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Chinese Academy of Engineering

The Chinese Academy of Engineering (CAE) is the national academy of the People's Republic of China dedicated to engineering and technology, established in 1994 as an institution under the State Council to serve as the highest honorary and advisory body in these fields.^[1]^[2] Composed of elected academicians representing the pinnacle of engineering expertise, the CAE unites outstanding talents to guide innovation and development, functioning primarily as a think tank that provides strategic consultations for national decision-making on engineering priorities.^[3] Organized into nine academic divisions spanning disciplines such as mechanical and vehicle engineering, information technology, energy, materials, civil engineering, environmental protection, agriculture, medicine and health, and earth sciences, the academy conducts approximately 150 strategic consulting projects each year, alongside third-party evaluations, forward-looking studies, and ad-hoc research to influence policy in areas like emerging industries and sustainable engineering ecosystems.^[3]^[4] Its activities include hosting around 100 academic events annually, publishing the open-access journal Engineering, and administering awards such as the Guanghua Engineering Science and Technology Prize to recognize contributions to technological advancement.^[3] The CAE engages internationally through collaborations with 58 academies across 42 countries, having hosted events like the Council of Academies of Engineering and Technological Sciences (CAETS) convocations in 2000 and 2014, and establishing two UNESCO Category 2 centers focused on engineering capacity-building and global challenges.^[3] As a key component of China's state-directed innovation system, it supports the integration of engineering expertise into governmental strategies, though its advisory outputs are inherently aligned with national priorities set by the Chinese Communist Party and State Council.^[5]^[6]

History

Establishment and Founding Principles

The Chinese Academy of Engineering (CAE) was formally established on June 3, 1994, as a national academic institution directly under the State Council of the People's Republic of China.^[7]^[2] The initiative for its creation originated in 1978, proposed by scientist and engineer members of the Chinese Academy of Sciences amid post-Cultural Revolution efforts to elevate the status of engineering disciplines and align them with national modernization goals.^[8] This process spanned nearly two decades, involving deliberations among experts, engineers, and political leaders to balance technocratic expertise with state priorities, culminating in its legal certification as an advisory body distinct from research-oriented academies.^[8]^[9] The founding principles of the CAE emphasize its role as China's premier honorary and consultative institution in engineering sciences and technology, tasked with uniting preeminent engineers to guide innovation and national development.^[3] Core to its mission is providing evidence-based strategic advice to inform decision-making on engineering policy, infrastructure, and technological advancement, with an initial focus on promoting engineering applications to bolster economic construction and social progress.^[3]^[8] Unlike purely academic bodies, the CAE was designed to operate as a think tank interfacing expertise with governmental needs, selecting members based on outstanding contributions to prioritize practical outcomes over theoretical pursuits.^[10]^[8] These principles reflect a deliberate adaptation of engineering advisory models to China's political and developmental context, where institutional autonomy is subordinated to state-directed objectives, fostering an ecosystem for engineering leadership while embedding political alignment in its operational framework.^[8] The academy's establishment addressed perceived gaps in engineering representation following the 1978 reforms, aiming to elevate the field amid rapid industrialization without replicating Western independent academies.^[9]^[8]

Key Milestones and Evolution

The Chinese Academy of Engineering (CAE) was formally established in 1994 under the State Council of the People's Republic of China, following proposals dating back to 1978 that emphasized the need for a dedicated advisory institution to guide national engineering strategy amid rapid industrialization.^[11] This founding marked a shift from reliance on the Chinese Academy of Sciences for engineering matters, creating a specialized body modeled on international academies to provide expertise on technology policy, infrastructure, and innovation.^[9] Zhu Guangya, a pioneering nuclear physicist and key figure in China's "Two Bombs, One Satellite" program, served as the inaugural president from 1994 to 1998, overseeing the election of the first cohort of academicians and initial organizational setup with nine academic divisions focused on core engineering disciplines.^[12] Subsequent leadership transitions reflected evolving priorities in engineering governance. Song Jian succeeded Zhu from 1998 to 2002, followed by Xu Kuangdi, a metallurgist and former Shanghai mayor, who led from 2002 to 2010 and expanded the academy's role in urban development and materials science advisory.^[13] Zhou Ji, a mechanical engineering expert, presided from 2010 to 2018, emphasizing education reform and high-tech industries, before Li Xiaohong, a mining safety specialist, assumed the presidency in 2018, directing focus toward sustainable technologies and disaster prevention.^[14] These changes aligned with national agendas, such as the shift from heavy industry to innovation-driven growth. Key developments included international outreach, with CAE hosting the International Council of Academies of Engineering and Technological Sciences (CAETS) convocations in 2000 and 2014—the latter drawing 1,500 participants from over 30 countries and featuring a keynote by President Xi Jinping—and forging cooperation agreements with 58 engineering bodies across 42 nations.^[3] Domestically, the academy established two UNESCO Category 2 centers and pursued a 2022 target of creating strategic research alliances and regional institutes in all provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities to decentralize advisory capabilities and integrate engineering solutions into local policy.^[3] This evolution positioned CAE as a pivotal influencer in China's transition to a technology superpower, though its state affiliation raises questions about the independence of its recommendations in politically sensitive domains.^[9]

Governance and Organizational Structure

Leadership and Presidents

The Chinese Academy of Engineering (CAE) is led by a president, elected by the general assembly of academicians for a renewable term, who serves as the chief executive overseeing strategic consulting, policy advisory roles, and administrative functions. The president is assisted by vice presidents and a governing board that includes honorary chairmen, division directors, and elected members responsible for key decisions.^[15] The current president, Li Xiaohong, assumed office on June 2, 2018. An expert in mine safety technology, Li was born in June 1959 in Chongqing and graduated from Chongqing University, later earning advanced degrees and conducting research in mining engineering and disaster prevention.^[16]^[14] Preceding presidents include Zhou Ji, who held the position from June 2010 to 2018; a mechanical engineering specialist, Zhou previously served as China's Minister of Education from 2003 to 2009 and focused on areas such as precision manufacturing and engineering education.^[17] Xu Kuangdi served as president from 2002 to 2010, elected to a second four-year term in 2006; a metallurgist and materials scientist, he was formerly mayor of Shanghai and emphasized technological innovation in heavy industry and urban development.^[18] Song Jian, president in the early 2000s, was a pioneer in control theory, systems engineering, and aerospace technology, contributing to China's missile and satellite programs during his tenure. Honorary chairmen Song Jian and Xu Kuangdi retain advisory roles, reflecting their foundational influence on the academy's development since its establishment in 1994.^[15] Leadership selections align with national priorities under the State Council, prioritizing expertise in advancing China's engineering capabilities.^[16]

Administrative Divisions and Departments

The Chinese Academy of Engineering (CAE) organizes its academic activities through nine divisions corresponding to major engineering disciplines, which oversee member elections, consultations, and research priorities in their respective fields. These divisions include: Division of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Division of Civil, Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering, Division of Electrical, Energy and Mining Engineering, Division of Chemical, Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Division of Information and Electronic Engineering, Division of Environmental and Light Industry & Textile Engineering, Division of Agriculture, Division of Medicine and Health, and Division of Engineering Management.^[3]^[19]^[20] Each division is led by a director and vice-directors elected from its members, facilitating specialized strategic studies and policy recommendations.^[21] Complementing the academic divisions are six special committees that address cross-cutting issues such as scientific ethics, international cooperation, and talent development, providing advisory support to the academy's leadership.^[3] Administrative operations are managed by a general administration department and several specialized internal departments. The Department of General Administration handles core functions including policy research, personnel management, finance, publicity, information systems, and logistics.^[22] Further subdivision includes Department One, responsible for member elections, scientific ethics oversight, medical care for academicians, and secretariat services for two special committees; Department Two, which coordinates strategic consulting projects, engineering talent training programs, and support for two additional special committees; and Department Three, focused on scientific and technological services, academic affairs, publications including engineering journals, and secretariat duties for the remaining two special committees.^[22] The Department of International Cooperation develops policies for global exchanges, organizes international conferences, and manages affairs related to foreign members. Additionally, the Centre for Strategic Studies conducts interdisciplinary research, project management, and advanced training initiatives to support the academy's advisory role.^[22] This structure ensures efficient coordination between academic expertise and operational needs, with all departments reporting to the academy's governing board.^[3]

Membership

Selection Criteria and Qualifications

Membership in the Chinese Academy of Engineering is reserved for individuals who have achieved major, creative accomplishments and contributions in engineering science and technology.^[23] Eligible candidates must hold Chinese nationality and possess senior professional titles such as senior engineer, researcher, or professor, or equivalent qualifications; overseas engineering experts with comparable academic status and reputation may also qualify.^[23] Foreign applicants are considered if they have made notable contributions to the development of science and technology in China.^[24] Qualifications further require candidates to exhibit patriotism, an upright academic style, and exemplary moral conduct, with no history of disciplinary actions for ethical or academic violations.^[25] ^[23] The primary evaluation bases are substantial contributions to engineering fields—such as major inventions, key research outcomes, and influential engineering applications—alongside high academic achievement and ethical integrity.^[23] ^[26] Selection adheres to principles of quality priority, national strategic orientation, and alignment with innovation-driven development, emphasizing peer-reviewed evidence of impact over formal titles alone.^[26] Age considerations influence nomination thresholds: candidates born on or after January 1, 1960 (under 65 in the election year) require one academician nomination, while older candidates need two.^[27] These criteria ensure academicians represent elite expertise capable of advising on national engineering priorities.^[28]

Election Process and Procedures

The election of academicians to the Chinese Academy of Engineering (CAE) is conducted biennially, typically in odd-numbered years, with the process coordinated to align with national strategic priorities in engineering and technology.^[29] Nominations for candidates are solicited from eligible entities, including higher education institutions, research organizations, enterprises, and existing CAE academicians, commencing in spring; for the 2025 cycle, nominations opened on April 25.^[29] The academy then conducts a preliminary review to verify qualifications, resulting in a publicized list of valid candidates—660 for the 2025 election—announced around August after excluding invalid submissions.^[30] Following candidate validation, the process advances to external peer review, where independent experts evaluate nominees based on criteria such as outstanding contributions to engineering innovation, leadership in major projects, and alignment with key national areas like advanced manufacturing and emerging technologies.^[31] Final selection occurs via secret ballot at a dedicated election conference attended by incumbent academicians, who vote competitively to determine new members; the CAE limits domestic elections to no more than 90 per cycle, though actual numbers vary, with 84 elected in 2021 and efforts in recent guidelines to increase representation from private-sector innovators.^[32]^[33] Procedures are governed by internal regulations emphasizing academic merit over administrative rank, while prohibiting practices like vote-buying or falsified credentials, with penalties including disqualification or bans from future candidacies to maintain election integrity.^[34]

Member Demographics and Notable Figures

The Chinese Academy of Engineering (CAE) elects academicians from China's engineering elite, with membership organized into nine academic divisions covering fields such as mechanical and vehicle engineering, information and electronics engineering, chemical, metallurgical and materials engineering, civil, hydraulic and architecture engineering, energy and mining engineering, environmental and light textile engineering, transport engineering, agriculture engineering, medicine and health engineering, and engineering management.^[3] As of 2021, following the addition of 84 new Chinese members and 20 overseas members, the total stood at 971 academicians.^[35] Subsequent biennial elections, such as the 2023 addition of 74 new members, have continued to expand the roster.^[36] Demographic data reveal significant gender imbalance, with women comprising only about 5% of CAE members, reflecting broader underrepresentation in Chinese engineering leadership despite increasing female participation in STEM education.^[37] Newly elected members typically average 58 years of age, with the youngest inductees around 51 and the oldest near 70, emphasizing mid-to-late career recognition for sustained contributions.^[38] Members are predominantly affiliated with state research institutions, universities, and enterprises, with selections prioritizing practical engineering achievements over purely academic metrics.^[39] Notable figures among CAE members include Xu Kuangdi, a metallurgical engineer and former president of the academy from 1998 to 2010, who advanced high-temperature alloy research and urban planning initiatives in Shanghai. Other prominent academicians encompass experts in strategic sectors, such as those leading advancements in hybrid rice development for food security and aerospace engineering for national defense capabilities, underscoring the academy's alignment with China's technological priorities. Foreign members, like Fatih Birol elected in 2023, highlight international recognition of the CAE's influence in global energy and engineering policy.^[40]

Core Activities and Contributions

Strategic Consulting and Policy Advice

The Chinese Academy of Engineering (CAE) serves as China's premier advisory body on engineering and technology matters, conducting strategic consulting projects to inform national decision-making on key issues such as infrastructure, agriculture, and technological innovation. Established to provide expert consultancy services, CAE initiates research that translates engineering expertise into policy recommendations, often in response to government priorities like sustainable development and industrial upgrading.^[1] These efforts position CAE as a state-supported think tank, with its 2022 budget reflecting dedicated funding for such advisory functions across two primary units.^[5] CAE's consulting activities typically involve multidisciplinary teams of academicians who analyze challenges and propose actionable strategies, culminating in reports submitted to central government bodies. For instance, in June 2022, CAE launched a project on engineering education governance amid global changes, drawing lessons from developed nations to recommend systems aligned with China's national needs.^[41] Similarly, a September 2023 initiative focused on China's dementia response strategy, aiming to deliver tailored policy suggestions for healthcare and elder care engineering solutions.^[42] These projects emphasize empirical assessments, such as resource allocation models and technological feasibility studies, to support long-term mechanisms like those for agricultural security, where a 2024-concluded effort outlined specific requirements and recommendations for food supply stability.^[43] Recent examples highlight CAE's focus on environmental and resource challenges. In August 2024, projects on water-saving agriculture and black soil protection were initiated to generate targeted recommendations for sustainable farming practices, addressing water scarcity and soil degradation through engineering innovations.^[44]^[45] An April 2021 urban development study examined optimal city scales and structures, providing strategic input for managing population growth and infrastructure demands.^[46] Outputs from these consultations, disseminated via journals like Strategic Study of CAE, influence policies by offering data-driven foresight, though their alignment with state directives underscores the institution's role in advancing national engineering priorities.^[47]

Major Engineering Projects and Recognized Achievements

The Chinese Academy of Engineering (CAE) has provided strategic consulting and independent evaluations for several of China's flagship infrastructure projects, leveraging the expertise of its members to assess feasibility, implementation, and long-term impacts. A prominent example is its comprehensive third-party evaluation of the Three Gorges Dam project, culminating in a detailed report on construction outcomes, environmental effects, and socioeconomic benefits, which informed post-completion optimizations.^[48] CAE's involvement extended to ongoing collaborations with the China Three Gorges Corporation, including joint work meetings to address operational challenges in hydropower management as of August 2024.^[49] In transportation infrastructure, CAE has conducted major consulting research on smart highway development, launched in September 2022, focusing on integrating artificial intelligence, sensors, and data analytics to enhance road safety and efficiency amid China's rapid expansion of expressways exceeding 160,000 kilometers by 2023.^[50] Similarly, CAE's 2021 strategic research project on high-quality industrial development addressed engineering challenges in sectors like manufacturing and energy, contributing policy recommendations that supported China's 14th Five-Year Plan goals for technological self-reliance.^[51] CAE recognizes engineering milestones through its journal Engineering, which annually selects the Global Top 10 Engineering Achievements—major projects or breakthroughs completed within the prior five years with global influence. The 2024 list, announced in December, featured China's Chang'e-6 lunar far-side sample return mission, achieving 1,935 grams of samples and advancing planetary geology; CAR-T cell therapy for cancer treatment, with over 10,000 domestic applications demonstrating efficacy rates above 80% in refractory cases; and the low Earth orbit communication satellite constellation, enabling broadband coverage for remote areas.^[52] These selections underscore CAE's role in disseminating verified innovations, prioritizing empirical outcomes like mission success rates and clinical trial data over unproven concepts. Prior lists have similarly highlighted infrastructure feats, such as high-speed rail advancements contributing to a network spanning 45,000 kilometers by 2024, where CAE members provided technical advisory input.^[53]

Publications and Knowledge Dissemination

Primary Journals and Periodicals

The Chinese Academy of Engineering (CAE) supervises and administers several key journals that disseminate engineering research, strategic analyses, and sector-specific advancements, primarily through its Center for Strategic Studies and in partnership with entities like Higher Education Press.^[54] These publications emphasize peer-reviewed content on technological frontiers, policy implications, and interdisciplinary engineering challenges, reflecting CAE's role in national and global engineering discourse.^[6] Engineering serves as CAE's flagship international open-access journal, launched in 2015 to address pressing global issues such as artificial intelligence, carbon neutrality, and emerging technologies like 6G.^[6]^[54] It is published monthly, peer-reviewed, and indexed in databases including SCI, SCOPUS, EI, DOAJ, and CSCD, with serial number CN 10-1244/N.^[54] The journal is administered by the Center for Strategic Studies of CAE and Higher Education Press, with co-editors-in-chief Zhou Ji and Raj Reddy, and distributed via platforms like ScienceDirect in collaboration with Elsevier.^[54]^[55] Articles often feature translations into Chinese post-publication to broaden accessibility for domestic audiences.^[56] Strategic Study of CAE functions as a national high-level think tank platform and academic journal, focusing on strategic engineering studies, policy recommendations, and long-term technological trends.^[6] Supervised by CAE and administered by its Center for Strategic Studies alongside Higher Education Press, it holds serial number CN 11-4421/G3 and is indexed in CSCD, DOAJ, and EI.^[54] Edited by Chen Jianfeng, the periodical supports CAE's advisory mandate by publishing in-depth reports and analyses aligned with China's engineering priorities.^[54] Frontiers of Agricultural Science and Engineering targets advancements in agricultural engineering, including sustainable practices and technological innovations in food production and rural development.^[54] Supervised by CAE and jointly administered with Higher Education Press and China Agricultural University, it carries serial number CN 10-1204/S and is indexed in CSCD, DOAJ, EBSCO, ESCI, and SCOPUS.^[54] Sun Qixin serves as editor-in-chief, positioning it as a specialized outlet for sector-specific research under CAE's oversight.^[54]

International Relations and Collaborations

Global Partnerships and Initiatives

The Chinese Academy of Engineering (CAE) maintains extensive international ties through formal memberships in global bodies such as the International Council of Academies of Engineering and Technological Sciences (CAETS), the InterAcademy Partnership (IAP), and as a founding member of the InterAcademy Medical Panel (now IAP for Health).^[57] These affiliations facilitate multilateral exchanges on engineering challenges, including joint working groups on education and policy.^[57] Additionally, CAE hosts two UNESCO-designated Category II Centres: the International Knowledge Centre for Engineering Sciences and Technology (IKCEST), established in 2014, and the International Centre for Engineering Education (ICEE), launched in 2016 in partnership with Tsinghua University, which promote knowledge sharing and capacity building in engineering disciplines worldwide.^[57] CAE has formalized bilateral cooperation agreements with 58 engineering academies or organizations across 42 countries, enabling joint research, consultations, and personnel exchanges.^[3] Notable among these is the annual China-America Frontiers of Engineering (CAFOE) symposium, co-organized with the U.S. National Academy of Engineering (NAE) since the early 2000s to foster dialogue among early-career engineers; the 2024 event continued this tradition, following the 2019 symposium held June 20–22.^[58]^[59] In December 2024, CAE President Li Xiaohong met with NAE President John L. Anderson to discuss ongoing collaboration.^[60] Similar bilateral efforts include the China-Korea Development Forum, co-hosted with the National Academy of Engineering of Korea (NAEK) on October 3, 2024.^[61] Regionally, CAE participates in the East-Asia Roundtable Meeting (EA-RTM), a trilateral forum with the Engineering Academy of Japan and NAEK, addressing shared technological priorities; the 27th meeting occurred on January 12, 2025.^[57]^[61] CAE also co-sponsors the Global Grand Challenges Summit with the NAE and the UK Royal Academy of Engineering, focusing on sustainable development goals in engineering.^[57] Annually, CAE organizes 20–30 international forums and hosts events like the China-Germany Workshop on Industrial Metaverse in Munich on January 17, 2025, and the China-France Forum on Translational Medicine in Paris on the same date, alongside symposia such as the joint CAE-Swiss Academy of Engineering Sciences event on healthy ageing in August 2024.^[57]^[61] These initiatives totaled 59 international cooperation activities in recent records, emphasizing practical advancements in fields like AI governance, precision medicine, and green technologies.^[61]

Criticisms and Controversies

Political Influence and Independence Concerns

The Chinese Academy of Engineering (CAE) is structurally integrated with the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), featuring a dedicated Party Committee within its administrative offices that oversees ideological guidance, personnel decisions, and alignment with national political objectives. This committee, as detailed in the academy's organizational budget and governance documents, ensures that engineering consultations and strategic recommendations prioritize CCP-led initiatives, such as technological self-reliance and industrial upgrading under programs like "Made in China 2025." Such embedding reflects the broader constitutional mandate for CCP leadership in all state organs, limiting the CAE's operational autonomy to directives from higher party authorities, including the State Council.^[5]^[62] Critics, particularly from Western policy analyses, argue that this party oversight compromises the academy's independence by subordinating empirical engineering assessments to geopolitical and regime-security priorities, including military-civil fusion strategies that blur civilian and defense research. For example, U.S. congressional investigations have cited CAE-attributed documents outlining multi-year plans for talent recruitment and technology transfer that advance PRC influence operations, indicating the academy's role extends beyond neutral advisory functions to support CCP foreign policy aims. These concerns are amplified by the academy's involvement in state-directed projects where political loyalty influences member selection and project approvals, potentially sidelining objective dissent in favor of consensus with party ideology.^[63]^[64]^[65] Historical patterns further underscore these issues, with CAE leaders and members frequently elevated to CCP roles, fostering a technocratic elite intertwined with party apparatus. A 2002 analysis noted that figures like former CAE President Xu Kuangdi held simultaneous high-level party positions, illustrating how engineering expertise is channeled through political vetting. While CAE officials assert this integration enhances coordinated national development, independent observers contend it erodes institutional independence, as evidenced by the absence of mechanisms for insulating advisory processes from party intervention and the prevailing environment of ideological conformity in Chinese scientific bodies.^[66]^[67]

Academic Integrity and Selection Issues

The selection of members to the Chinese Academy of Engineering (CAE) occurs biennially through a multi-stage process involving nominations from existing academicians and relevant organizations, followed by external peer review and a competitive election by voting members, with a cap on new inductees to maintain exclusivity.^[25]^[68] This system emphasizes contributions to engineering fields, particularly those aligned with national priorities such as mission-oriented projects, though criteria have evolved to include more private-sector candidates in recent cycles.^[69]^[70] Concerns over academic integrity in the selection process have prompted official interventions, including a 2017 circular from the CAE explicitly warning against fraud and misconduct in recruitment, such as illicit canvassing and undue influence by candidates' employers.^[71] In 2013, the CAE publicly acknowledged discovering evidence of such canvassing activities during an election cycle, leading to heightened scrutiny.^[72] Broader efforts to reform the system, announced in 2014, aimed to curb lobbying and bribery, which have historically plagued pursuits of membership in elite Chinese academies like the CAE, often involving intensive personal and institutional pressures.^[73]^[74] High-profile nominations have fueled public and academic debates on merit versus other factors. For instance, the 2019 nomination of Baidu CEO Robin Li drew protests over perceived moral disqualifications, citing the company's role in disseminating fraudulent medical advertisements despite his technical achievements.^[75]^[76] Similarly, the 2021 nomination of a Moutai liquor production expert sparked criticism regarding the dilution of engineering rigor, with detractors questioning whether industry ties and economic contributions overshadowed pure scientific or technical excellence.^[77] These cases highlight tensions in balancing innovation with ethical and professional standards, particularly in a system where government-aligned projects receive preferential weighting.^[69] Political dimensions further complicate integrity assessments, as membership often correlates with alignment to state priorities under Chinese Communist Party oversight, potentially prioritizing ideological reliability and contributions to national strategies over unadulterated peer-evaluated merit.^[69] While direct evidence of systemic corruption in CAE elections remains anecdotal, related scandals have implicated academicians; for example, in 2014, a CAE member faced potential revocation of honors amid bribery charges, reflecting broader anti-corruption drives targeting scientific elites.^[78]^[79] The CAE has responded by investigating academic misconduct in affiliated research, such as the 2019 probe into papers by a prominent figure, underscoring ongoing efforts to enforce integrity amid national pushes for scientific self-reliance.^[80]

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Leading academies get 194 new members
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Chinese Academy of Engineering
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CAE launches research on China's response to dementia in Beijing ...
Sep 5, 2023 · A research on China's response to dementia, a key consulting project of the Chinese Academy of Engineering ... policy recommendations that fit ...
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Agricultural security research project concluded in Beijing
Sep 2, 2024 · ... Chinese Academy of Engineering (CAE) led by CAE member Zhang ... The project proposed requirements and policy recommendations, in a ...
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CAE launches research on water-saving agriculture
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This journal mainly publishes research findings from strategic consulting in engineering science and technology, forward-looking studies across various fields ...<|separator|>
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Major consulting project of the Chinese Academy of Engineering ...
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中国工程科学 - Engineering
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The full text of the English articles should be translated into Chinese after they are officially published, which is convenient for Chinese readers.
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2024 China-America Frontiers of Engineering Symposium
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