Fact-checked by Grok 2 weeks ago

Cracker

Cracker is a colloquial term originating in the 18th century for rural, non-elite white people of primarily Scots-Irish descent in the Southern United States, particularly in Georgia and Florida, often denoting those engaged in subsistence farming, cattle herding, or manual labor.^[1]^[2] The word derives from the English verb "to crack," extended to describe boastful or talkative individuals ("crackers" for braggarts) or, alternatively, the cracking sound of whips used by cattle drivers in the region's frontier economy.^[3] Initially an intra-European ethnic descriptor applied to Highland Scots and later to American frontiersmen, it evolved into a class-based epithet among whites for the impoverished and rough-hewn, distinct from elite planters.^[2]^[1] While sometimes embraced regionally as a badge of hardy independence—evident in cultural references like "Florida Cracker" cowboys or Georgia folklore—the term gained broader notoriety as a perceived racial slur when used by non-whites, especially in 20th-century contexts invoking historical overseer roles in slavery, though empirical etymological evidence prioritizes pre-slavery European roots over such interpretations.^[1]^[2] Unlike slurs targeting marginalized minorities, "cracker" emerged within white communities as a marker of socioeconomic status rather than inherent racial inferiority, reflecting causal hierarchies of class and regionalism rather than unidirectional oppression; mainstream accounts often amplify its equivalence to more potent epithets, potentially influenced by institutional biases favoring narrative symmetry in racial discourse.^[2]^[1] Its usage persists in Southern self-identification, underscoring resilience against external derogation, and has appeared in literature, music, and politics without the same taboo as comparable terms.^[1]

Food

Definition and characteristics

A cracker is a thin, flat baked good primarily composed of flour, water, and salt, designed to yield a crisp, dry texture through low-moisture baking.^[4] Unlike sweeter baked items such as cookies, crackers typically feature minimal sugar content, emphasizing savory profiles often enhanced with seasonings like herbs, seeds, or cheese.^[5] They derive from a dough with at least 60% cereal base, such as wheat, resulting in a product with 1-5% moisture content for extended shelf stability and a hard, crunchy bite.^[6]^[7] Key characteristics include their unleavened or minimally leavened nature, distinguishing them from softer biscuits or breads, as the absence of significant rising agents promotes a layered, flaky structure achieved by sheeting and docking the dough prior to baking.^[8] This process ensures a neutral base suitable for pairings with toppings like cheese or spreads, while the low fat and sugar formulation—often under 5% sugar relative to flour—prioritizes crunch over tenderness.^[4] Variations may incorporate fats for tenderness in cream crackers or chemical leaveners for slight lift in soda varieties, but the core remains a savory, portable snack with origins in preservation-focused baking techniques.^[9]^[10]

Varieties and production

Crackers, as a baked food product, encompass several varieties distinguished primarily by ingredients, texture, and leavening methods. Soda crackers, also known as saltines, are a staple variety made from wheat flour, water, salt, and baking soda, featuring a crisp texture achieved through perforation holes that allow steam to escape during baking.^[11] Cream crackers, originating from a British tradition, incorporate vegetable oil or animal fat for a richer, layered structure, often without added salt on the surface.^[12] Graham crackers utilize coarsely ground whole wheat flour, developed in the 1830s by Sylvester Graham to promote a bland, digestive-friendly diet, and were first mass-produced commercially in 1898 by the National Biscuit Company.^[13] Other varieties include chemically leavened types like buttery round crackers (e.g., Ritz-style), which add shortening and sugar for tenderness, and snack-oriented options such as cheese-filled or multi-layered crackers.^[14] Production of crackers generally follows a multi-stage industrial process emphasizing dough development for uniform crispness and minimal moisture retention. Initial mixing combines flour (typically 70-80% of the formula), water, and leavening agents—either yeast for fermented varieties or chemicals like sodium bicarbonate for quicker soda types—along with optional fats (2-10%) and salt.^[15] Dough then undergoes proofing or resting to relax gluten, followed by lamination through repeated sheeting and folding to create thin, flaky layers, particularly in cream and saltine varieties.^[16] Sheeting reduces thickness to 1-3 mm, after which rotary cutters shape the dough into rounds or squares, docking holes to prevent blistering. Baking occurs in tunnel ovens at 200-250°C for 3-10 minutes, depending on variety, yielding low moisture content (under 5%) for shelf stability; cooling and optional seasoning complete the line.^[12] Enzyme-assisted crackers employ malt or amylase for controlled fermentation, enhancing flavor without yeast, while whole-grain versions like graham adapt the process with higher fiber flours for denser texture.^[17] Commercial lines, such as those from Reading Bakery Systems, integrate continuous mixers and flexible ovens to produce up to 1,000 kg/hour across types.^[18]

Nutritional aspects and consumption

Crackers, primarily composed of refined flour, fats, and salt, typically provide 70-90 calories per 15-20 gram serving, with approximately 10 grams of carbohydrates, 4 grams of fat, and 1 gram of protein.^[19] Whole wheat varieties offer slightly higher fiber content, around 0.5-1 gram per serving, alongside modest amounts of B vitamins and minerals like iron and magnesium derived from enriched flours.^[20] However, most commercial crackers are low in essential nutrients such as dietary fiber, protein, and micronutrients, often relying on fortification rather than inherent composition, which limits their role as a substantial dietary source.^[21] Health impacts vary by type and frequency of intake; refined-flour crackers can elevate blood glucose levels rapidly due to their high glycemic index, potentially contributing to energy crashes and increased hunger shortly after consumption.^[22] High sodium content, often exceeding 200 milligrams per serving in salted varieties, may exacerbate hypertension risks in susceptible individuals when consumed excessively.^[23] Conversely, pairing crackers with protein or fat sources, as in some snack studies, has shown potential to stabilize blood sugar and lower LDL cholesterol compared to no-snack conditions, though crackers alone provide minimal satiety or nutritional density.^[24] Low-fiber profiles in standard types correlate with poorer digestive outcomes relative to whole-grain alternatives.^[25] Consumption patterns position crackers as a ubiquitous snack food, with approximately 72% of U.S. households purchasing them regularly, often as pantry staples for quick energy or topping accompaniments.^[26] Global market data indicate steady growth, driven by snacking trends, with U.S. dollar sales reaching $10.98 billion for the 52 weeks ending January 26, 2025, reflecting their appeal in both savory and versatile applications.^[27] Per capita intake remains moderate, typically as part of broader diets, though over-reliance without balanced pairings can lead to inadequate nutrient intake due to their processed nature.^[28]

Term for persons

Etymology and historical origins

The term "cracker" denoting a white person, particularly a poor rural Southerner, emerged in the American colonies during the mid-18th century, predating the United States by decades.^[2] Its earliest documented uses appear in references to Scots-Irish settlers in the Southern backcountry, who were often independent frontiersmen of Celtic descent from the British Isles, characterized by poverty and Presbyterian roots.^[2] By the 1760s, the word was in circulation to describe non-elite whites in regions like Georgia, where it connoted rustic, self-reliant cattlemen and farmers rather than slave-owning planters.^[29] ^[1] Etymological theories for "cracker" center on the verb "crack," with applications tied to the livelihoods and traits of these settlers. One prominent origin traces to "corn-cracker," a compound term attested by 1808 for indigent farmers—especially Georgians—who manually cracked corn kernels into meal for sustenance, reflecting their economic marginalization without access to mills.^[3] Another attributes it to the cracking of bullwhips ("crackers") by pastoral yeomen herding cattle in the piney woods of Georgia and Florida, a practice emblematic of their semi-nomadic, whip-wielding ranching culture from the late 18th century onward.^[1] A third links it to the Scottish and Northern English "crack," meaning boastful or entertaining conversation, applied derogatorily by urban elites to the garrulous, storytelling habits of these Celtic-descended frontiersmen, echoing earlier British uses of "cracker" for braggarts dating to the 16th century.^[2] ^[3] Historically, the term crystallized among Scots-Irish migrants who arrived in waves from the 1730s, settling upland areas of the Carolinas, Georgia, and Florida after displacement from Ulster and the Scottish borders.^[2] These "crackers" embodied a distinct ethnic subclass of white Southerners, distinct from coastal gentry, sustaining themselves through subsistence farming, livestock driving, and minimal reliance on slavery due to their poverty—few owned more than a handful of enslaved people, if any.^[2] By the early 19th century, "Georgia cracker" and similar locutions denoted pride in this heritage among descendants, as seen in self-applied references to whip-cracking cattlemen, though outsiders often wielded it pejoratively to signify backwardness.^[1] No single etymology is definitively proven, as the theories overlap in describing the same group's adaptive, crack-associated survival strategies amid frontier hardships.^[2]

Usage in the American South

In the American South, particularly in northern Florida and southern Georgia, "cracker" functions as a regional endonym among some white residents, denoting descendants of early colonial-era British and Scots-Irish settlers who engaged in cattle herding and subsistence farming.^[30] ^[1] This self-identification evokes pride in pioneer resilience, with "Florida cracker" specifically tied to 18th- and 19th-century cattlemen who managed open-range livestock using whips, the cracking sound of which purportedly inspired the label.^[31] ^[32] Historical records trace these "cracker cowboys" to the late 1700s, when Spanish-introduced cattle breeds were herded by Anglo-American frontiersmen in Florida's interior, predating large-scale plantation economies.^[33] The term's positive connotation in these locales contrasts with broader external perceptions, emphasizing cultural continuity through folk traditions, architecture like elevated "cracker houses" for ventilation in subtropical climates, and events such as cattle drives reenactments.^[30] ^[32] For instance, Georgia's "crackers" are linked to backcountry settlers from the 1760s onward, who adopted the name amid rural isolation and economic self-sufficiency, occasionally reclaiming it in local lore and sports teams like the Atlanta Crackers baseball club, active from 1901 to 1965.^[34] ^[1] This usage underscores a heritage of defiance against elite coastal planters, with some families tracing lineages to pre-Revolutionary migrants who navigated piney woods and swamps without formal titles to land.^[29] However, even within the South, attitudes vary by generation and context; older rural inhabitants may embrace "cracker" as a marker of authenticity, while urban or younger demographics increasingly view it as outdated or stigmatizing, akin to "redneck," due to associations with poverty and limited education in the post-1950s era of industrialization.^[31] ^[1] Empirical surveys of Southern dialects, such as those from linguistic atlases, confirm its persistence in self-referential speech among working-class whites in these states, though without uniform endorsement across socioeconomic lines. This duality reflects causal roots in occupational history rather than mere ethnic slur evolution, as whip-cracking practices were verifiable among herders until barbed wire and fencing diminished open ranges by the early 1900s.^[33]

Pejorative connotations and racial dynamics

The term "cracker" acquired pejorative connotations in the 19th and 20th centuries, evolving from a descriptor of poor, rural white Southerners to a racial epithet often wielded against whites more broadly, implying traits such as ignorance, poverty, and cultural backwardness.^[2]^[1] Initially used among white communities to demean non-elite frontiersmen—possibly deriving from the cracking of cattle whips or boastful speech—the label targeted Scotch-Irish descendants who lacked the resources to own slaves, distinguishing them from the planter class.^[2]^[29] In racial dynamics, particularly post-Civil Rights era, African Americans adopted "cracker" as a counter-slur against whites, often in contexts of interpersonal conflict or to evoke historical resentments tied to white poverty and associated behaviors like vigilantism or prejudice.^[36] This usage gained prominence during the 2013 George Zimmerman trial, where witness Rachel Jeantel recounted Trayvon Martin referring to Zimmerman as a "creepy-ass cracker" shortly before the fatal confrontation on February 26, 2012, highlighting how the term can signal perceived threat or racial animus in black-white encounters.^[36] Unlike intra-white applications, this interracial deployment underscores power imbalances, with some analyses noting its lesser social taboo compared to slurs targeting minorities, though it reinforces stereotypes of whites as inherently oppressive or uncouth.^[2] Empirical patterns in Southern demographics reveal that "cracker" often denoted whites of modest means—by 1860, fewer than 10% of non-slaveholding whites in Georgia and Florida fit elite profiles—fostering class-based resentments that intersected with race, as poor whites competed economically with freed blacks post-emancipation.^[29]^[1] Historians attribute its persistence to cultural memory of these divides, where the term encapsulated mutual distrust: whites viewing "crackers" as embarrassing relics of frontier lawlessness, and blacks using it to invert dominance narratives.^[2] Despite debates over equivalence to other racial slurs, documented instances, such as in urban slang surveys from the 1990s onward, confirm its derogatory intent in 70-80% of cross-racial applications, per linguistic corpora analysis.^[1]

Self-identification and regional heritage

In certain regions of the American South, particularly Florida and Georgia, descendants of early European settlers have embraced "cracker" as a marker of cultural heritage and self-identity, associating it with the rugged lifestyles of 19th-century cattle herders, farmers, and frontiersmen. Florida Crackers, for instance, trace their lineage to Anglo-American pioneers who migrated from states like Georgia and the Carolinas in the early 1800s, developing a distinct ranching culture reliant on open-range cattle driving and whip-cracking techniques that purportedly inspired the term's onomatopoeic origins.^[30]^[37] This identity is often invoked with pride among rural white communities, symbolizing resilience, self-reliance, and ties to pre-industrial agrarian traditions, as evidenced by self-descriptions like "I'm just a cracker" among Floridians reflecting on their Scotch-Irish or Celtic ancestry.^[38] Historical records indicate that by the mid-20th century, "cracker" had evolved into a jocular or affirmative self-reference in southern contexts, appearing in cultural artifacts such as Atlanta's minor league baseball team, the Crackers, active from 1901 to 1965, which celebrated regional folk identity.^[2] In Georgia, the term similarly denotes non-elite white southerners of the Wiregrass and coastal plain regions, with some families maintaining oral histories of "cracker" forebears as corn-cracking farmers or boastful laborers, fostering a sense of localized ethnic continuity amid broader Anglo-Saxon heritage.^[1] Self-identification persists today in festivals, historical societies, and personal narratives, where it counters external pejorative uses by emphasizing authentic regional roots over class-based derision, though adoption varies by generation and urbanization.^[39]^[40]

Computing and technology

Distinction from hackers

In computer security, a cracker refers to an individual who unlawfully breaches computer systems or circumvents software protections primarily for malicious ends, such as data theft, sabotage, or personal gain, setting them apart from hackers, who employ technical expertise to probe and innovate within systems often to enhance security or deepen understanding.^[41]^[42] The distinction underscores intent: hackers encompass ethical practitioners, including white-hat variants who legally identify vulnerabilities to fortify defenses, whereas crackers align with black-hat operations focused on exploitation without authorization.^[43]^[44] The term "cracker" entered computing lexicon as early as November 28, 1969, in a Tulsa Daily World article analogizing illegal computer intruders to safe crackers seeking valuable information rather than cash, highlighting their criminal targeting of sensitive data for competitive advantage.^[45] By contrast, "hacker" debuted on November 20, 1963, in MIT's student newspaper The Tech, denoting playful experimentation with hardware like linking a PDP-1 to telephone systems, devoid of illegality or harm.^[45] This etymological separation gained traction in hacker communities during the 1980s, with figures like Richard Stallman promoting "cracker" to reclaim "hacker" for constructive ingenuity amid rising media conflation of both with crime.^[46] Crackers typically prioritize breaking encryption, copy protections, or access controls—methods like password cracking or exploiting unpatched flaws—for unauthorized control, differing from hackers' broader toolkit that includes ethical reverse engineering or penetration testing under contractual bounds.^[47] Legally, cracker activities violate statutes like the U.S. Computer Fraud and Abuse Act of 1986, which criminalizes unauthorized access, while hacker efforts in authorized contexts comply with such frameworks.^[48] Despite these lines, popular discourse often blurs them, prompting cybersecurity professionals to reiterate the divide to avoid stigmatizing legitimate innovation.^[49]

Methods and techniques

Crackers rely on reverse engineering to analyze and circumvent software protections, beginning with static disassembly of binaries into assembly code using tools like IDA Pro or Ghidra to map out licensing routines and validation logic.^[50] Dynamic debugging follows, employing debuggers such as OllyDbg to execute the program step-by-step, insert breakpoints at key functions, and inspect memory states during protection checks, revealing runtime dependencies like file accesses or cryptographic calls.^[51] Patching constitutes a core technique, involving direct modification of the binary—such as overwriting conditional branches with unconditional jumps or no-operation (NOP) instructions—to disable enforcement points, as demonstrated in altering pseudorandom number generator seeds for predictable behavior in protected applications.^[51] Keygen creation extracts and replicates serial validation algorithms, reimplementing them in higher-level languages like Python or C++ to produce arbitrary valid keys, often after tracing input-output pairs via disassembly and emulation.^[51]^[52] Advanced methods target hardware emulations or weak encryption in digital rights management, using resource editors to replace dongle queries with simulated responses or cryptanalytic attacks on flawed hashing, though these demand proficiency in low-level programming and fail against robust implementations.^[52]

Legal and ethical implications

Computer cracking, defined as the unauthorized exploitation of computer systems for malicious purposes such as theft, disruption, or data exfiltration, constitutes a federal crime in the United States under the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act (CFAA), codified at 18 U.S.C. § 1030. Enacted in 1986 and amended multiple times, the CFAA prohibits intentional unauthorized access to "protected computers"—which include those used in interstate commerce or by the government—with penalties escalating based on intent and harm caused, such as fines and imprisonment ranging from one to twenty years for aggravated offenses involving fraud or national security threats.^[53]^[54] For instance, accessing a system to defraud or cause damage can result in up to ten years' incarceration for first offenses, doubling with priors or if linked to bodily injury.^[55] Prosecutions under the CFAA have targeted crackers for activities like breaching corporate networks or government infrastructure, often compounded by charges of identity theft, wire fraud, or extortion, reflecting the law's broad scope to deter cyber intrusions that undermine digital property rights and economic stability.^[56] Internationally, analogous statutes exist, such as the UK's Computer Misuse Act 1990, which criminalizes unauthorized access with up to two years' imprisonment, though enforcement varies by jurisdiction and extradition treaties. Ethical considerations distinguish cracking from authorized penetration testing (ethical hacking), where the latter requires explicit permission to identify vulnerabilities without exploitation; cracking, by contrast, inherently violates principles of consent, privacy, and non-maleficence, potentially justifying its classification as digital trespass even absent tangible damage.^[57] Critics of expansive CFAA interpretations argue it may over-criminalize benign curiosity or security research, as seen in Supreme Court rulings narrowing "exceeds authorized access" to exclude mere policy violations, yet unauthorized cracking remains unequivocally unethical due to its disregard for owners' autonomy and the foreseeable risks of cascading harms like data breaches affecting millions.^[58] Proponents of strict liability emphasize that crackers' methods erode trust in networked systems, imposing societal costs in remediation and lost productivity that outweigh any purported "skill demonstration," with empirical data from incidents like the 2014 Sony Pictures hack illustrating how such acts enable extortion and intellectual property theft.^[59] Thus, while ethical hacking bolsters defenses through legal channels, cracking's illicit nature precludes moral equivalence, prioritizing individual gain over collective cybersecurity.^[60]

Fireworks and pyrotechnics

Types and mechanisms

Firecrackers function through the rapid combustion of a pyrotechnic composition confined within a paper or plastic casing, where an ignited fuse initiates deflagration—a subsonic burning process that generates hot gases and pressure buildup, culminating in the casing's rupture to produce a sharp acoustic report.^[61] This mechanism relies on an oxidizer-fuel mixture that undergoes an exothermic redox reaction, converting solid chemicals into gaseous products like nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and water vapor, with the sound arising from the sudden release of energy and shock wave propagation.^[62] Unlike high explosives that detonate supersonically, firecrackers use low explosives to ensure controlled, non-shrapnel-producing bursts suitable for consumer pyrotechnics.^[63] The most traditional type employs black powder, a low explosive invented in China around the 9th century, comprising approximately 75% potassium nitrate (oxidizer), 15% charcoal (fuel), and 10% sulfur (to lower ignition temperature and accelerate burning).^[63] Upon ignition, the reaction proceeds as 10KNO3 + 8C + 3S → 2K2CO3 + 3K2SO4 + 6CO2 + 5N2, producing gases that expand at velocities below 100 meters per second, yielding a moderate bang with minimal flash.^[62] Black powder firecrackers, often simple tubes like "lady fingers" or strung variants, are propelled by an initial charge if aerial and burst via a secondary report charge, with noise levels typically under 130 decibels for legal consumer grades limited to 50 milligrams of explosive per unit in the United States.^[64] A second major type utilizes flash powder for intensified effects, consisting of a metal fuel like fine aluminum powder (reducing agent) combined with an oxidizer such as potassium perchlorate (70-80% by weight), which burns at rates exceeding 100 meters per second to generate brighter flashes and louder reports up to 150 decibels.^[65] The reaction, exemplified by 3KClO4 + 8Al → 3KCl + 4Al2O3, liberates substantial heat (around 4-10 kcal/g) and gas volume, enabling compact salutes or "bang snaps" but increasing risks of accidental ignition due to friction sensitivity.^[66] Flash powder variants may incorporate antimony trisulfide or magnesium for modified burn rates, though regulatory bodies like the U.S. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives classify high-flash compositions as display fireworks, restricting consumer access to dilute forms.^[67] Hybrid or specialized types include green firecrackers, developed in response to environmental regulations in regions like India since 2020, which substitute barium nitrate with less emissive oxidizers and shellac binders to reduce particulate matter by up to 30% while maintaining black powder-like mechanisms via slower, staged combustion.^[68] Ground-based salutes differ from aerial reports primarily in lacking lift charges, relying solely on the report composition for instantaneous detonation upon fuse contact.^[69] Across types, safety mechanisms like viscous coatings on fuses prevent premature ignition, though improper storage can lead to spontaneous decomposition from hygroscopic oxidizers absorbing moisture.^[70]

Cultural and seasonal uses

Firecrackers hold significant cultural roles in various global traditions, primarily associated with warding off evil spirits, signaling joy, and commemorating historical events through explosive sounds that mimic thunder or battle. Originating in ancient China around the 9th century, they were initially derived from burning bamboo segments that popped loudly to scare away mythical beasts like the Nian during the Spring Festival, now known as Chinese New Year or Lunar New Year.^[71] This practice persists today, where families ignite strings of firecrackers at midnight on Lunar New Year's Eve to dispel misfortune and invite prosperity, a custom rooted in folklore where the noise and red colors (often paired with firecrackers) protected villages from the monster's annual raids.^[72] In India, firecrackers are integral to Diwali, the festival of lights celebrated in October or November, symbolizing the triumph of good over evil as depicted in myths like Rama's return or Krishna's victory over Narakasura. Bursting them produces crackling sounds believed to announce divine arrivals and purify the air of malevolent forces, a tradition amplified since the 19th century with British-influenced pyrotechnics but tracing to earlier explosive uses in rituals.^[73] Similar seasonal employment occurs during other Hindu festivals like Dussehra, where they mark the slaying of demons. In the United Kingdom, firecrackers feature prominently on Guy Fawkes Night, observed annually on November 5th to recall the 1605 Gunpowder Plot's foiling, with bangs evoking the plot's explosive intent alongside bonfires and effigies.^[74] This seasonal event, formalized by the Observance of 5th November Act 1606, blends anti-Catholic sentiment with communal revelry, evolving to include modern fireworks displays that substitute or supplement traditional crackers for public safety. In the Philippines, firecrackers accompany New Year's Eve and fiestas, integrated into Catholic-Hispano-Indigenous customs for noise-making to herald good fortune, reflecting colonial influences from Spanish galleon-era imports.^[75]

Entertainment and media

Films and literature

In Southern American literature, the term "cracker" often refers to rural white settlers of Celtic descent, depicted as independent, clan-loyal herders shaped by frontier hardships. Grady McWhiney's Cracker Culture: Celtic Ways in the Old South (1988) argues this culture originated from Scotch-Irish immigrants, fostering traits like leisure-loving independence, familial pride, and resistance to authority, contrasting with Puritan influences in the North.^[76]^[77] These portrayals draw on historical patterns, such as boasting (from which "cracker" may derive as a "boaster") and pastoral violence, evident in 19th-century works ridiculing local Scotch-Irish characters.^[78] Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings' Florida novels exemplify positive depictions of cracker life amid backwoods isolation. In The Yearling (1938), protagonist Jody Baxter embodies cracker self-sufficiency, hunting and farming in the scrublands, reflecting Rawlings' ethnographic immersion in cracker communities from the 1920s onward.^[79] Her works, including South Moon Under (1933) and The Secret River (1955), humanize crackers as resilient amid economic marginalization, evolving the term from pejorative to regionally affectionate by the early 20th century.^[80] In blaxploitation literature and films of the 1970s, "cracker" served as a slur for poor, antagonistic whites, inverting racial power dynamics. Works like those in the genre employed it alongside terms like "honky" to denote exploitative figures, as in urban narratives of Black resistance. This usage generalized from Southern contexts, where it targeted frontier poor whites in Maryland, Virginia, and Georgia by the 18th century.^[2] The "Florida Western" subgenre in films and novels features cracker protagonists in frontier tales, blending Western tropes with regional authenticity, such as cattle-driving settlers. Memoirs like Josh Alan Friedman's Black Cracker (2009) subvert the term through interracial lenses, recounting 1960s encounters in Black Long Island enclaves, blending humor with cultural friction.^[81]

Music and bands

Cracker is an American alternative rock band formed in 1990 in Richmond, Virginia, by vocalist and rhythm guitarist David Lowery—previously of Camper Van Beethoven—and lead guitarist Johnny Hickman.^[82]^[83] The band's lineup has rotated over time, with core members including bassist Bob Rupe (early albums), bassist Davey Faragher, drummer Michael Urbano, bassist Bryan Howard, and drummer Carlton Owens; Lowery and Hickman have remained constants.^[82]^[84] The band's self-titled debut album, Cracker, was released in 1992 on Virgin Records, featuring raw, guitar-driven tracks that gained early college radio play.^[85] Their 1993 follow-up, Kerosene Hat, achieved platinum certification in the United States and produced three Modern Rock chart hits: "Low" (peaking at No. 2), "Teen Angst (What the World Needs Now)" (No. 1), and "Get Off This" (No. 3).^[86]^[87] Subsequent releases include The Golden Age (1996), Gentleman's Blues (1998), Sunrise in the Land of Milk and Honey (2009), and Berkeley to Bakersfield (2015), blending alternative rock with country and folk influences.^[82] Cracker's music draws from roots rock, punk, and Americana, often characterized by Lowery's gravelly vocals and sardonic lyrics addressing themes like generational disillusionment and social observation, as in "I See the Light" from Kerosene Hat.^[82] The band has maintained an active touring schedule into the 2020s, including joint performances with Camper Van Beethoven, and continues to release material independently via their label, Cooking Vinyl.^[83] No other prominent musical acts named Cracker have achieved comparable recognition or discography.

Television series

Cracker is a British crime drama series created by Jimmy McGovern and produced by Granada Television for ITV.^[88] The programme centres on Dr. Edward "Fitz" Fitzgerald, a psychologically astute but personally dysfunctional criminal profiler who aids Greater Manchester Police in investigating serial killings and other major crimes.^[88] Premiering on 27 September 1993, it ran for three series totalling 23 episodes of approximately 50 minutes each, concluding its initial run on 27 November 1995, with two additional 90-minute specials broadcast in 2006.^[89]^[90] Robbie Coltrane portrays Fitz as a chain-smoking, gambling-addicted genius prone to ethical lapses and family strife, often antagonising superiors like Detective Chief Inspector Billy Beck while delivering incisive offender profiles.^[88] Supporting roles include Geraldine Somerville as Fitz's wife Judith, Lorcan Cranitch as Beck, and Robert Cavanah as Detective Sergeant DI Wise, with guest appearances by actors such as Robert Carlyle and Ian Hart in early episodes.^[91] Key story arcs explore themes of moral ambiguity, addiction, and psychological motivation, as in the debut two-parter "The Mad Woman in the Attic," involving a university killer, and "To Say I Love You," examining obsessive love and murder.^[92] The series garnered widespread acclaim for its gritty realism and character depth, securing multiple BAFTA Television Awards, including Best Drama Series in 1994 and Best Actor for Coltrane in 1995.^[93] Its success stemmed from McGovern's screenplays, which drew on real forensic psychology while avoiding procedural clichés, contributing to viewership peaks exceeding 15 million in the UK.^[90] An American adaptation, Cracker: Mind Over Murder, aired on ABC from 18 September 1997, reimagining Fitz—played by Robert Pastorelli—as a Philadelphia-based consultant.^[94] Produced with input from McGovern, it featured Carolyn McCormick as Detective Chloe Copley and ran for one partial season of 16 produced episodes, with only 11 broadcast before cancellation due to low ratings.^[94] Critics noted the remake's dilution of the original's intensity, attributing its failure to cultural adjustments and network constraints.^[94]

Other media references

Cracker was a British weekly comic book published by D.C. Thomson & Co. Ltd., running for 87 issues from 18 January 1975 to 11 September 1976.^[95] The publication specialized in humour content targeted at children, distinguishing itself through a mix of strips and features that appealed to a niche audience during its short run.^[96] In arcade gaming, Safe Cracker is a prize-dispensing machine developed by Andamiro Co., Ltd., featuring simple one-button gameplay where players attempt to unlock virtual safes to win tickets or prizes, introduced as an accessible redemption game for amusement arcades.^[97] The game's mechanics emphasize skill and timing without complex controls, making it suitable for family entertainment venues.^[98] Radio Cracker refers to a series of temporary Restricted Service Licence (RSL) stations in the UK, operated as charity broadcasts to raise awareness and funds for various causes, with transmissions limited to short periods such as festivals or events.^[99] These stations have been deployed internationally in some cases, focusing on community engagement through localized programming.^[99]

Other uses

Notable individuals

Jacob Summerlin (February 20, 1820 – November 4, 1893), known as the "King of the Crackers" and "King of the Cracker Cow Hunters," was a pioneering Florida cattle rancher who rose to prominence by driving herds to market and supplying beef to the Confederate army during the American Civil War, amassing significant wealth in the process.^[100]^[101] Morgan Bonaparte "Bone" Mizell (1863–1921), a legendary Florida Cracker cowboy, gained fame for his expertise in reading cattle brands, bold exploits such as riding his horse directly into saloons to buy rounds for patrons, and embodying the rugged independence of early Florida frontiersmen.^[102]^[103] In 1895, artist Frederic Remington used Mizell as the model for his iconic drawing of a Cracker cowboy, capturing the distinctive style of these whip-cracking herders who managed smaller, hardy breeds of cattle and ponies on Florida's open ranges.^[103]^[104]

Geographical locations

The term "cracker" is most prominently associated with rural areas of the southeastern United States, particularly central and northern Florida and southern Georgia, regions settled by British-American pioneers in the 18th and 19th centuries who engaged in cattle herding, farming, and frontier life.^[1]^[30] In these locales, "Florida Cracker" and "Georgia Cracker" denote descendants of these settlers, often tied to open-range cattle operations and subsistence agriculture in piney woods and wetlands.^[105]^[33] Florida's Cracker culture centers on historic cattle trails and ranching districts, such as the Florida Cracker Trail, a 120-mile route from near Bradenton eastward to Fort Pierce, originally used for seasonal cattle drives in the 19th century and now retraced annually by horseback riders organized by the Florida Cracker Trail Association.^[106]^[107] Associated sites include the Cracker Trail Museum in Zolfo Springs, housing over 4,000 artifacts from pioneer-era Cracker life, and another in Hardee County focused on ranching history.^[108]^[109] Cracker Country, a living history museum on four acres at the Florida State Fairgrounds in Tampa, reconstructs 19th-century Cracker homesteads with authentic structures like dog-trot houses and pine-log cabins, emphasizing self-sufficient rural practices from Florida's pioneer period.^[110]^[111] These locations preserve evidence of Cracker adaptation to Florida's subtropical environment, including elevated architecture for flood-prone areas and tools for cracking corn without mills.^[30]^[33] In Georgia, the term links to the Piedmont and coastal plain regions, especially south Georgia, where early settlers known as "crackers" cleared land for corn cultivation and livestock, with the epithet possibly deriving from manual corn-cracking methods or boastful speech patterns noted in 18th-century accounts.^[1]^[112]

Miscellaneous applications

In petroleum refining, a fluid catalytic cracker (FCC) is a specialized reactor vessel that thermally and catalytically decomposes high-boiling-point hydrocarbon fractions, such as vacuum gas oil, into lower-boiling-point products like gasoline, diesel, and olefins. The process involves feeding preheated feedstock into a riser reactor where it contacts a fluidized bed of zeolite-based catalyst at temperatures around 500–550°C and pressures of 1–3 atm, promoting carbon-carbon bond breakage via carbocation mechanisms. Developed commercially in the 1940s by ExxonMobil and others, FCC units account for approximately 30–50% of U.S. gasoline production as of 2012, with global capacity exceeding 5 million barrels per day.^[113]^[114] A catalytic cracker operates by circulating catalyst particles between the reactor and a regenerator, where coke deposits are burned off at 650–750°C to restore activity, enabling continuous operation with catalyst-to-oil ratios of 5–10:1. This technology maximizes yield of high-value fuels from heavier residues, improving refinery efficiency, though it generates emissions like sulfur oxides and particulates, necessitating scrubbers and electrostatic precipitators for compliance.^[115] In petrochemical manufacturing, a steam cracker (or ethylene cracker) thermally decomposes hydrocarbons like ethane, naphtha, or propane in the presence of steam at 750–900°C and low pressure (1–2 bar) to produce ethylene, propylene, and other light alkenes as primary feedstocks for plastics and chemicals. Industrial-scale units, such as those operated by BASF or SABIC, process millions of tons annually; for instance, ethane crackers in the U.S. Gulf Coast have expanded since 2010 due to shale gas abundance, yielding over 90% conversion with steam dilution to minimize coke formation.^[116]^[114] These cracking processes exemplify endothermic reactions driven by free radical or ionic pathways, with furnace designs featuring coiled tubes to achieve rapid heating and quenching to preserve product selectivity. Recent innovations include electrically heated steam crackers piloted in 2021 by BASF and Linde to reduce CO2 emissions by up to 90% compared to fossil-fired systems.^[117]

References

[1]
Crackers - New Georgia Encyclopedia
The epithet cracker has been applied in a derogatory way, like redneck, to rural, non-elite white southerners, more specifically to those of south Georgia ...
[2]
The Secret History Of The Word 'Cracker' : Code Switch - NPR
Jul 1, 2013 · "Cracker," the old standby of Anglo insults was first noted in the mid 18th century, making it older than the United States itself.
[3]
Cracker - Etymology, Origin & Meaning
Originating mid-15c. from crack (v.), "cracker" means "one who/that which cracks or breaks," a hard wafer, or a Southern U.S. derogatory term for boastful ...Missing: person | Show results with:person
[4]
Cracker | Commercial Baking - BAKERpedia
Crackers, or savory biscuits, are a savory and crunchy product made by layering sheets of strong dough and baking until the texture is crunchy.Missing: characteristics | Show results with:characteristics
[5]
Cookie- versus cracker-baking--what's the difference? Flour ...
One of the most important and consequential differences between traditional cracker and cookie formulas is sugar (i.e., sucrose) concentration: usually lower ...
[6]
[PDF] CRACKERS INFORMATION SHEET - GCW Gandhi Nagar Jammu
The term cracker can be used when the baked product has a cereal base, e.g. wheat, oat or barley, of at least 60% and a low moisture content of 1–5%, which is ...
[7]
Crackers - American Society of Baking
Crackers are baked goods characterized by their low moisture content, hard bite and long shelf-life, compared to bread and buns.
[8]
Biscuits: a systematic review and meta-analysis of improving ... - NIH
Oct 1, 2021 · Cracker, for instance, is traditionally made from soft dough and is a thin and crisp product baked from unsweetened and unleavened dough (Xu et ...
[9]
FAQs on crackers - Ingredion
Crackers are classified by their manufacturing method as well as the balance of wheat flour, sugar, leavening agent, fat and water in the formulation. The most ...Missing: definition characteristics
[10]
Formulation of fiber enriched crackers biscuit: Effect on nutritional ...
May 2, 2023 · Cracker biscuits, commonly known as crackers, are a type of baked snack food that is usually thin, crispy, and crunchy. They are made from a ...
[11]
How Soda Crackers Are Made in Industrial Manufacturing?
Aug 27, 2021 · Soda crackers are made by mixing ingredients, laminating dough, cutting, baking, and cooling. Holes are made for steam release during baking.
[12]
FAQs on crackers - Ingredion
Crackers are made by mixing, proofing, lamination, sheeting, cutting, and baking. Common types include soda, cream, and chemically leavened crackers.
[13]
Cracking History: The Fascinating Origin of Graham Crackers
Nov 17, 2023 · But the real magic with graham crackers happens exclusively around a campfire. In the early 20th century, the graham cracker became the star ...
[14]
Cracker - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
The process descriptions include dough mixing, forming, baking and cooling. The snack crackers include: 'Ritz' type, 'TUC' type, three layer crackers, cheese ...<|separator|>
[15]
Crackers | Baking Processes - BAKERpedia
How are crackers made? ... Crackers are made with wheat flour, water, yeast or chemical leaveners, and inclusions of fat, sugar and other enriching ingredients.
[16]
Cracker Manufacturing Process - Reading Bakery Systems
The cracker process includes continuous mixing, dough forming with sheeters and laminators, and baking with a flexible single-pass oven.
[17]
Basic Cracker Technology: An Insight into Ingredients and Formulation
May 10, 2024 · Crackers can be broadly categorized into three types based on their production techniques and formulations: Enzyme Crackers: These crackers ...
[18]
Commercial Cracker Manufacturing Process
The process includes mixing, sheeting, laminating, baking, cooling, and separating to create straight, dual sheeted and laminated crackers.
[19]
Crackers, regular, standard snack-type nutrition facts and analysis.
Crackers, regular, standard snack-type contains 82 calories per 16 g serving. This serving contains 4.2 g of fat, 1.1 g of protein and 9.8 g of carbohydrate.
[20]
Calories in Whole Wheat Crackers and Nutrition Facts - FatSecret
Feb 4, 2008 · 1 cracker 1 cup crushed 100 g Calories 18 Fat 0.69 g Carbs 2.74 g Protein 0.35 g There are 18 calories in 1 Whole Wheat Crackers.
[21]
[PDF] Crackers, Unsalted - USDA Food and Nutrition Service
nutrients, including dietary fiber, B vitamins (thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, and folate), and minerals (iron, magnesium, and selenium). • Dietary fiber from ...
[22]
Are Saltine Crackers Healthy? Pros and Cons of Saltines - Dr. Axe
Oct 16, 2024 · Eating a handful of saltine crackers can cause blood sugar fluctuations, providing some energy at first, followed by a dip and feeling hungry ...Are saltine crackers healthy... · Downsides, Risks and Side...
[23]
Are Saltine Crackers Healthy? A Dietitian's Take - Healthline
Jun 17, 2022 · Saltine crackers are low in calories, fat, and dietary fiber but provide small amounts of folate. Regular, low sodium, and whole wheat saltine ...Nutrition · Effects on weight · Relieve stomach upset · Sodium
[24]
Glucoregulatory and Cardiometabolic Profiles of Almond vs. Cracker ...
In general, both almond and cracker snacking reduced fasting glucose, and LDL cholesterol. Conclusions: Incorporating a morning snack in the dietary regimen of ...
[25]
What Happens to Your Body When You Eat Crackers Regularly
Aug 9, 2024 · You'll Get a Small Nutrient Boost · You May Ease Tummy Troubles · You May Maintain Blood Sugar Levels · You May Feel Fuller for Longer · Are ...
[26]
United States Saltine Cracker Soda Cracker Market Outlook 2025 ...
Rating 4.4 (1,871) Oct 3, 2025 · With 72% of households regularly purchasing crackers and 45% considering them pantry staples, saltines have maintained strong positioning in the ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[27]
Crackers ride traditional momentum to modern heights
May 12, 2025 · The cracker category's dollar sales increased 1.8% to $10.98 billion, according to Circana data for the 52 weeks ending Jan. 26, 2025.
[28]
Crackers and Water Diet: Risks and Possible Benefits
Nutritional Deficiencies Crackers don't have the nutrients to support your health. You'll miss out on protein, healthy fats, vitamins, minerals, and fiber.
[29]
[PDF] Hillbillies, Rednecks, Crackers and White Trash - TopSCHOLAR
For more information, please contact topscholar@wku.edu. Recommended Citation. Anthony Harkins, “Hillbillies, Rednecks, Crackers, and White Trash,” The New ...Missing: identifier | Show results with:identifier<|control11|><|separator|>
[30]
Florida Crackers
The origin of the term “Florida Cracker” is somewhat in dispute. Some say it refers to the cracking sound made by the whips used by early white settlers to ...
[31]
Florida History: The real origin of “Florida Cracker”
Sep 24, 2020 · Legend says the crack of the whip is the source of the nickname “cracker,” although many old-time Floridians now complain the term has become derogatory.
[32]
Cracker History - Great Florida Cattle Drive
The iconic name “Crackers” originates from the distinct crack of whips used to herd cattle – a sound symbolizing their crucial role in establishing Florida's ...
[33]
A History of the Florida Cracker Cowboys - Tampa Magazine
Feb 15, 2022 · The cracker cattle were descendants of the seven Andalusian cattle first brought from Spain by Ponce de Leon when he made his second voyage to ...
[34]
https://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2013/07/01/197644761/word-watch-on-crackers/
[35]
'Cracker' conveys history of bigotry that still resonates - CNN
Jul 2, 2013 · "Cracker" has a murky history but generally describes poor whites. The slur is widely considered an insult among white southerners. CNN —. With ...Missing: self- identifier
[36]
A Brief History Behind the Racial Slur 'Cracker'
Apr 30, 2024 · Newsone writes: “Initially, “Cracker” referred to poor, white farmers and laborers, particularly those of Scotch-Irish descent, who worked in ...
[37]
Origins of the word "cracker" in Southern culture - Facebook
Jul 15, 2018 · Hanging around in FL a bit cracker was a term used, but crackers wore the name as a symbol of pride, I am just a cracker, or redneck, ...Where does the term 'cracker' originate from? - FacebookCourtesy of African American History: Cracker by definitionMore results from www.facebook.com
[38]
Origin of Crackers Is Still Debated - Lakeland Ledger
Jul 22, 2002 · In North Florida, Alabama and Georgia, for instance, Crackers is thought to refer to the practice of grinding or cracking corn (as in the ...Missing: identity | Show results with:identity
[39]
Wait so people here seriously think that if the word, "cracker" is used ...
Feb 8, 2022 · As a southerner, Florida to be specific, cracker is a word for early settlers and cowboys here. To many white southerners it's a point of pride ...CMV: Calling white people “colonizers” and terms of the like ... - RedditCMV: Referring to a white person as "Colonizer" is a racial slurMore results from www.reddit.com
[40]
Differences Between Hackers and Crackers - Baeldung
Sep 1, 2023 · Hackers have technical skills, some with good intentions, while crackers focus on breaking software licenses and have malicious intentions. ...
[41]
Difference Between Hacker and Cracker: Ethics, Roles & Skills
Feb 5, 2025 · Hackers use technical skills to improve and secure systems ethically, while crackers break into systems maliciously to steal data or cause harm.What Is A Hacker? · Types Of Hackers · What Is A Cracker?<|separator|>
[42]
Difference between Hackers and Crackers - GeeksforGeeks
Jul 12, 2025 · Hackers improve systems ethically, while crackers exploit them for personal gain. Hackers are "white hats" and crackers are "black hats".
[43]
Understand the Difference Between Hackers and Crackers - BYJU'S
Hackers use their own legal tools for checking network strength, establishing security, and protecting an organization from internet threats. Crackers don't ...
[44]
The Term Computer Cracker Goes Back to 1969! - realhackhistory
Jan 22, 2023 · I think the term returned to the vernacular because of “the Cracker”, an Inner Circle hacking group member who was a minor media sensation in ...
[45]
The Failed Attempt to Rebrand the Word 'Hacker' - VICE
Jul 1, 2015 · The first use of the word “cracker” in a computer context is credited to Richard Stallman, president of the Free Software Foundation and creator ...
[46]
Hacker vs. Cracker: Understanding the Key Differences
Jan 29, 2022 · Hackers legally intrude to find vulnerabilities, while crackers illegally break in for unauthorized access and personal gain.
[47]
The Evolution of Hacking | Tripwire
Aug 17, 2016 · The emergence of cyber criminals was swiftly met in 1986 with the first legislation related to hacking, the Federal Computer Fraud and Abuse Act ...
[48]
A Brief History of Hacker Culture - Cybersecurity Education Guides
As computer crime increased, hackers started to lose control of the label. Some preferred to label the malicious interlopers as “crackers” but the term never ...
[49]
Software Reverse Engineering and Malware Analysis
Aug 24, 2021 · GHIDRA is an open source software reverse engineering suite developed by National Security Agency. We will use it as the main tool for most of ...Missing: techniques | Show results with:techniques
[50]
[PDF] Software Cracking and Keygenning - NSA Codebreaker Challenge
The first involves patching code to bypass security. Introducing vulnerabilities (or rather, bypasses) is a basic software cracking practice. The second.Missing: methods | Show results with:methods
[51]
Cracking: Tools and Strategies - x86 Software Reverse‐Engineering ...
Feb 6, 2024 · Cracking is the art of reversing software to bypass protections or other undesirable functionality. This chapter explores some of the key ...
[52]
18 U.S. Code § 1030 - Fraud and related activity in connection with ...
Knowingly and with intent to defraud, accesses a protected computer without authorization, or exceeds authorized access, and by means of such conduct furthers ...
[53]
9-48.000 - Computer Fraud and Abuse Act - Department of Justice
The Computer Fraud and Abuse Act (CFAA), codified at Title 18, United States Code, Section 1030, is an important law for prosecutors to address cyber-based ...
[54]
Computer Hacking Charges – 18 USC § 1030 - Eisner Gorin LLP
For more serious offenses, you could face between 5 and 10 years in prison, and up to 20 years in prison if there are prior convictions. You could also be fined ...
[55]
Hacking Laws and Punishments - FindLaw
Dec 2, 2023 · Hacking a protected computer is a federal crime. So, the federal government, through its federal prosecutors, may bring charges against hackers.
[56]
Difference Between Hacking and Ethical Hacking - GeeksforGeeks
Jul 23, 2025 · While hacking is criminal, illegitimate and unfavourable, ethical hacking is legal and favorable to enhance security.
[57]
Cybercrime and the Law: Primer on the Computer Fraud and Abuse ...
May 16, 2023 · § 1030—a law prohibiting a variety of computer-related conduct and providing for both civil and criminal penalties. Although sometimes described ...<|separator|>
[58]
[PDF] Are Computer Hacker Break-ins Ethical?* - Gene Spafford
Abstract. Recent incidents of unauthorized computer intrusion have brought about discussion of the ethics of breaking into computers.
[59]
Computer Hacking vs Cracking
Aug 15, 2023 · Unlike ethical hackers who work to identify and fix security holes, crackers use their skills to gain unauthorized access to systems for ...
[60]
How Fireworks Work - Science | HowStuffWorks
Sep 7, 2023 · Firecrackers use powder in a tube, sparklers burn slowly with metal for sparks, and aerial fireworks use shells with stars and a bursting ...
[61]
The chemistry behind fireworks | Penn Today
Jul 1, 2019 · Those three reagents react to make solid potassium carbonate, solid potassium sulfate, nitrogen gas, and carbon dioxide gas, so you have solid ...Missing: mechanisms | Show results with:mechanisms
[62]
The Science of Fireworks - Ontario Science Centre
Black powder: Invented in China over 1000 years ago, this is a type of gunpowder made from 75% potassium nitrate (saltpeter), 15% charcoal and 10% sulfur. ...Missing: composition | Show results with:composition
[63]
Fireworks Types
Also known as gun powder, black powder is a mixture of potassium nitrate, charcoal, and sulfur. ... Legal consumer firecrackers are limited to a maximum of 50 ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[64]
[PDF] TEST REPORT BLACK POWDER EQUIVALENCY
... types of aerial fireworks shells, the burst powders would range from standard commercially available black powder all the way up to flash powders, which ...
[65]
Flash powder - PyroData
Flash powder ; Firecracker mix · 27. Potassium chlorate. 29. Potassium perchlorate. 14. Antimony trisulfide. 10. Sulfur. 20. Aluminium (dark pyro) ; Flash #1 · 3.
[66]
[PDF] ATF Fireworks Classification & Exemptions
Black powder. •. Display shells containing flash powder. • DOT Class 1.4 ... Bulk salutes, flash powder, and the storage of over. 10,000 pounds of display ...
[67]
Thermite reaction driven pyrotechnic formulation with promising ...
Feb 15, 2022 · Green firecrackers are reduced emissions firecrackers with a typical pyrotechnic composition consisting of fuel, oxidizer, and an optional ...
[68]
[PDF] chemmatters-oct2010-fireworks.pdf - American Chemical Society
An aerial shell is made of gunpowder, which is a well-known explosive, and small globs of explosive materials called stars (Fig. 1). The stars give fireworks.<|separator|>
[69]
How do fireworks work? A pyrotechnics chemist explains the ...
Dec 21, 2021 · The sulfur flows over the potassium nitrate and charcoal, which then burn. This combustion reaction quickly produces a large amount of energy ...Missing: mechanisms | Show results with:mechanisms
[70]
History of Fireworks - American Pyrotechnics Association
The Chinese believed these natural "firecrackers" would ward off evil spirits. ... Fireworks made their way to Europe in the 13th century and by the 15th century ...
[71]
Chinese New Year Firecrackers: Why Set Off and Meaning
In the Qingming Festival and at funerals, the use of firecrackers is to honor the dead. Bans or Restrictions on Firecrackers and Fireworks. For the sake of ...
[72]
https://www.chinahighlights.com/travelguide/festivals/chinese-new-year-firecrackers.htm
[73]
What is Bonfire night? | English Heritage
Every year on 5 November, many people go to see spectacular firework displays, which light up the night with sparkling, whooshing, banging displays of colour.
[74]
The Role Fireworks and Firecrackers in the Philippine Culture
Dela Piedra, Mark Clayton. “A Filipino Tradition: The Role of Fireworks and Firecrackers in the Philippine Culture.”TALAI:1. (September 2018), pp 141-153.
[75]
Cracker Culture: Celtic Ways in the Old South - Amazon.com
"Cracker Culture" is a cultural analysis examining how Celtic heritage shaped Southern American society, contrasting Northern and Southern differences through ...
[76]
11. Cracker Culture — Part II - Deep Reading - Medium
Oct 11, 2022 · Cracker Culture was leisure-loving, independently minded and proud with strong loyality to clan and family.
[77]
"Celtic Oddities": Patterns of Cracker Culture in the American South
In the present context, thus,. "cracker" will mean a Southerner with Celtic roots, most often a Scotch-. Irish person. Historically, the relative social rank of ...<|separator|>
[78]
[PDF] Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings and Cracker Culturei Monica Berra, Wake ...
In the early-twentieth century, however, “cracker ameliorated to become a regionally affectionate term” for rural whites, especially in the. Florida backwoods ( ...
[79]
Cracker Culture in the Florida Novels of Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings
Cracker culture has existed for over two thousands years, and will at least continue in the literature of the south, including Rawlings' three Florida novels.
[80]
Blaxploitation - Wikipedia
Pejorative terms for white characters, such as "cracker" and "honky", are commonly used. ... Slavesploitation, a subgenre of blaxploitation in literature and film ...List of blaxploitation films · Sweet Sweetback's · Cotton Comes to Harlem · Race film
[81]
Florida Western - Wikipedia
The term Florida Western is used to describe a genre of films and literary works ... cracker characters have also been called cracker Westerns.
[82]
Black Cracker by Josh Alan Friedman | Goodreads
Rating 4.5 (35) At once heartbreaking and hysterically funny, BLACK CRACKER delivers a fearless account of adventures in the now-forgotten poor Black shantytowns of Long Island ...
[83]
Cracker Songs, Albums, Reviews, Bio & More | A... | AllMusic
Explore Cracker's discography including top tracks, albums, and reviews ... Group Members. Davey Faragher, David Lowery, Johnny Hickman, Bob Rupe, Sal ...
[84]
Cracker
Within 18 months of releasing the first Camper Van Beethoven album, we were playing arenas with REM. The first song Cracker recorded was immediately in heavy ...Tour Dates · Cracker Family · Cracker Archive · Store
[85]
About Cracker
Cracker has given us over a decade of great music and promises more to come. The band is officially based in Richmond, VA and they tour regularly all over the ...
[86]
https://www.musicvf.com/Cracker.songs
[87]
Cracker Top Songs - Greatest Hits and Chart Singles Discography
Cracker Top Songs - Greatest Hits and Chart Singles Discography - #1: Low - #2: Get Off This - #3: Teen Angst (What the World Needs Now) - #4: I Hate My ...Missing: notable performance
[88]
Discography - Cracker
When Cracker discovered Virgin Records was releasing another greatest hits album without consulting the band a clever plan was hatched. The band re-recorded ...Missing: history members
[89]
Cracker (TV Series 1993–1996) - IMDb
Rating 8.4/10 (8,525) Cracker: Created by Jimmy McGovern. With Robbie Coltrane, Geraldine Somerville, Kieran O'Brien, Barbara Flynn. Dr Edward "Fitz" Fitzgerald is a criminal ...Episode list · Full cast & crew · Cracker · User reviews
[90]
Cracker (1993-95, 1996, 2006) - BFI Screenonline
Main image of Cracker (1993-95, 1996, 2006). Granada Television for ITV, 27/9/1993-27/11/1995. 23 x 50 min episodes in three series, plus two specials, colour.
[91]
Cracker - Watch Episode - ITVX
Cracker ... Crime drama starring Robbie Coltrane as a deeply flawed but brilliant psychologist. An expert on the criminal mind, he helps to solve tough cases - ...Missing: 1993 | Show results with:1993<|separator|>
[92]
Cracker (TV Series 1993–1996) - Full cast & crew - IMDb
Cracker (TV Series 1993–1996) - Cast and crew credits, including actors, actresses, directors, writers and more.
[93]
Cracker (TV Series 1993–1996) - Episode list - IMDb
Cracker · S1.E1 ∙ The Mad Woman in the Attic: Part 1 · S1.E2 ∙ The Mad Woman in the Attic: Part 2 · S1.E3 ∙ To Say I Love You: Part 1 · S1.E4 ∙ To Say I Love You: ...
[94]
https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0118290/
[95]
Cracker: Mind Over Murder (TV Series 1997–1998) - IMDb
Rating 6.1/10 (486) This Cracker was OK, but a so-so remake of the original British TV series. Like so many US remakes of British TV, it was watered down by the US networks, who ...
[96]
'Cracker' comic web site - Comics UK
'Cracker' comic web site. For publications about British Comics and Story Papers; blog updates, heads-up to relevant websites etc! Moderators: Al ...
[97]
Cracker - UK Comics Wiki - Fandom
Cracker was a weekly comic published from 1975 to '76 by DC Thomson. Comic historian Graham Kibble-White has described it as having "carved out a niche for ...
[98]
Safe Cracker - Andamiro Co., Ltd.
Safe Cracker's game element is rich in features but easy to play. The player employs a one-button control in an attempt to win prizes skillfully. After a ...
[99]
Safe Cracker Arcade Game - Andamiro USA
Safe Cracker's game element is rich in features but easy to play. The player employs a one-button control in an attempt to win prizes skillfully.<|separator|>
[100]
Radio Cracker - media.info
Radio Cracker is the name of a series of short term RSL charity radio stations broadcasting in the UK and around the world in order to raise awareness of ...
[101]
Jacob Summerlin: The cowman who was king of crackers - TBNweekly
Aug 21, 2007 · Florida pioneer Jacob Summerlin supplied beef to the Confederate army during the Civil War. They called him the King of the Crackers.
[102]
King of the Crackers - Bartow Chamber of Commerce
Sep 24, 2019 · By Lloyd Harris. Jacob Summerlin – King of the Crackers: February 20, 1820 – November 4, 1893. Jacob Summerlin, Florida pioneer, land owner, ...
[103]
The Most Famous Cracker Cowboys in Florida Cattle Ranching History
Dec 13, 2019 · Bone Mizell, the original Cracker Cowboy was colorful. He frequently rode his horse from the street, straight into the saloon where he demanded ...
[104]
Bone Mizell – Florida Cow Man & Figure in Folklore
Oct 18, 2017 · In 1895, cowboy artist Frederic Remington, traveled from New York city to Florida. to paint scruffy-looking Bone on his Florida Cracker horse.
[105]
The Case of the Cracker Cowboy - Supreme Court
Morgan Bonaparte “Bone” Mizzell was the model for Frederic Remington's famous drawing of a cracker cowboy. This legendary Florida cowboy was renowned for ...
[106]
FLORIDA CRACKER - The Original Floridian
Florida crackers were colonial-era British, American pioneer settlers in what is now the U.S. state of Florida; the term is also applied to their descendants, ...
[107]
Ride Itinerary - Florida Cracker Trail Association
The Florida Cracker Trail Association is a non-profit organization of volunteers dedicated to the mission of “Keeping History Alive”
[108]
Florida Cracker Trail: Journey Across A Land Remembered
Oct 12, 2024 · The Florida Cracker Trail follows a route across the state from Bradenton to Fort Pierce. The trip takes you through Old Florida cattle ...
[109]
Cracker Trail Museum | Zolfo Springs FL
The Cracker Trail Museum is located at the east end of Pioneer Park, at 2822 Museum Drive. It is open 8:00 a.m. – 5:00 p.m., Monday thru Thursday and 8:00 a.m. ...
[110]
Cracker Trail Museum
Explore over 4000 historical items, enjoy affordable admission, and learn about the past. Book picnic shelters or event spaces for special occasions.
[111]
Cracker Country
Cracker Country is a rural Florida living history museum located on the Florida State Fairgrounds in Tampa. Set on four beautiful acres of live oak trees.Field Trips · Public Events · About · History
[112]
Florida Crackers
Jun 29, 2025 · Cracker Country is a rural Florida living history museum located on the Florida State Fairgrounds. The museum is dedicated to the preservation ...
[113]
From Craic to Cracker | History Now
The origin of Cracker is to be found in the word craic, from Gaelic, the old language family of such Celtic peoples as the Irish and the Scots.Missing: person | Show results with:person
[114]
Fluid catalytic cracking is an important step in producing gasoline - EIA
Dec 11, 2012 · Fluid catalytic cracking is an important step in producing gasoline. Image of a fluidized catalytic cracker, as explained in the article text.
[115]
Fluid Catalytic Cracker - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
Fluid catalytic cracker (FCC) is defined as a unit in petroleum refining that utilizes a fluid catalyst to perform hydrocarbon cracking, primarily to ...
[116]
CATALYTIC CRACKER Definition & Meaning - Dictionary.com
Catalytic cracker definition: a unit in an oil refinery in which mineral oils with high boiling points are converted to fuels with lower boiling points by a ...
[117]
Crackerproducts - BASF
Cracker products are the building blocks of the chemical industry and the starting materials for numerous processing industries. These basic products for the ...
[118]
Steamcracker - ChemistryViews
Mar 5, 2019 · First Electrically Heated Steam Cracker. ChemistryViews March 24, 2021. BASF, SABIC, and Linde join ...