Fact-checked by Grok 2 weeks ago

Forehead

The forehead, also known as the brow or frontal region, is the uppermost portion of the human face, extending from the supraorbital margins (above the eyebrows) superiorly to the frontal hairline and laterally to the temporal lines.^[1] It overlies the frontal bone of the cranium and serves as a key anatomical landmark for facial structure and expression.^[2] Anatomically, the forehead consists of multiple layers beginning with the skin, which is thin and highly vascular, followed by subcutaneous fat pads divided into central, middle, and lateral temporal compartments that provide cushioning and allow for mobility.^[2] Beneath these lies the frontalis muscle, the anterior belly of the occipitofrontalis muscle, which originates from the galea aponeurotica—a dense fibrous sheet connecting to the scalp—and inserts into the dermis of the eyebrows without direct bony attachments.^[3] This muscle, characterized by its vertical, fan-like fibers, is innervated by the facial nerve (cranial nerve VII) and works in concert with adjacent muscles such as the procerus, corrugator supercilii, and orbicularis oculi to facilitate eyebrow elevation and scalp movement.^[3] The underlying periosteum adheres closely to the smooth, convex surface of the frontal bone, contributing to the region's structural integrity.^[2] The forehead's functional significance lies primarily in its role in nonverbal communication and emotional expression, as contractions of the frontalis produce characteristic horizontal wrinkles that convey surprise or concern.^[3] Clinically, it is a site prone to trauma, infections, and aesthetic concerns due to its prominent visibility and vascular supply from branches of the supraorbital and supratrochlear arteries.^[2] In human morphology, variations in forehead shape and height influence facial proportions, with the anterior hairline typically marking the transition to the scalp at the junction of the frontalis and galea aponeurotica.^[1]

Anatomy

Bony structure

The frontal bone constitutes the primary skeletal foundation of the forehead, forming a prominent, curved structure that defines the superior aspect of the anterior cranium.^[4] Its squamous portion, the largest and most anterior part, creates the smooth, convex contour of the forehead, extending from the coronal suture superiorly to the supraorbital margins inferiorly.^[4] This portion is thick and diploic in adults, housing the frontal sinuses, paired air-filled cavities that develop within the bone and vary in size but typically occupy the medial two-thirds of the supraorbital region, aiding in lightening the skull and resonating voice.^[4] The supraorbital margin, a sharp ridge formed by the frontal bone, defines the superior boundary of the orbit and serves as the attachment site for the orbicularis oculi muscle and eyebrow.^[4] The frontal bone articulates with several adjacent cranial bones to integrate the forehead into the overall skull architecture. Posteriorly, it connects to the paired parietal bones via the coronal suture, a serrated line that marks the boundary between the frontal and parietal regions.^[4] Inferiorly, the frontal bone meets the nasal bones at the frontonasal suture and the maxillae along the fronto-maxillary suture, while laterally it articulates with the zygomatic bones at the frontozygomatic suture, forming the lateral orbital margins.^[4] Medially, it joins the sphenoid bone through the sphenofrontal suture, contributing to the orbital roof.^[4] These articulations ensure structural stability and protect the anterior brain and orbital contents.^[4] Embryologically, the frontal bone originates from the frontal prominences of the frontonasal process, a midline structure arising from neural crest-derived mesenchyme around the forebrain during the fourth week of gestation.^[5] These prominences ossify intramembranously, beginning around the eighth week, and fuse across the midline to form a single bone by early childhood, though the metopic suture—the persistent remnant of this embryonic division—may remain unfused in some individuals.^[4] Metopism, the complete persistence of the metopic suture into adulthood, occurs in 1-10% of adults depending on population and represents a benign anatomical variation without functional impairment, though it can influence sinus development or mimic pathology on imaging.^[6]

Soft tissues and muscles

The skin covering the forehead is relatively thick, averaging about 1.5 to 2 mm in total thickness, and is characterized by a high density of sebaceous glands that produce sebum to lubricate the surface, along with numerous hair follicles extending continuously to the hairline.^[7]^[8]^[9] Beneath the skin lies the subcutaneous layer, primarily composed of adipose tissue organized into distinct fat compartments, including a central forehead fat pad and paired lateral middle forehead compartments.^[2]^[10] These fat pads provide cushioning and contribute to the smooth, convex contour of the forehead by filling the space over the underlying structures and allowing for gliding during muscle contractions.^[11] The primary muscle of the forehead is the frontalis, the anterior belly of the occipitofrontalis muscle, which originates from the posterior aspect of the galea aponeurotica—a broad, tendinous sheet spanning the scalp—and inserts into the superficial fascia and skin of the eyebrows and upper forehead.^[12]^[13] Its fibers are oriented vertically and obliquely, enabling elevation of the eyebrows and production of horizontal forehead wrinkles through contraction.^[12] In the forehead region, the superficial musculoaponeurotic system (SMAS) is represented by a fibrous layer that invests the frontalis muscle and blends superiorly with the galea aponeurotica and temporoparietal fascia, forming a continuous network that links the muscle fibers to the dermis and facilitates coordinated movement of the overlying soft tissues.^[14]^[13] This integration, though less distinct than in the midface, supports the structural integrity of the forehead's soft tissues during dynamic facial motions.^[15]

Physiology

Innervation and vascular supply

The sensory innervation of the forehead is primarily provided by the supratrochlear and supraorbital nerves, which are branches of the ophthalmic division (V1) of the trigeminal nerve (cranial nerve V).^[16] The supraorbital nerve emerges from the supraorbital foramen to supply sensation to the central and lateral forehead, scalp, and upper eyelid, covering the corresponding dermatome that extends superiorly from the orbital rim.^[16] Similarly, the supratrochlear nerve exits medially to the trochlea, providing sensory input to the medial forehead and upper eyelid, with its dermatome encompassing the paramedian region.^[17] These nerves course superficially beneath the frontalis muscle, enabling tactile and nociceptive feedback across the forehead's integument and underlying tissues.^[17] Motor innervation to the forehead arises from the temporal and zygomatic branches of the facial nerve (cranial nerve VII), which supply the frontalis muscle of the occipitofrontalis.^[18] The temporal branches, emerging from the parotid plexus, travel superiorly across the zygomatic arch to innervate the frontalis, facilitating elevation of the eyebrows and scalp.^[18] The zygomatic branches contribute secondarily by supporting adjacent orbicularis oculi fibers, though their primary role is periorbital, ensuring coordinated movement in the superior forehead.^[18] These branches originate from the motor nucleus in the pons and exit via the stylomastoid foramen, providing special visceral efferent fibers essential for mimetic function.^[18] The arterial supply to the forehead derives mainly from the supratrochlear and supraorbital arteries, both terminal branches of the ophthalmic artery, which itself arises from the internal carotid artery.^[19] The supraorbital artery passes through the supraorbital foramen, branching to nourish the forehead skin, pericranium, and levator palpebrae superioris muscle, while forming anastomoses with the superficial temporal artery laterally.^[19] The supratrochlear artery emerges medially above the trochlea, ascending between the frontalis and corrugator supercilii muscles to supply the medial forehead, glabella, and upper eyelid via cutaneous, muscular, and periosteal branches; it anastomoses richly with the contralateral supratrochlear, supraorbital, and superficial temporal arteries, creating a robust vascular plexus.^[20] Venous drainage of the forehead occurs through the supraorbital, supratrochlear, and central veins, which converge into the angular vein at the medial canthus.^[21] The angular vein then connects to the superior ophthalmic vein, ultimately draining into the cavernous sinus, a valveless pathway that facilitates bidirectional flow.^[21] This direct communication from the facial veins to the cavernous sinus poses a risk for retrograde spread of infections originating in the forehead or midface "danger triangle," potentially leading to cavernous sinus thrombosis.^[21] Lymphatic drainage from the forehead follows superficial vessels that collect fluid from the skin and subcutaneous tissues, directing it toward the preauricular and submandibular lymph nodes.^[22] The preauricular nodes, located anterior to the ear, receive lymph from the lateral forehead, temporal scalp, and eyelids via efferent channels from facial lymph nodes.^[22] Central and medial forehead lymph drains to the submandibular nodes in the submandibular triangle, which also integrate input from adjacent facial regions before forwarding to deep cervical nodes.^[23] This network ensures efficient clearance while interconnecting with broader head and neck lymphatic pathways.^[22]

Development and variations

The forehead originates embryologically from the frontal region of the frontonasal prominence, which emerges during the fourth week of gestation from neural crest-derived mesenchyme adjacent to the forebrain and ventral midbrain. Neural crest cells migrate to this prominence, contributing essential mesenchymal components that form the bony and connective tissues of the forehead. The overall facial development, including the integration of the frontonasal prominence with adjacent maxillary and mandibular processes, progresses through proliferation, merging, and fusion of these structures between the fourth and eighth weeks, establishing the basic forehead contour by the end of the embryonic period.^[5] Postnatally, the forehead experiences continued growth characterized by downward displacement in subadults followed by forward expansion in adults, driven primarily by bone formation on its anterior surfaces, with occasional localized resorption near the glabella or frontonasal suture. This growth pattern aligns with the broader craniofacial remodeling that accommodates brain expansion and facial maturation through adolescence. A common postnatal alteration is hairline recession associated with androgenetic alopecia, a genetically influenced condition that progressively thins frontal scalp hair, effectively enlarging the visible forehead area, particularly in genetically predisposed males starting in early adulthood.^[24]^[25] Natural variations in forehead morphology arise from genetic and ethnic factors, notably in the prominence of the supraorbital ridge, which exhibits sexual dimorphism with greater forward projection in males due to higher testosterone levels influencing bone development. Across ancestries, supraorbital ridge development differs; for instance, some populations, such as Australian Aboriginal groups, display more robust tori compared to others with smoother profiles. Pathological variations like craniosynostosis disrupt normal growth; premature fusion of the metopic suture results in trigonocephaly, featuring a narrow, pointed forehead with a midline ridge, while sagittal suture fusion produces scaphocephaly, yielding a long, narrow forehead.^[26]^[27]^[28]

Functions

Facial expressions

The frontalis muscle, a key component of the epicranial muscle group, plays a central role in forehead-mediated facial expressions by elevating the eyebrows, which produces characteristic horizontal wrinkles across the forehead. This action is particularly prominent in expressions of surprise, where the eyebrows are raised to widen the visual field and signal alertness, or in emphasis, such as during attentive listening or questioning, enhancing non-verbal communication.^[13]^[29] The frontalis coordinates with the orbicularis oculi muscle, often acting as an antagonist during expressions involving brow depression, such as frowning, where the orbicularis oculi contributes to lowering the medial and lateral aspects of the eyebrows to convey displeasure or concentration. In states of focused concentration, this coordination results in a furrowed brow appearance, with the frontalis typically relaxing or partially contracting to balance the downward pull, facilitating subtle emotional cues like determination or puzzlement.^[13]^[29]^[30] From an evolutionary perspective, forehead expressions involving brow movements, such as raising mediated by the frontalis, have deep roots in primate communication, serving to signal emotions like affiliation, submission, or surprise across species including great apes and monkeys. These displays likely evolved to enhance social bonding and conflict avoidance, with human eyebrow flashes representing a refined version of homologous primate signals that promote cooperative interactions.^[31]^[32] Neurologically, forehead expressions are controlled by the dorsal division of the facial motor nucleus in the brainstem, which receives bilateral corticobulbar inputs from the primary motor cortex and supplementary motor areas, enabling precise, often symmetrical activation of the frontalis and related upper facial muscles. This organization allows for rapid, volitional modulation of expressions while integrating emotional inputs from limbic structures.^[33]

Sensory and protective roles

The skin of the forehead contains a high density of mechanoreceptors, including Merkel cells, Meissner corpuscles, Pacinian corpuscles, and Ruffini endings, which enable acute detection of tactile stimuli such as light touch, vibration, pressure, and stretch. This innervation density is estimated at approximately 48 tactile afferent units per cm² in the forehead region, contributing to its notably high tactile acuity relative to areas like the arm or back.^[34] The layered soft tissues of the forehead—comprising epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous fat, and underlying muscles—serve a critical protective function by absorbing and distributing forces from frontal impacts, thereby shielding the frontal lobes of the brain and the orbital structures including the eyes. Experimental impact tests demonstrate that scalp and forehead soft tissues, including the pericranium and galea aponeurotica, can attenuate a significant portion of linear impact energy and reduce peak forces on the skull.^[35]^[36] Cadaveric studies further indicate that the presence of overlying scalp and forehead soft tissues requires roughly 10 times more force to fracture the underlying frontal bone compared to bare bone.^[36] Forehead skin also supports thermoregulation via its dense population of eccrine sweat glands, averaging around 200 glands per cm², which produce watery sweat for evaporative cooling during heat stress or physical exertion.^[37] This mechanism efficiently dissipates excess body heat from the head, a region with high metabolic activity and vascularity. Additionally, stretch-sensitive mechanoreceptors in the forehead skin provide proprioceptive feedback during head movements, aiding in the perception of orientation and contributing to overall postural control; these are primarily supplied by branches of the trigeminal nerve.^[38]

Clinical significance

Disorders and injuries

The forehead is susceptible to various traumas, including contusions, lacerations, and fractures of the frontal bone. Contusions typically present with localized swelling, bruising, and tenderness due to soft tissue injury from blunt force, while lacerations involve skin breaks that may require assessment for underlying damage. Frontal bone fractures are classified as linear, which are simple cracks without displacement often resulting from low-impact trauma, or depressed, where fragments are pushed inward potentially compressing brain tissue and increasing intracranial pressure. These injuries can accompany traumatic brain injury (TBI), with the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) used to evaluate severity: scores of 13-15 indicate mild TBI, 9-12 moderate, and 3-8 severe, guiding urgent management.^[39]^[40]^[41]^[42] Dermatological conditions affecting the forehead often stem from its oily sebaceous gland density. Seborrheic dermatitis manifests as erythematous, scaly patches with yellow-white flakes on the forehead, accompanied by itching or burning, particularly in areas of high oil production. Acne vulgaris on the forehead arises from clogged pores due to excess sebum, dead skin cells, and bacteria, leading to whiteheads, blackheads, or inflammatory papules that can cause pain and scarring if severe. Diagnosis for both relies on clinical examination, evaluating lesion distribution and characteristics without needing biopsy in typical cases.^[43]^[44]^[45]^[46]^[47] Neurological disorders involving the forehead include frontal sinusitis and referred pain from migraines. Frontal sinusitis causes pressure, tenderness, and pain localized to the forehead, often worsening with head position changes, alongside nasal congestion and fever in acute cases. Migraines frequently refer throbbing pain to the forehead, unilateral or bilateral, lasting 4-72 hours with associated nausea, photophobia, and phonophobia. These are diagnosed through patient history and clinical criteria, excluding secondary causes via neurological exam.^[48]^[49]^[50]^[51] Congenital conditions like positional plagiocephaly can distort forehead shape through asymmetric skull flattening, often from prolonged supine positioning in infants, resulting in a parallelogram-like head with prominent ipsilateral forehead prominence. This non-synostotic deformation is typically asymptomatic beyond cosmetic concerns but may relate briefly to developmental variations in cranial growth. Diagnosis involves clinical measurement of cranial asymmetry, such as cephalic index.^[52]^[53] Diagnostic approaches for forehead disorders emphasize imaging and examination tailored to suspected pathology. Computed tomography (CT) scans are the gold standard for detecting frontal bone fractures, providing detailed views of bone displacement, sinus involvement, and associated intracranial injuries with high sensitivity. For softer issues like dermatological conditions or headaches, clinical exams suffice, including palpation for tenderness or inspection of wrinkles and muscle tension in the frontalis, which may signal tension-type headaches with bilateral forehead pressure.^[54]^[55]^[56]

Surgical and cosmetic procedures

Surgical and cosmetic procedures on the forehead encompass a range of interventions aimed at enhancing aesthetic appearance, correcting functional deficits, or reconstructing trauma-related damage. These procedures target the frontalis muscle, underlying bony structures, and soft tissues, drawing on the forehead's anatomical prominence in facial expression and contour. Historically, forehead surgery traces its origins to ancient trephination, a technique involving drilling holes in the skull—evident in prehistoric remains dating back over 7,000 years—to treat presumed cranial ailments or release evil spirits, often performed on the frontal bone.^[57] This evolved through the Renaissance with more systematic cranial approaches, progressing to 19th-century innovations like Riedel's 1898 frontal sinus obliteration for infections, and into the 20th century with the advent of coronal incisions for brow elevation in the 1920s. Modern methods emphasize minimally invasive endoscopic techniques, introduced in the 1990s, which reduce scarring and recovery time compared to open procedures.^[58] Cosmetic procedures primarily address dynamic wrinkles and sagging skin associated with aging. Botulinum toxin type A (Botox) injections are a first-line, non-surgical option for reducing horizontal forehead lines by targeting the frontalis muscle, which elevates the eyebrows and contributes to glabellar frowning. The toxin inhibits acetylcholine release at the neuromuscular junction, inducing temporary muscle paralysis that smooths wrinkles, with effects lasting 3-6 months and high patient satisfaction in clinical evaluations.^[59] Forehead lifts, also known as brow lifts, surgically elevate the brows and smooth forehead skin for a more youthful appearance. The coronal approach involves an ear-to-ear incision across the scalp, allowing extensive tissue redraping but resulting in longer scars and higher risks of hairline elevation; it remains suitable for severe sagging. In contrast, the endoscopic forehead lift uses small incisions and a camera for precise dissection and fixation, offering shorter recovery (1-2 weeks) and fewer visible scars, with reliable long-term contour maintenance in appropriately selected patients.^[60]^[61] Reconstructive procedures focus on restoring structural integrity following trauma or pathology. Cranioplasty for forehead fractures involves repairing depressed or comminuted frontal bone defects using autologous bone grafts, titanium plates, or synthetic materials like polymethylmethacrylate to restore aesthetic contour and provide cerebral protection. Outcomes include improved cosmesis and neurological function, with complication rates of 20-40% reported in various series.^[62] For frontal sinus infections, such as chronic sinusitis or osteomyelitis, endoscopic frontal sinusotomy (Draf procedure) is the preferred technique, involving minimally invasive drainage and mucosa preservation to eradicate infection while maintaining sinus patency. More extensive cases may require cranialization—removal of the posterior sinus wall and obliteration with vascularized flaps—for definitive treatment, yielding infection resolution in over 90% of refractory cases.^[63]^[64] All forehead procedures carry inherent risks, including nerve damage, scarring, and asymmetry. The frontal branch of the facial nerve is particularly vulnerable during lifts, potentially causing temporary or permanent brow ptosis or paralysis in approximately 0.1% of endoscopic cases.^[65] Scarring varies by technique—coronal methods may lead to visible scars, while endoscopic approaches minimize this but risk alopecia at incision sites. Asymmetry and hematoma formation can occur, often requiring revision, underscoring the need for precise preoperative planning and surgeon experience.

Symbolism and historical views

In Hinduism and Buddhism, the forehead holds profound spiritual significance as the location of the ajna chakra, commonly known as the "third eye," positioned between the eyebrows. This chakra is regarded as the seat of intuition, insight, and higher consciousness, enabling perception beyond ordinary vision and facilitating enlightenment. Meditation practices often focus on this point to awaken inner wisdom and spiritual awareness, with the third eye symbolizing the transcendence of dualistic thinking toward unity with the divine.^[66] Ancient Greek philosophy, particularly through the lens of physiognomy attributed to Aristotle, viewed the forehead as an indicator of intellectual capacity and moral character. A broad or rounded forehead was interpreted as a sign of good understanding, liberality, and virtue, reflecting the belief that facial features mirrored the soul's qualities and mental faculties. This perspective influenced later interpretations of the head's frontal region as the primary locus of reason, distinguishing humans from animals in philosophical discourse.^[67]^[68] Prehistoric cultures practiced trepanning, an ancient surgical technique involving drilling or scraping holes in the skull, often to release evil spirits believed to cause ailments like headaches, epilepsy, or mental disturbances residing in the head. Archaeological evidence from Neolithic sites across Europe and beyond shows that such procedures targeted cranial areas, with survival rates indicating ritualistic or therapeutic intent rather than solely fatal outcomes. The removed bone fragments were sometimes retained as amulets to ward off malevolent forces, underscoring the forehead and cranium's perceived role as gateways for spiritual intervention.^[69] During the 19th century, phrenology emerged as a pseudoscientific discipline that mapped personality traits and mental abilities to specific skull contours, with the forehead region particularly linked to higher cognitive functions such as intellect, morality, and self-control. Proponents like Franz Joseph Gall argued that enlargements or depressions in the frontal lobes, detectable as bumps on the forehead, revealed innate dispositions, influencing fields from education to criminology before being discredited by empirical neuroscience. This practice exemplified a historical fascination with the forehead as a physical emblem of psychological depth.^[70] In Renaissance art, high foreheads were a fashionable feature symbolizing elegance and status, often achieved through hair-plucking among elites. Paintings from the period featured figures with prominent foreheads, aligning with the era's ideals of beauty and refinement. This artistic convention reflected Renaissance humanism's emphasis on grace and sophistication.^[71]

Beauty standards and adornment

In Western beauty standards, a smooth and moderately high forehead has historically been prized as a marker of elegance and intelligence, with practices dating back to the Renaissance and Elizabethan eras where women plucked or shaved their hairlines to achieve this elevated appearance. For instance, during the Victorian period, such alterations were common to emulate the ideal of a broad, unlined forehead symbolizing refinement. In contemporary Western contexts, while a high forehead remains desirable for its association with facial balance, excessively large ones—colloquially termed a "five-head"—are often viewed negatively, prompting individuals to seek camouflaging techniques rather than enhancement.^[72]^[73] Contrasting this, many East Asian beauty ideals emphasize smaller foreheads as part of an overall petite facial structure, contributing to a youthful and harmonious look. In Korean and Japanese standards, a compact face with proportional features, including a narrower forehead, is favored to align with the "small face" aesthetic that conveys delicacy and attractiveness. This preference influences everything from facial proportions in media to cosmetic adjustments aimed at minimizing perceived forehead height.^[74]^[75] Adornment practices across cultures have long targeted the forehead to enhance or signify beauty. In Indian tradition, the bindi—a vibrant dot applied to the center of the forehead—serves as both a decorative element and a cultural emblem, typically worn by women to accentuate facial symmetry and denote marital status or auspiciousness. Polynesian societies, particularly among the Māori of New Zealand, incorporate tā moko tattoos on the forehead and face, where intricate patterns denote genealogy, status, and personal achievements, with the head's sacred placement underscoring the wearer's prestige. Historically in Europe, Victorian women extended adornment through hair plucking to artificially enlarge the forehead, aligning with era-specific ideals of sophistication.^[76]^[77] Modern influences, amplified by media and social platforms, further shape forehead aesthetics through non-invasive methods like hairstyles and makeup. Bangs, such as curtain or side-swept styles, are popular for visually reducing forehead prominence, while contouring techniques with bronzer and highlighter create shadows to elongate or shorten the appearance as needed. These trends, disseminated via beauty influencers and advertisements, reflect a broader emphasis on customizable facial harmony over innate features.^[78] Gender differences in forehead aesthetics stem from evolutionary pressures, with sexual dimorphism resulting in females typically exhibiting smoother, higher foreheads due to reduced supraorbital ridge prominence compared to males. This divergence arises from testosterone-driven facial growth during puberty, where males develop more robust brow structures, potentially signaling strength, while female traits align with neotenous features preferred in mate selection for cues of fertility and youth. Such patterns vary across populations but underscore adaptive roles in human attraction.^[79]^[80]

References

[1]
Anatomy of the Face and Cranium - Elements of Morphology - NIH
Forehead: The part of the face above the eyebrows, below the hairline and between the temples. The paired frontalis muscles join in the midline and adhere ...
[2]
Anatomy, Head and Neck: Face - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf
The forehead is the superior region of the upper face region. The superficial layer of the forehead is made up of skin. Deeper to the skin layer of the forehead ...
[3]
Anatomy, Head and Neck; Frontalis Muscle - StatPearls - NCBI
Jul 25, 2023 · The frontalis muscle is on the front of the head, and while it may seem to behave as an independent muscle, it is actually part of a larger structure.
[4]
Anatomy, Head and Neck: Frontal Bone - StatPearls - NCBI - NIH
Apr 27, 2025 · Lateral to the maxilla, the frontal bone connects with bones forming the posterior orbit, namely, the lacrimal, sphenoid, and zygomatic bones ( ...
[5]
Embryology, Face - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf
Jan 30, 2024 · Frontonasal process - arises from mesenchyme produced by the neural crest cells near the forebrain and ventral midbrain.
[6]
Metopism and Its Clinical Relevance: A Persistent Suture - PMC - NIH
Metopism is clinically relevant anatomical variation. There are chances of it getting muddled up with skull fractures. It can also help in the identification ...
[7]
Anatomy, Head and Neck, Scalp - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf
There are five layers to the scalp: the skin, connective tissue layer, galea aponeurotica, loose areolar connective tissue, and the pericranium. Go to: ...Missing: composition | Show results with:composition<|control11|><|separator|>
[8]
The Relationship Between Wrinkle Depth and Dermal Thickness in ...
In the forehead, the average dermal thickness was 0.95 mm at the nonwrinkle point and 0.81 mm at the wrinkle point, whereas the average value of Rmax was 0.25 ...<|separator|>
[9]
Skin Lipids. Sebaceous gland lipids: friend or foe? - ScienceDirect
Sebaceous glands are found all over the human body except on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet. The glands are numerous on the face and scalp and are ...Missing: forehead credible
[10]
An Update on the Anatomy of the Forehead Compartments
The subcutaneous fat layer beneath the skin is composed of a central forehead compartment and two lateral middle forehead compartments. These compartments are ...
[11]
Forehead Anatomy - Medscape Reference
specifically the central forehead fat pad and the lateral temporal fat pad — contributes to the overall ...
[12]
Frontalis muscle: Anatomy, location and function - Kenhub
Feb 13, 2024 · The frontalis does not have any bony attachments, rather it adheres to the superficial fascia of the eyebrows and blends with adjacent muscles ...Missing: fiber | Show results with:fiber
[13]
Anatomy, Head and Neck; Frontalis Muscle - StatPearls - NCBI
The superficial musculoaponeurotic system (SMAS) continues above the zygomatic arch and includes the temporoparietal fascia (as it blends into the galea) and ...Muscles · Clinical Significance · Review Questions
[14]
Anatomy, Skin, Superficial Musculoaponeurotic System (SMAS) Fascia
The superficial musculoaponeurotic system, or SMAS, is often described as an organized fibrous network composed of the platysma muscle, parotid fascia, and ...
[15]
The Superficial Musculoaponeurotic System of the Face: A Model ...
In 1976, a superficial musculoaponeurotic system (SMAS) was described in the parotid and cheek regions of the face, dividing superficial and deep adipose tissue ...
[16]
Nerves of the Head and Neck | UAMS Department of Neuroscience
supraorbital n., supratrochlear n. none, skin of the forehead and the medial part of the upper eyelid; mucous membrane of the frontal sinus, the most superior ...
[17]
Anatomical Variations of the Supraorbital and Supratrochlear Nerves
Jul 13, 2019 · The deep branch runs across the lateral forehead between the galea aponeurotica and the pericranium as the sensory nerve to the frontoparietal ...
[18]
Facial nerve: Origin, function, branches and anatomy - Kenhub
The seventh cranial nerve (CN VII), the facial nerve, is responsible for providing motor innervation to these facial muscles, enabling you to smile or frown. In ...
[19]
Anatomy, Head and Neck, Ophthalmic Arteries - StatPearls - NCBI
The supraorbital artery is also a branch of the ophthalmic artery and passes through the supraorbital foramen to supply the skin of the forehead and Levator ...
[20]
Anatomy, Head and Neck, Supratrochlear - StatPearls - NCBI - NIH
Supratrochlear artery (Image 2): The supratrochlear artery is a terminal branch of the ophthalmic artery (intracranial branch of the internal carotid artery).
[21]
Review Article Exploring the venous supply of the face: An illustrated ...
The angular vein drains the middle forehead and upper eyelid, linking the supraorbital vein to the ophthalmic veins.
[22]
Lymphatic Drainage of the Head and Neck - TeachMeAnatomy
### Lymphatic Drainage of Forehead and Face to Preauricular and Submandibular Nodes
[23]
Facial lymph nodes: Anatomy and groups - Kenhub
Apr 18, 2024 · Efferent vessels of the facial lymph nodes largely drain to the submandibular and/or preauricular lymph nodes. ... lymphatic drainage of the head ...
[24]
Postnatal changes in the growth dynamics of the human face ...
During the subadult stage, the facial skeleton experiences a downward growth and a forward displacement, while the maxilla increases in length. This growth and ...
[25]
Androgenetic Alopecia - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf - NIH
In women, the frontal hairline is typically spared with diffuse hair loss at the crown and top of the head, with loss often marked by a wider center part. This ...Missing: recession forehead
[26]
A cross-sectional study: correlation of forehead morphology and ...
Jan 8, 2024 · It indicated that the forehead morphology has a distinct sex difference. That is, males have a greater and more prominent supraorbital ridge ...
[27]
The Supraorbital Torus: "-A Most Remarkable Peculiarity" - jstor
Of living populations, the heaviest average supraorbital devel- opment may be found among Queensland Australian Aborigi- nes, where true undivided supraorbital ...
[28]
Craniosynostosis - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf - NIH
Jan 19, 2025 · Trigonocephaly (premature fusion of the metopic suture): The forehead is narrow and pointed; the head has a triangular shape viewed from above, ...
[29]
Anatomy, Head and Neck: Facial Muscles - StatPearls - NCBI - NIH
Apr 20, 2024 · The facial muscles are striated muscles that link the facial skin to the skull bone to perform important daily life functions, such as mastication and emotion ...Structure And Function · Blood Supply And Lymphatics · Clinical SignificanceMissing: composition | Show results with:composition
[30]
A Psychological Guide to Upper Face Botulinum Toxin Injections
Oct 21, 2025 · The upper face plays a central role in human emotional expression and interpersonal communication [1]. Studies have shown that the muscles in ...3.1. The Glabellar Complex · 3.2. The Forehead Region · 3.3. Lateral Canthal Lines
[31]
Human Facial Expressions as Adaptations:Evolutionary Questions ...
The face is a visible signal of others' social intentions and motivations, and facial expression continues to be a critical variable in social interaction.
[32]
Supraorbital morphology and social dynamics in human evolution
Apr 9, 2018 · Mobile eyebrows without the constraints of a pronounced browridge allow subtle affiliative emotions to be expressed (Supplementary Table 3), ...
[33]
Neuroanatomy, Cranial Nerve 7 (Facial) - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf
The dorsal aspect of the facial nucleus receives input from both the left and right cerebral hemispheres. This results in both hemispheres having control over ...
[34]
Touch perceptions across skin sites: differences between sensitivity ...
We find that tactile sensitivity and discrimination vary across the skin, where the forehead and palm show increased acuity. Tactile sensitivity and ...
[35]
The Importance of the Scalp in Head Impact Kinematics
Standard linear drop tests (EN960) showed that the scalp reduced the impact energy by up to 68.7% (rear impact). Oblique head impact tests showed how the ...
[36]
Skull Fracture: Practice Essentials, History of the Procedure, Problem
Sep 27, 2018 · Test results have shown that 10 times more force is required to fracture a cadaveric skull with overlaying scalp than the one without.Missing: forehead | Show results with:forehead
[37]
Diversity and evolution of human eccrine sweat gland density
A comprehensive review suggests averages of ~200/cm2 on the forehead ... Thermogenic and psychogenic recruitment of human eccrine sweat glands: variations between ...
[38]
The Proprioceptive Senses: Their Roles in Signaling Body Shape ...
Oct 1, 2012 · Proprioceptive senses include the senses of position and movement of limbs and trunk, effort, force, and heaviness. Receptors are in skin, ...Missing: forehead | Show results with:forehead
[39]
Blunt Force Trauma - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf
Diagnosis of various blunt impact injuries and estimation of time since the injury occurred are made by gross and microscopic examination of wounds.
[40]
Pediatric Skull Fractures - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf
Aug 22, 2025 · Management ranges from observation for simple linear fractures to surgical intervention for depressed, open, or compound fractures.
[41]
Frontal Sinus Fractures - StatPearls - NCBI - NIH
Jun 30, 2023 · While assessing the extent of the patient's disabilities, a thorough neurologic exam should be performed to calculate a Glasgow Coma Scale Score ...
[42]
The Association between Skull Bone Fractures and the Mortality ...
According to the GCS, the severity of TBI was categorized in terms of mild (13–15), moderate (9–12), and severe (<8) injuries [26].Missing: symptoms diagnosis
[43]
Seborrheic dermatitis - Symptoms and causes - Mayo Clinic
Jul 19, 2024 · Seborrheic dermatitis causes a rash of oily patches with yellow or white scales. The rash may look darker or lighter in people with brown or Black skin and ...Diagnosis and treatment · Seborrheic dermatitis of the...
[44]
Seborrheic Dermatitis - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf
Atopic dermatitis is important in the differential diagnosis of ISD. It tends to be pruritic and prone to weeping and typically occurs on the face and limb ...
[45]
Acne - Symptoms and causes - Mayo Clinic
Jul 20, 2024 · Acne typically appears on your face, forehead, chest, upper back and shoulders because these areas of skin have the most oil (sebaceous) glands.
[46]
Acne: Who gets and causes - American Academy of Dermatology
Acne develops when pores become clogged. What type of acne you get depends on what clogs your pores. You'll find pictures of the different types of acne.
[47]
Seborrheic dermatitis: Diagnosis and treatment
May 14, 2024 · Seborrheic dermatitis is one of many skin conditions that causes an itchy rash. A board-certified dermatologist can tell you which skin ...
[48]
Acute sinusitis - Symptoms and causes - Mayo Clinic
Aug 29, 2023 · Pain, tenderness, swelling and pressure around the eyes, cheeks, nose or forehead that gets worse when bending over. Other signs and symptoms ...
[49]
Acute Sinusitis - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf - NIH
Aug 2, 2025 · Other signs of acute rhinosinusitis include cough, fatigue, hyposmia, anosmia, maxillary dental pain, and ear fullness or pressure. Anterior ...
[50]
Migraine | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
Jan 31, 2025 · Symptoms may include migraine with or without aura, pulsing pain on one side of the head, nausea, vomiting, and increased sensitivity to sound ...
[51]
Migraine Headache - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf
Jul 5, 2024 · The diagnosis of migraine is based on patient history, physical examination, and fulfillment of diagnostic criteria. Demographic features of the ...Etiology · Evaluation · Treatment / ManagementMissing: referral | Show results with:referral
[52]
Plagiocephaly - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf - NIH
In synostotic anterior plagiocephaly, the forehead is flattened, and the supraorbital margin is high. [22] The forehead is pushed forward on the opposite side. ...
[53]
Diagnosis and treatment of positional plagiocephaly - PMC - NIH
Positional plagiocephaly can mostly be diagnosed clinically and by physical examinations.Missing: forehead symptoms
[54]
Frontal Sinus Fractures - PMC - NIH
The gold standard in diagnosis and classification of frontal sinus fractures is a computed tomography (CT) scan of the face, head, and neck. Plain radiographs ...
[55]
Scalp Laceration - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf - NIH
Clinicians should inquire about causative trauma, the age of the wound, the presence of a foreign body, and symptoms of head trauma. They also need to assess ...
[56]
Seborrheic dermatitis - Diagnosis and treatment - Mayo Clinic
Jul 19, 2024 · Diagnosis. To diagnose seborrheic dermatitis, your health care provider will likely talk with you about your symptoms and look at your skin.
[57]
Craniotomy - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf
The craniotomy approach has evolved over time. Trephination has been found to be performed by prehistoric men either for magic or religious rituals to release ...
[58]
Riedel's Procedure: A Modification to Obliterate Step Defect - PMC
Feb 17, 2019 · In 1750 was the first modern description of frontal sinus surgery. In 1898, Riedel advocated complete removal of the anterior table and floor of ...
[59]
Botulinum Toxin Treatment of the Upper Face - StatPearls - NCBI - NIH
Botulinum toxin injection is commonly performed to chemically denervate certain muscles of facial expression for the purposes of facial rejuvenation and ...
[60]
Brow lift - Mayo Clinic
Sep 1, 2022 · Like any other type of major surgery, a brow lift poses a risk of bleeding, infection and a reaction to anesthesia. How you prepare. Initially, ...Missing: outcomes | Show results with:outcomes
[61]
Mid Forehead Brow Lift - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf - NIH
When patients are chosen correctly, these endoscopic brow lifts provide reliable and long-lasting results.[7] Coronal brow lifts, pretrichial brow lifts, mid- ...
[62]
Cranioplasty: Review of materials and techniques - PMC - NIH
The main considerations of these techniques are to use patients' own bone tissue to achieve bony closure and to keep bone flap “alive” in waiting period.Missing: forehead | Show results with:forehead
[63]
Selecting the Best Approach to the Frontal Sinus - PMC - NIH
Jan 20, 2011 · The Messerklinger technique is an endoscopic approach to sinus surgery designed to be minimally invasive and preserve mucosa and hence ...
[64]
Modified Cranialization and Secondary Cranioplasty for Frontal ...
This article aims to introduce modified cranialization technique and secondary cranioplasty for frontal sinus infection involving the frontal sinus outflow ...
[65]
Complications in Facial Esthetic Surgery - PMC - NIH
The most common complications encountered in endoscopic brow lifts were alopecia (2.8%) and numbness (2%). The incidence of nerve injury in endoscopic brow lift ...
[66]
https://dsc.duq.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1075&context=duquark
[67]
[PDF] The Third Eye and Pineal Gland Connection
Dec 27, 2020 · Once our third eye chakra is opened, we can gain wisdom, intuition, deeper self- reflection, higher self-confidence, and logic, just to name a ...
[68]
The Works of Aristotle - Of the Judgment of Physiognomy.
The forehead that riseth in a round, signifies a man liberally merry, of a good understanding, and generally inclined to virtue. He whose forehead is fleshy, ...
[69]
Physiognomics • Aristotle - AncientGreek.eu • Audiobooks
For example, Aristotle believed that people with broad faces and large foreheads were more courageous and intelligent, while those with narrow faces and small ...
[70]
What is trepanning? - HistoryExtra
Aug 2, 2019 · Shamans also used it to purge bad spirits, in the cases of those with mental diseases, epilepsy and blindness.Missing: evil forehead
[71]
An empirical, 21st century evaluation of phrenology - PMC
Phrenology was a nineteenth century endeavour to link personality traits with scalp morphology, which has been both influential and fiercely criticised.
[72]
[PDF] renaissance.pdf - The Metropolitan Museum of Art
Her forehead is plucked, in keeping with the fashion of the day that considered a high forehead to be a sign of beauty. Saint Eligius is portrayed as a ...
[73]
Looks that Kill: 11 Impossible Beauty Standards from History
Nov 12, 2017 · Not every woman had a naturally high forehead. So, to raise their beauty rating, Medieval ladies raised their hairlines artificially. Looks that ...
[74]
https://abplasticsurgerykorea.com/ab-blog/do-you-fit-korean-beauty-standards-the-korean-beauty-standards-checklist
[75]
Korean Beauty Standards and How to Achieve Them
Oct 24, 2024 · The Small Face Ideal: Delicate and Youthful Features. In Korea, a small face with balanced proportions is considered charming and attractive.
[76]
The Eight Standards of Japanese Beauty - The Japan Guy
The Eight Standards of Japanese Beauty · 1. LIGHT/WHITE SKIN · 2. THE HIGH-BRIDGED NOSE · 3. SMALL/SLIM FACE · 4. THIN/PETITE · 5. CURLY EYELASHES · 6. THE DOUBLE ...
[77]
The Purpose of the Bindi - Hindu American Foundation
Jun 5, 2018 · One of the most internationally-known body adornments worn by Hindu and Jain women is the bindi, a red dot applied between the eyebrows on the forehead.
[78]
Tāmoko: Traditional Māori tattoo | 100% Pure New Zealand
For Māori today, moko (Māori tattoo) is a visual symbol of cultural pride and commitment to upholding the art forms and customs of the ancestors in a modern ...
[79]
45 Gorgeous Hairstyles to Flatter a Bigger Forehead - Byrdie
Mar 6, 2024 · We settled on the 45 styles below, which pair beautifully with a heart-shaped face and look good on anyone who has a broad forehead.
[80]
Effect of aging and body characteristics on facial sexual dimorphism ...
May 14, 2020 · In the older group the men had a much larger forehead inclination, which means more prominent supraorbital arches. The differences were ...
[81]
A New Viewpoint on the Evolution of Sexually Dimorphic Human ...
Oct 1, 2010 · Male faces tilted up were judged to be more masculine, and tilted down judged to be less masculine. This suggests that sexual selection may have ...