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Eng

'''Eng''' may refer to:

Language and linguistics

Eng (letter)

Eng, also known as agma or engma (capital: Ŋ, lowercase: ŋ), is a letter of the Latin alphabet used to represent the voiced velar nasal phoneme /ŋ/, the sound occurring in the "ng" of English words like "sing". Visually, the lowercase ŋ resembles a ligature of "n" and "g", with the vertical stem of "n" extended into a descending tail similar to that of "g". It is encoded in Unicode as U+014B (LATIN SMALL LETTER ENG) for the lowercase form and U+014A (LATIN CAPITAL LETTER ENG) for the uppercase, within the Latin Extended-A block. The letter eng has been used in phonetic notations since the early 19th century, including in Horatio Hale's 1846 work on indigenous languages. Its modern standardization occurred with the establishment of the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) in 1888 by the International Phonetic Association, where ŋ was designated for the voiced velar nasal consonant. Beyond phonetics, eng appears in the orthographies of various languages to denote the /ŋ/ sound. It is used in the Saami languages, such as Northern Saami and Lule Saami, which employ extended Latin alphabets for Uralic phonemes. In the Mende language of Sierra Leone, ŋ forms part of the Latin-based script adapted for the Mande language's nasal sounds. Similarly, some Australian Aboriginal languages, including Nunggubuyu (an Eastern Arnhem language), incorporate Ŋ and ŋ in their practical orthographies developed for indigenous documentation.

ISO 639 code "eng"

The code "eng" is the three-letter identifier assigned to the English language in both ISO 639-2 and ISO 639-3 standards. In ISO 639-2, it functions as the bibliographic code (ISO 639-2/B) and the terminological code (ISO 639-2/T), providing a unified representation for English in various contexts. Similarly, in ISO 639-3, "eng" designates English as an individual living language. The standard, which introduced the "" code, was published by the in 1998 following nine years of development by technical committees TC 37/SC 2 and TC 46/SC 4. This standard expanded on to include three-letter codes for broader language coverage, particularly for bibliographic and terminological purposes. built upon this foundation when it was registered in 2007 under , aiming to assign unique codes to all known languages for enhanced identification in linguistic and digital applications. The "eng" code finds widespread application in library cataloging through MARC 21 standards, where it specifies the language of bibliographic resources such as books and serials. In software localization and internationalization, it supports language selection in user interfaces and content adaptation, often integrated into frameworks like BCP 47 for identifying English variants. On the internet, "eng" appears in metadata for web content and linguistic databases, complementing the two-letter ISO 639-1 code "en" in standards like HTML's lang attribute and RDF descriptions. For example, it is used in resources like Glottolog and Ethnologue to catalog English alongside its global varieties. The code "eng" thus distinguishes the comprehensive English language from its two-letter counterpart "en" while encompassing modern standard English as a unified entity.

People

Eng as a surname

Eng is a surname with diverse origins across cultures, primarily traced to , , and roots. In diaspora communities, particularly among and speakers, "Eng" serves as a romanization of the character 英 (Yīng), which translates to "," "flower," or "," reflecting attributes of valor or natural beauty. It may also represent variants of other characters like 應 (Yìng, meaning "to respond") in certain dialects such as or . In Scandinavian contexts, the name derives from eng or äng, both meaning "," often denoting a habitational name for someone living near a meadow or an ornamental surname adopted in the . The distribution of the surname highlights its prevalence in regions with significant and heritage. Globally, circa 2014, it ranked as the 4,882nd most common surname, borne by approximately 115,617 individuals, with the highest incidence in (41,045 people, or 1 in 377 residents), largely due to ethnic populations. In , it was common in (18,451 bearers) and (1,425). In the United States, 2010 data indicate 10,862 individuals with the surname , ranking it approximately 3,200th overall and comprising roughly 0.0035% of the population, concentrated among Asian American demographics. ) countries like and also show notable frequencies, with around 1,038 and 1,181 bearers respectively, tied to rural topographic . Notable bearers of the surname Eng include Esther Eng (1914–1970), a trailblazing Chinese-American filmmaker who became the first woman to direct Chinese-language feature films in the United States, producing works like Shu jin san qiang (1935) and later films in . Another prominent figure is Michael "Mike" Eng (born 1946), an American politician and educator who served as a State Assemblymember (2006–2012), on the Community College District Board of Trustees (2013–2018), and since 2019 on the Unemployment Insurance Appeals Board, advocating for education and consumer rights. In motorsports, (born 1989) is an Austrian professional racing driver competing in the (DTM) series for . Variations of the surname include Engh, a Norwegian extension often denoting a farmstead by a meadow, and Ing, a shortened or anglicized form common in English-speaking countries among Scandinavian immigrants. In Chinese contexts, it overlaps with romanizations like Ng or Ong for surnames such as 吳 (Wú), but Eng specifically ties to 英 in many Overseas Chinese lineages. These alternates arise from dialectal pronunciations, immigration adaptations, and phonetic spellings in official records.

Eng as a given name

Eng is a rare given name with roots in multiple cultural traditions, most notably among Chinese diaspora communities in Southeast Asia and in historical Scandinavian contexts. In Hokkien Chinese usage, prevalent in regions like Singapore, Malaysia, and parts of Indonesia, Eng serves as a unisex given name romanized from characters such as 瑛 (yīng, "jade"), 英 (yīng, "hero" or "outstanding flower"), 永 (yǒng, "eternal"), or 荣 (róng, "glory"). This form appears in personal naming practices among ethnic Chinese populations, often as a standalone given name or part of compound names like Eng Hui, reflecting virtues or natural elements valued in Chinese culture. In heritage, particularly and , Eng traces to "eng" or "engr," meaning "" or "," evoking connections to landscape and rural life during the . It has occasionally functioned as a for names like or , though such usage remains uncommon today. Globally, the name exhibits low incidence, with U.S. data recording just five male births named Eng in 1982 and negligible numbers in subsequent decades, underscoring its rarity outside specific ethnic enclaves. Immigration records from the , including U.S. censuses, document Eng as a among arrivals, often alongside anglicized family names in communities. The name is primarily but leans more common for males in Asian contexts, such as Southeast Asian Chinese populations where influences persist. Regional variations highlight its prevalence in and , where naming conventions blend with English , distinguishing it from surname uses in the same communities. A prominent historical example is Eng Bunker (1811–1874), one of the known as the original "Siamese twins," born in Siam (modern ) to Chinese parents; his was an anglicization of a Thai-Chinese birth name meaning "right" or similar directional term, adopted during his U.S. exhibitions and settlement. Contemporary instances are sparse, with occasional appearances in multicultural literature or media portraying diaspora identities, but no widespread modern adoption.

Places

Eng, Netherlands

Eng is a small hamlet in the municipality of Altena, located in the northern part of North Brabant province in the Netherlands. Situated east of the village of Uitwijk and slightly north of Stenenheul at coordinates approximately 51°47′N 5°01′E, it lies within the historic Land van Altena region, a low-lying area reclaimed through polders protected by dikes for agricultural use. The surrounding landscape features fertile river clay soils along the Bergsche Maas, supporting traditional farming activities such as crop cultivation and livestock rearing. The hamlet has roots in the medieval development of the Land van , where and dike construction transformed marshy terrain into productive farmland. Prior to 2019, Eng fell under the former municipality of Woudrichem, which merged with Aalburg and Werkendam on January 1, 2019, to create the larger municipality of , enhancing regional administrative efficiency for water management and rural services. This area has historically been vulnerable to flooding, with dikes along the Bergsche Maas playing a key role in protecting agricultural lands since the . As a buurtschap, holds the status of the smallest recognized settlement type in the , lacking formal village boundaries or significant infrastructure but integrated into the broader rural fabric of . It has no prominent landmarks, though the nearby river dikes and fields exemplify water engineering heritage. The hamlet's position near the Bergsche Maas underscores its reliance on ongoing flood defenses maintained by regional authorities. Today, functions as a quiet rural enclave with a population of 35 residents as of 2024, reflecting stability in this low-density area. The community maintains strong agricultural traditions, with residents commuting to nearby urban centers like for work, , and amenities, while benefiting from Altena's focus on sustainable .

Eng Lake, Minnesota

Eng Lake is a freshwater lake situated in Douglas County, in the west-central region of , , near the community of Holmes City. The lake's elevation is 1,348 feet (411 m) above . As part of 's Glacial Lakes region, formed by glacial activity during the last , Eng Lake is fed primarily by local streams and , contributing to the area's diverse ecosystems. It lies within the Eng Lake State Area, managed by the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources to protect and enhance habitats for , including waterfowl and amphibians, with the overall area encompassing approximately 54 acres of public land focused on managed wetlands. Public access is limited to shoreline activities such as and viewing, without designated boat launches, prioritizing over intensive recreation. The lake was named for Erick Pehrson Eng, a settler in Douglas County during the mid-19th century, as documented in local historical records of settlements. It has been mapped in U.S. Geological Survey topographic quadrangles since at least the early , with detailed surveys appearing in the 1966 Kensington quadrangle.

ENG (country code)

"ENG" is the three-letter code primarily used to denote in various international contexts, particularly in governance bodies, where it distinguishes the constituent country from the broader (). Unlike the official codes for the , which are "GB" (alpha-2) and "GBR" (alpha-3), "ENG" is not part of the ISO standard but serves as an informal or organization-specific identifier. This code reflects England's status as a distinct entity in certain domains, such as , despite being part of the political union. In sports, "" is the official code for the , used since the adoption of three-letter country codes by in the mid-20th century. It appears in and other international football events, highlighting England's separate national team from those of , , and . Similarly, the (ICC) employs "" for the England and Wales cricket team in rankings, tournaments, and official records. In contrast, the (IOC) uses "" for , encompassing athletes from , , , and under a unified banner. This variation underscores how "" is applied in sports where England competes independently, a practice rooted in the historical development of national associations predating the UK's full political integration. Beyond sports, "ENG" finds application in vehicle registration identifiers in the UK. Under current regulations, vehicle owners may optionally display "ENG" alongside the Union Flag on number plates to indicate affiliation with England, distinguishing it from UK-wide "GB" or regional codes like "SCO" for Scotland. Historically, this optional usage emerged in the late 20th century as part of efforts to allow expression of national identity within the UK's devolved framework. The code also appears informally in media reporting, branding, and domain-related contexts, such as creative uses in web addresses leveraging country code top-level domains (ccTLDs) to evoke England, though it lacks an official ".eng" TLD. These applications emphasize "ENG" as a symbolic shorthand for England, separate from the UK's overarching "GB" or "UK" designations.

Other uses

Engineering abbreviation

"Eng." serves as the standard abbreviation for "" or "" in professional titles, such as "Eng. ," academic degrees like (B.Eng.), and publications. This abbreviation has been in common use in and since the , particularly in contexts alongside similar forms like "C.E." for , and it appears in military and academic records from that era. Its adoption reflects the professionalization of during the , with standardization in major style guides for clarity in . In professional contexts, "Eng." denotes licensed practitioners, as in Canada's Professional Engineer (P.Eng.) designation, which originated in and was abbreviated by the to signify regulated expertise. It is frequently used on business cards, resumes, and to indicate engineering credentials, while journal citations employ it in titles like J. Eng. Mech. for the Journal of Engineering Mechanics. To avoid ambiguity, "Eng." in engineering contexts is distinguished from its use for "engraved" or other homonyms through surrounding qualifiers. Globally, variations exist; in Romance languages such as , , and , "Ing." commonly abbreviates "ingénieur" or equivalent terms for , often as a protected title in professional registries.

Electronic news gathering

(ENG) refers to the use of portable electronic video and audio technologies by broadcast journalists to capture, record, and transmit footage from remote locations, enabling live or near-real-time . This method emerged in the as a replacement for cumbersome 16mm film crews, utilizing lightweight video cameras and systems to send signals back to studios. The technology was pioneered by major U.S. networks such as and during the late 1960s and early 1970s, with developing the Minicam VI portable color camera as early as 1968 and testing it in field trials at affiliate KMOX-TV in starting in 1973. 's engineering vice president Barnathan advocated for ENG adoption at the 1975 () Show, highlighting its potential to streamline operations. A key milestone came during the 1972 U.S. presidential election coverage, where and employed ENG for extensive on-location reporting, demonstrating its viability for high-stakes, timely broadcasts and accelerating its widespread implementation across local stations by 1974. ENG operations typically involve small crews consisting of a reporter, , and sometimes a or , equipped with shoulder-mounted video cameras like the Ikegami HL-33 or TKP-45, paired with portable tape recorders such as the VR-3000 or systems. Footage is recorded on for instant playback and transmitted via links from mobile vans or, later, uplinks to the for editing and airing, allowing crews to cover breaking events without the delays of film processing. This process marked a shift from planned studio-based reporting to agile, location-specific . By the 1990s, ENG evolved to digital formats, incorporating digital video recording and on laptops, which further reduced turnaround times and improved image quality. As of 2025, modern ENG integrates unmanned aerial vehicles (drones) for aerial perspectives in news coverage, with broadcasters like receiving FAA approval to operate drones over crowds without waivers for newsgathering purposes. This advancement has enabled safer and more versatile reporting in scenarios like disasters or large events. The impact of ENG has been profound, drastically speeding up news delivery—from hours for film development to minutes for —thus transforming into a more immediate and responsive medium, though the term persists even as practices overlap with (EFP) for non-breaking stories.

Medical and scientific terms

In medicine, ENG commonly refers to electronystagmography, a diagnostic procedure used to assess vestibular function and diagnose disorders causing and vertigo, such as or Meniere's disease. The test measures involuntary eye movements () by placing electrodes near the eyes to detect changes in electrical potential as the eyes move, typically in a darkened room to minimize visual interference. It includes subtests like gaze fixation, saccades, optokinetic , positional testing, and caloric stimulation, where warm or cool water/air is introduced into the to provoke vestibular responses. Developed in the early 1950s as a clinical tool for quantifying , ENG has been a standard for evaluating peripheral and central vestibular pathologies. Clinical studies report its sensitivity for detecting peripheral vestibular lesions in vertigo cases at approximately 70-80%, though it may be less effective for subtle central disorders compared to newer videonystagmography (VNG). In and , ENG denotes , a transmembrane glycoprotein (also known as CD105) encoded by the on 9q34.11, which functions as a co-receptor for transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) superfamily members and plays a critical role in vascular development and . First cloned and characterized in 1990, with the gene's role in (HHT) type 1 confirmed in 1993 through linkage to chromosome 9q3 and identification of mutations disrupting TGF-β signaling, ENG mutations lead to vascular malformations like telangiectasias and arteriovenous malformations in HHT patients. is highly expressed on proliferating endothelial cells, modulating endothelial cell migration, proliferation, and tube formation essential for new growth. In , elevated expression correlates with tumor and poor prognosis in solid tumors like and , making it a therapeutic target; for instance, the TRC105 (carotuximab) binds to inhibit and has shown preliminary efficacy in phase I/II trials combined with for advanced solid tumors, though as of 2025, it remains investigational without full FDA approval. In biochemistry, ENG is an abbreviation for endoglucanase, a class of enzymes (primarily GH5 and GH45 families) that hydrolyze internal β-1,4-glycosidic bonds in , initiating the breakdown of walls into smaller glucans for microbial in production and rumen digestion. These enzymes, produced by bacteria like and fungi like , exhibit endo-acting specificity, randomly cleaving amorphous regions without strong preference for chain ends. In genomics databases such as NCBI and , ENG genes (e.g., engA or engB in bacterial genomes) encode these enzymes, with over 1,000 annotated sequences highlighting their diversity and thermostability for industrial applications like bioethanol conversion.

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