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Dutch courage

Dutch courage is an idiom denoting artificial courage or boldness gained through intoxication with alcohol, often specifically genever or gin.^[1]^[2] The phrase emerged in England amid 17th-century Anglo-Dutch rivalries, reflecting English stereotypes of Dutch soldiers relying on liquor to overcome perceived cowardice before combat, with its earliest recorded use appearing in Edmund Waller's 1665 poem Instructions to a Painter.^[3]^[1] Historically, it has applied to military contexts where alcohol served as a psychological aid against fear, as well as civilian scenarios involving recklessness under the influence, underscoring alcohol's role in temporarily suppressing inhibition rather than fostering genuine resolve.^[4]^[5] The term embodies wartime propaganda and cultural prejudice, as "Dutch" prefixed numerous derogatory English expressions during the period of naval conflicts and trade disputes.^[6]

Definition and Etymology

Meaning and Usage

"Dutch courage" refers to boldness or confidence artificially stimulated by alcohol consumption, typically implying that the resulting bravery is illusory or short-lived rather than stemming from true resolve.^[7]^[8] This phrase underscores the pharmacological effect of intoxicants in temporarily suppressing inhibitions and fear responses, without altering underlying character traits.^[9] In contemporary English usage, the term is applied to scenarios where individuals ingest alcohol to steel themselves for intimidating tasks, such as initiating difficult conversations, performing publicly, or engaging in confrontations.^[10] For instance, one might say, "She downed a shot for Dutch courage before the interview," highlighting reliance on liquor to mask anxiety.^[11] Literary examples include its appearance in Jack London's 1902 short story "Dutch Courage," depicting a boy's alcohol-fueled escapade as emblematic of fleeting audacity, and earlier in Edmund Waller's 1665 poem Instructions to a Painter, where Dutch troops are derided for deriving valor from spirits.^[12]^[9] The expression persists in idiomatic speech to critique dependency on external aids for courage, distinguishing it from synonyms like "liquid courage" by evoking historical Anglo-Dutch rivalries.^[1]

Historical Origins of the Term

The phrase "Dutch courage" emerged in the mid-17th century amid intense Anglo-Dutch rivalry, particularly during the Second Anglo-Dutch War (1665–1667). It referred to the perceived reliance of Dutch sailors and soldiers on genever—a strong Dutch spirit akin to gin—to fortify their resolve before combat, which English observers derided as artificial bravery induced by alcohol rather than genuine fortitude.^[7] This interpretation stemmed from English propaganda portraying the Dutch as needing liquor to overcome innate timidity, contrasting with British self-image of sober valor.^[2] The earliest documented allusion to the term appears in English poet Edmund Waller's 1665 satirical verse Instructions to a Painter, which mocks the Dutch for their heavy consumption of spirits amid naval defeats: "The Dutch their wine, and all their brandy lose, / Disdain'd to glut themselves in victor's gin." Here, the reference implies that Dutch fighters drew "courage" from drink, a notion that crystallized into the full phrase shortly thereafter.^[1] By the late 1660s, explicit uses of "Dutch courage" proliferated in English writings, tying it directly to wartime observations of Dutch troops downing genever rations—typically 1 to 2 gills (about 120–240 ml) per man before engagements—to dull fear and steady nerves.^[2] The term's coinage reflects broader anti-Dutch sentiment fueled by three Anglo-Dutch Wars (1652–1654, 1665–1667, 1672–1674), where commercial jealousies over trade routes and colonies amplified stereotypes of Dutch sobriety as a facade propped up by alcohol. English accounts, such as those from naval chroniclers, noted Dutch vessels stocked with genever barrels, contrasting with lighter British rations of beer or wine.^[10] Alternative origins, such as British mercenaries adopting Dutch gin during the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) for its warming effects in cold campaigns, lack primary attestations predating the 1660s and appear as retrospective folk etymologies rather than direct precursors.^[3] Less credible claims linking it to medieval plague responses or unrelated Dutch drinking customs find no support in 17th-century texts and contradict the phrase's wartime derogatory tone.^[13] Liquid courage serves as the most prevalent contemporary synonym for Dutch courage, encapsulating the notion of alcohol-fueled boldness that dissipates with sobriety.^[14] This expression gained traction in the 20th century, often invoked in contexts of social inhibition reduction through intoxication, distinct yet parallel to the 17th-century origins tied to gin consumption during Anglo-Dutch conflicts.^[7] Archaic variants include pot-valour, pot-valiance, and pot-valiancy, which historically denoted the spurious bravery induced by "pot" (a colloquialism for strong drink, especially liquor).^[15] These terms, documented in English literature from the 1600s onward, underscore the derisive undertone of inauthentic fortitude, much like Dutch courage itself, and were used to critique reliance on spirits for resolve in military or personal trials. Related phrases, such as alcohol-induced idiocy in extreme manifestations, highlight the psychological flip side where intoxication overrides caution rather than enhancing true mettle, though they diverge by emphasizing recklessness over mere emboldenment.^[16] Collectively, these expressions reflect a linguistic tradition skeptical of liquor-derived confidence, prioritizing empirical observation of alcohol's disinhibiting yet ephemeral effects on behavior.

Historical Context

Anglo-Dutch Wars and Early Military Associations

The Anglo-Dutch Wars (1652–1654, 1665–1667, and 1672–1674) pitted England against the Dutch Republic in a series of naval and colonial conflicts driven by competition for maritime trade supremacy and colonial territories. Amid these hostilities, English accounts highlighted Dutch military reliance on genever—a juniper-flavored malt spirit akin to early gin—as a means to steel troops for battle. This perception crystallized during the Second Anglo-Dutch War, exemplified by English poet Edmund Waller's 1666 satirical verse on the Battle of Lowestoft (June 3, 1665), where he wrote: "The Dutch their Wine, and all their Brandee lose, / Disarm’d of that, from which their Courage grows." The lines suggest English mockery of Dutch "brandewijn" (burnt wine, referring to genever) as the source of their fighting spirit, implying it was stripped away in defeat.^[1] Genever had been distilled in the Netherlands since the late 16th century, often issued to soldiers and sailors for its warming properties in cold, damp conditions and its disinhibiting effects that mitigated fear. Dutch vessels and armies carried it routinely, with production centers like Schiedam supplying vast quantities for military use. English forces, encountering this during engagements such as the Dutch capture of English colonies or the catastrophic Raid on the Medway (June 1667), interpreted it as evidence of Dutch dependence on alcohol for valor, coining "Dutch courage" as a pejorative term for liquor-fueled bravado rather than inherent bravery. This view aligned with broader English propaganda portraying the Dutch as commercially astute but militarily timid without stimulants.^[2]^[17] The phrase's conceptual roots in these wars predate its first explicit attestation around 1723, though the associated idea of alcohol-derived resolve from Dutch "brandee" was evident by the 1660s. Later naval clashes, such as the 1797 Battle of Camperdown, reinforced the idiom, as in a contemporary report of a captain stocking "Dutch courage" before facing the Dutch fleet. This early military linkage underscored a causal perception: genever's physiological impact—elevating mood and reducing hesitation—temporarily mimicked courage but was deemed unreliable and foreign by English observers, embedding the term in Anglo-Dutch rivalry narratives.^[1]^[1]

Introduction of Gin to England

The precursor to modern gin, known as genever or jenever, originated in the Netherlands in the 16th or early 17th century as a juniper-berry-flavored malt spirit, initially developed for medicinal purposes by Dutch physician Franciscus Sylvius (also known as Franz de la Boë).^[2] This spirit gained early exposure in England through British troops deployed to support Dutch forces during the Eighty Years' War against Spain; in 1585, Queen Elizabeth I dispatched the Earl of Leicester's expeditionary force to the Netherlands, where soldiers encountered genever and reportedly consumed it for perceived boosts in bravery, coining the phrase "Dutch courage" to describe its effects.^[18]^[19] Gin's widespread introduction and popularization in England accelerated after the Glorious Revolution of 1688, when William III of Orange—a Dutch stadtholder—ascended the English throne alongside Mary II in 1689. William, familiar with genever from his homeland, promoted its distillation and importation by revoking monopolies held by the Worshipful Company of Distillers and enacting legislation between 1689 and 1697 that permitted the use of English grain for spirit production, while reducing duties on imported Dutch spirits.^[20]^[21] This policy shift transformed genever into a more accessible "gin," fostering domestic production and consumption, particularly among the working classes in London.^[22] By the early 18th century, these developments laid the groundwork for the Gin Craze (circa 1695–1735), during which gin consumption surged dramatically—reaching an estimated 14 million gallons annually in London by the 1720s—often linked to its reputation for providing illusory fortitude akin to "Dutch courage."^[23] English distillers adapted the Dutch recipe, emphasizing juniper but incorporating local botanicals and rectification techniques, which differentiated London dry gin from its maltier Dutch ancestor.^[24]

Evolution in Literature and Language (17th-19th Centuries)

The concept underlying "Dutch courage"—the attribution of Dutch soldiers' perceived bravery to alcohol consumption—appeared in English poetry during the Anglo-Dutch Wars, as in Edmund Waller's 1666 "Instructions to a Painter," where he wrote of the Dutch: "their Wine, and all their Brandee lose, / Disarm’d of that, from which their Courage grows."^[1] This reflected broader English propaganda portraying the Dutch as needing spirits like genever (early gin) to bolster resolve in battle.^[3] The precise phrase "Dutch courage" entered the lexicon in the early 18th century, with the Oxford English Dictionary attesting its use from 1723 onward, evolving from wartime slur to a general idiom for liquor-induced boldness. By mid-century, literary variants emerged, such as Henry Fielding's 1749 reference in The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling to a character maintaining "a Kind of Dutch Defence," implying a tenacious but alcohol-fueled resistance akin to the term's core meaning.^[1] In the late 18th century, the expression proliferated in prose and journalism amid renewed Anglo-Dutch naval conflicts, including its documented use in The Times on December 14, 1797, during coverage of Captain Williamson's trial: "I suppose he thought it necessary to lay in a stock of Dutch courage," referring to preparations against the Dutch fleet.^[1] This period marked its shift toward idiomatic stability, detached from specific national animus but retaining connotations of artificial fortitude. By the 19th century, "Dutch courage" was firmly embedded in English literature as a critique of ephemeral bravery, exemplified by Walter Scott's 1826 novel Woodstock: "Laying in a store of what is called Dutch courage."^[25] Usage expanded in military memoirs, satirical writings, and periodicals, often contrasting it with innate valor; for instance, it denoted soldiers fortifying themselves with gin before engagements, underscoring alcohol's role in suppressing fear without fostering true resilience. The term's endurance reflected evolving linguistic prejudices, transitioning from explicit anti-Dutch sentiment to a neutral descriptor of intoxication's psychological effects, while gin distilleries in England popularized the associated drink.^[6]

Psychological and Physiological Mechanisms

Alcohol's Impact on Inhibitions and Risk-Taking

Alcohol intoxication impairs inhibitory control by modulating neurotransmitter systems, particularly enhancing GABAergic inhibition and suppressing glutamatergic excitation in the prefrontal cortex, which reduces neural excitability and executive function.^[26] ^[27] This leads to diminished capacity for self-regulation, as alcohol attenuates activity in fronto-temporal networks critical for suppressing prepotent responses.^[28] Functional neuroimaging, including fMRI, consistently shows decreased prefrontal activation during inhibitory tasks under acute intoxication, correlating with behavioral deficits in tasks like go/no-go paradigms. ^[29] These neurophysiological changes translate to elevated risk-taking, as impaired inhibition lowers the threshold for impulsive decisions. Meta-analyses of laboratory studies quantify acute alcohol's moderate to large effect on response inhibition deficits (Hedges' g ≈ 0.5-0.8), which predict increased propensity for hazardous behaviors in controlled settings.^[30] For instance, intoxicated participants display heightened risk in decision-making paradigms, such as persisting in high-variance choices despite negative feedback, due to blunted anticipatory processing in orbitofrontal regions.^[31] Real-world analogs include stronger associations between alcohol use and risky sexual behaviors, like inconsistent condom use, where disinhibition overrides precautionary cognition.^[32] Empirical evidence from double-blind placebo-controlled trials underscores causality: even moderate doses (0.5-0.8 g/kg) reliably increase behavioral risk-taking metrics, independent of expectancy effects when controlling for beliefs about intoxication.^[33] This disinhibitory profile explains alcohol's role in fostering apparent boldness, though it stems from cognitive impairment rather than enhanced resolve, often resulting in maladaptive outcomes.^[27]

Empirical Evidence from Studies on Intoxication and Behavior

Laboratory experiments have demonstrated that alcohol intoxication promotes risk-taking by altering individuals' expectations of negative outcomes. In a 1997 study involving controlled administration of alcohol to participants, those intoxicated perceived fewer adverse consequences from risky behaviors compared to sober controls, leading to heightened willingness to engage in such actions; this effect was independent of changes in perceived positive outcomes.^[34] Similar findings from subsequent research indicate that acute alcohol consumption impairs executive functions in the prefrontal cortex, reducing inhibitory control and thereby facilitating impulsive decisions that mimic boldness but stem from diminished foresight.^[35] Neuroimaging studies further elucidate alcohol's role in reducing behavioral inhibitions and elevating aggression. Functional MRI research published in 2015 showed that alcohol suppresses neural activity in regions like the prefrontal cortex, thalamus, and striatum during provocation, correlating with increased aggressive responses; this suggests intoxication lowers thresholds for confrontational behavior by blunting self-regulatory mechanisms.^[36] Complementing this, a 2025 experimental study found that alcohol decreases pain sensitivity, which mediates greater aggression, as reduced nociception encourages persistence in potentially harmful actions without proportional fear response.^[37] However, these effects do not equate to enhanced decision-making capacity. A 2021 review of acute alcohol's impact on social cognition revealed that while low-to-moderate doses may promote utilitarian choices in interpersonal scenarios by dampening emotional processing, overall judgment remains compromised, with intoxication favoring short-term impulses over long-term evaluation.^[38] Meta-analytic evidence underscores that alcohol's disinhibitory effects are dose-dependent and context-specific, often amplifying existing tendencies toward risk or hostility rather than instilling novel resilience, as evidenced by consistent associations with impaired altruism and elevated peer-influenced recklessness in controlled settings.^[39]

Distinction from Genuine Courage

Genuine courage entails a deliberate, rational confrontation of fear rooted in moral conviction, self-discipline, or duty, persisting independently of external stimulants and enabling sustained, effective action despite risks. In contrast, Dutch courage arises from alcohol's pharmacological suppression of inhibitions, which artificially diminishes perceived threats without enhancing underlying resolve or judgment, often resulting in impulsive rather than principled behavior. ^[7] This distinction is evident in alcohol's mechanism: ethanol enhances GABAergic inhibition in the brain, reducing anxiety and fear responses in the amygdala, but simultaneously impairs prefrontal cortex functions critical for risk assessment and executive control, leading to overconfidence without corresponding competence. Empirical studies on intoxication corroborate that alcohol fosters heightened risk-taking, as measured by tasks like the Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART), where participants under the influence inflate virtual balloons more aggressively, reflecting increased behavioral impulsivity rather than calculated bravery.^[40] Such effects align with laboratory paradigms showing alcohol elevates self-reported confidence and approach behaviors but degrades performance in scenarios demanding precise decision-making, such as simulated combat or negotiation under duress, where sober individuals demonstrate superior adaptability and lower error rates.^[41] For instance, meta-analyses of alcohol administration studies indicate a dose-dependent rise in physical and social risk-taking, yet this "bravery" correlates with poorer outcomes, including heightened vulnerability to harm, underscoring its distinction from genuine courage's emphasis on prudent persistence.^[42] Philosophically and psychologically, true courage requires intact cognitive faculties to weigh consequences and act virtuously, as articulated in frameworks distinguishing fortitude from mere disinhibition; alcohol-induced states, by contrast, mimic boldness through numbed fear but fail to cultivate the internal fortitude that endures sobriety or adversity.^[43] This artificial variant often dissipates post-intoxication, leaving individuals with amplified regret or avoidance, whereas authentic courage builds resilience through repeated, unassisted exposure to fear, supported by neuroplastic changes in self-regulatory circuits absent in alcohol-dependent boosts.^[44] Thus, while Dutch courage may propel short-term actions, it lacks the causal depth and verifiability of genuine variants, which empirical longitudinal data link to positive life outcomes like leadership efficacy rather than alcohol's associated liabilities.^[45]

Applications and Examples

In Warfare and Combat

The phrase "Dutch courage" emerged from the 16th- and 17th-century practice of Dutch soldiers drinking genever—a juniper-infused spirit and forerunner to gin—prior to combat to suppress fear and heighten aggression, as observed by English troops fighting alongside them against Spanish forces in the Low Countries during the Eighty Years' War (1568–1648) and Thirty Years' War (1618–1648).^[4]^[46] English soldiers, encountering the Dutch reliance on this spirit for battlefield fortitude, coined the term to describe alcohol-induced bravado, contrasting it with innate valor.^[47] British forces soon adopted gin for similar pre-engagement consumption, integrating it into military culture during campaigns in Europe and beyond, where it served to mitigate the psychological strain of impending combat.^[17] In subsequent British military history, spirits like gin and rum functioned analogously, with rations issued to troops to foster resolve amid high-stakes assaults; for instance, during World War I, Allied soldiers received daily alcohol allotments—often rum diluted as grog—to provide what was termed "Dutch courage" before trench offensives, aiming to override hesitation and boost offensive momentum despite the evident impairment to precision and decision-making.^[48]^[49] Naval traditions perpetuated this, as evidenced by the Royal Navy's grog ration from 1655 to 1970, which echoed earlier Dutch influences by using alcohol to steady crews during boarding actions and gunnery duels.^[50] Such provisions were justified by commanders as essential for morale in eras of primitive weaponry and brutal close-quarters fighting, though records indicate variability in effectiveness, with some units reporting heightened recklessness rather than sustained discipline.^[51] By World War II, while beer and wine supplemented rations for Allied troops to maintain fighting spirit—evident in U.S. forces receiving brewery shipments overseas— the underlying principle of alcohol as a combat enhancer persisted, albeit with growing scrutiny over its tactical drawbacks, such as slowed reflexes in mechanized warfare.^[52] Historical analyses attribute these wartime applications to alcohol's disinhibiting effects, which temporarily elevated risk tolerance but rarely translated to strategic superiority without underlying training or leadership.^[53]

In Criminal Activities

Alcohol consumption frequently enables criminal acts by reducing inhibitions and perceived risks, embodying the concept of Dutch courage in contexts of violence and aggression. Empirical data from victim and offender self-reports indicate that alcohol was involved in an estimated 2.1 million violent crime incidents in the United States in 1993, with offenders attributing their actions to intoxication-induced boldness.^[54] National inmate surveys further reveal alcohol's stronger association with violent offenses like homicide, physical assaults, and sexual assaults compared to non-violent crimes.^[55] In homicide cases, approximately 60% of convicted offenders had consumed alcohol immediately before the crime, often describing it as providing the resolve to proceed despite moral or practical deterrents.^[56] Similarly, rapists exhibit high pre-offense alcohol use rates of 50% to 65%, where intoxication lowers anxiety and facilitates aggressive behavior that sober restraint might prevent.^[57] Longitudinal studies of U.S. adolescents confirm a positive correlation between alcohol intake and both perpetrating crimes and experiencing criminal victimization, with intoxication amplifying risk-taking tendencies.^[58] Legally, "Dutch courage" denotes premeditated intoxication to overcome hesitations in committing crimes, rendering it non-defensive; courts hold that such voluntary impairment does not negate criminal intent or liability for specific-intent offenses like murder.^[59] Experimental research supports this by demonstrating that alcohol interacts with anxiety to promote physical aggression, effectively converting fear into action-oriented "courage" during confrontations.^[60] Group settings exacerbate this effect, as alcohol combined with peer dynamics heightens the perceived rewards of offending while diminishing anticipated punishments.^[61] Overall, alcohol accounts for involvement in 40% of U.S. violent crimes and up to 80% of incarcerations linked to substance-related offenses.^[62] In social gatherings such as parties or networking events, individuals often consume alcohol to overcome reticence and initiate conversations or interactions they might otherwise avoid due to anxiety.^[63] This practice aligns with the concept of Dutch courage, where alcohol temporarily lowers perceived social barriers, enabling behaviors like approaching strangers or sharing personal stories.^[64] Empirical studies indicate that moderate alcohol intake attenuates social inhibition, promoting relaxation and reduced discomfort in group settings among both adolescents and adults.^[65] In everyday scenarios beyond formal events, alcohol is used to muster resolve for routine challenges involving interpersonal risk, such as public speaking in community groups or initiating dates. For instance, acute alcohol consumption has been shown to decrease anxiety ratings during tasks like giving speeches, particularly in those prone to social anxiety disorder, though effects vary by dosage and individual tolerance.^[66] Research on real-world drinking contexts reveals that people with elevated social anxiety consume more alcohol in situations demanding social performance, interpreting the resulting disinhibition as enhanced bravery.^[67] However, this reliance can reinforce cycles of avoidance sobriety, as baseline anxiety persists without addressing underlying causes.^[68] Such applications extend to casual decision-making under mild duress, like confronting acquaintances over minor disputes or participating in amateur performances, where alcohol's pharmacological effects—primarily through GABA receptor enhancement—diminish fear responses.^[69] Daily diary investigations confirm that embarrassing or socially taxing events prompt increased alcohol use among those with low inherent confidence, framing it as a tool for momentary assertiveness rather than sustained skill-building.^[70] While effective for short-term engagement, these instances highlight alcohol's role in simulating courage without fostering genuine resilience.

Criticisms and Consequences

Limitations as "False Courage"

Alcohol-induced bravery, commonly termed "Dutch courage," is characterized as false because it stems from the suppression of fear responses rather than the deliberate mastery of them through rational assessment and willpower.^[71] Genuine courage entails confronting perceived threats with clear awareness of risks and consequences, whereas intoxication chemically dulls inhibitory signals in the brain, often leading to impulsive actions that mimic boldness but lack underlying competence or foresight.^[44] This distinction highlights a core limitation: such "courage" does not foster personal growth or adaptive behavior, as it bypasses the cognitive processes essential for learning from fear.^[72] A primary limitation arises from alcohol's disruption of executive functions, particularly in the prefrontal cortex, which governs decision-making and impulse control. Intoxication impairs judgment by slowing neural processing and reducing the ability to evaluate long-term outcomes, resulting in heightened risk-taking without proportional benefits in performance or resilience.^[73] ^[74] For instance, while moderate alcohol consumption may temporarily elevate perceived confidence, it systematically degrades rational threat assessment, transforming potential prudence into recklessness—evident in scenarios where inebriated individuals overestimate their capabilities in hazardous situations.^[75] This false equivalence to courage is further undermined by the absence of skill enhancement; unlike trained bravery, which improves through repeated exposure and reflection, alcohol's effects evaporate with sobriety, leaving no enduring psychological fortitude.^[76] Empirical studies reinforce these constraints, demonstrating that alcohol promotes maladaptive risk behaviors rather than authentic heroism. Research on alcohol use disorder patients shows elevated propensity for high-risk choices under uncertainty, driven by diminished inhibitory control rather than heightened resolve.^[74] Similarly, behavioral analyses indicate that even low doses compromise alertness and coordination, amplifying error rates in judgment-dependent tasks without mitigating objective dangers.^[77] These findings underscore that "Dutch courage" fails as a reliable proxy for true valor, often culminating in avoidable perils due to its reliance on transient disinhibition over sustained, evidence-based action.^[78]

Associated Risks and Negative Outcomes

Alcohol consumption intended to induce courage often results in impaired cognitive functions, including reduced judgment and heightened impulsivity, which can lead to underestimation of personal risks and engagement in hazardous activities.^[73] ^[75] Studies indicate that this disinhibition effect correlates with increased aggression and poor decision-making, as alcohol disrupts prefrontal cortex activity responsible for impulse control and foresight.^[55] For instance, individuals may overestimate their abilities—such as in social confrontations or physical tasks—due to inflated self-confidence, only to face subsequent regret or failure when sobriety reveals the miscalculation.^[79] Physiologically, reliance on alcohol for courage elevates the likelihood of acute injuries from falls, fights, or vehicular accidents, with blood alcohol concentrations above 0.08% significantly compromising coordination and reaction times.^[80] Chronic patterns exacerbate these issues, contributing to alcohol use disorder, where persistent poor choices persist despite evident harms like organ damage or dependency.^[74] Negative emotional aftermaths, such as "hangxiety," further compound mental health declines, linking alcohol-induced boldness to heightened anxiety and depressive episodes post-intoxication.^[81] In high-stakes scenarios like combat or criminal acts, alcohol's temporary boost in perceived bravery frequently backfires by dulling situational awareness and escalating unintended violence, with data showing alcohol involvement in up to 50% of homicides due to overreactions and failure to de-escalate.^[82] Military historical accounts note that while spirits provided short-term morale, they often impaired tactical execution and increased vulnerability to errors, such as delayed responses or friendly fire incidents.^[83] Legally and socially, these outcomes manifest in elevated arrest rates for assault or reckless endangerment, underscoring how the illusory courage fosters behaviors with disproportionate long-term repercussions over genuine risk assessment.^[84]^[85]

Societal and Health Implications

Alcohol-induced disinhibition, manifesting as perceived "Dutch courage," impairs executive functions such as impulse control and risk assessment, leading to heightened vulnerability to acute health consequences including injuries and poisoning. Peer-reviewed analyses confirm that alcohol acutely diminishes response inhibition, correlating with impulsive actions that precipitate falls, motor vehicle crashes, and assaults, with blood alcohol concentrations above 0.08% exacerbating these deficits across diverse tasks. ^[30] ^[86] In the United States, alcohol-attributable injuries contribute to over 178,000 annual deaths, with emergency department visits for such incidents rising 47% from 2006 to 2014, many tied to disinhibited risk-taking like drunk driving or interpersonal conflicts. ^[87] Chronic reliance on alcohol for behavioral boldness further entrenches alcohol use disorders, as expectancies of disinhibition predict impaired self-control and escalated consumption patterns. ^[88] Societally, this dynamic amplifies public safety threats through elevated violence and economic strain, as disinhibited individuals exhibit reduced fear of repercussions, fostering aggression and recklessness. Epidemiological data link alcohol intoxication to a high prevalence of violent crimes, with studies documenting its role in impairing neurobehavioral inhibition and thereby associating it with assaults and homicides. ^[89] Globally, alcohol accounts for 2.6 million deaths in 2019, including substantial fractions from intentional injuries and self-harm driven by impaired judgment under influence. ^[90] In high-income contexts, such patterns impose billions in costs from healthcare, criminal justice, and productivity losses, while culturally normalizing "liquid courage" hinders development of intrinsic resilience, perpetuating cycles of dependency and social dysfunction. ^[91] ^[92]

Cultural and Modern Perceptions

In Literature, Media, and Idiomatic Use

The idiom "Dutch courage" denotes bravery or boldness artificially induced by alcohol consumption, originating in the 17th century during Anglo-Dutch conflicts, where English observers attributed Dutch soldiers' perceived fearlessness to their intake of jenever, a potent gin-like spirit.^[2]^[93] This phrase persists in contemporary English as a synonym for "liquid courage," often invoked to describe temporary confidence gained from drink in non-combat scenarios, such as public speaking or social confrontations; for instance, individuals may consume alcohol beforehand to overcome stage fright or initiate difficult conversations.^[7]^[9] In literature, the term features prominently in Jack London's 1902 short story "Dutch Courage," later collected in the 1922 anthology Dutch Courage and Other Stories. The narrative centers on two adolescent boys attempting to scale Yosemite's Half Dome; one ingests whiskey for purported nerve but ultimately dismisses it, declaring, "I've about come to the conclusion that there isn't very much in Dutch courage, after all," highlighting the idiom's theme of illusory rather than genuine fortitude.^[12]^[94] London's use underscores a critique of alcohol's role in risk-taking, aligning with broader literary explorations of human limits without chemical aids. Media depictions frequently employ "Dutch courage" either as a title or trope to evoke alcohol-fueled recklessness. In the 1993 episode "Dutch Courage" of the British series Soldier Soldier, troops on leave in Amsterdam pursue alcohol-induced escapades, reflecting the idiom's association with temporary bravado in relaxed military contexts.^[95] Similarly, the 2010 Sea Patrol episode of the same name involves naval personnel encountering suspicious activity amid potential intoxication themes, while the trope appears in film analyses as a shorthand for characters' drink-enhanced audacity, as noted in discussions of narrative devices like liquid courage leading to folly.^[96]^[16] These instances reinforce the phrase's cultural resonance, often portraying it with ironic undertones to distinguish fleeting boldness from authentic resolve.

Contemporary Debates and Misconceptions

Contemporary psychological research examines whether alcohol's reputed capacity to foster "Dutch courage"—boldness or bravery ostensibly gained from drinking—represents genuine enhancement of courage or primarily a form of disinhibition that lowers social anxiety and fear responses without bolstering underlying resolve. Empirical studies demonstrate that moderate alcohol consumption reduces inhibitions, elevating self-reported confidence and willingness to engage in risky social behaviors, such as approaching strangers or performing in unfamiliar settings.^[97] ^[98] For instance, experiments show alcohol increases the probability of initiating interactions with highly attractive individuals by diminishing fear of rejection, though it does not alter objective ratings of attractiveness.^[99] This effect stems from alcohol's suppression of prefrontal cortex activity, which impairs impulse control and judgment while temporarily alleviating perceived threats, leading to behaviors that mimic bravery but often result in suboptimal outcomes due to diminished foresight.^[97] A persistent misconception portrays alcohol as a reliable performance booster under its influence, akin to true courage enabling success; however, evidence reveals overconfidence without commensurate skill improvement. In foreign language tasks, for example, drinkers exhibit heightened fluency in self-assessments and observer ratings owing to relaxed self-criticism, yet cognitive and motor impairments prevent actual proficiency gains.^[100] ^[79] Similarly, the notion of "liquid courage" as an unalloyed enhancer of bravery overlooks how it exacerbates aggression in violence-prone contexts, where alcohol expectations can provoke self-fulfilling aggressive responses rather than principled valor.^[101] Critics argue this false equivalence excuses poor decisions, as core personality traits and expectancies persist post-consumption, rendering alcohol no absolution for recklessness.^[97] Debates also extend to societal implications, questioning whether promoting "Dutch courage" in modern culture—such as in dating or public speaking—fosters dependency on substances for confidence, potentially undermining authentic resilience development. Longitudinal data link frequent reliance on alcohol for boldness to heightened risks of dependency and regretful actions, challenging the romanticized view of it as harmless empowerment.^[98] Another misconception involves the term's historical baggage being irrelevant today; while contemporary usage often ignores its origins in Anglo-Dutch rivalries and gin associations, this detachment obscures how cultural narratives still frame alcohol as a shortcut to bravery, despite evidence of its net disinhibitory rather than fortifying effects.^[13]

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Dutch courage ; Strongest matches. drunkenness · liquid courage ; Strong matches. pot-valiance · pot-valiancy · pot-valor ; Weak matches. alcohol · bold front ...
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Liquid Courage - TV Tropes
A dark side of this is the Alcohol-Induced Idiocy. This is probably one of the Oldest Ones in the Book; it's often called "Dutch courage" after an old synonym ...Missing: expressions | Show results with:expressions
[17]
Dutch Courage | House of Applejay | Fine Spirits & Likör Distillery
"Dutch Courage" refers to the historic practice of Dutch soldiers drinking genever before battle, which was believed to enhance bravery.
[18]
The History of Gin: Gins Origins - Beefeater Gin
The Dutch took jenever across the globe but Elizabeth I inadvertently brought it back to the UK. In 1585, she sent soldiers to support the Dutch in their battle ...
[19]
A brief history of gin - Marussia Beverages
In 1585 the Earl of Leicester's troops took some Dutch Courage (a tot of gin) prior to battle as they allied themselves to The Netherlands in their conflict ...Missing: origin | Show results with:origin
[20]
History of gin (1638 - 1726) - Difford's Guide
1689 - William of Orange/King William III. It was the arrival of a Dutchman to the English throne that drove the popularity of jenever in England and turned gin ...
[21]
https://sipsmith.com/gin-and-london-the-origin/
[22]
https://www.vinepair.com/articles/england-gin-history/
[23]
https://www.wearerhc.com/history-of-gin/
[24]
https://www.bassandflindersdistillery.com/blogs/news/history-of-gin
[25]
What is the origin of the phrase 'Dutch courage'? - Quora
May 28, 2019 · Dutch courage means “alcohol induced courage” in a person who otherwise would not act courageously, and has nothing to do with ww2, when we ...What is the meaning of 'Dutch courage'? How can I use it in ... - QuoraWhy is the 'Dutch courage' the ironic term about Dutch cowardice ...More results from www.quora.com
[26]
Alcohol Reduces Prefrontal Cortical Excitability in Humans - Nature
Oct 23, 2002 · The reduction of prefrontal excitability may be associated with symptoms of alcohol intoxication such as mood lability and impairments in ...
[27]
Acute Alcohol Effects on Inhibitory Control and Implicit Cognition
We review studies which demonstrate that the effects of alcohol on inhibitory control are associated with the ability of alcohol to prime alcohol-seeking ...
[28]
Alcohol-induced impairment of inhibitory control is linked to ...
Our results underline that during inhibitory control alcohol affects cognitive control processes indicated by decreased brain responses in prefrontal areas ( ...
[29]
Alcohol-induced deficits in reactive control of response selection ...
Jan 19, 2023 · High-dose alcohol intoxication reduces cognitive control, including inhibition. Although inhibition deficits may contribute to the ...
[30]
Meta-analysis of acute alcohol effects on response inhibition
This meta-analysis of human laboratory studies aimed to quantify acute effects of alcohol on response inhibition and evaluate moderators of this effect.
[31]
Ethanol Inhibits Persistent Activity in Prefrontal Cortical Neurons
Apr 25, 2007 · The results of this study show that ethanol inhibits persistent activity and spike firing of PFC neurons and that the degree of ethanol ...
[32]
Relationship Between Alcohol Consumption and Risky Sexual ...
Apr 18, 2023 · Conclusion: Alcohol consumption is strongly associated with RSBs, including early sexual initiation, inconsistent condom use, and multiple ...
[33]
Alcohol and risky behaviors. - APA PsycNet
The purpose of this chapter is to review and critique the literature on risky drinking, driving, and sexual behaviors.
[34]
Effects of alcohol intoxication on the perceived consequences of risk ...
In 2 laboratory studies, the authors tested the hypothesis that intoxicated risk taking ... Effects of alcohol intoxication on the perceived consequences of risk ...
[35]
Effects of alcohol intoxication on the perceived consequences of risk ...
Findings provide the first experimental evidence that alcohol intoxication may contribute to risk-taking behavior by altering expectations about negative ...
[36]
Neural and Behavioral Correlates of Alcohol-Induced Aggression ...
May 14, 2015 · Abstract. Although alcohol consumption is linked to increased aggression, its neural correlates have not directly been studied in humans so far.
[37]
Research shows alcohol reduces pain, increases aggression
Jan 10, 2025 · The study found that alcohol makes people less sensitive to pain, and this reduced sensitivity leads them to act more aggressively.
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Acute effects of alcohol on social and personal decision making - PMC
Nov 8, 2021 · These findings suggest that alcohol at low to moderate doses selectively moderates decision making in the social domain, and promotes utilitarian decisions.
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An Experiment on Time Preferences, Risk-Taking, and Altruism
First, empirical studies of alcohol intoxication ... Peer effects have received increasing attention in the literature on alcohol abuse and risky behaviors ...
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[PDF] The Effect of Visual Alcohol Cues on Risk Taking Behavior Based on ...
Studies examining the effects of alcohol consumption or intoxication often use the ... taking domains; ethical, financial, health/safety and recreational risk ...<|separator|>
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Experimental tasks of behavioral risk taking in alcohol administration ...
Research on emerging adults shows this population exhibits the highest rates of alcohol use and engages in the riskiest of behaviors (Boyer, 2006; Fromme, ...
[42]
Liquid Courage: Alcohol Fosters Risky Sexual Decision-Making in ...
Aug 10, 2025 · The interaction of sexual fear and acute alcohol intoxication on the likelihood of risky sexual behavior was explored.Missing: rational | Show results with:rational
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Stories of courage in a group of adults with Substance Use Disorder
Jul 5, 2019 · Psychological courage is characterized by high emotional and psychological risks and high internal benefits.<|separator|>
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Liquid Courage Meaning: What It Is & Why It's a Myth - Reframe App
Oct 13, 2025 · This distinction is vital, as alcohol can blur the line between courage and recklessness in dangerous ways. Booze might make us feel invincible ...
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Risky Decision-Making in Adults with Alcohol Use Disorder ... - MDPI
This review therefore provides evidence of increased risk taking in adults with AUD as compared to CGs. The increased risk taking may be due to deficits in ...
[46]
Gin, War, and Special Ops
Jul 24, 2014 · Gin has always been closely associated with war. Nicknamed “Dutch Courage” by English soldiers fighting the Catholic Counter-Reformation in the.
[47]
Gin: the Military Spirit - The Angry Staff Officer
Feb 5, 2018 · A liquor called “genever” was popular among Dutch soldiers in the 1500s, and it was from this drink that gin originated. It was a fortuitous ...
[48]
Drugs - 1914-1918 Online
Mar 7, 2019 · A common belief held that moderate amounts of alcohol provided “Dutch courage” that made for better warriors. ... soldiers in battle did not ...
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first world war fought with "liquid courage" rum a combat motivator
Rum was essential for providing some men with liquid courage, while for others, it helped to control nerves or simply to dull them.
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A Farewell to Dutch Courage | Proceedings - February 1989 Vol ...
A Farewell to Dutch Courage. By Captain Ben W ... There has been a centuries-old tug-of-war between advocates and opponents of liquor at sea. ... Photos & ...
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How Alcohol Played a Key Role in Warfare around the World
May 9, 2015 · Back in the days of Ancient Greece and later Ancient Rome it was quite normal to give soldiers a daily ration of alcohol. ... Dutch courage, ...
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The History of Alcohol in the Military: What Memorial Day Means for ...
May 20, 2025 · During World War II, alcohol was a large tool for morale. Beer rations were reinstated and American breweries sent products overseas to support ...Missing: courage | Show results with:courage
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10 Things You Don't Know About Armies Using Intoxicants ...
Mar 19, 2018 · One of alcohol's greatest positive effects, from the perspective of military leaders, is its ability to provide troops with liquid courage.
[54]
Victim and Offender Self-Reports of Alcohol Involvement in Crime
In 1993 victims ascribed alcohol use to offenders in nearly 2.1 million violent crime incidents; in 1998 an estimated 1.4 million violent crimes were considered ...
[55]
Alcohol, Aggression, and Violence: From Public Health to ...
A national study of 16,698 inmates found that alcohol had a stronger role in violent offending such as homicide, physical assaults, and sexual assaults compared ...
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Broken Bottles: Alcohol, Disorder, and Crime - Brookings Institution
Sixty percent of convicted homicide offenders drank just before committing the offense. Sixty-three percent of adults jailed for homicide had been drinking ...
[57]
Alcohol, Drugs and Violent Crime - ScienceDirect.com
Rapists are highly likely to have used alcohol prior to their crimes, with rates of use by offenders ranging from 50% to 65% (Barnard, Holzer, & Vera, 1979; ...
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Alcohol Use and Crime: Findings from a Longitudinal Sample of U.S. ...
We find a strong positive relationship between alcohol consumption, the commission of crimes, and criminal victimization for both genders.
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Intoxication and legal defences
Dutch courage. On occasion, individuals use alcohol or drugs to make it easier for them to take certain actions, including criminal ones. The law has ruled ...Missing: studies | Show results with:studies
[60]
Alcohol Intoxication and Anxiety Facilitate Physical Aggression
Aug 10, 2025 · Regression analysis indicated that alcohol-facilitated elevations in anxiety mediated the relation between alcohol consumption and aggression ...Missing: rational | Show results with:rational
[61]
Are Group Settings Intoxicating? Groups, Alcohol, and the ...
Dec 31, 2024 · Research consistently demonstrates that both group offending and alcohol use change the anticipated rewards and consequences of offending, ...
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Alcohol, Drugs, and Crime - NCADD
Alcohol and drugs are implicated in 80% of offenses leading to incarceration. Alcohol is a factor in 40% of violent crimes, and 80% of offenders abuse drugs or ...
[63]
Social Anxiety Disorder and Alcohol Use - PMC - NIH
For example, people with social anxiety may drink excessively because they strongly expect alcohol to reduce their anxious feelings in social situations.
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How does alcohol affect your mood? | Fact sheet | Alcohol Change UK
... social situations, giving us what's sometimes called 'Dutch courage' [2]. Since alcohol can increase the body's production of dopamine and serotonin, two of ...Missing: bravery | Show results with:bravery<|control11|><|separator|>
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Self-management with alcohol over lifespan - Nature
Apr 28, 2023 · It may reduce the conditioned inhibition of physical approach behaviour and enhance courage when sexual activity is initiated. Alcohol may also ...
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Differential effects of alcohol on anxiety and social performance in ...
Acute alcohol intake reduces anxiety while giving a speech in individuals with SAD but not in healthy controls.
[67]
Social Anxiety and Alcohol Consumption: The Role of Social Context
This study examined how social-contextual features of real-world drinking contexts might influence the relationship between social anxiety and alcohol ...
[68]
A latent profile analysis of social anxiety and alcohol use among ...
Dec 30, 2019 · Current findings offer clarity surrounding the role of alcohol use in the association between social anxiety and problematic alcohol use.
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Social Anxiety and Alcohol | Gateway Foundation
Many people enjoy alcohol because it seems to reduce stress, so those with social anxiety feel more relaxed in social situations after drinking. Does ...Missing: empirical scenarios
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Putting the Relationship Between Social Anxiety and Alcohol Use ...
Aug 7, 2025 · Results suggest that people with low social anxiety show an adaptive response to embarrassing events by lowering drinking on such evenings, ...
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Alcohol Myth - Is Alcohol Really Liquid Courage? - This Naked Mind
Alcohol numbs your senses and prevents you from feeling natural fear. It is not possible for alcohol to give you courage because by definition if you've numbed ...
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The Truth About Liquid Courage: Why Alcohol Doesn't Really Give ...
Sep 24, 2025 · Alcohol does nothing to provide courage. It provides a very temporary removal of fear, and the cost of that is extreme. You remove fear in ...
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Alcohol use disorder - Symptoms and causes - Mayo Clinic
May 18, 2022 · Alcohol intoxication causes behavior problems and mental changes. These may include inappropriate behavior, unstable moods, poor judgment, ...
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Impaired decision-making under risk in individuals with alcohol ...
These results suggest that individuals suffering from an addiction to alcohol are more prone to take risky choice than controls in high-risk situations.
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Why Alcohol Lowers Inhibitions and Leads to Bad Decisions
Jul 23, 2025 · Alcohol use can affect the brain and body in complex ways, potentially altering one's behaviors and leading to negative outcomes.
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Effects of alcohol on behaviour | Drinkaware
Sep 12, 2023 · Effects on judgement. Alcohol also slows down your thought processes, which can impair your judgement and rational thinking.5 So not only are ...Effects On Judgement · Alcohol And Anger · Tips To Help You Reduce Your...<|control11|><|separator|>
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How Alcohol Impacts the Brain | Northwestern Medicine
Over time, excessive drinking can lead to mental health problems, such as depression and anxiety. Alcohol abuse can increase your risk for some cancers as well ...
[78]
Risky Decision-Making in Adults with Alcohol Use Disorder—A ...
AUD is associated with various psychiatric comorbidities including mood, anxiety, and personality disorders [11]. Further, AUD has been related to cognitive ...
[79]
[PDF] DUTCH COURAGE? Effects of acute alcohol consumption on self ...
A general increase in confidence gained from consuming alcohol (also referred to as “Dutch courage”) is one potential mechanism that could account for inflated ...
[80]
Risks: Alcohol misuse - NHS
It begins to affect the part of your brain associated with judgement and decision making, causing you to be more reckless and uninhibited. The alcohol also ...
[81]
https://www.goodrx.com/health-topic/alcohol/hangxiety-liquid-courage-alcohol-and-mental-health
[82]
Alcohol Involvement in Homicide Victimization in the U.S - PMC - NIH
Criminal homicide in northern Sweden 1970–1981: alcohol intoxication, alcohol abuse and mental disease. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry. 1986;8 ...Missing: failure | Show results with:failure
[83]
Food and Nutrition - 1914-1918 Online
Jun 22, 2021 · ... alcohol content), as “Dutch courage” before going over the top, or as a reward after the fighting, thus promoting discipline and morale.
[84]
How Drugs & Alcohol Can Fuel Violent Behaviors
May 16, 2025 · As indicated above, intoxication alone does not cause violence, but it may increase the likelihood for violent behavior in some individuals.Missing: judgment | Show results with:judgment
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ALCOHOL DEPENDENCE AND HARMFUL ALCOHOL USE - NCBI
Its adverse effects on mood and judgement can increase the risk of violence and violent crime. Heavy chronic alcohol consumption increases the risk of mental ...
[86]
Alcohol effects on response inhibition: Variability across tasks and ...
Considerable research has investigated the acute effects of alcohol on response inhibition, but a number of issues remain unresolved.
[87]
Alcohol-Related Emergencies and Deaths in the United States
More than 178,000 people died from alcohol. The rate of all alcohol-related emergency department visits increased 47.0% between 2006 and 2014, which translates ...
[88]
Alcohol-Induced Disinhibition Expectancies and Impaired Control as ...
Alcohol-induced disinhibition expectancies may predict unique variance in undergraduate problem drinking and/or overlap with impaired control or relevant ...
[89]
Alcohol: Effects on Neurobehavioral Functions and the Brain - PMC
It is a common belief that alcohol ingestion leads to aggression and reduced impulse control, and there is high association of alcohol intoxication with violent ...
[90]
Alcohol - World Health Organization (WHO)
Jun 28, 2024 · Worldwide, around 2.6 million deaths were caused by alcohol consumption in 2019. Of these, 1.6 million deaths were from noncommunicable diseases ...Missing: 2020-2025 | Show results with:2020-2025
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Addressing Excessive Alcohol Use: State Fact Sheets - CDC
Excessive alcohol use is responsible for about 178,000 deaths in the United States each year and it shortens the lives of those who die by an average of 24 ...Missing: epidemiology | Show results with:epidemiology
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The role of social, familial, and individual-level factors on multiple ...
Expectations that drinking would improve sociability and enhance sexuality were positively associated with alcohol use initiation; both “liquid courage” and ...
[93]
From Indian summer to Dutch courage, the fascinating origins of 14 ...
To leave a social gathering without saying farewell. A great tactic, and it has been suggested that the origins of the phrase date back to the Irish Potato ...
[94]
Dutch Courage and Other Stories by Jack London | Project Gutenberg
Preface -- Dutch courage -- Typhoon off the coast of Japan -- The lost poacher -- The banks of the Sacramento -- Chris Farrington: Able seaman -- To Repel ...
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"Soldier Soldier" Dutch Courage (TV Episode 1993) - IMDb
Rating 6.8/10 (12) Dutch Courage: Directed by Michael Brayshaw. With Lesley Vickerage, Dorian Healy, Robert Gwilym, Akim Mogaji. The men head to Amsterdam for some R&R and ...
[96]
"Sea Patrol" Dutch Courage (TV Episode 2010) - IMDb
Rating 7.9/10 (56) Dutch Courage: Directed by Steve Mann. With Kirsty Lee Allan, John Batchelor, Conrad Coleby, Matthew Holmes. There is something strange about the suspected ...
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Alcohol really is no excuse for bad behaviour – research reveals you ...
Aug 23, 2019 · Alcohol disinhibits us, making us say and do things that we'd otherwise keep under wraps. People will often drink to gain “Dutch courage” in a ...Missing: debates | Show results with:debates
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Beer Goggles or Liquid Courage? Alcohol, Attractiveness ... - NIH
Conclusions: Although alcohol did not affect traditional PPA ratings, alcohol did increase the likelihood of choosing to interact with more attractive others.
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Beer Googles or Liquid Courage? Alcohol, Attractiveness ... - PubMed
Mar 14, 2023 · While alcohol did not affect traditional PPA ratings, alcohol did increase the likelihood of choosing to interact with more attractive ...Missing: bravery genuine
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Dutch courage – Alcohol improves foreign language skills - News
Oct 19, 2017 · Dutch courage – Alcohol improves foreign language skills · Self-confidence. It is well-established that alcohol impairs cognitive and motor ...
[101]
Alcohol-related violence and disorder: New critical perspectives
Dec 22, 2014 · Studies explain alcohol-related aggression through 'Dutch courage ... An important element of social psychological research into alcohol ...