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Coronal suture

The coronal suture is a dense and fibrous syndesmosis, or immovable joint, that connects the frontal bone to the two parietal bones across the superior aspect of the human skull.^[1] It extends transversely from the pterion on each side, where it meets the sphenoparietal suture, to the midline bregma, where it intersects the sagittal suture, forming an oblique line that runs approximately from ear to ear.^[1] In newborns, this suture allows for flexibility and slight movement of the skull plates during birth, while also permitting the cranium to expand symmetrically as the brain grows rapidly in infancy.^[2] Derived embryologically from the paraxial mesoderm, the suture fuses around 24 years of age, after which it provides structural stability to the adult skull.^[1] Structurally, the coronal suture consists of interlocking bony edges bound by dense fibrous connective tissue, overlaid by the temporalis muscle and the epicranial aponeurosis, and it lies in close proximity to critical neurovascular structures such as the middle meningeal artery, which it helps protect.^[1] Functionally, it plays a key role in accommodating brain volume increase during early development, contributing to the overall shaping of the calvaria.^[1] Clinically, premature fusion of the coronal suture, known as coronal synostosis or craniosynostosis, is the second most common form of this condition and can lead to anterior plagiocephaly, characterized by a flattened forehead on the affected side, an elevated eye socket, and a deviated nose; bilateral involvement results in brachycephaly with a short, broad head shape.^[3] Such early closure restricts cranial growth, potentially causing increased intracranial pressure, developmental delays, or neurological complications if untreated, often requiring surgical intervention in the first year of life to allow proper brain expansion.^[3] Additionally, the region near the pterion along the coronal suture represents one of the skull's weakest points, making it vulnerable to trauma that could result in epidural hematoma.^[1]

Anatomy

Description and Location

The coronal suture is a dense fibrous connective tissue joint, known as a syndesmosis, that forms the immovable articulation between the frontal bone anteriorly and the paired parietal bones posteriorly.^[1]^[4] This suture serves as a key component of the cranial vault, providing structural integrity while permitting limited flexibility during early development.^[5] It follows an oblique transverse course across the superior aspect of the skull, originating laterally at the pterion on each side—where it intersects the sphenoparietal suture—and extending medially to meet the sagittal suture at the bregma, thereby dividing the calvaria into an anterior frontal region and a posterior parietal region.^[1]^[4] In adults, the suture typically measures 20 to 30 cm in length, with variations by sex and population; for instance, studies report mean lengths of approximately 24.8 cm in males and 22.7 cm in females among Egyptian adults.^[6] The bregma marks the midpoint junction with the sagittal suture, while the pterion represents the thinnest region of the skull laterally, involving additional contributions from the sphenoid and temporal bones.^[7]^[8] The suture exhibits a serrated, interlocking morphology characterized by jagged, interdigitating bone edges that enhance mechanical stability and resist shearing forces across the cranium.^[9]^[4] This complex, fractal-like pattern develops postnatally, evolving from straighter edges in infancy to more intricate notching with age.^[9]

Relations and Attachments

The coronal suture interdigitates anteriorly with the frontal bone and posteriorly with the paired parietal bones through dense fibrous connective tissue, forming a serrated, interlocking joint that provides stability to the anterior skull vault.^[1]^[4] Laterally, the suture is overlaid by the temporalis muscle, which originates from the temporal fossa and inserts onto the coronoid process of the mandible, while superiorly it lies beneath the epicranial aponeurosis, the tendinous sheet connecting the frontal and occipital bellies of the occipitofrontalis muscle.^[1] The pericranium, the outer periosteal layer of the cranial bones, attaches firmly along the suture lines, facilitating the integration of the suture within the scalp and providing a protective covering that is continuous with the underlying bone surfaces. In its medial aspect near the bregma—the intersection with the sagittal suture—the coronal suture is in close relation to the superior sagittal sinus, the largest dural venous sinus that drains blood from the brain's superficial structures.^[7] Intracranially, the suture overlies the meningeal layers, particularly the dura mater, which adheres to the inner table of the skull adjacent to the suture, separating it from the underlying arachnoid and pia mater.^[1] The suture maintains proximity to the frontal lobes of the brain superiorly, accommodating their expansion during growth, and indirectly relates to the temporal lobes laterally through its posterior termination at the pterion, a key H-shaped junction involving the frontal, parietal, sphenoid, and temporal bones that forms the anterior border of the middle cranial fossa.^[7]^[1] This positioning underscores the suture's role in delineating the boundaries of the anterior and middle cranial fossae while integrating with the broader calvarial architecture.^[4]

Development

Embryology

The coronal suture originates at the interface between tissues derived from distinct embryonic sources: the frontal bone primordia arise primarily from neural crest cells, while the parietal bone primordia develop from paraxial mesoderm.^[10] This boundary forms a mixed population of mesenchymal cells that will constitute the suture, reflecting the heterogeneous cellular origins of the calvarial vault during early craniofacial development.^[11] During human embryonic development, the coronal suture first appears around the 8th gestational week as a mesenchymal condensation between the emerging frontal and parietal bone primordia.^[12] This condensation represents the initial patterning of the suture site, where undifferentiated mesenchymal cells aggregate to delineate the future fibrous joint. By the 12th gestational week, these cells differentiate into dense fibrous connective tissue, establishing the patent suture line that persists into postnatal life.^[13] The patterning of the coronal suture site involves interactions between the overlying mesenchyme and the underlying dura mater, which provides inductive signals to maintain suture patency during embryogenesis.^[14] Molecular pathways such as fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling mediate these interactions, with FGF ligands expressed in the dura and osteogenic fronts to regulate mesenchymal cell proliferation and inhibit premature differentiation, while BMPs contribute to boundary specification in the adjacent tissues.^[14] These signals ensure the precise positioning and maintenance of the mesenchymal zone prior to later ossification events.

Ossification

The frontal and parietal bones adjacent to the coronal suture undergo intramembranous ossification during embryonic development. The parietal bones initiate ossification from multiple centers around gestational weeks 7–8, originating from paraxial mesoderm.^[15] The frontal bone follows shortly after, with primary ossification centers appearing at the frontal eminences during week 8, derived from neural crest cells.^[13] Throughout this process, the intervening coronal suture remains unossified as a fibrous syndesmosis, preventing premature fusion of the bone fronts.^[16] The coronal suture maintains patency from birth through childhood to accommodate brain expansion and cranial vault growth.^[17] Interdigitations—finger-like bony projections along the suture edges—begin to develop postnatally, with partial complexity increasing during early childhood to enhance mechanical interlocking without compromising flexibility.^[18] This patency is sustained by dural attachments to the suture mesenchyme, which provide structural support, and molecular inhibitory signals such as Noggin, TWIST1, and GDF6 that suppress osteogenic differentiation in the sutural tissue.^[19]^[16] In adulthood, the coronal suture becomes increasingly rigid due to progressive mineralization and deepening interdigitations. Estimates of fusion timing vary across studies; traditional anatomical references suggest closure around 24–40 years of age, while recent imaging-based research indicates complete fusion may occur much later, often beyond 70 years and with a mean age of approximately 91 years in one 2023 CT study of older adults.^[20]^[21] Complete fusion is variable, contributing to cranial stability in senescence.

Function and Physiology

Role in Cranial Growth

The coronal suture functions as a key growth site in postnatal cranial development, enabling the expansion of the skull vault through appositional bone growth at its margins during infancy and childhood. This process involves osteoblastic activity at the osteogenic fronts of the adjacent frontal and parietal bones, where new bone is deposited along the suture edges, allowing the bones to separate and accommodate increasing intracranial volume without premature fusion. Such growth is critical for maintaining the patency of the suture, which remains fibrous and flexible to support dynamic skull enlargement.^[22]^[9] This expansion is closely coordinated with the rapid increase in brain volume, which reaches approximately 80% of adult size by age 2 years, necessitating proportional skull growth to prevent compression. The coronal suture specifically facilitates anteroposterior widening of the cranium, contributing to the overall calvarial dimensions that parallel brain development and ensuring adequate space for neural tissue proliferation. Without this mechanism, restrictions in skull growth could impair brain maturation.^[23]^[24] The suture's activity persists beyond the closure of the anterior fontanelle, which typically occurs between 7 and 19 months of age, allowing continued cranial accommodation into later childhood; full fusion of the coronal suture generally happens between ages 20 and 30, marking the end of significant growth potential. Hormonal regulation plays a vital role, with growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) stimulating osteoblast proliferation and bone deposition at the suture edges, thereby promoting controlled expansion while delaying ossification.^[25]^[1]^[26]

Biomechanics

The coronal suture, primarily composed of dense fibrous connective tissue, provides essential flexibility to the cranium, distinguishing it from the more rigid adjacent bones. In human infants, this tissue exhibits a tensile strength of approximately 4.4 ± 0.5 MPa and an elastic modulus of 7.6 ± 1.4 MPa under high-rate loading conditions, enabling substantial deformation (ultimate strain of 1.46 ± 0.42 mm/mm) relative to cranial bone.^[27] These properties allow the suture to accommodate minor displacements during physiological activities such as mastication or low-impact events, contributing to overall cranial compliance in early development.^[28] In terms of load distribution, the coronal suture acts as a biomechanical shock absorber, effectively transferring forces from the frontal bone to the parietal bones while mitigating peak stresses. Its interdigitated morphology enhances resistance to shear forces, with studies on analogous cranial sutures showing that higher interdigitation correlates with up to 100% greater energy absorption per unit volume during bending or impact compared to non-interdigitated regions or solid bone.^[29] This mechanism helps maintain skull integrity by dissipating mechanical energy and preventing fracture propagation across the calvaria. Age-related changes significantly alter the suture's biomechanics, with progressive ossification leading to increased stiffness. The elastic modulus rises from around 8 MPa in infants under 1 year to 355 ± 45 MPa in 1- to 2-year-olds, reflecting maturation of the fibrous matrix and partial bridging; in adults, fused sutures approach bone-like properties with moduli exceeding 50 MPa in modeling contexts.^[27]^[28]^[30] Finite element modeling of the coronal suture reveals distinct strain patterns during cranial deformation, such as under impact or tensile loading, where stresses concentrate at suture margins (up to 296 kPa in complex morphologies) but are redistributed globally to reduce overall skull strain.^[31] These simulations underscore the suture's role in optimizing load-bearing without equations, highlighting how its compliance in youth transitions to rigidity in adulthood for enhanced protection.^[32]

Blood Supply and Innervation

Vascular Supply

The arterial supply to the coronal suture and its adjacent tissues primarily arises from the middle meningeal artery, a branch of the maxillary artery that enters the cranium through the foramen spinosum. The anterior division of the middle meningeal artery ascends along the greater wing of the sphenoid bone and follows the path of the coronal suture, supplying the dura mater, periosteum of the inner calvarial tables, and the suture's fibrous connective tissue via its perforating branches. On the frontal aspect, contributions come from the supraorbital and supratrochlear arteries, which are terminal branches of the ophthalmic artery (itself derived from the internal carotid artery); these vessels provide blood to the frontal bone's periosteum and overlying soft tissues near the suture's anterior extent. Posteriorly, the parietal branches of the middle meningeal artery's posterior division extend along the parietal bones, supporting the suture's posterior segments and adjacent diploë.^[33]^[34]^[35] Venous drainage from the coronal suture region occurs through a network of diploic veins embedded within the cancellous bone of the frontal and parietal bones, which communicate with the superior sagittal sinus via emissary veins passing through suture-adjacent foramina. These valveless diploic channels, particularly abundant near the coronal suture, facilitate drainage from the calvarial diploë and adjacent dura, with the frontal and anterior parietal diploic veins showing high density in this area. Emissary veins also connect this system to extracranial scalp veins, aiding overall venous return.^[36]^[37] The vascular perfusion at the coronal suture plays a critical role in supporting osteogenesis along its edges, where increased angiogenesis precedes and facilitates bone formation during cranial growth phases. Studies on experimentally expanded sutures demonstrate that vascular proliferation begins within 24 hours of mechanical stimulus, coinciding with heightened osteogenic activity by 48 hours, underscoring the suture's reliance on surrounding microvasculature for nutrient delivery to proliferating osteoprogenitor cells. Anastomoses between the middle meningeal artery branches and scalp vessels, such as the superficial temporal artery, occur via accessory meningeal and emissary pathways, enhancing collateral circulation across the calvaria.^[38]

Nerve Supply

The coronal suture receives sensory innervation primarily from branches of the trigeminal nerve (cranial nerve V). The anterior portion of the suture is supplied by the supraorbital and supratrochlear nerves, which are divisions of the ophthalmic nerve (V1). The supraorbital nerve emerges from the supraorbital foramen and provides sensory fibers to the forehead, upper eyelid, and scalp, extending posteriorly toward the coronal suture and beyond to the lambdoid suture.^[39] Similarly, the supratrochlear nerve supplies the medial forehead and adjacent scalp regions overlying the anterior coronal suture. Laterally, the auriculotemporal nerve, a branch of the mandibular division (V3), innervates the temple and scalp areas near the posterior extension of the coronal suture toward the pterion.^[40] Autonomic innervation to the coronal suture includes sympathetic fibers originating from the superior cervical ganglion, traveling via the carotid plexus to regulate vascular tone in the surrounding dura and periosteum. These fibers, often positive for vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), interact with calvarial tissues to modulate blood flow and support bone homeostasis, though they are less dense in the suture proper compared to adjacent bony structures.^[41] Irritation or inflammation of the coronal suture can lead to referred pain along the trigeminal nerve distribution, manifesting as discomfort in the forehead or temporal regions due to the somatotopic organization of V1 and V3 branches. This referral pattern arises from convergent sensory inputs in the trigeminal nucleus, where suture-related nociceptive signals mimic primary facial pain.^[42] Nerve density is notably higher within the interdigitations of the coronal suture, particularly in developing calvaria, where sensory fibers from the trigeminal ganglion provide proprioceptive feedback during skull expansion and subtle movements. These fibers, including calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-positive unmyelinated axons, traverse the fibrous suture tissue and periosteum, facilitating mechanosensory roles in cranial growth regulation.^[43]

Variations

Normal Variations

The coronal suture displays several benign anatomical variations that contribute to individual diversity in skull morphology without affecting function or indicating pathology. One such variation involves the presence of accessory ossicles, commonly known as wormian bones, which are small, irregular supernumerary bones embedded within the suture line. These ossicles arise from additional ossification centers and are typically multiple and triangular in shape when occurring as normal variants; in the coronal suture, they are less frequent than in posterior sutures like the lambdoid but still represent a common incidental finding on imaging.^[1] The overall incidence of at least one wormian bone anywhere in the skull is estimated at 8-15% in the general population, with isolated cases in the coronal region often appearing as minor spurs or isolated ossicles along the serrated edges.^[44] Another normal variation is mild asymmetry between the left and right sides of the coronal suture, particularly evident in neonates and young children where suture width can range from 4-7 mm and interdigitation patterns may differ slightly in depth or alignment. This asymmetry is typically resolves or stabilizes with age as the suture narrows and matures, without leading to deformational changes.^[45] Such differences arise from natural fluctuations in ossification and growth rates across the midline. Occasional metopic-like extensions may also occur anteriorly along the coronal suture, manifesting as partial bony bridging or wormian bones near the frontal region without complete fusion. These extensions, sometimes accompanied by accessory parietal sutures adjacent to the coronal line, enhance interdigitation complexity and are considered non-pathologic, aiding in distinguishing normal anatomy from traumatic or diastatic fractures on radiographic evaluation.^[45]

Pathological Variations

Pathological variations of the coronal suture encompass structural alterations driven by disease processes, distinct from benign anatomical diversity. These changes can compromise cranial integrity and growth, often requiring differentiation from normal variants through imaging or histological analysis. Premature partial fusion, or synostosis variants, involves asymmetric closure of the coronal suture, typically unilateral, which can result in anterior plagiocephaly.^[46] Accessory sutures represent rare persistent extensions or additional fibrous junctions, which can mimic pathological fractures on radiographs due to their linear appearance and sclerotic margins. These anomalies often extend from various sutures and potentially lead to misdiagnosis in trauma evaluations unless zigzag interdigitations confirm their sutural nature.^[47]^[48] Trauma-induced changes to the coronal suture include fractures that traverse the suture line or cause diastasis, an abnormal widening (e.g., >10 mm at birth, >3 mm by age 2 years, >2 mm by age 3 years), resulting from high-impact forces that separate the frontal and parietal bones.^[49] Such diastasis may occur without overt fracture, as seen in vertex impacts, and can lead to associated epidural hematomas if venous structures are disrupted, with incidence higher in accidental pediatric trauma than abuse cases.^[50] Post-injury resorption at suture edges may further alter morphology, though healing often restores partial continuity.

Clinical Significance

Craniosynostosis

Craniosynostosis involving the coronal suture refers to the premature fusion of one or both coronal sutures, leading to abnormal skull growth and shape distortion. This condition is classified into unicoronal synostosis, affecting a single side, and bicoronal synostosis, involving both sutures bilaterally.^[51] Unicoronal synostosis accounts for approximately 20-25% of all nonsyndromic craniosynostosis cases, with an estimated incidence of about 1 in 10,000 live births, while bicoronal synostosis is rarer, comprising 5-10% of nonsyndromic cases.^[51]^[52] The etiology of coronal craniosynostosis includes both genetic and sporadic factors. Genetic causes are identified in about 20% of cases, often linked to mutations in the FGFR2 gene, particularly in syndromic forms such as Apert syndrome, which typically presents with bicoronal fusion due to gain-of-function mutations like Ser252Trp or Pro253Arg.^[53]^[54] Nonsyndromic cases, which represent around 75-80% of instances, are usually sporadic but can have a familial component in 8-10% of coronal synostosis occurrences, suggesting autosomal dominant inheritance with variable penetrance.^[51]^[55] Environmental influences, such as maternal smoking or medication exposure, may contribute to sporadic cases, though the precise mechanisms remain under investigation.^[55] Premature fusion restricts transverse cranial expansion, compensating with growth in other directions and resulting in characteristic deformities. In bicoronal synostosis, restricted anterior-posterior and transverse growth leads to brachycephaly, a short and wide head shape often accompanied by turribrachycephaly—a tower-like appearance with frontal bossing and shallow orbits.^[51]^[56] Unicoronal synostosis causes anterior plagiocephaly, with ipsilateral forehead flattening, contralateral frontal bossing, and facial asymmetry including a Harlequin eye deformity where the ipsilateral eye appears elevated and smaller.^[51] These changes can also involve pathological structural alterations, such as shallow anterior cranial fossae, though these are secondary to the fusion process.^[46] Diagnosis relies primarily on clinical evaluation of head shape and palpable ridging along the fused suture, typically evident in infancy. Coronal craniosynostosis shows a female predominance, occurring in 60-75% of cases, contrasting with the male bias in other suture involvements like sagittal synostosis.^[51]^[57] Early recognition is crucial, as untreated fusion may elevate intracranial pressure in up to 30% of bicoronal cases.^[58]

Surgical and Diagnostic Approaches

Diagnosis of coronal suture disorders, particularly premature fusion leading to craniosynostosis, relies on imaging modalities to confirm suture patency and assess associated effects. Skull X-rays serve as an initial screening tool, providing a cost-effective overview of cranial shape and suture status in suspected cases.^[59] Three-dimensional computed tomography (3D CT) scans are the gold standard for definitive diagnosis, offering detailed visualization of suture fusion through bone bridging and enabling precise preoperative planning.^[60]^[61] Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) complements CT by evaluating brain involvement, such as anomalies or raised intracranial pressure, without ionizing radiation exposure.^[62]^[60] Surgical intervention for coronal suture fusion aims to release the synostosis and promote normal cranial growth. For infants under 6 months, endoscopic strip craniectomy is preferred, involving small incisions and endoscope-guided removal of the fused suture segment, often followed by helmet therapy to guide skull reshaping.^[63]^[64] In older children, typically beyond 6 months, open fronto-orbital advancement is utilized, where the frontal bone and orbital rims are advanced and remodeled to correct asymmetry and expand the cranial vault.^[63]^[65] These techniques address the restricted growth patterns associated with coronal synostosis symptoms like plagiocephaly. Surgical outcomes demonstrate significant improvements in cranial morphology and function. Procedures typically increase intracranial volume by approximately 15-25%, alleviating pressure and supporting brain development.^[66] Complication rates range from 4-6%, with risks including infection, bleeding, and the need for transfusion, though endoscopic approaches often reduce blood loss and operative time compared to open methods.^[67]^[68] Management of coronal suture disorders requires a multidisciplinary approach involving neurosurgeons, plastic surgeons, and craniofacial specialists to optimize outcomes.^[69] Timing of surgery is critical, with interventions ideally performed before age 1 year to leverage the malleability of infant bone for superior cosmesis and growth normalization.^[69]^[70] As of 2025, guidelines from the American Society of Craniofacial Surgery recommend early multidisciplinary intervention and evidence-based surgical timing to optimize long-term outcomes.^[71]

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The present study was designed to examine a gene - environmental interaction by testing the hypothesis that postnatal thyroid hormone administered to rabbits ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[53]
Craniosynostosis - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf - NIH
Jan 19, 2025 · ... coronal synostosis. Ethnic differences in incidence have been observed, with a higher prevalence of metopic craniosynostosis in Caucasians.
[54]
Craniosynostosis in Siblings, an Extremely Rare Occurrence: A ...
Nov 23, 2024 · It has a prevalence rate of roughly 1 in 5000 newborns [4, 5]. Coronal synostosis is the second most prevalent kind of nonsyndromic CS, with an ...
[55]
FGFR Craniosynostosis Syndromes Overview - GeneReviews - NCBI
Apert syndrome results from localized mutations of FGFR2 and is allelic with Crouzon syndrome. Nature Genet. 1995;9:165-72. [PubMed: 7719344]. Witters I ...
[56]
Apert syndrome: MedlinePlus Genetics
Aug 1, 2019 · Craniosynostosis causes many of the characteristic facial features of Apert syndrome. ... Mutations in a gene known as FGFR2 cause Apert syndrome.
[57]
Unilateral Coronal Synostosis - EyeWiki
In one study, 8-10% of cases of coronal synostosis reported a positive family history of craniosynostosis. Environmental factors, such as exposure to ...
[58]
Brachycephaly - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf
The presentation of bi-coronal craniosynostosis is turricephaly, with a towered forehead, seemingly shallow orbits, and a shortened nasal bone. Anterior ...
[59]
Familial incidence and associated symptoms in a population of ...
Sep 26, 2013 · Craniosynostosis is a common cranial malformation occurring in 1 per 2,000–2,500 births. Isolated defects (nonsyndromic) occur in ~75% of ...Introduction · Lifetime Incidence Rates · Associated Symptoms
[60]
Non-syndromic bicoronal craniosynostosis - Orphanet
Bicoronal synostosis may be associated with facial anomalies such as slight hypertelorism. Prevalence of increased intracranial pressure (ICP) is about 30% and ...
[61]
2. The Role of Imaging - Congress of Neurological Surgeons (CNS)
In these situations, skull x-rays or ultrasound are almost always sufficient for definitive diagnosis. CT is the gold-standard but should be used sparingly, ...
[62]
Neuroimaging in Nonsyndromic Craniosynostosis: Key Concepts to ...
Aug 23, 2024 · CT scans have long been considered the gold standard for assessing CRS due to their ability to provide detailed images of cranial sutures and ...
[63]
[PDF] Three-Dimensional Computed Tomography Imaging in the ...
Conclusion. 3D CT appears as the imaging modality with the best diagnostic performance in children with craniosynostosis.
[64]
3D pediatric cranial bone imaging using high-resolution MRI for ...
Jun 12, 2020 · Diagnostic imaging involving CT scans obtained in patients with craniosynostosis ... MRI data to the gold-standard CT-based images. The assessment ...
[65]
Treatment of unilateral coronal synostosis by endoscopic strip ...
Since 2004 endoscopic strip craniectomy performed in patients by 3 months of age has been offered as an alternative to fronto-orbital advancement at 9 to 11 ...
[66]
Craniosynostosis Surgery | Children's Hospital of Philadelphia
Craniosynostosis surgery – such as strip craniectomy and fronto-orbital advancement – can correct disorders that cause the skull to grow together.
[67]
Fronto-orbital Advancement Versus Endoscopy-Assisted ... - PubMed
Fronto-orbital advancement and endoscopic repair show equivalent outcomes 1 year postoperatively in all 3 width measurements and anterior cranial fossa area.
[68]
Increases in Cranial Volume with Posterior Cranial Vault Distraction ...
The mean intracranial volume increase was 25.0%, ranging from 16.9% to 39.4%. In 5 patients, the increase in volume was calculated from the photogrammetric 3-D ...
[69]
Free-floating bone flap posterior cranial vault release in syndromic ...
The mean intracranial volume increased by an average of 36.6 percent (range, 18.1 to 79.2 percent) at last follow-up. The degree of hydrocephalus in the ...
[70]
Eleven years of experience with endoscopic and open surgery for ...
The rates of postoperative complications (endoscopic 6.4% and open 4.5%) and reoperation (endoscopic 4.6% and open 2.8%) were comparable between the two groups.
[71]
Endoscopy in Craniosynostosis Surgery: Evolution and Current Trends
Sep 19, 2022 · The benefits of endoscopic-assisted craniofacial surgery include decreased blood loss, shorter operating and anesthesia time, and smaller incisions.
[72]
Age at Time of Craniosynostosis Repair Predicts Increased ... - NIH
This suggests that surgery should ideally be performed prior to age 12 months by a multidisciplinary team of surgical specialists. This timing will reduce ...
[73]
Craniosynostosis - Nationwide Children's Hospital
It is usually best for your baby to have the surgery before they reach age 1. This is because the bones are still very soft. It is easier to fix the ...