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Candlestick

A candlestick is a holder designed to support a candle upright, typically featuring a socket into which the candle is inserted or a spike known as a pricket on which it is impaled.^[1] The term originates from Old English candelsticca, a compound of candel (candle) and sticca (stick), with the earliest known use dating to the pre-1150 period.^[2] Rooted in the Latin candela (candle), derived from candere (to shine or glow), candlesticks represent an essential tool for illumination before the advent of widespread electric lighting.^[3] The history of candlesticks traces back to ancient civilizations, where early forms evolved from handheld torches made of resin-soaked wood or bundled materials dipped in tallow or wax, used across the Middle East, Asia, and Egypt as far back as the time of the Ancient Egyptians who created rushlights by soaking reed cores in animal fat.^[4] By the Roman era, more structured holders emerged, such as bronze or pottery designs for oil lamps and early candles. In medieval Europe, candlesticks became prominent in ecclesiastical and domestic settings, with the iconic Gloucester Candlestick—crafted from gilt-bronze around 1107–1113 for Gloucester Cathedral—exemplifying Romanesque metalwork featuring twisted dragons and grotesque figures.^[5] Materials varied by region and availability: wood for simple, fire-prone holders in northern Europe; earthenware or stone in utilitarian contexts; and precious metals like silver or gold for ornate ceremonial pieces in churches and synagogues.^[4] Over time, candlesticks diversified into specialized types, including pricket designs for spiking candles (common in processional church use, such as 14th-century French examples standing 32.5 inches high) and socket varieties for stability, often with bases to catch dripping wax in portable chambersticks.^[4] Brass emerged as a dominant material from the 12th century onward, particularly in England and the Low Countries, where alloys of copper and zinc allowed for durable, cast forms like the baluster-shaped synagogue candlesticks or Moorish-influenced chisel-work pieces from the Islamic world, such as a 14th-century Mamluk brass base inlaid with silver and gold.^[6] By the 17th and 18th centuries, designs grew more elaborate, incorporating rococo silverwork or multi-branch candelabra for enhanced lighting in homes and halls, while innovations like spring-loaded adjustable holders addressed practical needs.^[4] The 19th century marked a decline with the rise of oil lamps and gas lighting, yet candlesticks persisted as decorative and ceremonial objects, evolving into modern forms like the pressed-metal Brighton bun style, which developed from 17th-century Italian designs.^[7] Today, they symbolize both historical craftsmanship and ritual significance, from Sabbath lighting in Jewish traditions to ornamental accents in contemporary interiors.^[4]

Etymology and Definition

Etymology

The term "candlestick" derives from Old English candelsticca, a compound word formed by combining candel ("candle"), borrowed from Latin candela meaning "a light" or "torch," and sticca ("stick" or "rod").^[8]^[9] This construction emphasized the object's basic role as a supportive implement for holding a candle upright. By the Middle English period (circa 1100–1500), the term had evolved into candelstikke or candelstik, retaining its core meaning while adapting to linguistic shifts in pronunciation and spelling.^[2] A notable historical shift occurred with the influence of French terminology on English usage, particularly distinguishing single-candle holders from multi-branch designs. The French word chandelier, derived from Old French chandelabre (itself from Latin candelabrum, meaning "candlestick" or "lamp stand"), entered English around the late 14th century via Norman influences after the Conquest.^[10] In English, chandelier came to specifically denote elaborate, branched fixtures for multiple candles, often suspended, while candlestick remained associated with simpler, individual holders. This bifurcation reflects broader medieval exchanges in lighting vocabulary across Romance and Germanic languages. Related terms in other languages further illustrate etymological ties to lighting implements. In German, Kerzenleuchter is a compound noun formed from Kerze ("candle," borrowed from Latin candela via Old High German kerza) and Leuchter (from the verb leuchten, "to shine" or "to light," with the agent suffix -er denoting a device).^[11] This term, meaning "candle light-holder," encompasses both single and multi-candle stands and underscores a conceptual link to illumination tools prevalent in Germanic linguistic traditions since the early modern period. Similar compounding appears in other European languages, such as Dutch kandelaar (from Middle Dutch candelare, akin to the English root), highlighting a shared Indo-European heritage centered on fire-based lighting.

Definition and Basic Function

A candlestick is a utensil designed to hold one or more candles in an upright position, allowing them to burn steadily for illumination or decorative purposes.^[1] Its core function is to provide a secure and stable support that minimizes the risk of the candle tipping over, thereby promoting even burning and containing potential wax drips to protect surfaces below.^[12] The fundamental structure of a candlestick typically includes a weighted base to ensure stability against tipping, a central stem or shaft that elevates the candle to a functional height, and a socket, cup, or prong at the top to firmly secure the candle base.^[13] This design facilitates the safe combustion of taper or pillar candles by keeping the wick centered and the flame protected from drafts.^[14] Unlike broader candle holders that may accommodate small votives, tea lights, or floating candles, or lamps that rely on oil or electrical sources, candlesticks are specifically engineered for elongated taper or pillar varieties to maintain an upright orientation during use.^[1]

History

Ancient Origins

The earliest evidence of candlestick-like devices dates to ancient Egypt around 3000 BCE, where rushlights—reeds with their pithy cores soaked in animal fat—served as primitive candles for illumination in homes and temples.^[15] These early forms lacked dedicated holders but were often supported by simple bronze stands designed initially for reed torches, which gradually evolved into more stable bases for holding the burning materials during religious rituals and daily use.^[16] By the Middle Kingdom period, around 1962 BCE, reliefs from the tomb of Pharaoh Amenemhat I (Theban Tomb TT 82) demonstrate this transition, depicting a clay holder or lit wick supporting a burning light in ceremonial boat processions.^[16]^[17] In ancient China, around 200 BCE, early wax candles made from whale fat were supported by simple bronze or ceramic holders in imperial and domestic settings, while in the Middle East, Mesopotamian terracotta bases from around 2000 BCE served as precursors for oil lamps that later adapted to wax candles as the technology spread. In ancient Greece, similar terracotta bases emerged around 2000 BCE primarily for oil lamps in temple settings.^[18] These bases, often wheel-thrown and featuring shallow reservoirs for wicks, were used in sacred spaces to maintain continuous light for nocturnal rituals, reflecting a shift from handheld torches to fixed supports for better stability and symbolic permanence.^[19] In Bronze Age Crete, a key Greek cultural center, simple terracotta candle holders from approximately 2575–2130 BCE mirror Egyptian designs, consisting of cylindrical or tripod forms that held fat-dipped wicks, as evidenced by excavated examples from Minoan sites.^[16]^[20] In India, clay diyas—small lamp holders—used for oil wicks date back to the Indus Valley Civilization around 2500 BCE, evolving into holders for beeswax candles by the early centuries CE.^[21] Ancient Roman adaptations of candlesticks, dating from the 1st century CE, incorporated iron and clay holders for vigil lights—tallow-based candles burned during night watches or funerary rites—enhancing portability and safety in domestic and public spaces.^[15] Archaeological excavations at Pompeii have uncovered specific examples, including a large bronze branched candlestick holder that collapsed during the 79 CE eruption of Mount Vesuvius, found in a residential room alongside human remains, indicating its everyday use for multi-candle illumination.^[22] Additional bronze candle holders from the Vesuvian region, featured in exhibitions of Pompeian artifacts, highlight functional designs with drip pans and sturdy bases suited for iron-reinforced clay variants, underscoring their role in maintaining light amid the city's bustling urban life.^[23]

Medieval and Renaissance Developments

During the Middle Ages, particularly from the 12th century onward, European candlesticks evolved significantly in church settings, transitioning from simpler forms to more elaborate structures suited to Gothic architecture. Wrought iron emerged as a key material for durable, functional designs, often featuring spiked prickets to secure large candles used in liturgical processions. A notable example is the 12th-century Gloucester Candlestick originally from Gloucester Cathedral (then Abbey) in England, constructed of gilt bronze to support candles in ecclesiastical settings; this piece was recreated in 2020 using 3D scanning of historical records and fragments.^[24] Brass, prized for its golden hue and malleability, also gained prominence through the dinanderie tradition centered in Dinant, Belgium, where artisans produced ornate altar candlesticks for cathedrals across northern Europe. These brass pieces, often featuring Gothic motifs like trefoils and pinnacles, adorned naves and altars in structures such as those in the Meuse Valley, reflecting the era's emphasis on height and verticality to evoke spiritual aspiration.^[25] In the Middle East, Islamic artisans in the 12th–13th centuries crafted intricate brass candlesticks with inlaid designs for mosques and palaces, influencing European styles via trade.^[6] The Renaissance period (circa 1400–1600 CE) marked a shift toward opulent, humanistic designs, with silversmiths elevating candlesticks into sculptural artworks that blended functionality with classical revival and Mannerist flair. Italian artisans led this innovation, crafting intricate silver pieces for ecclesiastical and secular patrons, often incorporating mythological figures and architectural elements. Later, while at the French court of François I, Benvenuto Cellini designed a projected set of twelve monumental silver statues of classical divinities intended as candelabra bases, with the surviving bronze model of Jupiter (modeled circa 1545) demonstrating torch-holding figures that integrated lighting into figurative sculpture—though only Jupiter was completed before the project was abandoned.^[26] Such works influenced palace interiors across Italy, where silver candlesticks with baluster stems and flared bases graced tables in venues like the Medici residences in Florence, symbolizing wealth and Renaissance erudition. Trade routes, particularly through Venice and the Mediterranean, facilitated the infusion of Eastern stylistic elements into European candlestick design during this era, adapting multi-branched forms reminiscent of ancient menorahs and Islamic chandeliers. Venetian merchants imported brass-working techniques and motifs from the Ottoman Empire and Mamluk Egypt, leading to hybrid "Saracenic" candlesticks in the 15th century that featured octagonal shafts and arabesque decorations. These influences manifested in multi-arm chandeliers for Italian palaces and churches, where branched structures—echoing the seven-armed menorah's symbolism of enlightenment—allowed for amplified illumination in grand halls, bridging Byzantine, Islamic, and Western traditions.^[27]

Modern Evolution

The Industrial Revolution in the 19th century revolutionized candlestick production, enabling mass manufacturing through techniques such as die casting, stamping, and sand-casting, which allowed for cheaper and more uniform items compared to handmade predecessors.^[28] Materials like cast iron became prevalent for their affordability and durability, while glass pressing machines facilitated innovative, decorative elements in designs. Victorian-era candlesticks, often adorned with floral and foliate motifs inspired by nature, catered to the rising bourgeois class, symbolizing refined domestic elegance in middle-class homes.^[28]^[5]^[29] In the 20th century, the widespread adoption of electricity diminished the practical need for traditional wax candles, prompting adaptations where antique candlesticks were rewired as electric lamp bases to preserve their aesthetic while integrating modern functionality.^[30] Simultaneously, stylistic shifts toward minimalism emerged, influenced by the Bauhaus movement in the 1920s, which prioritized functional forms and industrial materials like aluminum for sleek, unadorned holders. Exemplifying this, designs such as those inspired by Sophie Taeuber-Arp's 1929 cylindrical wooden candlesticks evolved into aluminum variants, emphasizing geometric simplicity and mass-producible efficiency.^[31] Post-2000 trends in candlestick design have increasingly incorporated sustainable materials and LED technology, reflecting environmental concerns and Scandinavian principles of functionality and eco-friendliness. Firms like Normann Copenhagen have produced items such as the Crooked Candlestick series in painted aluminum, offering sculptural yet practical forms that align with minimalist aesthetics. Muuto's Float Candlestick, with its geometric oak and metal construction, exemplifies sustainable sourcing and versatile use, while Hay's candleholders complement Nordic Swan Ecolabel-certified products to promote longevity and reduced waste. LED integrations, such as flameless candles designed for traditional holders, allow safe, energy-efficient illumination in these modern pieces, as seen in offerings from NordicNest.^[32]^[33]^[34]^[35]

Design and Materials

Structural Components

A typical candlestick consists of three primary structural components: the base, the stem or shaft, and the socket or nozzle, each designed to contribute to the object's stability, functionality, and aesthetic appeal.^[36] The base serves as the weighted platform that anchors the candlestick to a surface, preventing tipping during use. Often circular or square in shape, it provides a broad footprint for balance, with typical diameters ranging from 3 to 6 inches depending on the overall scale of the piece.^[36]^[37] This weighting is sometimes achieved through discreet internal additions, ensuring the structure remains upright even when the candle burns unevenly.^[36] The stem, or shaft, forms the vertical support rising from the base to the socket, offering both structural integrity and ergonomic handling. Varying in height from 4 to 24 inches to accommodate different settings, it is frequently tapered for graceful proportions or adorned with knops—bulbous enlargements—for enhanced grip and visual interest.^[36]^[38]^[39] These features not only distribute weight evenly along the height but also allow for comfortable portability without compromising stability.^[38] At the top, the socket or nozzle acts as the cylindrical holder for the candle, securing it firmly while managing wax runoff. With a diameter typically between 0.5 and 1 inch to fit standard taper candles, it often includes a drip tray or saucer to capture melting wax and prevent mess on underlying surfaces.^[40]^[41]^[36] Variations may feature internal prongs or clips to accommodate different candle sizes, ensuring a snug fit that minimizes wobbling during combustion.^[38]^[42]

Common Materials and Finishes

Candlesticks have traditionally been crafted from a variety of metals prized for their durability and aesthetic qualities. Brass, an alloy typically composed of 60% to 95% copper and the remainder zinc, is widely used due to its inherent corrosion resistance; it forms a protective patina or film that inhibits further oxidation and degradation under atmospheric conditions, ensuring longevity without additional protective layers.^[5]^[43] Silver, often employed in finer pieces, offers excellent thermal conductivity—approximately 406 W/m·K at room temperature—which facilitates efficient heat dissipation from the candle flame, reducing the risk of warping or overheating in the holder.^[44] Iron, particularly wrought iron, provides robust strength for structural support but is susceptible to rust, necessitating protective treatments to maintain its form over time.^[45] Non-metallic materials like glass, ceramics, wood, and stone also expand the design possibilities for candlesticks, emphasizing lightness, visual appeal, or availability. Glass is frequently produced through blown or molded techniques, resulting in transparent forms that enhance the glow of the candle while remaining lightweight for easy portability and arrangement.^[46] Ceramics, especially porcelain and earthenware, enable the creation of intricate designs through molding, carving, and glazing, allowing for detailed patterns such as floral motifs or geometric reliefs that add ornamental depth without compromising stability.^[47] Wood has been used for simple, everyday holders, particularly in northern Europe, though it is fire-prone and often requires careful design to prevent ignition. Stone, employed in utilitarian contexts, offers durability but limits elaborate shaping.^[4] Surface finishes play a crucial role in enhancing the appearance and longevity of candlesticks, with techniques varying by material and era. Polishing imparts a high shine to metals like brass and silver, reflecting light effectively in low-illumination settings. Patination involves controlled oxidation to achieve an antique, verdigris-like effect, often desired for its aged aesthetic on iron or bronze components. Modern protective coatings, such as lacquer, are applied to prevent tarnish on silver and brass by forming a barrier against air and moisture. In the 18th century, gilding techniques like fire gilding—using a gold-mercury amalgam heated to bond the gold to the metal surface—were prevalent for creating opulent ormolu finishes on brass candlesticks, as seen in period decorative arts.

Types

Freestanding and Table Candlesticks

Freestanding and table candlesticks are portable candle holders intended for placement on tabletops or floors, prized for their flexibility in illuminating domestic spaces like dining areas and parlors. Emerging prominently in the 17th century, these designs benefited from advances in metalworking that allowed for balanced, stable forms suitable for everyday use in affluent households. Their mobility distinguished them from fixed installations, enabling repositioning to meet varying lighting needs without permanent fixtures.^[48] Single-stem table models, often ranging from 6 to 12 inches in height, became a staple for dining illumination starting in the 17th century, offering focused light for meals and close tasks. These compact pieces typically consisted of a slender stem atop a broad, weighted base to resist tipping, crafted in brass or silver for durability and elegance in period interiors. By providing reliable, adjustable-height lighting through simple construction, they supported the intimate scale of table settings in early modern homes.^[49]^[50] Multi-branch variants, commonly referred to as candelabras, feature 3 to 7 arms extending from a central column, delivering expansive light for group settings like formal dinners. Gaining widespread use in Europe during the 17th and 18th centuries amid Baroque influences, these holders often included adjustable mechanisms, such as pivoting or telescoping arms, to fine-tune candle positioning and height for optimal illumination. This engineering allowed for versatile arrangements, making candelabras essential as ornate yet practical table centerpieces.^[51]^[52] Contemporary portable designs incorporate battery-operated bases powered by LEDs, facilitating safe outdoor applications on patios or gardens without the hazards of open flames. These models emphasize safety through features like wind-resistant sockets that prevent flickering or extinguishment in breezes, alongside waterproof casings to withstand weather exposure. Retaining classic silhouettes, they blend seamlessly with traditional aesthetics while enhancing usability in non-enclosed environments.^[53]^[54]

Wall-Mounted and Fixed Candlesticks

Wall-mounted and fixed candlesticks, often referred to as sconces, are designed as bracket-style holders that project from vertical surfaces to secure candles, providing illumination without occupying floor or table space. These fixtures typically extend 6 to 12 inches from the wall to allow safe candle placement and minimize fire risks from nearby fabrics or structures. In medieval castles, sconces served as essential lighting solutions for dimly lit corridors and passageways, where candles or torches were inserted into iron or metal brackets hammered directly into stone walls.^[55] Chandelier integrations represent a more elaborate form of fixed candlesticks, featuring ceiling-suspended structures with multiple arms to hold numerous candles, creating centralized overhead lighting in grand interiors. Notable examples of such multi-arm fixed forms appeared in the 17th century at the Palace of Versailles, where the Hall of Mirrors—constructed between 1678 and 1684—was originally illuminated by thousands of candles during rare ceremonial events, evoking opulence through vast arrays of branched holders.^[56] These designs marked a shift toward permanent, architectural lighting that integrated candlesticks into lavish decorative schemes. Modern wall-mounted and fixed candlesticks often employ screw mounts for secure attachment to walls or ceilings, particularly in metal or wooden versions, while adhesive options are common for lightweight plastic models to avoid structural damage. Installation must adhere to fire safety codes, such as those outlined in ASTM F2601, which specifies requirements for candle holders to prevent tipping, excessive heat transfer, or ignition of surrounding materials.^[57]^[58] These standards emphasize maintaining at least 12 inches of clearance from combustible surfaces and using heat-resistant materials to mitigate risks in fixed placements.^[59]

Specialized Forms

One prominent specialized form is the menorah, a multi-branched Jewish ritual candelabrum with deep historical roots. The seven-branched menorah, known as the Temple menorah, features a central stem flanked by three branches on each side, each topped with a lamp, and was used in the ancient Tabernacle and the Temples in Jerusalem, with the Second Temple version dating to circa 516 BCE following its reconstruction around 500 BCE.^[60]^[61] Crafted from pure gold as prescribed in Exodus 25:31–40, it symbolized enlightenment and divine presence, lit daily with olive oil by priests in the Temple rituals.^[60] A variant is the nine-branched menorah, or hanukkiah, developed to commemorate the Hanukkah miracle of the oil lasting eight days after the Maccabean Revolt in the 2nd century BCE. This form includes eight branches for the holiday nights plus a central shamash (helper) branch for lighting the others, emerging in its recognizable structure among medieval Jewish communities and gaining prominence in Ashkenazi traditions by the 16th century.^[62]^[63] Unlike the symmetrical seven-branched design, the hanukkiah often incorporates symbolic motifs like the Temple menorah to evoke continuity with ancient practices.^[63] Another specialized form is the Advent wreath, a circular Christian candelabrum holder originating in 19th-century Germany as a Protestant tradition to mark the four weeks before Christmas. Created in 1839 by Lutheran pastor Johann Hinrich Wichern in Hamburg, it initially consisted of a wooden ring with 20 small candles and four large ones, evolving into the modern evergreen version with four tapered candles—three violet or blue for penance and one pink for joy on the third Sunday (Gaudete Sunday)—placed on a table or hung.^[64]^[65] By the late 19th century, the custom spread across German-speaking regions and into Catholic practices, emphasizing themes of hope, peace, joy, and love through progressive candle lighting.^[66] Novelty forms of candlesticks extend beyond traditional utility, incorporating functional innovations and artistic expression tailored to unique environments or aesthetics. Earthquake-proof designs feature weighted or rocking bases, such as organic stone holders that self-right after tilting, ensuring stability in seismic zones without extinguishing the flame. Artistic sculptures transform candlesticks into sculptural objects, exemplified by surrealist works like Salvador Dalí's "Castor and Pollux" pair from the 1970s, crafted in silver-plated brass with mythical twin figures supporting candle arms to evoke dreamlike symbolism.^[67]^[68] These variants prioritize durability or visual impact, often blending form with conceptual depth in modern decorative contexts.

Uses and Cultural Significance

Religious and Ceremonial Applications

In Christian worship, particularly within the Catholic tradition, altar candlesticks are commonly arranged in pairs to symbolize the dual nature of Christ as both fully human and fully divine, illuminating the sacred space during the Mass. ^[69] These pairs flank the altar, representing the light of Christ as the "light of the world" (John 8:12), and are lit before the Gospel reading to signify reverence for the proclaimed word. ^[70] Vatican protocols, as outlined in liturgical norms, mandate that altar candles contain at least 51% beeswax by weight, with the beeswax itself symbolizing the pure flesh of Christ derived from the Virgin Mary, the wick his soul, and the flame his divinity. ^[70] ^[69] This material requirement ensures a clean, steady burn suitable for the solemnity of the rite, distinguishing them from other liturgical candles that may have lower beeswax content. In Judaism, the ner tamid, or eternal light, serves as a perpetual fixture above or near the ark in synagogues, often housed in an ornate holder resembling a candlestick or lamp to evoke the continuously burning light commanded in the Torah (Exodus 27:20-21). ^[71] This symbolic element represents God's enduring presence and covenant with the Jewish people, traditionally fueled by oil but now frequently electric to maintain its unbroken glow. ^[72] During Hanukkah, the festival of lights, a nine-branched menorah candelabrum is employed in nightly rituals, where the shamash (helper candle) is used to kindle an increasing number of lights—from one on the first night to eight on the last—commemorating the miracle of the oil that lasted eight days in the rededicated Temple. ^[73] The candles are placed right to left but lit left to right, accompanied by blessings that invoke divine protection and joy. ^[74] Among other faiths, Hindu rituals during Diwali prominently feature diya stands, elevated holders crafted from brass or clay that support small oil lamps to form intricate patterns, signifying the triumph of knowledge and good over ignorance and evil. ^[75] These stands allow for stable arrangement in homes and temples, where families light the diyas at dusk while reciting prayers to deities like Lakshmi for prosperity, with the flames warding off misfortune as per ancient Vedic traditions. ^[76] In Islamic practice, mosques have long been illuminated by ornate glass lanterns suspending oil lamps, which provided both practical light and spiritual ambiance during prayers, drawing from early designs in the Umayyad era. ^[77] While oil lanterns remained predominant for their cultural resonance with Quranic imagery of divine light, wax candles were also used in some religious ceremonies from the medieval period onward, as documented in Persian and Mamluk contexts. ^[78]

Domestic and Decorative Roles

In the 18th and 19th centuries, prior to the advent of electric lighting, candlesticks played a vital role in domestic illumination, especially during evening meals where paired table models provided symmetric light for dining in affluent households.^[79] These freestanding pieces, often crafted from brass or silver, were positioned centrally on dining tables to create an intimate ambiance while allowing servants to navigate the space.^[80] Tallow-based candles, prone to smoking and dripping, necessitated tools like snuffers—small scissor-like devices or conical extinguishers—to trim wicks regularly and cap flames, thereby minimizing soot deposits on linens, furniture, and walls.^[81]^[80] This maintenance ritual was commonplace in middle-class and upper-class homes, extending the usability of candles and enhancing overall hygiene in pre-electricity interiors. As decorative elements evolved, 1920s Art Deco candlesticks brought geometric flair and opulence to home settings, with glass sets featuring etched motifs and prism accents that reflected the era's embrace of modernity and luxury.^[82] These pieces, often produced in clear or colored crystal, adorned mantelpieces and side tables in urban apartments, symbolizing progress and sophistication amid the Jazz Age. In contrast, contemporary interiors favor minimalist steel candlesticks, valued for their clean lines, industrial aesthetic, and versatility in blending with neutral palettes and open-plan layouts.^[83] Such designs prioritize understated elegance, using brushed or polished stainless steel to create focal points without overwhelming space. Modern candlesticks emphasize safety through non-flammable bases constructed from heat-resistant materials like ceramic, stone, or tempered metal, which anchor tapers securely and reduce tipping hazards near fabrics or drafts.^[84]^[58] Wax management practices, including wick trimming to 1/4 inch before each use, promote even combustion and limit excess dripping or flare-ups. Compatibility with eco-friendly soy candles further enhances their appeal, as these plant-based tapers burn cleaner with less soot than paraffin alternatives, supporting sustainable domestic lighting while fitting standard holder dimensions.^[85]^[58]

Symbolic and Artistic Interpretations

Candlesticks have long served as potent symbols in art, embodying themes of enlightenment and the transience of life. In 17th-century Dutch vanitas still lifes, such as those by Pieter Claesz, the flickering or extinguished candle within a candlestick represents the ephemeral nature of human existence and the inevitability of death, often juxtaposed with skulls and hourglasses to underscore mortality's vanity.^[86] This symbolism draws from broader Christian iconography, where the candle's flame signifies the soul's brief illumination before fading, reminding viewers of life's fleeting quality.^[87] In literature, candlesticks evoke spiritual and communal enlightenment, as seen in biblical metaphors. The seven golden lampstands in the Book of Revelation symbolize the seven churches, portraying them as bearers of divine light and precious vessels of faith in a darkened world.^[88] This imagery extends to modern prose, where Virginia Woolf employs candles in novels like To the Lighthouse to convey domestic intimacy and the fragile harmony of family life; the lighting of candles at dinner transforms the room into a sanctuary of order and emotional connection amid chaos.^[89] Artistic representations of candlesticks evolved from Renaissance religious sculptures to 20th-century conceptual works, reflecting shifting cultural metaphors. During the Renaissance, altar candlesticks like those featuring relief busts of saints symbolized Christ's divinity—the wax as his body, the wick as his soul, and the flame as eternal light—integrating them into liturgical devotion.^[90] In the 20th century, Joseph Beuys incorporated wax in installations such as his beeswax sculptures and multiples, using it to metaphorically channel creative energy, healing, and social transformation, transforming everyday materials into emblems of human potential and communal renewal.^[91]

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"Candlestick" originates from Middle English candel-stikke, combining "candle" and "stick," meaning a utensil for holding candles; later also a type of ...
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### Summary of 19th Century Candlesticks from the Blog
[29]
Dating Earliest Candlesticks Is a Task - Los Angeles Times
Aug 1, 1985 · Some of the most creative designs were produced by 19th-Century American craftsmen following the advent of the glass-pressing machine. Aside ...
[30]
https://www.lightsonline.com/the-history-of-the-chandelier
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https://icdesign.ch/products/ic-design-classics-sophie-taeuber-arp-bauhaus-candlesticks
[32]
Crooked Candlestick Two Yellow - Normann Copenhagen
Free delivery 14-day returnsThe Crooked Candlestick Two Yellow is a painted aluminum candlestick, 13.5 x 24.5 x 18 cm, 2.72 kg, and costs 270 USD. It is a decorative sculpture with a ...
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Candleholders - Muuto
Designed with a simple expression and paired with a subtle yet unique silhouette through careful detailing, the 70/70 Table by TAF Studio is a study in ...
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HAY's candlelight inspiration to create atmosphere at home
All of our candles are Nordic Swan Ecolabel certified and have a burn time of more than seven hours. Pattern Candle / Tube Candleholder.
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LED-Candles - Buy Scandinavian Design → NordicNest.com
60-day returnsEnjoy the beauty of candlelight with our energy-efficient LED candles. Safe, long-lasting, and perfect for creating a cozy ambiance during any occasion.Missing: sustainable 2000
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Parts of a Candlestick and Candelabra - AC Silver
Apr 6, 2016 · Base – The base is at the foot of the column and used to steady the piece. Bases may be discreetly weighted to prevent a candelabra or ...Missing: stem socket
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Height, Brass Aluminum Solid Candle Holder, Table Decorative ...
Free in-store returnsCandle holder dimensions are 4-1/4 inch diameter x 3-1/2 inch height. Recommended use with standard votive / tealight candles (not included).
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Identifying Candlesticks - Netherlandish Candlesticks
The interplay between the mass of the base, the articulation of the stem via knops and moldings, and the configuration of the socket defines their visual ...
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Paschal Candle Stand 44" 10" X 12" Base, 1-15/16" Socket Item ...
In stock Free deliverySingle candle altar candlesticks are available from 10" to 28" tall with a 6.5 x 7.5" six-sided base and come with 1-1/2" candle sockets (other sizes available) ...
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Candlestick | Unknown - Explore the Collections - V&A
Feb 10, 2004 · Physical description. Spreading base with depressed centre, the stem is in the form of a column with a square capital; with moulded grease-pan.
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What are the dimensions for a tapered candle holder sized hole in ...
Jul 10, 2024 · Most dinner candles are 20-25mm diameter at the base, or 3/4" to 1" (19.0 - 25.4 mm)- even in metric countries the candles may be made in old ...Candle holder base dimensions 3.5" x 2" - FacebookI'm thinking about the design of candles and candle holders. Most ...More results from www.facebook.com
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Candlestick - German - The Metropolitan Museum of Art
The sockets were usually left open as the sides to facilitate the removal of the candle ends in order to reuse the wax, an expensive commodity. The drip pan, ...Missing: parts | Show results with:parts
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Corrosion Tests Prove Free-Cutting Brass Outlasts Plated Steel
Brass doesn't require extra corrosion protection because it inherently resists attack. While brass may be less corrosion resistant than other copper alloys, its ...
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Thermal Conductivity - HyperPhysics
Diamond has 1000 (cal/sec)/(cm2 C/cm), silver 406.0 (W/m K), copper 385.0 (W/m K), and ice 1.6 (W/m K) thermal conductivity.Missing: candlesticks | Show results with:candlesticks
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Candlesticks, Candelabras and Other Lighting - Lavish Shoestring
With the advance of technology in the early 19th century some candlestick parts were stamped out of a sheet brass using steam driven presses. Stamped ware was ...
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Vintage Blown Glass Candle Holders - Chairish
4.7 3.4K · 2-day returnsA Pair of Vintage Blown Transparent Glass Taper Candlesticks For Sale. 2.5ʺW × 2.5ʺD × 14.5ʺH. A Pair of Vintage Blown Transparent Glass Taper Candlesticks.
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How to Make a DIY Clay Candlestick - Ceramic Arts Network
Nov 18, 2024 · Alana Cuellar shares how she makes carved, wheel-thrown candlesticks. The carved designs create a lovely opportunity for pooling glazes!
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[PDF] Gilding Notes: The Traditional English Method - Getty Museum
The gilded wood bench illustrated here, by. British designer Thomas Hope, illustrates the influence of Hope's archeological taste in the early nineteenth.Missing: candlestick | Show results with:candlestick
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History of Lighting - Cir-Kit Concepts
By the 17th and 18th centuries the best homes had silver or brass candlesticks, sconces and lanterns. Most early lights were made of iron, then tin, and later, ...Missing: single- | Show results with:single-
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Early American candlestands: light at the right height
Mar 16, 2012 · The type that sounds most like the taller early American kind discussed here is an 18th century “threaded wood stem or pillar, on which were ...Missing: inches | Show results with:inches
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Joseph Bird - Chamber candlestick - The Metropolitan Museum of Art
Title: Chamber candlestick ; Maker: Joseph Bird (active before 1685, died 1735) ; Date: 1714–15 ; Culture: British, London ; Medium: Silver.
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Discover Antique Silver Candelabras — Mozeris Fine Antiques
### Summary of Antique Silver Candelabras: History and Design Features
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A Brief History of Candelabras
### Summary of Candelabra Design Evolution
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https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-led-lantern/
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https://edtechdev.stanford.edu/parts-in-a-castle
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Parts In A Castle - Stanford EdTech Lab
Candles and oil lamps were the primary sources of lighting in medieval castles. These were often placed in wall sconces or carried in hand-held lanterns.
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The Hall of Mirrors | Palace of Versailles
The chandeliers are accessories and are not part of the gallery's décor. The decision in 1980 to permanently evoke the atmosphere of these grand celebrations ...
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ASTM F2601-18: Fire Safety for Candle Accessories - The ANSI Blog
ASTM F2601-18 prescribes safety requirements for candle accessories to help assure a reasonable degree of safety for normal use with candles.
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Candle Safety Tips - National Candle Association
Look for candles that follow ASTM safety standards: F2058: Safety requirements for candle holders. F2417: Fire safety labeling and performance standards for ...
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Safety with candles | NFPA
A candle is an open flame, which means that it can easily ignite anything that can burn. NFPA shares a few candle fire safety tips to consider.
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Understanding the Jewish Menorah - Biblical Archaeology Society
Depictions of the Jewish menorah with a tripod, or three-legged, base were indeed quite popular in late antique Judaism (fourth–sixth centuries CE).
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14 Facts About the Menorah in the Holy Temple - Chabad.org
The menorah comprised a central stem, with three branches on each of its two sides.4 Each branch, as well as the central shaft, was topped with a lamp—seven in ...
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A History of the Hanukkah Menorah - Chosen People Ministries
Dec 15, 2022 · The Hanukkah menorah is a nine-branched lampstand, sometimes called a hanukkiah, used to light candles for eight nights. Early versions were ...
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Hanukkah: National Library manuscripts show history of menorah
Dec 29, 2024 · The hanukkiah, the nine-branched candelabrum, likely got its start among German Jews and pays tribute to the seven-branched menorah that was always kept lit in ...
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Germans observe Advent traditions - Kaiserslautern American
Dec 2, 2016 · The history of the Advent wreath goes back to northern Germany in 1839, when Johann Hinrich Wichern, the founder of the Evangelist Home Mission ...<|separator|>
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Origin of the Advent Wreath - StGandStM
The Advent wreath, like so many of our cherished Christmas traditions, originated in Germany. A thick evergreen wreath adorned with with four candles.
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Branch by branch to the Advent wreath
Nov 20, 2023 · Towards the end of the 19th century, the new version travelled from Hamburg to the German-speaking south, and in 1925 the once Protestant ...
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Rocking Rock-like stone Tea light Candle Holder Earthquake-proof ...
In stock $6.73 deliveryPut your tealight in the space and feel safe that it will not fall over, ever!!! These are earthquake-proof and bump resistant. They look very organic, earthy ...
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164: SALVADOR DALI, Castor and Pollux candlesticks, pair
30-day returnsJul 19, 2018 · Lot 164: Salvador Dali 1904–1989. Castor and Pollux candlesticks, pair. 1975, silver-plated brass. 10¼ h × 7 w × 4½ d in. estimate: ...Missing: 1930s | Show results with:1930s
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CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Altar Candles - New Advent
The pure wax extracted by bees from flowers symbolizes the pure flesh of Christ received from His Virgin Mother, the wick signifies the soul of Christ, and the ...
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Composition of Candles for Use in the Liturgy | USCCB
The candle itself was given a mystical meaning: the beeswax symbolized the pure flesh Christ received from his Virgin Mother, the wick symbolized his soul, and ...
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Ner tamid | Eternal Light, Synagogue, Shabbat - Britannica
Ner tamid, (Hebrew: “eternal light”), lamp that burns perpetually in Jewish synagogues before or near the ark of the Law (aron ha-qodesh).
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Ner Tamid - Jewish Virtual Library
An Eternal Light (Ner Tamid) hangs above the ark in every synagogue. It is often associated with the menorah, the seven-branched lamp stand which stood in ...
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How to Light the Menorah - Add Another Candle Each Night
Use additional oil or larger candles for the Friday night Hanukkah lights, as they must remain lit until one half hour after nightfall - approximately 1½ hours ...Why We Light the Menorah · The Menorah · Where to Light · Lighting the Menorah
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How to light the Hanukkah Candles - Exploring Judaism
The candles are placed in the menorah from right to left as one faces the menorah, but are lit from left to right so that the first candle lit first is the one ...
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https://www.csee.org/page/PathmapsConstruct
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Pathmaps: Constructing Sacred Space - CSEE
Hinduism: In the Hindu tradition a diya, or clay lamp, is an important component of any religious ritual. The lamp holds the candle during the ceremony, and ...
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[PDF] ARTFUL LIGHTING - Museum of Art and Archaeology
Historically, mosques have also been lit by fine oil lamps, of glass or metal, usually suspended on chains but some can also sit on flat surfaces.
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CANDLE - Encyclopaedia Iranica
The burning of wax and tallow candles may in fact represent an offering of oil, or fat, which in many religions is equated to life substance (Onians, pp.Missing: lanterns | Show results with:lanterns
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Lighting in the Victorian Home - The Building Conservation Directory
At the start of the Victorian period most houses were lit by candles and oil lamps. Interior fittings included chandeliers (suspended from the ceiling) and ...
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In the days when candle wicks still had to be trimmed…
May 30, 2022 · In the 19th century, the candle snuffer was a popular symbol in graphic prints and caricatures for smothering figurative “flames”, such as ...
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Silver-handled Candle Snuffers - Antique Metalware Society
Nov 23, 2016 · For much of the 18th and 19th centuries the candle snuffer was an essential tool for all but the poorest households. The use of tallow for ...
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Deauville – Stemware with the Same Design in its Stem and its ...
Definitely, this design is the epitome of Art Deco, which was the rage internationally following its launch in Paris, France, in the 1920s. With its sharp ...
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How Silver and Steel Became the Interior Design Trend of the Moment
Mar 8, 2024 · Designers and curators are incorporating vintage silver and steel accents to evoke a sense of old world glamour.
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[PDF] FD Specification #14 2018 IFC, Ch. 3 Rev. 9/01/2021
Sep 1, 2021 · Shades, where used, must be made of non-combustible materials (e.g. glass) and securely attach to the open-flame device holders or chimneys. 10.
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https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/435904
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Pieter Claesz - Still Life with a Skull and a Writing Quill
The toppled glass, gap-toothed skull, and guttering wick of an oil lamp all serve as stark symbols of life's brevity. Working with a limited palette of grays ...Missing: candle | Show results with:candle
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Small Guide to Still Life Symbols | DailyArt Magazine | Art History ...
Nov 26, 2024 · A candle also has lots of meanings. It can indicate the passing of time or faith in God (when it's burning).<|control11|><|separator|>
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What are the seven candlesticks / lampstands of Revelation?
Jan 4, 2022 · In this sense, the golden lampstands symbolize the preciousness of the church as God's most valued possession (see John 3:16). The gold of the ...Missing: metaphor | Show results with:metaphor
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To the Lighthouse The Window: Chapter 17 Summary & Analysis
Candles are set out on the table, and they bring a change over the room, establishing a sense of order. Outside, beyond the darkened windows, the world wavers ...
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Altar candlestick with busts in relief of Saints Peter and Paul (one of ...
The humble beeswax of the candles symbolizes Christ's body, the wick his soul, and the flame his divinity.Missing: symbolism | Show results with:symbolism
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Myth, Materiality and Multiples: The Art of Joseph Beuys
As beeswax is associated with natural healing remedies, so Beuys associated copper with the feminine, and the feminine with the role of the carer.Missing: installations candlesticks