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Cosh

''Cosh'' may refer to: ==People== ==Mathematics== ==Weaponry== ==Occupational Safety and Health==
  • COSHH Regulations, the Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations 2002 in the United Kingdom
  • National COSH, the National Council for Occupational Safety and Health, a US nonprofit organization

People

Chris Cosh

Christopher Cosh (born May 12, 1959) is an American football coach and former player known for his extensive career in college football, particularly in defensive coordination roles across multiple programs. A native of Hillcrest Heights, Maryland, where he graduated from Bishop McNamara High School, Cosh earned All-Metro Defensive Player of the Year honors as a high school linebacker. He went on to play college football at Virginia Tech from 1977 to 1981, suiting up as a linebacker for the Hokies and earning a bachelor's degree in physical education in 1983. Cosh did not pursue a professional playing career after college. Cosh began his coaching career as a student assistant at in 1983, followed by a position at the in 1984 under . Over the next decades, he held various defensive coaching roles, including linebackers coach at from 1992 to 1995, assistant head coach/linebackers coach in 1995, and from 1996 to 1996; linebackers coach and recruiting coordinator at in 1997; linebackers coach at from 1999 to 2002; linebackers coach at Kansas State from 2004 to 2005; and at in 2014. He advanced to at several prominent programs, such as Michigan State in 1998 under , where the Spartans ranked 12th nationally in total defense; in 2003; from 2006 to 2008, contributing to a 9-4 record and a Bowl victory in 2006; Kansas State from 2009 to 2011, helping secure a 10-3 finish and a Cotton Bowl berth in 2011; the (2012–2013), where his unit ranked 24th in scoring defense; in 2015; in 2016; and the from 2017 to 2019. He also served as at in 2021. Throughout his career, Cosh has been recognized for developing strong defensive units and contributing to team successes, including five participations, such as the 1983 at , the 1992 at , and others. His strategies emphasize disciplined play and player development, having coached notable talents like linebacker John during his time at . As of 2025, Cosh serves as co-defensive coordinator at , continuing his legacy of over 40 years in coaching.

John Cosh

John Arthur Cosh (1915–2005) was a physician and renowned for his pioneering long-term observational studies on the progression and outcomes of . His work emphasized the chronic, debilitating nature of the disease and its cardiovascular complications, providing foundational epidemiological insights that shaped subsequent research in . Cosh's holistic approach integrated clinical observation with interests in and alternative therapies, influencing patient-centered care in joint diseases. Born in in 1915 to a father, Cosh attended before studying at , and St Thomas's Hospital Medical School, qualifying as a in 1940. He served in the Royal Navy Volunteer Reserve during from 1942 to 1945, participating in Arctic convoys and Italian landings, for which he was . Post-war, he held house posts at Lambeth Hospital and Royal Hampshire County Hospital, followed by a registrar role at in 1948 and a lectureship at the from 1951 to 1957. In 1957, he became a consultant at the Royal United Hospital in , with joint responsibilities in , , and general , a position he held until retiring in 1982. Without formal training, Cosh developed expertise through self-directed learning, including ward rounds at under Eric Bywaters and in with Professor Kellgren. He pioneered detailed clinical assessments of diseases by prospectively tracking his initial 100 patients with newly diagnosed from 1959 to 1961, using punch-card systems for data management—a method ahead of its time. His focused on and broader pathologies, but centered on 's , incorporating early tools like the Ritchie articular and for activity measurement. Cosh authored 51 papers, including influential works on sequential monitoring presented to the Heberden Society in 1970. Key among his contributions was a 1973 collaboration with R.K. Jacoby and M.I.V. Jayson on an 11-year follow-up of patients, extended to 30 years by 2004, revealing progressive functional impairment over decades, with only a minority achieving normal function and median survival shortened by 10–11 years due primarily to heart disease. In 1986, he co-identified genetic markers associated with susceptibility. Cosh also advanced the use of non-invasive techniques, such as reagent preparation for the Rose-Waaler test at the for Rheumatic Diseases in , enhancing serological diagnosis of rheumatic conditions. Cosh's legacy endures in modern through his advocacy for longitudinal cohort studies and non-invasive observational diagnostics, which informed epidemiological models and strategies emphasizing cardiovascular risk management in diseases. He promoted integrative approaches, consulting for Bio-Health Ltd on herbal remedies from 1984 to 1996 and authoring and : The Sufferers' Guide (1997) to empower patients with evidence-based self-management. His emphasis on holistic, patient-focused care continues to influence practices in diagnosing and managing chronic rheumatic conditions.

Mathematics

Hyperbolic Cosine

The hyperbolic cosine function, commonly denoted as \cosh x, is defined by the formula \cosh x = \frac{e^x + e^{-x}}{2}, where e is the base of the natural logarithm. This definition expresses \cosh x as the even part of the exponential function e^x, providing a smooth, convex curve that grows exponentially for positive x and symmetrically for negative x. Geometrically, the hyperbolic cosine function emerges from the parametric representation of the unit hyperbola given by the equation x^2 - y^2 = 1. In this parametrization, the coordinates are x = \cosh t and y = \sinh t, where \sinh t = \frac{e^t - e^{-t}}{2}, tracing the right branch of the hyperbola since \cosh t \geq 1 for all real t. The parameter t corresponds to the hyperbolic angle, analogous to the trigonometric angle in circular functions but measured along the hyperbola. Key properties of \cosh x include its even nature, satisfying \cosh(-x) = \cosh x for all real x, which reflects its about the y-axis. The achieves its global minimum value of at x = 0, and \cosh x \geq [1](/page/1) thereafter, with no upper bound as |x| increases. The is \frac{d}{dx} \cosh x = [\sinh x](/page/Sinh), and the indefinite is \int \cosh x \, dx = [\sinh x](/page/Sinh) + C. The hyperbolic cosine was first introduced by the Italian mathematician Vincenzo Riccati in his 1757 publication Opusculorum ad res physicas et mathematicas pertinentium, where he used it to solve cubic equations and derived related formulas. It was later formalized and systematically developed by in a 1768 paper presented to the Academy of Sciences, integrating into broader trigonometric frameworks. Fundamental identities involving \cosh x include the hyperbolic Pythagorean relation \cosh^2 x - \sinh^2 x = 1, which mirrors the trigonometric identity but with a difference instead of a sum. The addition formula states that \cosh(x + y) = \cosh x \cosh y + \sinh x \sinh y, facilitating expansions and simplifications in calculations.

Inverse Hyperbolic Cosine

The inverse hyperbolic cosine function, commonly denoted as \arccosh(x) or \cosh^{-1}(x), is the inverse of the hyperbolic cosine function and yields the nonnegative real number y such that \cosh(y) = x. For real arguments, it is explicitly defined by the formula \arccosh(x) = \ln\left(x + \sqrt{x^2 - 1}\right), where x \geq 1. This logarithmic expression arises from solving the equation \cosh(y) = x using the exponential definition of the hyperbolic cosine. The domain of \arccosh(x) is restricted to [1, \infty) to ensure it is a one-to-one function, with the range being [0, \infty). A key property is that \arccosh(\cosh(x)) = |x| for all real x, reflecting the even nature of \cosh(x) and the principal branch selection for the inverse. The derivative is given by \frac{d}{dx} \arccosh(x) = \frac{1}{\sqrt{x^2 - 1}} for x > 1, which follows from implicit differentiation of the defining relation. The indefinite integral is \int \arccosh(x) \, dx = x \arccosh(x) - \sqrt{x^2 - 1} + C, obtainable via integration by parts. Alternative notations include \acosh(x) and \Arch(x), though \arccosh(x) and \cosh^{-1}(x) are most prevalent in mathematical literature. The inverse hyperbolic functions, including \arccosh, emerged in the 18th century alongside the hyperbolic functions themselves, with Johann Heinrich Lambert providing the first systematic development in his works on transcendental equations and geometry.

Weaponry

Cosh Weapon

A cosh is a short, weighted typically measuring 6 to 12 inches in length, constructed with a flexible and a heavy striking end filled with materials such as lead shot, , or molded lead clay, often encased in for concealment and grip. This design allows it to deliver powerful, focused blunt-force impacts capable of incapacitating a target with minimal visible injury, distinguishing it from rigid batons. The term "cosh" emerged as in the , likely derived from the Romany word "kosh" or "kosht," meaning a stick or piece of wood. It gained prominence during the as a concealed for street-level violence, reflecting the era's urban crime and concerns in industrializing . Historically, coshes were employed by criminals for knockout blows in robberies and assaults, particularly in London's underworld during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Law enforcement officers, such as those in the , also used leather-wrapped coshes for and personal defense from the late 1800s onward, viewing them as non-lethal alternatives to firearms. Literary references appear in Doyle's stories, where thugs wield coshes in attacks on the detective, underscoring their association with foggy Victorian . In many jurisdictions, possession of a is illegal without a permit, classified as an under law prohibiting public carry unless for lawful purposes like duty, and similarly restricted in various states where it falls under bans on or . Variations include the American "" or "," which shares the leather-bound, lead-weighted construction but often features a rigid handle for use, and the British "life-preserver," an older term for similar flexible clubs marketed for personal protection in the . These adaptations highlight regional differences in design while maintaining the core function as a concealable .

Chemical Cosh

The term "chemical cosh" refers to the colloquial use of or medications, such as and , to subdue or challenging behaviors in vulnerable individuals without their , functioning as a form of akin to a physical bludgeon for control. This draws from the traditional cosh as a for subduing, highlighting the non-therapeutic suppression of behavior. The phrase emerged in British media and medical discourse in the late , gaining prominence since the amid growing criticism of sedative overprescription in institutional settings. It was notably highlighted in the UK's 2008 National Strategy, which called for curbing such practices to protect patients from unnecessary . Primarily applied in care homes for individuals with , learning disabilities, or in psychiatric facilities, the term underscores the ethical concerns of using these drugs routinely to manage behaviors rather than addressing underlying causes. Significant concerns surround the practice due to its association with heightened risks, including increased mortality rates among recipients. A 2015 report revealed widespread overprescription of antipsychotics to people with learning disabilities, potentially as a chemical cosh, exacerbating health vulnerabilities. In response, UK campaigns and policy initiatives, including government pledges following the 2009 Banerjee review, led to substantial reductions, such as a 52% decrease in antipsychotic prescriptions for people with dementia in England between 2009 and 2011. However, prescribing rates increased during the COVID-19 pandemic, rising by over 50% on average in care homes (from 18% pre-pandemic to 28% during), with usage remaining elevated thereafter. As of 2025, studies indicate that antipsychotic prescribing in dementia often exceeds NICE guidelines on duration and dose, with thousands of patients receiving prolonged treatment, heightening risks of adverse outcomes like stroke, heart issues, and mortality. The World Health Organization's guidelines emphasize avoiding routine antipsychotic use in dementia, prioritizing non-pharmacological approaches to mitigate harms like stroke and cognitive decline. Ethically, employing chemical coshes violates autonomy and by prioritizing convenience over individualized care, often leading to dehumanizing treatment in institutional environments. Alternatives focus on non-drug interventions, such as environmental modifications, person-centered activities, and behavioral therapies, which have proven effective in reducing without the adverse effects of .

Occupational Safety and Health

COSHH Regulations

The Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations 2002 (COSHH) form the primary legal framework for managing risks from hazardous substances in workplaces, requiring employers to prevent or adequately control employee exposure to avoid ill health. Originally introduced as the Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations 1988, which came into force on 1 1989, the regulations have been revised multiple times, including significant amendments in 1999 and a comprehensive update in 2002 to align with directives and improve practical implementation. Enforced by the (HSE), COSHH mandates that employers identify and assess risks from substances hazardous to , such as chemicals, fumes, dusts, vapours, mists, gases, and biological agents, which can cause harm through , or , or . Key requirements include conducting thorough risk assessments under Regulation 6 to evaluate exposure levels and potential effects; implementing preventive measures or controls, such as with safer alternatives, like local exhaust , or administrative arrangements; ensuring the use of appropriate (PPE) as a last resort; monitoring exposure where necessary under Regulation 9; maintaining records of assessments for at least five years (or 40 years if involving surveillance data); providing suitable information and training to workers on risks and controls per Regulation 12; and arranging surveillance for employees at risk of identifiable diseases, as outlined in Regulation 11. The scope of COSHH applies to virtually all workplaces handling substances that meet the criteria for hazard classification under the Classification, Labelling and Packaging (CLP) Regulation—such as those deemed very toxic, toxic, harmful, corrosive, irritant, or sensitizing—or those with assigned workplace exposure limits, as well as any substance, mixture, or process that generates dust above specified thresholds or poses health risks due to its properties or manner of use. It covers harm via primary routes including breathing in airborne contaminants, absorption through the skin, or accidental ingestion, but explicitly excludes asbestos (governed by the Control of Asbestos Regulations 2012) and lead (addressed by the Control of Lead at Work Regulations 2002). Non-compliance with COSHH constitutes a criminal offence under the Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974, potentially leading to unlimited fines in the Crown Court, imprisonment for up to two years, or both, depending on the severity and whether the breach involves culpable . In 2025, updated its guidance to explicitly incorporate manufactured , including carbon nanotubes and high aspect ratio , within COSHH controls, emphasizing risk assessments tailored to their unique properties like potential for . Since their inception, COSHH regulations have significantly contributed to reducing work-related ill health from hazardous substances, with HSE data indicating a decline in reported cases of occupational respiratory diseases and conditions attributable to exposures, alongside widespread adoption of control measures across industries. While COSHH provides the UK-specific legal structure, it aligns with international worker advocacy efforts, such as those promoted by the US-based National COSH network, to advance overall occupational safety.

National COSH

The National Council for Occupational Safety and Health (National COSH), established in 2004 as a , coordinates the broader COSH movement, which originated in 1972 with the founding of the first local group in to educate workers on their rights and advocate for safety laws like Right-to-Know protections. As a bilingual federation of 25 grassroots worker organizations, National COSH maintains its national office in and supports over 20 local COSH groups, such as MassCOSH and NYCOSH, operating on an annual budget of approximately $1.26 million derived from grants and union contributions. Its mission centers on building worker power through education, training, and policy advocacy to secure safe, healthy jobs, with a particular emphasis on vulnerable populations including immigrants and low-wage workers. Key activities include publishing annual "" reports that highlight hazardous employers and are released during Workers' Memorial Week to honor job-related fatalities; operating worker centers for direct support; lobbying for enhancements to the (OSHA); and hosting the annual National Conference on Worker Safety and Health (COSHCON), which has convened organizers since the late 1970s to develop coordinated strategies. These efforts have trained hundreds of thousands of workers on health and safety since the network's inception, empowering them to address workplace hazards. Among its achievements, National COSH influenced the development of 2021 OSHA emergency temporary standards for protections in healthcare settings through extensive organizing with unions and allies, marking a significant step in pandemic-era workplace safeguards. As of 2025, the organization leads campaigns such as "Fired Up! Workers for Heat Justice" to demand federal heat stress protections for over 69 million U.S. workers and addresses chemical exposures in precarious employment, including the , via advocacy and the latest report spotlighting toxic hazards in industries like delivery and cleaning services.

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