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Drive testing

Drive testing is a fundamental method in mobile telecommunications for measuring and assessing the coverage, capacity, and quality of service (QoS) of radio access networks, involving the collection of real-time data using vehicles equipped with specialized scanners and test devices while traversing predefined routes.^[1] This technique provides snapshots of network performance under actual environmental and usage conditions, capturing metrics such as signal strength, interference levels, handover success rates, throughput, latency, and call drop rates across technologies like GSM, UMTS, LTE, and 5G.^[1]^[2] Primarily conducted outdoors, drive testing simulates user experiences in macro cellular deployments and is essential for verifying network deployment after site activations or infrastructure changes.^[1] The primary purposes of drive testing include network optimization, troubleshooting, and performance verification, enabling operators to identify coverage holes, interference sources, and mobility issues that affect user experience.^[1] It supports key use cases such as coverage and capacity planning, parameter tuning for common channels, QoS benchmarking against competitors, and compliance with regulatory requirements, including broadband availability validation in regions like the United States.^[1]^[2] For instance, in 5G deployments, drive tests measure download/upload speeds, latency, and signal quality during peak hours to ensure reliable service delivery.^[2] Periodic drive testing is also performed in response to customer complaints, key performance indicator (KPI) alarms, or market-level comparisons to maintain competitive edge.^[1] In methodology, drive testing typically employs measurement vehicles fitted with rooftop antennas, radio frequency (RF) scanners for passive signal detection, and active test mobile devices to emulate user traffic, generating data logs that are post-processed using specialized software for visualization and analysis.^[1] Routes are selected to cover urban, suburban, and rural areas, with tests often repeated under varying conditions like traffic density or time of day to reflect diverse scenarios.^[2] Despite its effectiveness, traditional drive testing incurs high operational costs due to the need for skilled personnel, advanced equipment, and fuel, prompting the development of complementary technologies.^[1] Advancements such as the 3GPP-defined Minimization of Drive Tests (MDT) functionality aim to reduce reliance on physical drive tests by leveraging measurements from user equipment (UE) in idle, connected, or inactive states, either logging data for later reporting or providing immediate feedback to the network.^[3] Introduced in 3GPP Release 10 and enhanced through subsequent releases up to Release 17 (as of 2023), with further enhancements in Release 18, MDT collects similar coverage, quality, and performance data at lower cost, covering UTRAN, E-UTRAN, and NG-RAN deployments while preserving privacy through location obfuscation.^[3] This evolution complements drive testing by enabling scalable, crowdsourced insights, particularly for indoor and dense urban environments where vehicle-based methods are limited.^[1]

Fundamentals

Definition and Purpose

Drive testing is a technique employed in telecommunications to evaluate mobile network performance by conducting measurements from vehicles traversing designated areas. It involves equipping vehicles with radio frequency (RF) receivers, such as scanners and test mobile devices, global positioning system (GPS) units, and data logging software to capture real-time data on network signals and quality. This method provides empirical insights into how networks operate under actual field conditions, encompassing urban, suburban, and rural environments.^[4]^[1]^[5] The primary purposes of drive testing include validating network coverage to ensure consistent signal reach, identifying sources of interference that degrade performance, measuring signal quality to assess reliability, and verifying compliance with service level agreements (SLAs) that define expected network standards. These objectives support network deployment, optimization, and troubleshooting by highlighting discrepancies between planned and actual performance. Effective implementation requires a foundational understanding of RF propagation principles, which govern signal behavior, and familiarity with mobile network architectures such as GSM for 2G, LTE for 4G, and 5G New Radio (NR).^[1]^[4]^[5] In adapting to modern 5G networks, drive testing has evolved to incorporate specialized assessments for millimeter-wave (mmWave) frequencies and beamforming technologies, which enable high-speed data transmission but demand precise alignment and coverage validation; these enhancements emerged prominently between 2018 and 2020 as 5G deployments accelerated. Unlike simulation-based models that rely on theoretical predictions, drive testing delivers ground-truth data reflecting real-world variables like terrain and user mobility, thereby facilitating proactive improvements to network efficiency and user experience.^[6]^[7]^[1]

Historical Development

Drive testing originated in the early days of mobile networks during the 1980s, coinciding with the commercial deployment of analog cellular systems like the Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS) in the United States. Engineers performed manual assessments by driving vehicles equipped with basic radio frequency (RF) receivers to measure signal strength and identify coverage gaps, often logging data on paper to support initial network planning and optimization.^[1] These rudimentary efforts addressed the challenges of expanding analog voice services, where limited data volume and lack of automation made comprehensive testing labor-intensive.^[8] The technique was formalized in the 1990s with the transition to digital 2G networks, particularly the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), as European operators sought standardized methods for verifying coverage and handover performance. Field tests for GSM were conducted as early as 1986. The European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI), established in 1988, played a pivotal role by developing initial GSM specifications in 1990, which facilitated structured procedures for network verification to ensure interoperability and quality.^[9] By the late 1990s, drive testing became a core practice for GSM rollout, evolving from ad-hoc manual checks to more structured procedures using early digital logging tools.^[10] In the 2000s, drive testing advanced significantly with the advent of 3G technologies like Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) and Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), shifting toward automated software solutions that enabled real-time data collection for voice and emerging data services. Tools such as Anritsu's UMTS Master, introduced around 2005, facilitated automated measurements of parameters like throughput and latency, reducing reliance on manual processes and handling larger data volumes.^[11] The formation of the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) in 1998 further standardized these practices, with guidelines emphasizing drive tests in UMTS/CDMA optimization. The 2010s marked integration with 4G Long-Term Evolution (LTE) networks, where drive testing focused on high-speed data throughput and mobility scenarios, incorporating Global Positioning System (GPS) integration by the early 2000s for precise geolocation of measurements following the end of GPS selective availability in 2000.^[12] To address ongoing challenges like high costs and limited coverage from manual drives, 3GPP introduced Minimization of Drive Tests (MDT) in Release 10 (2011), enabling crowdsourced data from user devices to supplement traditional testing.^[13] Post-2020, enhancements for 5G New Radio (NR) included vehicle-mounted systems for massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) testing, supporting beamforming and millimeter-wave assessments.^[14] By the 2020s, cloud-based analysis platforms emerged, allowing remote processing of drive test data for faster optimization and scalability.^[15]

Data Collection

Key Parameters Measured

Drive testing captures a range of radio frequency (RF) signal metrics essential for evaluating signal strength and quality in mobile networks. These include Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI), which measures the total power received from the transmitter including noise and interference; Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP), defined in LTE and 5G as the linear average of the power contributions (in watts) of the resource elements carrying cell-specific reference signals within the considered measurement frequency bandwidth; Bit Error Rate (BER), indicating the rate of erroneous bits in the received data; and Signal-to-Interference-plus-Noise Ratio (SINR), calculated as

\text{SINR} = \frac{S}{I + N}

where S is the desired signal power, I is the interference power, and N is the noise power.^[16]^[17] Network performance parameters logged during drive tests focus on service reliability and efficiency. These encompass downlink and uplink throughput, representing the data transfer rates in bits per second; latency, the round-trip time for data packets in milliseconds; handover success rates, the percentage of seamless cell transitions without service interruption; and call drop rates, the frequency of involuntary connection terminations.^[18] Coverage indicators provide insights into network topology and signal distribution. For CDMA systems, Ec/No measures the energy per chip normalized to noise spectral density; serving cell ID identifies the currently connected base station; and neighbor cell lists track adjacent cells for potential handovers. In 5G networks, beam management metrics such as Synchronization Signal Block (SSB) RSRP are measured, representing the average RSRP over the SSB resource elements and introduced in 3GPP Release 15 (2018) to support directional beamforming.^[19] All parameters are logged as timestamped samples, at regular intervals often 1 second or less, to enable precise post-processing and correlation with network events.^[18]

Location and Environmental Data

In drive testing for mobile networks, GPS integration via Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) receivers is essential for capturing precise positioning data that maps test routes and correlates measurements with geographic locations. Key parameters recorded include latitude, longitude, altitude, speed, and heading, enabling accurate route visualization and analysis of signal performance across traversed areas.^[20]^[21] These data points are typically logged at intervals determined by distance or time, with GNSS requiring a lock on at least three satellites for reliable operation during vehicle movement.^[20] Environmental factors play a critical role in contextualizing drive test results, as they influence signal propagation and network behavior in diverse settings. Terrain types such as urban (dense buildings causing multipath fading), rural (open areas with line-of-sight dominance), and indoor (high penetration loss) are documented to assess how physical clutter affects coverage.^[22] Weather conditions, particularly rain, induce attenuation known as rain fade, which is pronounced in millimeter-wave (mmWave) bands above 10 GHz, with path loss increasing based on rainfall rate, frequency, and link distance—e.g., up to several dB/km in heavy rain scenarios.^[23] Time-of-day variations, including diurnal refractivity changes and traffic-induced mobility patterns, further modulate signal strength, with measurements showing greater fluctuations in afternoons compared to mornings due to atmospheric and usage dynamics.^[24] Route planning in drive testing involves designing pre-defined paths to systematically cover cellular cells, high-traffic hotspots, and coverage fringes where signal quality may degrade. These routes are optimized using algorithms that partition maps into sub-areas, select critical points based on base station density and poor signal zones (e.g., RSRP below -100 dBm), and employ traversal patterns like spirals or rows to minimize time and cost while ensuring comprehensive data collection.^[25] Geographic Information System (GIS) software facilitates visualization by overlaying planned routes on digital maps, incorporating factors like accessibility and speed limits to align with test objectives such as calibration in specific clutter environments.^[25]^[22] Synchronization of location and environmental data with RF measurements relies on precise timestamps to align disparate logs from GNSS, sensors, and scanners, enabling post-processing into geospatial representations. Timestamps in Universal Time Coordinated (UTC) format correlate position data (e.g., interpolated every 3-4 meters) with other metrics, facilitating the generation of coverage heatmaps that visualize signal distribution across tested areas.^[21]^[26] This process involves automated software correlation, often integrating data into GIS layers for heatmaps showing variations by band or population density.^[26] Advanced integrations since 2022 have enhanced drive testing accuracy in challenging environments, particularly for 5G deployments. Accelerometers capture vehicle dynamics, such as vibrations and acceleration, to refine speed estimates and compensate for GNSS inaccuracies in urban canyons, supporting more robust location tagging during high-mobility tests.^[27] LiDAR sensors, increasingly adopted for urban clutter modeling, provide high-resolution 3D mapping of obstacles like buildings and foliage, aiding propagation predictions and site-specific optimizations in mmWave scenarios where traditional GNSS alone falls short.^[28]^[29]

Methodologies

Types Based on Use Cases

Drive testing in telecommunications is classified by its primary objectives, drawing from frameworks like those in 3GPP specifications for radio measurement collection, which distinguish between pre-launch validation—such as verifying new site deployments and initial coverage—and post-deployment maintenance, including ongoing issue resolution and performance tuning.^[3] These use cases emphasize targeted data gathering to support network lifecycle stages, from rollout acceptance to sustained operations.^[30] Network benchmarking represents a comparative approach to drive testing, where measurements are conducted across multiple operators or technologies to assess relative market performance, including metrics like coverage extent and throughput consistency. This type often relies on neutral third-party tools and services to maintain impartiality, enabling regulators or operators to evaluate competitive landscapes without bias.^[31]^[32] For instance, benchmarking campaigns may involve synchronized multi-device setups driving predefined urban and rural routes to generate standardized reports on operator rankings.^[33] Optimization and troubleshooting drive tests focus on diagnosing and resolving specific network impairments, such as coverage holes, handover failures, or interference from external sources like buildings or spectrum neighbors. These tests employ scripted routes designed to replicate reported user complaints or anomaly hotspots, allowing engineers to correlate real-time measurements with site configurations for precise parameter adjustments.^[31]^[25] Unlike broader surveys, this use case prioritizes high-resolution logging during repeated traversals of problematic areas to isolate root causes efficiently.^[34] Service quality monitoring through drive testing involves periodic or continuous evaluations to track key performance indicators (KPIs), ensuring sustained user experience metrics like voice quality via Mean Opinion Scores (MOS) and average data speeds under varying loads. This ongoing application supports regulatory compliance and customer satisfaction reporting, with tests often integrated into routine patrols to detect degradations early.^[31]^[35] Since 2020, drive testing has expanded in 5G environments to verify ultra-reliable low-latency communication (URLLC) requirements, testing end-to-end latency below 1 ms and reliability exceeding 99.999% for mission-critical applications like industrial automation.^[36] These extensions incorporate specialized scenarios, such as vehicular or factory-floor simulations, to validate 3GPP-defined URLLC enhancements in real-world propagation conditions.^[37]

Types Based on Scope

Drive tests in telecommunications are categorized by their geographical or network scale, ranging from focused evaluations of individual base stations to comprehensive surveys across broad regions. This classification emphasizes the extent of coverage and interaction tested, enabling operators to verify functionality at different deployment stages without overlapping with purpose-driven methodologies.^[38] Single Site Verification (SSV), also known as Single Cell Function Test (SCFT), involves drive or walk tests around a single base station, typically post-installation, to assess basic functionality such as coverage radius, call access, handover within the cell, and parameter settings. This scope targets one cell to validate voice services like CSFB or VoLTE calls, data throughput via ping and FTP tests, and signal quality metrics including RSRP and SINR, ensuring no active alarms or provisioning issues before integration into the live network. SSV is essential for isolating site-specific problems like antenna configuration or workmanship defects.^[38]^[39] Multiple Site Verification (MSV), or Cluster Drive Test, expands the scope to evaluate interactions among 5-20 adjacent sites in an operational network, focusing on inter-cell handovers, load balancing, and interference management. Tests collect data on radio parameters such as RSRQ and SINR across voice and data services, verifying seamless mobility and quality of experience (QoE) in clustered environments. This approach simulates real-world user movement between cells, optimizing network performance during active service.^[38]^[39] Operator Benchmarking, or Market-Level Drive Test, encompasses broad surveys across cities, regions, or entire markets to compare key performance indicators (KPIs) like call drop rates and data throughputs among multiple operators. This wide-scale testing provides insights into competitive coverage and user experience, often conducted by regulators or independent entities to identify high- and under-performing networks over large geographical areas.^[38]^[40] Scope selection aligns with network lifecycle phases: SSV is primarily used for commissioning new sites to confirm isolated functionality, MSV supports rollout and optimization in clustered deployments, and market-level tests facilitate annual audits or competitive assessments. These distinctions ensure targeted resource allocation, with SSV requiring minimal routes around one site, MSV covering predefined cluster paths for handover validation, and benchmarking involving extensive, standardized routes for equitable comparisons.^[38]^[39] In 5G networks, these scopes have adapted to address densification challenges, with cluster tests (MSV) now incorporating small cell integrations to handle up to 20 times more base stations than 4G, emphasizing intra- and inter-site mobility for beam-specific KPIs and massive MIMO performance. Additionally, scopes are expanding to include non-terrestrial networks (NTN), such as satellite integration for hybrid terrestrial-satellite coverage, as standardized in 3GPP Release 17 and demonstrated in trials by 2024, enabling verification of seamless handovers in global connectivity scenarios.^[41]^[42]

Applications

Network Benchmarking

Network benchmarking through drive testing involves conducting simultaneous or sequential measurements across multiple mobile operators using identical routes and controlled conditions to enable fair comparisons of network performance. This process typically employs multi-device setups in vehicles, where a single tester manages data collection from numerous SIM cards or devices representing different operators, ensuring synchronized testing to minimize temporal variations in network load or traffic. For instance, benchmarking campaigns often cover urban, suburban, and rural areas with predefined routes repeated across operators to capture real-world end-user experiences.^[35]^[32] Key performance indicators (KPIs) in network benchmarking focus on comparative metrics such as average throughput, coverage percentage, and accessibility rates, which quantify differences in data speeds, signal availability, and connection success rates among operators. Throughput measures download and upload speeds under varying loads, while coverage percentage assesses the proportion of the route with acceptable signal strength (e.g., above -100 dBm for 5G). Accessibility rates evaluate the success of call setups or data sessions, often expressed as percentages, to highlight reliability gaps. These metrics are aggregated to produce overall scores, prioritizing user-centric outcomes like video streaming quality over raw radio parameters.^[43]^[44] Tools like TEMS Paragon (scalable multi-device) and Nemo Network Benchmarking Solution (up to 48 devices per vehicle) facilitate neutral, multi-operator assessments by supporting automated testing of voice, data, and OTT services, integrated with cloud-based analytics for real-time monitoring. These platforms adhere to standards such as ETSI TR 103 559, which outlines methodologies for large-scale benchmarking, including device selection, route planning, and statistical confidence levels (e.g., 95% for key KPIs) to ensure reproducibility and fairness in comparisons. Compliance with this standard helps mitigate biases from device variations or testing times.^[35]^[32]^[43] Outcomes of drive testing benchmarking include detailed reports used by regulators for spectrum allocation decisions or by operators for marketing claims, such as identifying the leader in 5G speeds—for example, RootMetrics' 1H 2025 U.S. report showed Verizon achieving the fastest 5G download speeds at a median of 192.1 Mbps, outperforming AT&T's 168.7 Mbps, across drive-tested routes.^[43]^[45] These reports often feature ranked operator scores and heat maps, influencing consumer choices and investment strategies. Challenges in network benchmarking via drive testing include maintaining route consistency across multiple runs to avoid discrepancies from traffic patterns or seasonal changes, which can require GPS-logged replays and multi-vehicle coordination. Accounting for dynamic network loads is also critical, as varying user traffic during tests can skew KPIs like throughput; solutions involve off-peak scheduling and load simulation, though spectrum allocation differences (e.g., mid-band vs. mmWave in 5G) introduce inherent variability that standards like ETSI TR 103 559 address through normalized scoring.^[46]^[43]

Optimization and Troubleshooting

Drive testing plays a crucial role in network optimization by enabling operators to identify impairments through systematic analysis of collected data. One key technique involves replaying logged drive test data to pinpoint specific events such as call drops or throughput degradations, allowing engineers to reconstruct scenarios and isolate failure points with high precision.^[47] This replay process correlates signal measurements with timestamps, revealing patterns like sudden SINR (Signal-to-Interference-plus-Noise Ratio) drops that indicate issues such as adjacent carrier interference, where emissions from neighboring frequency bands degrade the primary signal.^[48] By overlaying interference profiles on coverage maps, operators can adjust parameters to mitigate these effects, improving overall signal quality.^[49] The optimization process typically follows structured steps to ensure thorough troubleshooting. It begins with a baseline drive test to establish current network performance metrics, followed by targeted drives to replicate reported issues under similar conditions, such as high mobility or load.^[50] Root cause analysis then integrates the data, often using SINR maps to visualize weak spots and guide interventions like antenna tilt adjustments, which optimize beam direction to balance coverage and reduce interference in affected sectors.^[51] For instance, antenna tilt adjustments, such as increasing downward tilt, can improve SINR in overshoot-prone areas, directly addressing coverage holes identified from drive logs.^[52] In practical examples, drive testing has proven effective for resolving handover failures in dense urban environments, where frequent cell transitions lead to connection interruptions due to overlapping signals. Analysis of drive test logs in such scenarios reveals ping-pong handovers, enabling parameter tuning like hysteresis thresholds to stabilize connections and reduce failure rates.^[53] For 5G networks, troubleshooting extends to beam failure recovery, as defined in 3GPP Release 16, where drive tests validate the procedure's timers and beam selection to ensure rapid recovery from beam blockage, minimizing latency in mmWave deployments.^[54] These tests confirm compliance with recovery latency targets below 100 ms, critical for maintaining service continuity.^[55] Tools integrated into drive testing workflows enhance troubleshooting efficiency through real-time alerts and post-test capabilities. During drives, software platforms monitor key indicators like handover rates and trigger immediate notifications for anomalies, allowing on-the-spot adjustments to test routes or parameters.^[5] Post-test, simulations replay scenarios to evaluate "what-if" outcomes, such as the impact of proposed tilt changes on SINR distribution, supporting predictive optimization without additional field efforts.^[56] Emerging AI-driven approaches, particularly since 2023, automate anomaly detection in drive test data for faster optimization. Machine learning models analyze logs to identify subtle patterns, such as interference correlations, outperforming manual methods in telecom networks.^[57] These systems enable proactive tilt or power adjustments based on predictive insights, enhancing self-organizing network (SON) functions.^[58]

Service Quality Monitoring

Service quality monitoring in drive testing involves periodic assessments to ensure consistent end-user experience in mobile networks, typically conducted on a scheduled basis such as quarterly routes to benchmark key performance indicators (KPIs) against service level agreements (SLAs). These drives focus on validating service reliability over time, including metrics like voice intelligibility measured via Mean Opinion Score (MOS) and video streaming quality assessed through playback interruption rates and buffering durations. By tracking these against predefined SLA thresholds, operators can maintain compliance and proactively address potential degradations before they impact customers.^[59]^[60] Central to this monitoring are customer-perceived metrics that reflect real-world usage, such as Time to First Byte (TTFB) for web and application loading times, which indicates initial data transfer latency, and overall Quality of Experience (QoE) scores derived from combined factors like throughput, latency, and error rates. For instance, TTFB targets below 200 ms are often set in SLAs to ensure responsive services, while QoE is quantified using standardized models like those from ITU-T recommendations to correlate network conditions with user satisfaction. These metrics are collected during drives using automated tools that simulate end-user scenarios, providing longitudinal data for performance trends.^[61] Integration with Operations Support Systems (OSS) enables the aggregation of drive test data for advanced trend analysis, allowing operators to visualize KPI variations over multiple test cycles and generate automated alerts for SLA breaches, such as sudden drops in voice MOS below 3.5. This setup facilitates predictive maintenance by correlating drive insights with network-wide telemetry, reducing manual intervention. In 5G networks, monitoring extends to network slicing performance, a core capability introduced in 3GPP Release 15 (2018), where drives verify slice-specific KPIs like isolation, latency guarantees (e.g., under 5 ms for URLLC slices), and resource allocation to ensure differentiated services for applications like autonomous vehicles.^[62] Recent advancements post-2022 have incorporated crowdsourced data from platforms like OpenSignal to supplement physical drive tests, enabling hybrid monitoring that covers broader geographic areas with real-time user contributions while reducing the frequency of resource-intensive drives. This integration enhances accuracy by combining controlled drive measurements with anonymized crowdsourced signals, speeds, and coverage data, particularly for dynamic urban environments.^[63]^[64]

Tools and Equipment

Typical Features

Drive test tools typically consist of specialized hardware components designed for field deployment in mobile networks. Core hardware includes multi-band scanners, which are digital RF receivers capable of measuring signals across multiple frequency bands and technologies from 2G (GSM/GPRS/EDGE) to 5G NR, including both sub-6 GHz and mmWave ranges for comprehensive coverage assessment.^[65] User equipment (UE) simulators, such as engineering handsets or test mobiles with data cards, emulate end-user devices to perform active testing while supporting standards from 3GPP Release 99 to Release 18, with preliminary support for Release 19 features, enabling voice, data, and signaling interactions.^[65] GPS or GNSS antennas provide precise location tracking with sensitivities down to -165 dBm and 1 PPS timing output for georeferencing measurements, often connected via USB or Bluetooth.^[65] These components interface with rugged laptops or tablets meeting minimum specifications like Intel Core i5 processors, 8 GB RAM, and 512 GB SSD storage, ensuring durability in vehicular or outdoor environments.^[65] Software in drive test tools emphasizes real-time data processing and analysis, with features for visualization such as dynamic signal plots, coverage maps, and 3D beam representations to monitor key performance indicators (KPIs) like RSRP and SINR during tests.^[65] Automated scripting allows predefined test sequences, including scheduled executions and workflow automation for repeatable scenarios across multiple devices, supporting up to 50 simultaneous connections for benchmarking.^[65] Report generation capabilities produce customizable KPI summaries for voice and data services, with post-processing tools enabling offline replay and statistical analysis.^[65] Key functionalities focus on operational efficiency and network diagnostics. Call automation handles voice and data sessions, including dialing, handover testing, and quality-of-experience metrics for services like VoNR.^[65] Interference hunting identifies sources through pilot or reference signal analysis, while geo-fencing-like route adherence uses map-based planning to ensure tests follow predefined paths and trigger alerts for deviations.^[5] These tools support both indoor and outdoor scenarios, with Layer 2/3 message decoding for detailed troubleshooting.^[65] Connectivity options enable seamless data flow and integration. Tools integrate with external probes via RS232, USB 3.0, or RJ-45 interfaces to capture core network data, including Layer 2/3 messages for feature visibility like network slicing in 5G.^[26] Cloud upload for remote analysis, introduced with TEMS Cloud in 2023, allows real-time data synchronization and collaborative processing over secure connections.^[66] Recent advancements incorporate edge computing for low-latency 5G processing, enabling on-device root-cause analysis during high-speed tests without full cloud dependency.^[67] User interfaces prioritize usability in dynamic field conditions, featuring intuitive dashboards for live KPI monitoring, customizable graphical views, and real-time statistics overlays on maps.^[65] Export formats support GIS integration, such as KML for visualization in tools like Google Earth, alongside CSV and MapInfo for further analysis in external software.^[68]

Commercially Available Tools

Several leading vendors dominate the market for drive test tools in mobile network optimization, including Keysight Technologies, Infovista (formerly associated with TEMS), Rohde & Schwarz, and Viavi Solutions, with Anritsu also providing specialized 5G testing equipment.^[69]^[70]^[71] Keysight offers Nemo Outdoor, a laptop-based tool for vehicle-mounted drive testing supporting over 300 devices and scanners for 2G to 5G NR networks, enabling data collection for optimization and troubleshooting.^[72] Infovista's TEMS Pocket provides portable, phone-based testing suitable for indoor venues, stadiums, and drone applications, with recent updates adding support for devices like the Apple iPhone 17 series.^[73] For post-processing, [Keysight](/page/ GPSight)'s Actix Analyzer delivers advanced analytics for drive test data, facilitating network optimization through visualization and reporting.^[74] Rohde & Schwarz contributes with the R&S®ROMES4 drive test software, which supports PCI and beam evaluation for 5G, and the R&S®TSMx scanner for non-intrusive coverage measurements during drive and walk tests.^[5]^[75] Viavi's EVOIA Drive Test focuses on mission-critical communications and railway telecoms, integrating route mapping for performance validation.^[76] Key differentiators among these tools include advanced 5G capabilities, such as Anritsu's mmWave testing solutions launched in 2019, which support millimeter-wave frequencies up to 40 GHz for over-the-air evaluations in FR2 bands using equipment like the MT8000A radio communication test station. Rohde & Schwarz's Benchmarker 3, introduced in 2023, enhances 5G benchmarking with integrated signaling and scanner functions.^[69] Pricing varies by configuration, with basic portable kits starting around $10,000 and comprehensive vehicle-based suites exceeding $100,000, reflecting the inclusion of multi-technology support and software licenses.^[69] Market trends indicate a shift toward software-defined and virtualized drive test solutions by 2025, driven by 5G NR deployments and open RAN architectures, allowing greater flexibility and reduced hardware dependency; for instance, Keysight's Virtual Drive Test Software simulates 5G NR performance in non-standalone and standalone modes without physical drives.^[77]^[69] Subscription-based models are emerging for analytics platforms, enabling scalable access to updates and cloud processing, while open-source alternatives like srsRAN Project support research-oriented testing through its full-stack 5G RAN implementation, including gNB emulation for load and NTN scenarios.^[78]^[79] The overall market for mobile network drive test equipment is valued at USD 6.17 billion in 2025, growing at a CAGR of 8.1% to USD 9.11 billion by 2030, fueled by smartphone penetration and network benchmarking needs.^[69] When selecting commercially available tools, operators prioritize compatibility with diverse network types (e.g., 4G LTE to 5G SA/NSA), user-friendly interfaces for field deployment, and integration with AI-driven analytics for automated insight generation, as seen in Infovista's TEMS Suite enhancements for faster 5G validation.^[80] Emerging Chinese vendors like ZTE are gaining traction in Asia through integrated testing platforms, though detailed market share data remains limited post-2020.^[81]

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(PDF) Impacts of Weather and Environmental Conditions on Mobile ...
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(PDF) Drive Test Route Optimization in Mobile Networks
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[PDF] t-mobile-drive-test-methodology-01082021.pdf
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Speed Estimation using Smartphone Accelerometer Data
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(PDF) Clutter height production technology with ArcGIS for the ...
This technology, which is based on aerial images, may be adapted to use LiDAR data. The technology includes the data integration between the different software.
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[PDF] ETSI TS 137 320 V17.4.0 (2023-07)
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Measurement analysis and performance evaluation of mobile ...
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The new Nemo Network Benchmarking Solution (NBM) is a fully scalable drive test solution that enables mobile operators, regulators, and service contractors ...
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Operators conduct drive testing on an area to analyse user experience with respect to other cellular service providers. Market level drive testing can identify ...
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Network benchmarking - Rohde & Schwarz
Drive testing and benchmarking provide you with all the end-user insight that is necessary for intelligent network investment decisions.Maximize Qoe And Get Ahead... · Our Solutions · Video: Use Quality Products...
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[PDF] ETSI TR 103 559 V1.2.1 (2023-10)
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Drive Testing Challenges and How To Cope
Sep 18, 2015 · Like all wireless field work, it presents specific challenges technicians must overcome. Lack of Test Signals. When performing drive tests to ...
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Nemo Analyze Drive Test Post Processing Solution - Keysight
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[PDF] Agilent Technologies E7475A GSM Drive-Test System - Amazon AWS
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Analysis of adjacent channel interference using distribution function ...
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[PDF] The Benefits of SON in LTE, 4G Americas, July 2011 - 3G4G
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[PDF] Dynamic Self-Optimization of the Antenna Tilt for Best Trade-off ...
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[PDF] The Effect of Overshoot on 4G LTE Network Performance in East ...
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Performance Improvement of Handover Scheme For An Established ...
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[PDF] ETSI TS 138 133 V16.5.0 (2020-12)
(3GPP TS 38.133 version 16.5.0 Release 16). TECHNICAL ... EN-DC Beam Failure Detection and Link Recovery Test for FR1 PSCell configured with SSB-.
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[PDF] The 5G Evolution:3GPP Releases 16-17
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The TEMS Suite provides phone-based solutions to drive test, walk test, benchmark and monitor your mobile network.
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[PDF] Mobile Service Assurance | Juniper Networks
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Back to the future for network and service performance measurement
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[PDF] Revision of Standard for Generic Requirement (GR) of “Drive Tool ...
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A powerful drive testing solution to verify, optimize and troubleshoot ... pre-launch performance. TEMS Investigation provides you with a complete set ...
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Mobile Network Drive Test Equipment Market Size & Share Analysis
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TEMS Investigation: our powerful drive testing solution. TEMS Investigation 27.2 adds support for new devices including the Apple iPhone 17 Series, Motorola ...
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Nemo Wireless Network Solutions provides drive testing and analytics solutions for all stages of the wireless network life cycle from rollout to optimization ...
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TEMS Pocket is a portable phone-based network testing solution for venues, stadiums, malls, offices, and drone testing.
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Actix Analyzer Update 2025 - Telecom Tools
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The R&S®TSMx drive and walk test scanner features optimization, troubleshooting and mobile coverage measurements with non-intrusive scanner measurements.Optimization... · Features & Benefits · Available Models
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Proven technology to validate, test and optimize mission critical communications (MCx) and railway telecom networks with confidence.Missing: Nemo | Show results with:Nemo
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srsRAN gNB for 5G NTN
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