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Candelabra

A candelabra (from Latin candelabrum, meaning "candlestick") is a branched candlestick or lamp holder designed to support multiple candles or lights, often featuring an ornate structure for both functional illumination and decorative purposes.^[1] The term derives from Latin candelabrum, from candela ("candle" or "torch"), rooted in Proto-Indo-European kand- ("to shine"). The word first appeared in English around 1776, borrowed from Latin; a related term, "chandelier," entered via Old French chaundelabre in the late 14th century.^[2] Beyond lighting devices with ancient origins and enduring cultural significance, "candelabra" also refers to multi-armed broadcast antennas and plant forms resembling branched holders.

Definition and Etymology

Definition

A candelabra is a branched ornamental stand designed to hold multiple candles or lamps, typically featuring a central shaft supporting several branching arms, each equipped with a socket or cup for a light source.^[1] This structure allows it to illuminate spaces more effectively than a single light, combining functionality with aesthetic appeal in its design.^[3] Unlike a candlestick, which is a simple holder for a single candle, a candelabra accommodates two or more lights through its multi-armed configuration, enabling greater light distribution.^[4] It also differs from a chandelier, which is a similar multi-branched fixture but suspended from the ceiling as a fixed installation rather than placed on a surface as a portable object.^[5] Historically, candelabras served the primary functional purpose of providing amplified lighting in eras before widespread electricity, often used in homes, halls, and ceremonial settings to brighten larger areas with multiple flames.^[6] Over time, their role evolved from practical illumination to a decorative element symbolizing status and elegance, particularly among nobility where elaborate designs showcased wealth and refinement.^[7]

Etymology

The term "candelabra" originates from the Latin candelabrum, the singular form meaning "candlestick" or "lamp stand," derived from candēla ("candle," from the verb candēre, "to shine" or "to glow") combined with the instrumental suffix -ābrum, indicating a tool or holder.^[8]^[2] This etymological structure emphasizes the object's function as a support for illuminating elements, reflecting ancient Roman practices of elevating candles or lamps for better light distribution.^[9] In Latin, candelabra served as the plural of candelabrum, but English adopted candelabra as a singular noun by the early 19th century, with candelabras emerging as its plural form in common usage.^[10] This linguistic shift occurred as the word entered English directly from Latin around 1811, bypassing earlier medieval forms while drawing indirect influence from Romance languages like Old French chandelabre, which contributed to related terms for branched light fixtures.^[2]^[11] Related terminology includes "menorah," a Hebrew-specific word for a multi-branched candelabrum, stemming from the Semitic root n-w-r ("to give light" or "to illuminate"), literally denoting a "lamp stand" and evoking enlightenment in Jewish contexts.^[12] Another variant is "girandole," referring to an ornate, often mirrored branched candlestick, derived from Italian girandola ("something that turns" or "revolves"), from Latin gyrus ("circle" or "ring"), highlighting its decorative, reflective design.^[13]^[14] These terms illustrate how the core concept of a candle holder evolved across languages, adapting to cultural and stylistic nuances.

Historical Development

Ancient Origins

The earliest evidence of lighting devices used primarily for ritual purposes dates back to around 3000 BC in ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia, where simple oil lamps or wick-based lights illuminated temples and tombs in ceremonial contexts. In Egypt, these early holders evolved from basic stone or ceramic saucers to more stable forms that allowed for light during nighttime rituals.^[15]^[16] Similarly, in Mesopotamia, archaeological finds indicate the use of terracotta lamps filled with sesame or animal fat oil, marking an initial shift toward organized lighting in urban religious practices.^[16] During the Bronze Age, particularly in Minoan Crete around 2000–1500 BC, lighting designs advanced to include tripod-based forms crafted from bronze, which supported oil lamps in domestic and palatial settings. These tripods, often featuring three-legged bases for stability on uneven surfaces, held shallow saucer lamps fueled by olive oil and flax wicks, providing diffused light for elite residences at sites like Knossos. The use of bronze in these structures highlighted early metallurgical skills, allowing for lightweight yet durable holders that could be portable or fixed.^[17] In early urban societies of the ancient world, such as those in the Fertile Crescent and Aegean, there was a gradual transition from portable torches—made of resinous wood or bundled reeds dipped in pitch—to fixed holders that accommodated multiple flames for sustained illumination in public spaces and temples. This evolution reflected growing societal complexity, where stationary designs enabled brighter, more reliable lighting for communal gatherings, reducing reliance on handheld sources prone to fire hazards.^[18]

Classical to Modern Periods

In the Roman era (1st century BC to 5th century AD), candelabra evolved into lavish decorative objects, primarily crafted from bronze and marble for use in affluent villas and public buildings, drawing direct influence from Greek prototypes in form and ornamentation. Bronze examples, such as tripod lamp stands with lion's paw feet and fluted shafts adorned with ivy motifs, were excavated from sites like Pompeii, where they illuminated atria and gardens in elite households.^[19]^[20] Marble candelabra, featuring heavy, altar-like pedestals and acanthus-leaf capitals, appear in archaeological finds like the Mahdia shipwreck (ca. 80–70 BC), underscoring their role in transporting high-end furnishings across the Mediterranean for Roman patrons. These designs emphasized monumental scale and classical harmony, adapting Hellenistic aesthetics to suit imperial displays of wealth and refinement.^[21] The medieval period (5th–15th centuries) marked a transition to more utilitarian candelabra in Europe, constrained by material shortages following the empire's collapse, with iron emerging as a practical choice for ecclesiastical applications in churches and monasteries. Simpler iron pricket candlesticks and tripod stands, often forged with minimal decoration, provided essential lighting for altars and processions, reflecting the era's emphasis on religious function over extravagance.^[22] Bronze persisted in select sacred contexts, as exemplified by the seven-branched Essen candelabrum (ca. 1000 AD), a gilded piece with gem inlays symbolizing continuity with biblical traditions in monastic settings.^[23] Overall, forms grew austere, prioritizing durability amid economic and social upheaval, though occasional ornate survivals highlighted regional workshops' skill.^[24] During the Renaissance (15th–17th centuries), a revival of antiquity spurred ornate candelabra in silver and gold across Italy and France, embodying humanistic ideals and serving as emblems of elite patronage and intellectual rebirth. Italian goldsmiths produced intricate silver pieces with classical motifs like sphinxes and garlands, often commissioned for ducal tables to evoke ancient luxury.^[25] In France, similar gilded variants featured scrolling arms and figural bases, symbolizing abundance during the era's cultural flourishing.^[26] The Trivulzio candelabrum, originating around 1200 but extensively reworked in 1562 Milan, illustrates this trend with its multi-tiered bronze structure incorporating Renaissance grotesques and ancient-inspired shafts.^[24] Such objects underscored the period's fusion of artistry and status, transforming functional holders into sculptural statements. From the 18th to 20th centuries, Georgian and Victorian candelabra incorporated elaborate crystal elements, amplifying light through faceted prisms and drops in opulent interiors, before electricity prompted a functional decline while sustaining stylistic revivals. Georgian examples (ca. 1714–1830), often in Sheffield plate or gilt bronze with Waterford crystal pendants, graced English country houses, blending neoclassical restraint with sparkling accents.^[27] Victorian iterations (1837–1901) escalated ornamentation, featuring multi-arm designs in silver or ormolu with rock crystal festoons, reflecting industrial prosperity and romantic excess.^[28] The rise of electric lighting in the late 19th century reduced reliance on candles, leading to adapted forms with bulb sockets, yet neoclassical revivals in the early 20th century preserved traditional silhouettes for ceremonial and decorative purposes.^[29]

Design and Types

Structural Components

A traditional candelabra consists of several key structural components that ensure both functionality and visual appeal. The central pedestal, also known as the shaft or column, serves as the primary vertical support, rising from the base to connect the branching elements and providing the overall height and posture of the piece.^[30] Branching arms, often referred to as prongs or labra, extend from the upper portion of the shaft to hold multiple candles via sockets or nozzles at their ends.^[31] Drip pans, positioned beneath each arm's socket, collect melted wax to prevent it from flowing down the structure, thereby maintaining cleanliness and protecting the integrity of the arms and shaft.^[30] The base anchors the entire assembly, distributing weight evenly to enhance stability while contributing to the piece's balanced silhouette. Arm configurations typically feature 3 to 9 branches arranged in symmetrical patterns, such as radial spreads for even illumination or linear alignments for processional use, allowing the candelabra to support multiple candles without compromising structural harmony.^[30] These arrangements promote aesthetic symmetry, with branches curving or angling outward from a central point on the shaft to create a graceful, tiered profile that elevates the design beyond a simple candlestick.^[31] Ergonomic design considerations include height variations ranging from 0.3 to 1.5 meters, enabling adaptation for tabletop settings where shorter forms (around 30-90 cm) facilitate intimate lighting or floor-standing versions (90-150 cm) that command larger spaces.^[32]^[33] This scalability ensures even candle distribution across the arms, optimizing light output while aligning with the intended environment for practical and visual effectiveness.^[31] To counter instability in drafty or high-use settings, many candelabras incorporate weighted bases that lower the center of gravity and broaden the footprint, preventing tipping when candles are lit and flames flicker. These adaptations, often seen in historical designs using denser materials at the base, underscore the emphasis on durability alongside elegance.^[30]

Materials and Variations

Candelabra have been crafted from a variety of materials throughout history, selected for their durability, aesthetic appeal, and symbolic value. In ancient contexts, bronze was favored for its strength and resistance to corrosion, as seen in Roman and Greek examples used in temples.^[34] Silver and gold, often gilded, emerged as luxury choices in later periods, denoting wealth and status in European households from the 17th century onward.^[35] By the 18th century, crystal and glass became popular for their light-refracting qualities, enabling intricate blown and molded designs that enhanced candlelight effects in decorative settings.^[36] In modern iterations, wrought iron provides rustic durability suitable for outdoor or industrial-inspired pieces, while resin offers lightweight, customizable options for contemporary reproductions.^[37] Variations in candelabra design often center on the number of arms, influencing their scale and intended use. Tri-branch models, with three arms extending from a central stem, serve as simple, compact pieces ideal for tabletop or altar displays.^[38] Seven-branch configurations, featuring six curving arms around a central one, represent a standard decorative form that balances symmetry and elaboration for larger interiors.^[39] Nine-branch variants, often featuring a complex radial pattern with additional branches for the Hanukkah menorah but also used in general elaborate festive arrangements, cater to decorative purposes.^[40] Regional styles further diversify candelabra aesthetics, reflecting cultural and artistic influences. The Rococo style, originating in 18th-century France, emphasizes curved, ornate forms with scrolling motifs and asymmetrical flourishes, often in gilded bronze or porcelain to evoke playful opulence.^[41] In contrast, neoclassical designs from the late 18th and early 19th centuries draw on Greek and Roman inspirations, featuring straight lines, fluted columns, and motifs like acanthus leaves or laurel wreaths in clean, proportional bronze structures.^[42] Minimalist modern styles, prevalent since the 20th century, adopt abstract forms with sleek, unadorned lines and materials like matte metals or resin, prioritizing simplicity and integration into contemporary spaces.^[43] The manufacturing of candelabra has evolved from labor-intensive artisanal methods to industrialized and digital processes. Early pieces were hand-forged or hammered from sheet metal, as in 17th-century English silver examples, allowing for bespoke detailing but limiting production scale.^[44] Casting techniques—such as lost-wax or sand casting—were established by the late medieval period and continued to enable more complex multi-part assemblies in bronze and silver through the 18th century, facilitating ornate branches and bases.^[45] In the 19th century, mass production via die casting accelerated output for wider accessibility.^[46] Today, 3D printing allows for precise, customizable fabrication in resins or metals, replicating historical forms or creating novel designs with minimal waste.^[47]

Cultural and Religious Significance

In Judaism

In Judaism, the menorah serves as a central ritual object and enduring symbol, particularly the seven-branched golden candelabrum described in the Torah as part of the Tabernacle and later the Temple in Jerusalem.^[48] According to Exodus 25:31–40, it was crafted from a single piece of pure gold, featuring a central shaft with three branches extending from each side, each adorned with cups shaped like almond blossoms, knobs, and flowers, and topped with seven lamps for holding olive oil.^[49] In the First and Second Temples, kohanim (priests) lit the menorah every evening with fresh olive oil, maintaining its flame continuously to illuminate the sanctuary, with the wicks cleaned and lamps refilled daily.^[48] This perpetual light symbolized divine presence, wisdom, and enlightenment, drawing from prophetic imagery in Zechariah 4:1–6, where the menorah represents achievement "not by might, nor by power, but by My spirit," and Isaiah 42:6, portraying Israel as "a light unto the nations."^[48] A distinct variant, the hanukkiah (or hanukkah menorah), is a nine-branched candelabrum used specifically during the holiday of Hanukkah to commemorate the rededication of the Second Temple in 164 BCE following the Maccabean Revolt.^[50] It features eight branches for the eight nights of the festival, plus a central elevated shamash (helper) candle used to light the others, with one additional candle kindled each night starting from the rightmost branch.^[50] The hanukkiah recalls the miracle of the cruse of oil, where a single day's supply lasted eight days, symbolizing divine intervention, hope, and the triumph of light over darkness.^[50] Lighting rituals involve reciting blessings and placing the hanukkiah in doorways or windows to publicize the miracle, performed in homes, synagogues, and public spaces.^[50] Historical artifacts underscore the menorah's significance, most notably its depiction on the Arch of Titus in Rome, erected around 81 CE to commemorate the Roman victory in the First Jewish-Roman War (66–73 CE).^[49] The relief panel shows Roman soldiers carrying the looted Temple menorah—along with other sacred vessels—during Titus's triumphal procession in 71 CE, providing the earliest surviving visual representation of the seven-branched form with its characteristic tripod base.^[49] This image, carved in marble, captures the menorah's branches, floral motifs, and base, serving as a poignant symbol of the Temple's destruction in 70 CE and the Jewish diaspora's endurance.^[49] In modern Jewish practice, replicas and symbolic representations of the menorah appear in synagogues, often as the ner tamid (eternal light), a continuously burning lamp hung above the ark to evoke the Temple's sacred illumination and divine presence. Additionally, since the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948, the seven-branched menorah has served as the central emblem of the nation, flanked by olive branches, representing the continuity of the Jewish people.^[51] While rabbinic tradition prohibits exact replicas of Temple vessels to avoid idolatry, artistic depictions—such as those in synagogue mosaics from sites like Beth Alpha or the Magdala Stone—feature the menorah's form to inspire spiritual reflection and connection to ancient rituals.^[49] These elements collectively emphasize themes of enlightenment and resilience, with the menorah's branches metaphorically representing the spread of Torah wisdom and ethical light in Jewish life.^[48]

In Christianity and Other Traditions

In Christian liturgy, altar candelabra are commonly used in pairs placed symmetrically on either side of the altar to evoke balance and reverence during Mass, with their flames symbolizing Christ as the light of the world that dispels spiritual darkness.^[52]^[53] These candelabra, often holding tall beeswax candles to represent the pure humanity of Christ derived from the Virgin Mary, are lit at key moments such as the Gospel reading to illuminate the sacred space and underscore the presence of divine illumination.^[54] A prominent example is the paschal candelabrum, a tall, ornate stand employed in Easter Vigil ceremonies to support the large paschal candle, which embodies the resurrection of Christ and serves as the source from which smaller candles are lit, propagating light throughout the congregation.^[55] In Eastern Orthodox and Byzantine traditions, multi-branched candelabra, frequently holding seven candles to echo ancient temple motifs, are positioned before the iconostasis—the screen separating the nave from the sanctuary—to facilitate processions and illuminate icons during services, with beeswax preferred for its natural purity and clean-burning properties that align with liturgical standards.^[56]^[57] These stands, often crafted in brass or wood with intricate designs, enhance the mystical atmosphere of vespers and matins, where the branching arms allow for multiple flames to represent the abundant grace of the divine.^[58] Beyond Christianity, branched diya stands—multi-tiered holders for oil lamps—play a central role in Hindu festivals such as Diwali, where they are arranged in elaborate patterns to hold numerous diyasa, small clay lamps fueled by ghee or oil, symbolizing the triumph of light over ignorance and evil during the festival of lights.^[59] In ancient Egyptian practices, oil lamps were used in temple rituals to offer light, invoking renewal and life-giving rays as part of offerings that maintained cosmic order. Across these traditions, candelabra embody light as a universal metaphor for purity and divine presence, with the number of branches often carrying specific theological weight; for instance, in Catholicism, three-branched candelabra during Easter rites directly symbolize the Holy Trinity—Father, Son, and Holy Spirit—as an indivisible unity of light enlightening the faithful.^[60]^[61] This shared motif underscores how branched light holders transcend cultural boundaries, adapting to local beliefs while consistently affirming illumination as a conduit for the sacred.

Decorative and Architectural Uses

In Interiors and Events

In interior design, candelabras serve as versatile elements that enhance ambient lighting and act as focal points in formal rooms, often placed on mantels to create depth through varied heights or on dining tables for symmetrical charm.^[62] Designers recommend positioning them on fireplace mantels with anchoring pairs like candlesticks to frame the space, or as centerpieces on dining tables to foster a warm, inviting atmosphere.^[63]^[64] Their historical prestige as symbols of refinement continues to influence such placements, evoking elegance without overt historical replication. For events, candelabras are popular as wedding centerpieces, frequently integrated with floral arrangements like eucalyptus or roses draped around the arms to add romantic height and texture.^[65] In banquet halls, they contribute to an air of sophistication through multi-arm designs that hold taper candles or LED alternatives, elevating table settings for upscale gatherings.^[66]^[67] Stylistically, candelabras integrate seamlessly with modern minimalism via sleek, matte black finishes that emphasize clean lines, or with vintage themes through ornate crystal accents for a layered, nostalgic appeal.^[68] Adaptations using LED flameless candles enhance safety by eliminating open flames, making them ideal for homes with children or pets while maintaining a flickering glow.^[69]^[70] This use reflects cultural persistence in formal dining etiquette, originating in 18th-century Europe where silver candelabras centered lavish tableaus to signify host prestige, a practice echoed in contemporary hospitality for sophisticated ambiance.^[71]^[72]

Notable Examples

One prominent historical example of a candelabra is the pair of 17th-century silver chandeliers housed in the Colonnade Room of Knole House, an English country estate in Kent. These ornate, eight-branched fixtures, crafted in a style emblematic of Stuart-era opulence, feature intricate silver detailing and were designed for both illumination and display in grand interiors.^[73] The chandeliers' design influenced later reproductions known as "Knole" style pieces, preserving their legacy as rare survivors of 17th-century English silverwork.^[74] In the Vatican collections, Renaissance-era candelabra exemplify papal patronage of classical revival art. A notable pair of late 16th-century silver candelabra, created by goldsmith Antonio Gentili, resides in the Vatican and reflects the era's fusion of antiquity with Christian symbolism through their elegant, multi-branched forms supporting up to six candles for liturgical use.^[75] These pieces, part of broader papal acquisitions during the Renaissance, highlight the period's emphasis on bronze and silver works that evoked Roman precedents while serving ecclesiastical functions.^[76] Architecturally, wall-mounted girandoles at the Palace of Versailles represent the pinnacle of 17th-century French Baroque lighting integration. In the Hall of Mirrors, these gilded bronze sconces, adorned with crystal prisms and multiple arms, were installed under Louis XIV to amplify the room's reflective grandeur, combining functionality with the era's love of symmetry and light diffusion.^[77] A monumental non-portable example is the Paracas Candelabra, a prehistoric geoglyph etched into the hills of Peru's Paracas Peninsula, measuring approximately 181 meters tall and visible from 19 kilometers at sea. Created between 200 BCE and 600 CE by the Paracas culture, this trident-shaped figure, with lines up to 1.2 meters deep, likely served as a navigational aid or sacred marker.^[78]^[79] Artistically, candelabra appear in Johannes Vermeer's 1666–1667 painting The Art of Painting, where a candleless brass chandelier hangs prominently in the background, symbolizing the suppression of Catholic faith in 17th-century Protestant Delft through its empty sockets.^[80] In literature, Charles Dickens referenced candelabra to evoke Victorian domestic splendor and decay, as seen in Little Dorrit (1857), where ornate silver candelabra illuminate the opulent but crumbling Marshalsea prison scenes, underscoring themes of social contrast. Among modern icons, crystal candelabra grace the event spaces of The Ritz Paris, a luxury hotel opened in 1904, where Baccarat-cut pieces with multiple tiers enhance weddings and galas, blending Art Deco elegance with contemporary opulence.^[81] These fixtures, often featuring dangling prisms for light refraction, maintain the hotel's tradition of lavish illumination in salons like the Salon Proust.^[82]

Modern Applications

Lighting and Bulb Bases

The adaptation of traditional candelabra designs to electric lighting began shortly after the invention of the practical incandescent bulb in 1879, with ornate arms originally intended for candles being retrofitted to hold electric bulbs in the 1880s and beyond, thereby preserving their decorative and symmetrical forms in homes and public spaces.^[83] This transition allowed candelabras to evolve from open-flame fixtures into safer, more reliable lighting solutions while maintaining aesthetic elements like branching arms and crystal embellishments.^[84] A key standardization in this evolution is the candelabra base, designated as E12, which features a 12-millimeter diameter Edison screw thread designed specifically for small, decorative bulbs used in chandeliers, wall sconces, and tabletop lamps.^[85] The E12 base, also known as the candelabra Edison screw, enables compact illumination in multi-arm fixtures, supporting bulbs that mimic the flicker and warmth of candlelight.^[86] Its widespread adoption ensures compatibility across various lighting applications, from vintage reproductions to modern installations.^[87] In contemporary settings, E12 candelabra bulbs are commonly applied in nightstand lamps for bedside reading, wall-mounted sconces for ambient hallway lighting, and holiday displays such as Advent wreaths or festive centerpieces to evoke traditional warmth.^[88] Energy-efficient LED conversions have further enhanced these uses, with E12-compatible LEDs consuming up to 80% less power than incandescent equivalents while offering dimmable options and longer lifespans for sustainable retrofitting in existing fixtures.^[89] The market for candelabra lighting reflects a divide between vintage reproductions, which replicate historical designs with intricate detailing for period homes and events, and minimalist modern variants that emphasize clean lines, slim profiles, and functional simplicity to suit contemporary interiors.^[90] These minimalist designs often integrate E12 bases into sleek metal or glass structures, prioritizing versatility in home goods like modular shelving or accent pieces.^[68]

Antennas and Technology

The term "candelabra" emerged in the mid-20th century within broadcasting to describe radio towers resembling branched candle holders, enabling multiple transmission antennas on a single structure for efficient signal distribution. This analogy first appeared prominently in 1955 with the innovative antenna system atop a tower in Dallas, Texas, serving WFAA-TV and KRLD-TV, which was hailed as the most unique design for television transmission at the time. These structures typically consist of tall guyed or self-supporting masts reaching 300 to 600 meters in height, topped with horizontal cross-arms that position antennas for FM radio and television broadcasting at equivalent elevations to optimize coverage. A representative example is the current Cedar Hill tower near Dallas (replacement built 1998, standing at 481 meters), successor to the original 1955 candelabra, which accommodates multiple stations, including WFAA-TV and KDFW, by distributing antennas across the arms.^[91] Similar multi-antenna arrangements appear on urban landmarks like the Empire State Building, where the mast supports diverse broadcast signals from various outlets.^[92] A prominent early implementation is the Baltimore Candelabra on TV Hill, completed in 1959 at 304 meters (997 feet) above ground level, which consolidated antennas for WBAL-TV, WJZ-TV, and WMAR-TV, marking it as one of the tallest guyed broadcast towers in the United States upon completion. This design offered key advantages in urban environments, such as signal diversity through shared infrastructure, ensuring reliable propagation across dense areas while minimizing the need for separate towers per station.^[93] In modern contexts, candelabra towers have adapted to digital television transitions, with retrofits replacing analog antennas to support ATSC standards, as demonstrated by the 2020 upgrades on Baltimore's TV Hill using helicopter-lifted equipment for enhanced digital signal integrity. These structures also facilitate 5G deployments by integrating additional low-profile antennas for cellular services, leveraging their height for broader coverage. Safety features, including FAA-mandated red obstruction lighting on the arms and mast, mitigate aviation risks for towers exceeding 200 feet.^[94]^[95]^[96]

Natural Analogues

Candelabra-Shaped Plants

Candelabra-shaped plants are succulents characterized by their upright, multi-branched structures that mimic the form of traditional candelabras, with arms extending from a central trunk or stem. These adaptations are particularly evident in arid environments, where such morphology aids in water storage and protection from herbivores. Notable examples belong to the Euphorbiaceae and Asteraceae families, showcasing evolutionary convergences in form despite distant relations.^[97] The primary example is Euphorbia ingens (commonly known as the candelabra tree), a succulent tree native to East and Central African savannas (with distribution extending from Eritrea southward). It features a robust bole up to 90 cm in diameter and reaches heights of 10–12 m, with persistent, nearly erect branches that rebranch into a broad, candelabra-like crown. The branches are four- to five-angled with longitudinal wings up to 3 cm wide and armed with paired spines, while young plants bear deltoid leaves up to 7 cm long. This species is monoecious, producing cyathia inflorescences typical of the Euphorbia genus.^[98] Another representative is Baculellum articulatum (formerly Curio articulatus or Senecio articulatus), referred to as the candle plant or candelabra cactus, endemic to the arid regions of South Africa's Western Cape. Its morphology consists of thick, segmented, cylindrical stems up to 1 m tall (typically 60 cm) that grow in clumps, resembling stacked sausages or upright candles; these stems are blue-green with a waxy coating and bear small, deciduous leaves up to 1.5 cm long at their tips. The plant's branching occurs via underground rhizomes, forming colonies, and it produces pink daisy-like flowers in spring under optimal conditions. Botanical adaptations in both E. ingens and B. articulatum include thickened stems for water storage (succulence) and spines or constrictions for defense against grazing animals, enabling survival in water-scarce habitats.^[99] These plants thrive in drought-prone arid and semi-arid zones, such as dry deciduous woodlands, rocky slopes, and grasslands from sea level to 2200 m elevation for E. ingens, and coastal karoo shrublands for B. articulatum. E. ingens is distributed across Eritrea, Ethiopia, Somalia, and southward to the Democratic Republic of Congo and Zimbabwe, often on termite mounds that provide elevated, well-drained sites. Both species exhibit high drought resistance through CAM photosynthesis and minimal transpiration, contributing to their ecological role in stabilizing soils and providing microhabitats in sparse vegetation. In cultivation, they serve as ornamental plants in xeriscape gardens worldwide, valued for their striking architecture, though their latex sap is highly toxic—causing severe skin irritation, blindness upon eye contact, and potential carcinogenicity in E. ingens due to ingenol diterpene esters—necessitating handling precautions.^[99] The naming of these plants stems from their visual resemblance to multi-armed candelabra stands, with the term "candelabrum" derived from Latin for a branched lamp holder. This nomenclature was formalized in 19th-century botany; following taxonomic revisions (Bruyns 2019), the East African species is now classified as E. ingens, while its candelabra-like branching remains a key diagnostic trait. Similarly, B. articulatum evokes the image through its upright, jointed stems mimicking candle holders (reclassified post-2020).^[97]^[100]

References

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Definition of CANDELABRA
- **Primary Definition**: A branched candlestick or lamp with several lights.
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Candelabrum - Etymology, Origin & Meaning
Candelabra, from Latin candelabrum (candela "candle"), means a stand supporting lamps or candles; borrowed from Old French, originally denoting a ...Missing: definition | Show results with:definition
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Candelabrum - Getty Museum
Oct 22, 2024 · Originally, ornate metal lamps and lampstands were used to illuminate temples, sanctuaries, and other public spaces. However, by the first ...
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Candelabra grotesque with four children playing, from a series of ...
While certainly fantastical, candelabra designs were inspired by real objects: the ancient Roman candelabrum. More directly, Birago's candelabra were informed ...
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Candelabra - European - The Metropolitan Museum of Art
This European candelabra, made of iron, dates to the 15th century and is 31 inches tall. It is a gift of George Blumenthal, 1941.
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Pair of Candelabra - Getty Museum
Jul 26, 2025 · Candelabra such as these would have been placed on a mantelpiece, a commode, or a secrétaire in a salon of a Parisian townhouse.
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CANDELABRA meaning: 1. a decorative object that holds several candles or lights 2. a decorative object that holds…. Learn more.Missing: reliable | Show results with:reliable
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1–4 day delivery 7-day returnsDec 23, 2021 · A candlestick and a candelabra are types of candle holders designed to hold tapered candles. A candelabra, or candelabrum, if the holder can hold more than one ...
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Mar 13, 2024 · Chandeliers are fixed installations, while candelabras are portable. What Is The Difference Between a Chandelier and a Fixture? While a ...
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an object with several branches for holding candles or lights. Word Originearly 19th cent.: from Latin, from candela (see candle).Missing: into | Show results with:into
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Menorah, from Hebrew origin meaning "candlestick," derives from Semitic n-w-r stem "to give light," symbolizing a seven-branched candelabrum in Jewish ...
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Originating from 1630s French and Italian girandole, from Latin gyrandus meaning "to revolve," girandole means a branched candle holder or a type of earring ...
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History of Candles
While the Egyptians were using wicked candles in 3,000 B.C., the ancient Romans are generally credited with developing the wicked candle before that time by ...Missing: Mesopotamia | Show results with:Mesopotamia
[20]
Lamp Classifications - Milwaukee Public Museum
These lamps employed a free-floating wick until the Middle Bronze Age when saucer lamps with nozzles in the form of pinched or folded rims appeared in Egypt and ...Missing: stands holders
[21]
Bronze rod tripod - Cypriot - The Metropolitan Museum of Art
Title: Bronze rod tripod · Period: Late Bronze Age · Date: ca. 1250–1050 BCE · Culture: Cypriot · Medium: Bronze · Dimensions: H. 14 3/4 in. (37.5 cm) diameter of ...Missing: lamp | Show results with:lamp
[22]
Minoan lamps in ROM and lighting techniques in Bronze Age Crete
Mar 26, 2024 · Bastien Rueff Using Minoan lamps in the collections at ROM as a starting point, examine the evolution of light over time – the role it ...Missing: candelabra tripod designs oil
[23]
The mysterious prehistoric geoglyph of the Paracas Candelabra
Oct 13, 2014 · The Paracas Candelabra is a prehistoric geoglyph found in the Paracas Peninsula at Pisco Bay, Peru. It is estimated to date back to 200 BC.
[24]
The Candelabra Geoglyph in Paracas - I Like Peru Travel and Tours
Pottery found nearby has been radio carbon dated to 200 BCE, the time of the Paracas culture. The design is cut two feet (0.61 m) into the soil, with stones ...
[25]
Lighting the Ancient World | Encyclopedia.com
One major step in prehistoric development was the fashioning of portable lighting technology in the form of torches or rudimentary lamps. Torches were probably ...Lighting The Ancient World · Background · Impact<|control11|><|separator|>
[26]
Bronze candelabrum (lamp stand) - Roman - Early Imperial
Artwork Details · Title: Bronze candelabrum (lamp stand) · Period: Early Imperial · Date: ca. 1st century CE · Culture: Roman · Medium: Bronze · Dimensions: H.: 51 in ...
[27]
Candelabrum - Getty Museum
May 7, 2024 · One of a pair of identical bronze candelabra (lampstands) that once belonged to the household furnishings of a Roman villa.
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lamp-stand; candelabrum | British Museum
Description: Bronze lamp-stand: tripod foot with lion's legs, much mended and one paw damaged; they converge on a ring-housing for the tapered tenon of the ...Missing: ancient origins Mesopotamia
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Candlestick - European - The Metropolitan Museum of Art
Although in the late Middle Ages large pricket candlesticks were more commonly found in the church, were are some representations of them in use of the dinner ...Missing: iron candelabra ecclesiastical
[30]
Domschatz Essen (Cathedral Treasure Essen)
It is the oldest surviving seven-branched candelabrum in Christendom and was cast in bronze around the year 1000.Missing: history | Show results with:history
[31]
The Trivulzio candelabrum in the sixteenth century - Academia.edu
The Trivulzio candelabrum likely dates from around 1200, with significant later modifications around 1562. Historians propose multiple origins: Meuse, English, ...
[32]
“Candelabra-Columns and the Lombard Architecture of Sculptural ...
Candelabra-columns symbolize a unique architectural language emerging in late fifteenth-century Lombardy, distinct from central Italy. These columns integrate ...
[33]
(PDF) Renaissance Balusters and the Antique - Academia.edu
Renaissance balusters often resemble Roman furniture and candelabra, showcasing historical continuity. ... candelabrum;27and although the 'balusters'on the base ...
[34]
English Georgian Waterford Crystal Candelabra - | NEWEL
In stock 10-day returnsEnglish Georgian Waterford-style (20th Century) crystal 5 arm candelabra with a faceted design. DETAILS. Sku: SIL176 Ships From: New York, NY Creator: Waterford<|control11|><|separator|>
[35]
Large Pair of Medieval Style Wrought Iron Candelabras - 1stDibs
In stock Rating 4.7 (12) Pair of Iron Candelabras with Phoenix Decor, France, circa 1880s. Fun and elegant pair of large iron candleholders, originally from a church. They are set on a ...
[36]
The History of Candles and Romance
Mar 29, 2024 · In 1870, the introduction of the light bulb resulted in the steady decline of candle use. There was no longer a real need for candles after ...
[37]
Parts of a Candlestick and Candelabra - AC Silver
Apr 6, 2016 · They both comprise of the same features, with only one major difference, candelabrum/bra have 'branches' or 'arms' to hold more than one candle!
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The Anatomy of a Candelabra - Kode-Store.co.uk
Aug 6, 2017 · The Nozzle, is where the candle is placed · The Drip pan or Wax pan, which catches the melted wax · The Capital, houses the candle · The Arms, jut ...
[39]
https://www.amazon.com/7-candle-candelabra/s?k=7%2Bcandle%2Bcandelabra
[40]
https://www.amazon.com/Branches-Centerpiece-Candlestick-Candelabrum-Hanukkah/dp/B0CQCDHGC9
[41]
Candelabrum | Paul de Lamerie - Explore the Collections - V&A
Jun 26, 2008 · These are among the earliest known silver candelabra made in Britain. They were produced for Britain's first Prime Minister, Sir Robert Walpole.Missing: styles | Show results with:styles
[42]
Candelabrum (one of a pair) - Italian, Venice (Murano)
$$12.95 deliveryGlassmakers imitated fashionable materials such as lace, precious stones, and porcelain. View more. Candelabrum (one of a pair), Glass, blown, molded with ...
[43]
Unbranded Wrought Iron Contemporary Candle Candelabras - eBay
4.6 3K · Free deliveryGet the best deals on Unbranded Wrought Iron Contemporary Candle Candelabras when you shop the largest online selection at eBay.com.
[44]
3,5 or 7 Branch Floor Candleabra Bronze OR Wood Co
The 7 branch (lite) altar candelabra is 24" wide (same height and base as 3 branch) and holds 7/8" altar candles with clear wax protectors. NOTE that the ...
[45]
7 Candle Candelabra - Amazon.com
4.5 17K · 30-day returnsCrystal Candle Holder, Crystall Candelabra, 7 Arm Modern Clear Candle Holder Centerpiece, Crystal Tapered Candlestick, Family Wedding Centerpiece, 14 Inch.
[46]
https://www.antiquescentral.co.uk/antiques-vintage-collectibles-blog/revealing-the-secrets-of-antique-candlesticks
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Candelabrum | V&A Explore The Collections
The French style in the rococo style remained fashionable in England into the 1870s when candelabra of this type continued to be made.
[48]
Pierre Philippe Thomire - Pair of candelabra with Winged Victories
These candelabra are comprised of Hellenistic winged figures of Nike or Victory, arms upraised and supporting floral wreaths from which branch ten candle ...Missing: materials | Show results with:materials
[49]
https://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/daily/biblical-sites-places/temple-at-jerusalem/understanding-the-jewish-menorah/
[50]
A Brief History of Antique Silver Candlesticks
Apr 19, 2022 · The earliest examples of English silver candlesticks tend to be made of hammered sheet metal but by the later seventeenth century candlesticks ...
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Manufacturing Processes - Netherlandish Candlesticks
A valuable starting point for gaining insight into medieval metalware processes is Georgius Agricola's “De Re Metallica” (1494-1555).
[52]
https://timeofgrace.org/light-a-candle-for-peace/
[53]
12th Century Lost Wax Casting Replicated In 21st Century 3D Printing
Aug 10, 2020 · Created in the 12th century, the original Gloucester Candlestick was crafted to meet the then-in-demand intricate, Romanesque aesthetic.
[54]
The Menorah - Jewish Virtual Library
The menorah is a seven-branched candelabrum used in the Temple, symbolizing Israel's mission to be a light. The ner tamid in synagogues symbolizes it.
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Understanding the Jewish Menorah - Biblical Archaeology Society
The Jewish menorah—especially the Temple menorah, a seven ... I therefore think that the origin of the menorah was a symbolic representation of Asherah.Missing: etymology | Show results with:etymology
[56]
What Is Hanukkah? - Info you need about Chanukah - Chabad.org
Hanukkah (Chanukah) is the Jewish eight-day, wintertime “festival of lights,” celebrated with a nightly menorah lighting, special prayers and fried foods.
[57]
Light a candle for peace - Time of Grace
Dec 18, 2019 · Some are mounted on a three-branched candelabrum, suggesting the Trinity, our God who is one God in three persons. Some altars feature a pair ...
[58]
Candles - The Episcopal Church
Lighted candles may be seen to symbolize the light of Christ, or the light of the gospel, or simply to remind the congregation that the time and space for ...Missing: symbolism | Show results with:symbolism
[59]
CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Altar Candles - New Advent
The pure wax extracted by bees from flowers symbolizes the pure flesh of Christ received from His Virgin Mother, the wick signifies the soul of Christ, and the ...
[60]
The Paschal Candelabrum in the Capella Palatina at Palermo
Thus the entire candelabrum belongs to the Hohenstaufen era when Henry VI and Frederick II ruled the Southern Kingdom. The iconography of the reliefs and base ...
[61]
Iconostasis - Istok Church Supplies
The main function of an iconostasis in the Orthodox Church is to separate the nave or main body of the church from the inner sanctuary.
[62]
https://bellamysworld.com/blog/vintage-candelabra
[63]
WoodCarved Candelabrum - Nioras Orthodox Family
Free delivery over $49 30-day returnsOrthodox Church Wood Carved Candelabra Double Candle Tray Ø 50cm With Holy Icon in the Center. SKU: 6805-22_631 $7,666.06. Orthodox Church Wood Carved ...<|separator|>
[64]
(PDF) Diya or Oil Lamp---History and Morphology of - Academia.edu
Hindu Rituals Birth: The lighting of diya is also part of the Hindu religion rituals related to birth. Types: The Journal of the Indo Nordic Author's ...
[65]
offering - Kemetically Speaking - WordPress.com
An oil lamp or taper had been lit at the entrance to the God's sanctuary, and it was this action that magically dispelled any vestige of chaos, signaling the ...
[66]
Why Does the Priest Use a Three-Branched Candlestick during ...
Apr 22, 2023 · The candlestick with burning candles is a symbol of the divine light of the Holy Trinity, which enlightens the world, giving it life and ...Missing: candelabra | Show results with:candelabra
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Holy Week/Holy Saturday - Wikisource, the free online library
Mar 25, 2018 · The rod signifies Our Lord's passion, while the three branched candle signifies the Blessed Trinity.
[68]
https://www.belarehome.com/blogs/post/12-stunning-candelabra-designs-perfect-for-every-occasion
[69]
How to Decorate a Mantel in 5 Easy Steps, According to Design Pros
Apr 16, 2025 · Starting from the edges, add in anchoring items that come in a pair—like a set of lamps or candlesticks—and then begin to work your way in.”.Missing: placement | Show results with:placement
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Table Candelabra - Wayfair
4.6 798 · Free delivery over $35Style the candelabra with tall taper candles and place it on a dining table or mantel to create a warm and inviting ambiance. Designed with felt or rubber ...<|separator|>
[71]
https://sandrawagnerwright.com/an-18th-century-formal-dinner/
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https://www.coohom.com/article/candelabra-decorating-ideas
[73]
https://tootells.com/product/silver-chandelier-3/
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Faux Candle Chandelier - Designer Picks & Photos - Foter
30-day returnsFaux candle chandeliers allow for a traditional and romantic way to add light to a space, but without the element of danger of using real candles.
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Artemis Flameless Candles: Realistic & Safe Flameless Candles
30-day returnsDesigned using advanced technology, our candles mimic the flicker and glow of traditional candles without the hazards of open flames.
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An 18th Century Formal Dinner | Sandra Wagner-Wright
Aug 9, 2021 · There were place settings upon the table and perhaps a centerpiece such as a silver candelabra. The table illustration on the right lacks a ...Missing: Europe contemporary hospitality
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Candelabra Decorating Ideas for Classic Elegance - Coohom
Apr 2, 2025 · Candelabras can be used as dining table centerpieces, mantel decor, for outdoor gatherings, shelf styling, or in bathrooms. They can also be ...
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Silver Chandelier - Tootell's
In stockThis style of chandelier is often referred to as a 'Knole' chandelier as they were based on a pair of 17th century chandeliers from the Collonade Room in Knole ...
[79]
Candelabra, 20th Century, English, Charles II Style, Silver Plated ...
In stock Rating 5.0 (10) For Sale on 1stDibs - This was adapted from the silver chandelier hanging at Knole in Kent, exclusively for use in a conservation project at Hampton Court.
[80]
Candlestick - Renaissance, Metalwork, Decorative | Britannica
Though the same materials—carved wood, silver gilt, bronze, or brass—were used, they were made with many more candle sockets arranged in tiers or, in the ...
[81]
Altar candlestick with busts in relief of Saints Peter and Paul (one of ...
Up to six can be lit, always at Sunday Mass, and a seventh can be used by a bishop celebrating in his own diocese.[2] In the course of the Renaissance, ...
[82]
Versailles hall of mirrors Girandole - Mathieu Lustrerie
Explore over 600 historic crystal chandeliers by Régis Mathieu at Mathieu Lustrerie in Paris. Discover a unique blend of art and craftsmanship since 1948.Missing: wall- mounted
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Paracas Candelabra - Atlas Obscura
Mar 6, 2015 · One prominent theory is that the geoglyph is meant to evoke the trident of Incan creator god Viracocha, possibly created in order to curry his ...
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Candelabra Geoglyph | Attractions - Lonely Planet
A giant three-pronged figure etched into the sandy hills, which is more than 150m high and 50m wide. No one knows exactly who made the glyph.<|separator|>
[85]
THE ART OF PAINTING by Johannes Vermeer
Vermeer's contemporary painter Gerrit ter Borch repeatedly employed a very similar chandelier as a prop in his compositions, although he never bestowed as ...Missing: candelabra | Show results with:candelabra
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Ritz Paris Engagement & Wedding | Février Photography
Their decor included cascading floral arrangements, crystal chandeliers, and ornate candelabras, evoking a sense of opulence and grandeur. The overall style ...
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How to plan your Ritz Paris wedding - Cesare Piaser
Some couples lean fully into the French grandeur, ballgowns, calligraphy menus, crystal candelabras. Others mix in modern touches like ghost chairs, sleek ...<|control11|><|separator|>
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A history of chandeliers | Shore Home & Garden Magazine
Mar 1, 2018 · As the 20th century brought about electricity as the normal way of lighting, chandeliers lost their power status symbols and the once great ...Missing: decline | Show results with:decline
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Lighting in the Victorian Home - Building Conservation Directory
At the start of the Victorian period most houses were lit by candles and oil lamps. Interior fittings included chandeliers (suspended from the ceiling) and ...
[90]
Light Bulb Base Types: E26, E12, and Other Screw Bases Explained
Jun 12, 2025 · E12 Candelabra – Edison 12-mm Diameter E12 base bulbs, also known as Miniature Edison Screws (MES), have a 12mm diameter screw base. Many bulbs ...
[91]
http://wikimapia.org/5217213/WFAA-Tower
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Understanding the E12 Bulb Socket: A Comprehensive Guide to ...
Nov 25, 2024 · E12 bulb sockets are designed to accommodate miniature light bulbs. The standard base diameter is 12mm, which is why it is referred to as E12.
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Ultimate Guide to E12 LED Bulbs - Waveform Lighting
E12 is most commonly used for decorative, candelabra light bulbs. With a smaller screw base, more decorative and compact form factors can be achieved in ...Missing: history | Show results with:history
[94]
Type B Candelabra Bulb: Exploring the Technical Aspects in ...
LED candelabra bulbs consume significantly less energy compared to their incandescent counterparts, often using up to 80% less electricity.Energy Efficiency And... · Lumen Output And Brightness · Smart Lighting Integration<|separator|>
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Modern vs. Vintage: Choosing the Perfect Candelabra for Your Style
Feb 20, 2025 · Modern candelabras tend to be simple, clean, and highly functional. They complement contemporary spaces in which the minimalistic approach is ...
[96]
WFAA Tower - Cedar Hill, Texas - Wikimapia
Height: 481 meters, built 1998. Note candelabra arrangement at top, allowing several stations to be at the same height. Used by TV stations KDFW(4), WFAA(8), ...
[97]
Broadcasting History of the Empire State Building | Blog
After eight months, a television transmitting antenna was erected atop the structure. For the first time in history, multiple FM stations are operating at full ...Missing: candelabra | Show results with:candelabra
[98]
A tower of power rose up above city Structure: The candelabra-like ...
A tower of power rose up above city Structure: The candelabra-like transmission tower atop Television Hill was completed in 1959, improving TV reception for ...
[99]
Work Underway On WJZ's Candelabra Tower; Old Antennas Removed
Jul 21, 2020 · The famous @wjz candelabra tower gets new antennas. A giant Skycrane helicopter will lift off the old and carry up the new gear over the ...
[100]
Raleigh Stations Stacked and Repacked with Dielectric | TV Tech
May 27, 2021 · Both stations transmit to the Raleigh-Durham market from atop a candelabra tower, which has six top-mounted antenna positions with exceptional ...
[101]
What are the requirements for aircraft warning lights on tall structures?
Structures over 200 feet (61m) AGL or 14 CFR Part 77 standards usually need lights. FAA may recommend lights even under 200 feet based on location.Missing: candelabra | Show results with:candelabra
[102]
Baculellum articulatum (Candle Plant) - World of Succulents
Mar 30, 2025 · An intriguing succulent with segmented, sausage-shaped stems. It can reach a height of 2 feet (60 cm) and spread slowly by underground stems.