darwin Ortiz's Darwin Ortiz at the Card Table (1988, with enduring reprints and influence), which provides in-depth breakdowns of refined mechanics for both magical and analytical study. Online video tutorials have further demystified the technique, allowing aspiring magicians to learn grip and timing variations interactively, though this accessibility has diluted its exclusivity in professional circles. Concurrently, the surge in online poker since the early 2000s has curtailed the sleight's practical application in gambling, as digital platforms eliminate opportunities for physical manipulation in favor of algorithmic shuffles.

Execution Mechanics

Grip and Preparation

The bottom deal begins with precise grip and preparation in the dealing hand to enable access to the bottom card while simulating a normal top-card delivery. For right-handed performers, the deck is held face down in the left hand using the mechanic's grip, also known as the dealer's grip. In this position, the thumb rests along the upper long edge near the left side, the index finger curls under the front end of the deck, the middle and ring fingers curl beneath the bottom along the right long edge to support and control the cards, and the pinky curls at the inner end for additional stability. The deck is secured diagonally across the palm, with one lower corner pressed against the middle joint of the middle finger and the other against the base joint of the index finger, pushing outward against the fleshy base of the thumb for firm retention. This configuration allows the middle finger to apply targeted pressure to the bottom card, creating a subtle bevel that separates it slightly from the pack without visible misalignment.^[1] Deck orientation is crucial for concealment, with the cards held face down and the outer end tilted slightly toward the table surface, aligning with standard dealing protocols to obscure hand actions from observers. Prior to the deal sequence, the desired card must be positioned at the bottom through a false shuffle, cut, or other maneuver that maintains deck order; once in place, even tension from the curled fingers keeps the top portion square and immobile, preventing gaps or flashes that could reveal the sleight. The middle finger then exerts controlled upward and inward pressure on the bottom card's inner end to ready it for extraction, ensuring the bevel remains minimal—typically just enough for fingertip leverage without disturbing the deck's alignment.^[1] Common grip variations adapt the basic mechanic's hold to specific game contexts, prioritizing imperceptibility. The Erdnase grip, a foundational variant, positions the index and middle fingers along the front short edge to form a claw-like cradle between the fingertip and palm, facilitating smoother transitions from honest deals while enabling the middle finger to manage bottom-card control; this is particularly effective for maintaining natural rhythm. In poker applications (often termed the straddle grip), the hold tightens with reduced finger curl and minimal deck splay to withstand rapid, scrutinized dealing, whereas broader card games like bridge employ a slightly relaxed mechanic's grip with looser finger spacing for occasional fanning, though both emphasize compact positioning to avoid exposing the bottom edge.^[8]

Dealing Process

The dealing process of the bottom deal requires precise coordination between the hands to extract the bottom card while maintaining the illusion of a standard top deal. It begins with the left thumb sliding the top card forward slightly, about 1/4 inch, to mimic the initial motion of a legitimate deal and provide cover for the sleight.^[1] As the right hand approaches the deck in the usual grasping position, the index finger hooks under the bottom card, which has been subtly lifted by the left middle finger's pressure to create separation from the deck with the thumb resting on top, allowing the bottom card to be pulled out squarely and cleanly. This extraction must occur simultaneously with the top card's displacement to preserve rhythm. The dealt bottom card is then released with a sharp wrist snap to replicate the speed and sound of a top deal, while the left thumb immediately releases the top card back flush against the deck.^[1] Misdirection plays a crucial role in seamless execution, with the dealer maintaining a natural dealing rhythm and using eye contact or patter to divert attention from the hands. Extensive practice is essential to achieve fluid performance at high speeds without visible tells.^[1] A common error known as a "hanger" occurs when uneven pressure causes the second-from-bottom card to protrude visibly after the deal, potentially exposing the sleight.^[9]

Practical Applications

Use in Gambling Cheating

Bottom dealing serves as a potent tool for fraudulent advantage in card-based wagering games, particularly poker and blackjack, where precise control over card distribution can dramatically alter outcomes. In poker variants such as Texas Hold'em or five-card draw, a skilled practitioner can position high-value cards like aces at the bottom of the deck and deal them to themselves or an accomplice while appearing to deal fairly from the top, thereby securing stronger hands without arousing suspicion.^[2] Similarly, in blackjack, the technique allows the dealer to feed low cards to players or high cards to the house position, tipping the odds in favor of the cheater by manipulating bust risks or natural blackjacks.^[10] This strategic precision exploits the game's reliance on sequential dealing, enabling repeated small edges that compound over multiple hands. Bottom dealing is frequently paired with preparatory cheats such as card location techniques to position target cards at the deck's bottom prior to shuffling. These combinations require collusion or solo expertise, as the bottom dealer must anticipate the deck's order after cuts or shuffles to ensure the desired card emerges at the critical moment. Historically, bottom dealing gained notoriety in 19th-century American saloons, where cardsharps employed it amid the era's rampant frontier gambling in games like poker, often leading to violent confrontations upon discovery.^[4] Techniques detailed in early 20th-century exposés, drawing from saloon practices, underscore its role in house-rigged games where dealers colluded to bleed players dry over extended sessions. In modern contexts, casino busts highlight ongoing risks; for instance, in 2019, a dealer at the Boston Billiard Club and Casino in Nashua, New Hampshire, was charged with using bottom dealing in Mississippi Stud to aid a player in winning nearly $2,000 through rigged hands.^[11] However, as of 2025, the technique's practicality in major casinos has diminished due to widespread use of continuous shuffling machines and advanced surveillance systems that detect manual manipulations.^[12] Mastering bottom dealing demands years of dedicated practice to achieve undetectable rhythm and grip, with even proficient cheats facing high exposure risks in supervised environments. Successful applications can yield substantial gains—potentially thousands per session in high-stakes poker rings—but detection often results in immediate expulsion from venues or, in historical saloon settings, physical retaliation from aggrieved players.^[4]^[2]

Role in Performance Magic

In performance magic, bottom dealing serves as a powerful tool for creating illusions of impossible card control and prediction, allowing magicians to covertly manipulate the order of dealt cards during routines. This sleight enables the performer to deliver a specific card from the bottom of the deck while maintaining the appearance of a fair top-card deal, enhancing the deception in close-up and stage settings. Although rooted in historical card manipulation techniques, it has been refined for entertainment purposes to astonish audiences with seamless outcomes. The technique integrates into various illusion frameworks, such as prediction routines where bottom-dealt cards match audience selections or foretold results, simulating precognition or supernatural insight. For instance, in card control effects akin to the Ambitious Card routine, multiple bottom deals can position cards to "rise" unexpectedly to the top, defying apparent fairness and building dramatic tension. In mentalism presentations, it combines with psychological forces to dictate dealt cards, ensuring controlled revelations that align with the performer's narrative. Bottom dealing features prominently in magic education to teach advanced sleight principles, as exemplified in Darwin Ortiz's instructional works, where it is demonstrated at reduced speeds to reveal mechanics without compromising the method's subtlety. These curricula emphasize its role in building foundational skills for deceptive dealing, allowing students to incorporate it into personalized effects.^[13] Performance variations highlight its versatility: in mentalism, the sleight pairs with forces for outcome control in thought-reading scenarios, while in close-up magic, one-handed executions add flair and minimize visible motion for intimate audiences. Notable routines inspired by S.W. Erdnase, such as those employing sequential bottom deals for simulated impossible control, appear in modern adaptations like Ortiz's "Jackpot," where stud-style bottom deals create high-stakes poker illusions resolved magically.^[14]^[15]

Detection and Countermeasures

Identifying Indicators

Bottom dealing can often be detected through distinct auditory cues that differ from legitimate top dealing. Imperfect bottom deals may produce a slight sound difference from legitimate dealing, though skilled execution renders it inaudible. Inexperienced or rushed performers may also exhibit inconsistent rhythms in their dealing cadence, particularly during rapid sequences, as the added mechanics disrupt the natural flow.^[16] Visual indicators become apparent when the sleight is imperfectly executed, revealing subtle anomalies in hand positioning and card movement. An excessive bevel on the deck can cause a brief flash of the bottom card's edge as it is pulled forward, exposing its index or design momentarily to observant viewers. Unnatural hand tension is common, often manifesting as a visible flare or extension of the ring finger in the mechanic's grip used to push out the bottom card, which contrasts with the relaxed posture of standard dealing.^[1] Additionally, a "hanger" may occur, where the second-to-bottom card protrudes slightly from the deck's rear edge due to incomplete control during the deal, creating an unintended jog or misalignment.^[17] Behavioral clues from the dealer can further signal the use of bottom dealing, especially under pressure. Environmental factors influence the visibility of these indicators, making detection more feasible in certain conditions. In casino settings, high-resolution video surveillance is used to monitor for cheating.^[18]

Prevention Strategies

To prevent bottom dealing in card games, players and organizers commonly employ procedural safeguards that disrupt the cheater's ability to access the deck's bottom card. One fundamental strategy is the routine cutting of the deck after shuffling but before dealing, which randomizes the card order and ensures the bottom card is unknown to the dealer. This practice, standard in both home and professional games, forces any pre-arranged bottom cards to be displaced.^[19] A key physical countermeasure is the use of a cut card, a non-playing plastic card placed at the bottom of the deck during the deal. By concealing and protecting the actual bottom card, it prevents the dealer from executing a bottom deal without visibly disrupting the deck's alignment or exposing the sleight. This method is widely adopted in poker and blackjack to maintain game integrity, particularly in settings where dealers handle the cards extensively.^[19] For enhanced security, some games incorporate additional barriers at the deck's base, such as jokers or position cards, which serve a similar protective role to the cut card by blocking bottom access. In professional environments like casinos, decks made from 100% plastic material are preferred, as their smooth, slippery surface makes precise manipulations like bottom dealing far more challenging and error-prone compared to paper cards.^[20] Advanced cutting techniques, such as the Scarne cut developed by gambling expert John Scarne, provide further randomization. This involves removing a central block of cards, placing it face down on the table, followed by the bottom portion on top of it, and then the original top portion beneath the entire stack. Designed specifically to thwart cheating mechanics including bottom dealing, it ensures no fixed positions remain exploitable.^[21] In casino settings, prevention extends to systemic measures like mandatory dealer rotation, continuous surveillance of dealing actions, and statistical monitoring of outcomes to flag anomalies suggestive of manipulation. These protocols, combined with rigorous training on proper dealing procedures, minimize opportunities for bottom dealing by maintaining oversight and accountability.^[22]

References

[1]
[PDF] The Expert at the Card Table | 52Kards
shuffles, blind cuts, bottom deal, second deal, palming and replacing ... End of S.W. Erdnase's The Expert at the Card Table. Previous | Section Contents.
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Card Cheating Bottom Dealing - Sharps and Flats
That type of crooked deal is called the Greek deal, and is essentially a technique of dealing the second card from the bottom of the deck. The Second Deal.
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Cards | Bottom Deal (Conjuring Credits)
Bill Kalush has located what may be the earliest reference to bottom dealing, in Baldassarre Castiglione's Il Cortegiano, p. 230 in the 1553 edition (the ...
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The Science Of Cheating At Cards | Invention & Technology Magazine
As early as the seventeenth century, convicted card sharps were hanged. In 1777 a British court sentenced a tradesman from Norwich to six months' imprisonment ...
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How to Cheat at Cards without Getting Killed - True West Magazine
How to Cheat at Cards without Getting Killed. By Gus Walker. |. September 1, 2005. cheating-at-cards. Share. “Never play cards with a man called Doc.
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A History of Poker - AMERICAN HERITAGE
We know it came to prominence in the 1820s, but its roots are lost in the hazy air of long-ago saloons. Poker began as a simple, almost childish game in ...Missing: bottom | Show results with:bottom
[8]
Mark Wilson's Complete Course in Magic - Amazon.com
Provides diagrams and detailed instructions for performing more than three hundred magic tricks, including tricks with cards, money, ropes, handkerchiefs, and ...Missing: PDF bottom
[9]
Exploring Erdnase Book Club: Bottom Dealing - Substack
Oct 20, 2024 · The Erdnase Bottom Deal, as outlined in The Expert at the Card Table, is a classic sleight-of-hand manoeuvre employed by card manipulators to ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[10]
Bottom Dealing • Duluth Poker™
The Bottom Deal is when the cheater places the desired card at the bottom of ... This is known as a “hanger”(see image) and can be easily noticed by a ...
[11]
Do some blackjack dealers cheat? - Wizard of Vegas
Jun 26, 2011 · Some of these dealers are real "mechanics" and can deal the second or bottom card, which they know the value of when they shuffle the deck, to ...<|separator|>
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Mar 13, 2019 · Casino card dealer fired, faces charges for allegedly dealing from bottom of deck · Casino owners say dealer helped player win nearly $2,000.
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SECOND DEAL - The Genii Forum
Nov 6, 2004 · I am looking for a book that has tons of routines that utilize the second deal. I have learned the second deal and have very little to do with it at this point."New" Darwin Ortiz releasevariationsMore results from forums.geniimagazine.comMissing: 1980s | Show results with:1980s
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Rating 1.5 (2) Over 1,000 of the best card magic sleights and routines. Coin magic ... This is John Bukowski's refined interpretation of the Second Deal, Bottom Deal and Second ...
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No readable text found in the HTML.<|control11|><|separator|>
[16]
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Ortiz, Darwin: Darwin Ortiz At the Card Table ... 21 Jackpot: Larry Jennings' Stud Bottom Deal 25 ... 45 The Estimation Routine: Hindu Shuffle Glimpse 50 ...
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A good bottom deal is one that can be done slowly and with people staring right at the deck. A good bottom actually looks like you're taking the top card. Don't ...Missing: cheating | Show results with:cheating
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Hanger - Poker Definition | 888poker
Jun 1, 2019 · A “hanger” is an unintended protrusion of the second to last card in the deck when base dealing. An understanding of base dealing is helpful in fully ...
[19]
How to tell if a dealer is dealing from the bottom of the deck ... - Quora
Dec 11, 2023 · One way you can determine thi is by playing with a shoe. Impossible to deal from the bottom of a deck when a shoe is being used.How can someone cheat at poker using sleight of hand and ...What does it mean to deal from the bottom of the deck?More results from www.quora.com
[20]
What is Bottom Dealing? - Americas Cardroom
During a high-stakes cash game, a player notices the dealer's subtle hand movements and suspects they might be bottom dealing to favor a particular player.
[21]
Policing in the Casino Gaming Environment - LEB
May 5, 2015 · Casino policing involves casino security and surveillance, using CCTV and IP cameras, and focusing on "following the money" to prevent cheating ...
[22]
What is a Cut Card in Poker?
Jun 25, 2023 · A cut card is a plastic (non playing) card used to help cut a deck of cards and conceal the bottom card of the deck in the process.
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How to Cheat at Cards - Vanishing Inc. Magic shop
A marked card is any playing card that has been specially altered so the card cheat knows its identity without needing to see its face. This simple cheating ...
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The Scarne cut helps prevent many kinds of cheating; Scarne Cut: This cut was developed by card expert and game inventor John Scarne during World War II to ...
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[PDF] the essentials of casino table games protection.
As dealers begin their careers, they're given a dealing procedures manual that also has lots of instruction for protecting their games. Same thing for ...