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DOA

DOA may refer to:

General terms

Dead on arrival

(DOA) refers to a declaration by medical personnel that a has died prior to reaching a or is determined to be deceased upon immediate assessment at the facility, indicating no potential for . This pronouncement is based on clinical signs such as absence of , , or irreversible injuries, and it halts further life-saving interventions to respect the finality of . In settings, DOA status streamlines and supports families by confirming the outcome without prolonged futile efforts. The term originated in early 20th-century alongside the development of formalized transport and hospital systems. The abbreviation DOA first appeared as police slang in 1929. Its application gained sociological attention in mid-century studies, such as Sudnow's 1967 analysis of ward practices, highlighting how DOA classifications influenced care decisions and family notifications. Standardization evolved through protocols from organizations like the (), which beginning in the early 2000s, with the 2000 guidelines and subsequent updates, have incorporated termination of (TOR) guidelines for out-of-hospital , emphasizing criteria such as no after 20-30 minutes of and non-shockable rhythms to guide DOA determinations. These protocols, updated in the 2020 and 2025 guidelines, prioritize ethical termination to avoid prolonging suffering while ensuring high predictive accuracy for non-survivable cases. Legally, DOA pronouncements require official certification, typically by a in the United States, where (EMS) can withhold on scene per state-approved protocols aligned with AHA and National Association of EMS Physicians (NAEMSP) standards but defer formal death declaration to hospital staff or coroners for unnatural deaths like or overdose. involvement is mandatory for suspicious or to investigate causes and issue death certificates, varying by jurisdiction but generally excluding natural deaths witnessed by family. In the , paramedics may confirm death (pronounce life extinct) in non-suspicious out-of-hospital scenarios under NHS guidelines, but a registered medical practitioner must certify the cause, with coroners required for sudden or unexplained deaths reported annually at around 175,000 cases. Protocols differ notably: U.S. EMS often transports potential DOA patients for confirmation due to liability concerns, while U.K. services more frequently terminate on scene to optimize availability. Common DOA scenarios include severe from accidents or assaults, where or massive hemorrhage leads to rapid demise; out-of-hospital cardiac arrests, often from arrhythmias or ; and drug overdoses, particularly opioids causing and . In the U.S., these account for the majority of approximately 350,000 annual out-of-hospital cardiac arrests, with over 90% fatal and many declared DOA upon EMS or hospital arrival based on 2024 data. In the U.K., similar patterns contribute to roughly 10-15% of the 568,000 total annual deaths being sudden and out-of-hospital, equating to tens of thousands of DOA cases per year up to 2025, predominantly from cardiac events and per coroner reports. The phrase occasionally overlaps with law enforcement's "" directives in pursuits leading to fatal outcomes, but medical DOA emphasizes post-arrival finality.

Dead or alive

The phrase "" emerged in the 19th century as a legal and idiomatic expression on s in the American Old West, authorizing bounties payable for the capture of fugitives either living or deceased, which implicitly permitted the use of lethal force during pursuits by lawmen or bounty hunters. This usage reflected the era's system, where territorial governors and local authorities issued such notices to combat outlaws amid limited formal policing. A prominent historical example is the 1881 for (born Henry McCarty, also known as William H. Bonney), issued by territorial authorities offering a $500 reward "for the capture, " of the young outlaw accused of multiple murders during the . In contrast to "dead on arrival," which denotes a post-mortem medical certification upon reaching a , "" emphasizes the conditional terms of apprehension, prioritizing public safety and reward fulfillment over the suspect's survival. This distinction underscores the phrase's intent as a pursuit directive rather than a status report. By the 20th and 21st centuries, literal "dead or alive" language faded from official warrants due to evolving standards and international norms, but it persisted in cultural and rhetorical contexts, such as U.S. W. Bush's 2001 invocation of the phrase regarding —"There's an old poster out West... that said, ''"—echoing Old West traditions in the fight against . In modern international warrants, such as those from , the emphasis remains on live capture for , though the phrase occasionally appears in portrayals up to 2025, reinforcing its as a symbol of relentless . The expression has briefly influenced tropes in films and games, evoking high-stakes bounty hunts.

Arts and entertainment

Films

The films titled or subtitled with "D.O.A." or "DOA" primarily consist of three notable entries spanning classics and action adaptations, each exploring themes of imminent and desperate pursuit. These works draw loosely from the "dead on arrival" term denoting irreversible fatality upon presentation, manifesting as protagonists confronting their mortality under time pressure. The original D.O.A. (1950), directed by , is a seminal produced by Cardinal Pictures and released by on April 21, 1950. Starring as Frank Bigelow, a small-town , the plot follows Bigelow's vacation in where he unknowingly ingests a of luminous during a night out, learning from doctors that he has less than . Dismissed by , he retraces his steps, uncovering a involving the of a client named over illicit sales and an extramarital affair, culminating in a confrontation with the perpetrator, Majak (). Filmed on location in and with a modest , the film employs a flashback structure and shadowy cinematography to heighten its frenetic pace. Critically, it received initial mixed reviews but gained acclaim for O'Brien's intense performance and its innovative premise, earning selection to the in 2004 for its cultural significance in the noir genre. The 1988 remake, D.O.A., directed by Rocky Morton and Annabel Jankel, updates the story to a contemporary Austin, Texas setting under Touchstone Pictures production, with a budget of approximately $3.5 million. Dennis Quaid stars as Dexter Cornell, a jaded English professor and academic plagiarist who, after a wild night involving heavy drinking and flirtations, discovers he has been poisoned with a slow-acting toxin granting him mere days to live. Teaming with his student Sydney (Meg Ryan), Cornell investigates the plot tied to a corporate scandal and a stolen manuscript, incorporating 1980s elements like rock clubs and a more irreverent tone with subtle supernatural undertones in the poisoning mechanism. Released on March 18, 1988, it grossed $12.7 million domestically, performing moderately at the box office. Reviews were mixed, with a 61% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes; Roger Ebert praised its witty script and Quaid's charismatic lead but noted pacing issues, while some critics found it less taut than the original. D.O.A.: Dead or Alive (2006), directed by and produced by in association with (the franchise's publisher), shifts to action with a $30 million budget, released internationally starting September 7, 2006. Based loosely on the series, the ensemble film features as wrestler Tina Armstrong, as runaway princess Kasumi, as assassin Christie, and as heiress Helena, who converge at an exclusive island tournament hosted by tycoon Victor Donovan (). Amid high-stakes fights, they uncover Donovan's scheme to harvest their biometric data for weaponry, forcing uneasy alliances in acrobatic battles. Filmed in and with heavy emphasis on wire-fu , it emphasizes female empowerment through combat. The film earned $7.7 million worldwide, underperforming commercially with a U.S. opening of just $260,713, and received poor critical reception, holding a 32% score and 4.8/10 on for its campy style and thin plot. A limited re-release occurred in 2024 in select markets, such as , but saw no significant revival by 2025. Across these films, a core thematic thread emerges in the portrayal of mortality as an urgent catalyst for self-reckoning and justice-seeking, with the original's existential dread evolving into the remake's satirical edge on modern excess and the adaptation's adrenaline-fueled defiance against fate. This underscores human fragility, where protagonists' limited time amplifies narrative tension and moral introspection, influencing subsequent thrillers on ticking-clock dilemmas.

Television series

D.O.A. is the title of a 2010 British comedy pilot produced for , centering on the chaotic exploits of two mismatched during their first night shift together. The story follows Tom Lassiter, a suspended played by , who is navigating a inquiry, a strained relationship with his fiancée, and harassment from a ex-patient, while relying on the help of his bumbling lawyer, Rob Krizzo. His partner, , portrayed by Karen Taylor, is a seasoned with a sharp wit and a selling adult toys, bringing a dry humor to their high-stakes emergencies. Written by Roger Beckett and Gary James Martin, and directed by Ben Gregor, the 30-minute episode aired on October 24, 2010, at 9:30 p.m., but did not lead to a full series despite positive elements in its character dynamics and situational . The pilot drew its title from the classic concept of "," reinterpreting it through the lens of , though it shared no direct narrative ties to the 1949 film. Production was handled by with producers including and Alan Marke, featuring a studio format in color and guest appearances by actors such as , , and to enhance the ensemble humor. Filming occurred in the UK, emphasizing urban emergency scenarios that highlighted the duo's contrasting personalities—Tom's earnest incompetence against Julie's pragmatic sarcasm. Despite its fresh take on workplace comedy in the vein of early British sitcoms, the pilot received limited broadcast exposure and no subsequent seasons, contributing modestly to discussions on uncommissioned pilots during the channel's digital transition era. In the United States, D.O.A.: Diary of an Assassin emerged as a 2014 web series exploring the psychological world of , an elite assassin portrayed by DeLuz, who adheres to a rigid moral code by only targeting individuals he deems provably guilty. Structured as a with episodic storytelling reminiscent of vigilante narratives like , the series delves into Gideon's internal conflicts as judge, jury, and executioner, blending action with ethical dilemmas. Produced independently with a small cast including Ricky Borba as Agent Samuel Pollack and Michael Allen as Agent Daniels, it consisted of at least three episodes, including "Choices," "To Whom Much Is Given," and "Sins of the Father," released online via platforms like and for niche audiences. The had minimal mainstream cultural impact, remaining a low-budget entry in the assassin genre with no broadcast run or widespread discussions by 2025, though it exemplified the rise of moralistic anti-hero tales in independent online content during the mid-2010s. No full-length traditional series titled D.O.A. achieved significant longevity or legacy in broadcast , with these productions representing short-form experiments rather than serialized formats.

Music

D.O.A., a Canadian band formed in in 1978 by vocalist and guitarist (known as Joey Shithead), bassist , and drummer , emerged as a pioneering force in the scene. The group's raw energy and politically charged lyrics addressed issues like , , and social injustice, establishing them as leaders in spreading across and beyond. Key early releases include their debut album Something Better Change (1980) and the seminal Hardcore '81 (1981), which captured the band's aggressive sound and influenced subsequent generations of punk acts through its blend of speed, aggression, and . Keithley, who later ran for political office as a candidate, has remained the band's driving force, with lineup changes over the decades but a consistent commitment to live performances; as of 2025, D.O.A. continues touring, with scheduled shows in the and at the Rebellion Punk Festival in the UK. In the realm of , D.o.A.: The Third and Final Report (1978) by stands as a landmark album that defined the genre's experimental and confrontational ethos. Released on the band's own label, it features abrasive soundscapes, tape loops, and themes of societal decay, produced by the core quartet of , , , and Chris Carter. The record's title evokes finality and collapse, aligning with its dystopian content, and it has been hailed for pioneering noise and electronic techniques that impacted and artists. Notable songs titled "D.O.A." span rock and hip-hop, often exploring mortality and endings. Bloodrock's "D.O.A." (1971), from their album Bloodrock 2, is a harrowing hard rock narrative depicting a plane crash victim's final moments, complete with simulated medical sounds and screams that peaked at No. 36 on the Billboard Hot 100 despite radio bans for its graphic intensity. In hip-hop, Jay-Z's "D.O.A. (Death of Auto-Tune)" (2009), the lead single from The Blueprint 3 produced by No I.D., critiques the overreliance on Auto-Tune in contemporary music, positioning itself as a return to raw lyricism amid the trend's dominance by artists like T-Pain and Lil Wayne; it debuted at No. 25 on the Billboard Hot 100. Across these works, the "D.O.A." recurrently symbolizes , demise, and irreversible finality, resonating from punk's rebellious urgency and industrial's apocalyptic visions to rock's visceral and hip-hop's cultural commentary.

Video games

The Dead or Alive (DOA) series is a prominent franchise developed by and published by (formerly ), debuting as an arcade title in 1996. Created by , who founded in 1995 as a division of , the series emphasizes 3D arena-based combat with innovative counter mechanics that distinguish it from contemporaries like and . Over nearly three decades, DOA has expanded into multiple mainline entries, spin-offs, and cross-media ventures, amassing millions in sales while gaining acclaim for its fluid animations and environmental interactions. The franchise's development began with the original , released in arcades on November 26, 1996, featuring eight fighters in tournaments organized by the shadowy DOATEC corporation. Itagaki's vision drew from his earlier work on Tecmo's games, incorporating a rock-paper-scissors counter system where strikes counter throws, throws counter holds, and holds counter strikes, promoting strategic depth over button-mashing. Ports to (1997) and (1998) followed, with enhancements in Dead or Alive++ (1998) adding new stages and characters. Team Ninja's focus on technical prowess led to critical success, particularly with (arcade 1999; 2000), which introduced tag-team battles and was praised for its seamless online play on , selling over 1 million units. Subsequent mainline titles built on this foundation, evolving the roster and mechanics. (2001, Xbox launch title) showcased 's capabilities with advanced graphics and larger arenas, earning universal acclaim and establishing DOA as a fighting benchmark. (2005, ) refined online features and added customizable Cliffhanger stages, while (2012, PS3/) introduced Power Blow finishers and counter-hold systems, with its Last Round edition (2015) updating for next-gen consoles and PC. The latest entry, (March 1, 2019, PS4//PC), toned down for broader appeal, adding Fatal Rush combos and a Break Gauge for accessibility, though it shipped over 350,000 units in its first month amid mixed reception on monetization. By 2025, hinted at potential developments for 7, following Itagaki's passing on October 16, 2025. issued a statement honoring his legacy, amid speculation on the franchise's future direction. Core gameplay revolves around a diverse roster, starting with characters like , a runaway from the Mugen Tenshin clan, and Ryu Hayabusa, the ninja protagonist from the crossover series. The roster has grown to over 30 fighters across entries, blending styles with fictional elements like and genetically enhanced combatants. Environmental hazards, such as collapsing walls or pitfalls, add tactical layers, encouraging aggressive playstyles. Spin-offs like the Dead or Alive Xtreme series (debuting 2003 on ) shift to minigames, emphasizing character interactions and customization, with ongoing titles like Dead or Alive Xtreme Venus Vacation (2017, PC/online) extending the franchise digitally. The series has influenced , maintaining a presence in major tournaments despite competition from titles like . In 2025, featured at EVO Vegas BYOC with dedicated brackets and at Combo Breaker, drawing dedicated communities for its balanced . A 2006 live-action film adaptation, DOA: Dead or Alive, loosely based the tournament premise, starring as . Culturally, DOA is celebrated for pioneering 3D fighting innovations but has faced controversies over the sexualization of female characters, sparking debates on in gaming since the early 2000s. The franchise has sold over 10 million units cumulatively, underscoring its enduring impact.

Places

Airports and locations

Doany Airport (IATA: DOA) is a small airport located in Doany, within Antsiranana Province in northern . Positioned at approximately 14°22′ S latitude and 49°31′ E longitude, it facilitates access to this remote area in the Sava Region. The airport features basic infrastructure suitable for small , supporting and occasional regional flights operated by local carriers. As part of Madagascar's broader network, which includes over 120 and airstrips categorized by the Ministry of Transport, Doany Airport plays a supporting role in connecting isolated northern communities to major hubs like International Airport. This network emphasizes domestic connectivity to promote and economic activities in underserved regions, with many facilities like Doany handling light planes for short-haul routes. The IATA code system assigns DOA to this site, standardizing global identification for scheduling and . The broader Antsiranana Province is renowned for natural landmarks, including the Ankarana Special Reserve with its limestone tsingy formations and endemic wildlife, as well as the striking Tsingy Rouge geological site. Near Doany in the Sava Region, attractions such as Marojejy National Park draw eco-tourists and contribute to the airport's utility for regional travel. No major expansions or closures have been reported for Doany Airport as of November 2025, maintaining its status as a modest operational facility amid ongoing national efforts to rehabilitate secondary airports, despite temporary disruptions from political unrest earlier in the year.

Other uses

Organizations and administration

In the United States, the DOA commonly refers to state-level Departments or Divisions of , which serve as central agencies responsible for coordinating executive branch operations, including budgeting, , , and financial oversight. These entities emerged as part of broader post-World War II efforts to streamline government functions and enhance efficiency in response to expanding state responsibilities in areas like , , and . The Louisiana Division of Administration (DOA), established in 1950 but significantly expanded in the post-WWII era, operates under the Governor's office to manage statewide , , and fiscal planning. It oversees the state's central purchasing system, , and , with recent reforms including the adoption of digital platforms and for fiscal years 2026-2031 to address policy shifts from leadership changes. As of 2025, the DOA has implemented updates to its emphasizing resilience against administrative transitions and legislative impacts. In , the Department of Accounts (DOA) functions as the primary arm of , handling , , auditing, and budget execution for the . Established to provide unified financial controls, it has undergone reforms such as enhanced online services for financial reporting and alignment with federal budget changes, including a 2025 preliminary report that outlines administrative support and revenue projections amid economic adjustments. Leadership under the State Comptroller has focused on modernizing systems to support over 100,000 state employees and local governments. Other states, such as , maintain a Department of Administration (DOA) founded in 1957 to act as the "business manager" for state operations, including and policy coordination. In , while there is no standalone DOA, equivalent roles in budgeting and administration are fulfilled by the Executive Office of the Governor's policy and planning units, which prepare the annual budget and oversee fiscal execution in line with post-WWII centralization trends. These structures reflect a nationwide evolution toward consolidated administrative governance to support growing public services after 1945.

Aviation and technology

In aviation, Design Organisation Approval (DOA) refers to the certification granted by the (EASA) under Part 21 Subpart J of Commission Regulation (EU) No 748/2012, recognizing that a design organization has demonstrated compliance with the necessary standards to independently classify changes, repairs, and Supplemental Type Certificates (STCs) for , engines, propellers, and parts. This approval enables organizations to hold privileges such as issuing approved model data, certifying major changes, and conducting conformity inspections without prior EASA involvement for routine activities, thereby streamlining certification processes while ensuring airworthiness. To obtain DOA, an must establish a that includes procedures for assurance, , and , along with qualified personnel such as a Head of Organisation and appropriately trained staff to handle tasks. The is required to maintain a Organisation Exposition () outlining its processes, demonstrate capability through audits, and implement a () to identify and mitigate risks in activities. These requirements ensure that designs meet airworthiness and environmental standards under Certification Specifications (CS) for various categories. The application process begins with submitting EASA Form FO.DOA.00080, accompanied by the proposed , personnel qualifications (including for key roles), and evidence of compliance with Subpart J. EASA reviews the submission, conducts an initial audit of the organization's facilities and procedures, and may issue a provisional approval before granting full DOA with a defined scope, such as limitations on types or systems. Significant changes to the organization, like alterations to the or key personnel, require prior EASA approval via updated forms. Examples of organizations holding EASA DOA include SAS (approval reference EASA.21J.031), which covers design changes for large aeroplanes including and structural modifications; Aero (EASA.21J.300), focused on and designs; and AIM Altitude UK Limited, approved for cabin interiors, structures, electrical systems, and fuel systems on various types. The DOA framework was implemented following the establishment of EASA in 2003 under Regulation (EC) No 1592/2002, which harmonized certification across EU member states and replaced fragmented national approvals with a unified system to enhance and efficiency. Updates through 2025 have included revisions to and in August 2025 for clearer procedures on design data management, and a mandate for full integration by July 2026 to address emerging risks like cyber threats in . In the context of technology and electronics, DOA stands for "Dead on Arrival," a term describing hardware components—such as computer motherboards, hard drives, or integrated circuits—that fail to function immediately upon receipt due to manufacturing defects, shipping damage, or assembly errors at time zero. This issue is particularly prevalent in consumer and enterprise computing, where DOA rates for components like dynamic random-access memory (DRAM) can reach 1-5% in high-volume shipments, prompting immediate testing protocols upon unboxing. Another technical use of DOA is "," an estimation of the direction from which a signal arrives at an array of sensors, commonly used in , systems, communications, and array signal processing to locate sources or improve . Industry standards for handling DOA hardware typically involve (RMA) processes, where vendors provide rapid replacements—often within 30 days of purchase—for defective units, followed by root-cause to credit manufacturers or improve packaging. These procedures, standardized in agreements like those from the (ISO) for , ensure minimal downtime in supply chains for electronics assembly. The use of "" in technology dates back to the late and , coinciding with the rise of personal computing and just-in-time inventory for spares, as documented in analyses of system availability where DOA failures contributed to overall in fault-tolerant setups. By the , with the expansion of online sales and global shipping, the term became ubiquitous in computing documentation, emphasizing the need for robust failure detection in early assembly stages.

Miscellaneous

In informal contexts, particularly online forums and , "DOA" is sometimes used as slang for "doomed on arrival," an extension of the medical term to describe projects, ideas, or situations that are destined to fail from the outset, such as a poorly planned product launch being labeled DOA in tech discussions. Another interpretation is "dose of advice," referring to a quick piece of guidance shared in casual online conversations, though this usage remains niche and less widespread compared to its medical origins. In , "DOA" stands for "Date of Arrival," denoting the scheduled or actual arrival time of personnel, equipment, or supplies at a designated location, which is critical for coordinating operations and resupply efforts. Similarly, in and , "DOA" abbreviates "Days of Ammunition," a metric measuring the duration a unit can sustain based on its current , often calculated as a point-in-time indicator during .

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