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Feint

A feint is a deceptive maneuver or false action intended to distract, mislead, or provoke a specific reaction from an opponent, often to create an opening for a genuine attack or to divert resources elsewhere.^[1]^[2] The term originates from the French feinte, the feminine past participle of feindre ("to feign" or "pretend"), derived from Latin fingere ("to shape" or "devise"), and entered English in the late 17th century primarily through the context of swordsmanship and fencing.^[1]^[3]^[4] In military tactics, a feint typically involves a limited-objective attack or simulated threat aimed at drawing enemy attention, forces, or fire away from the main effort, potentially revealing defensive positions or forcing premature commitments without risking decisive engagement.^[5] This technique has historical precedents in ancient warfare, such as feigned retreats used by forces like the Mongols or in battles of antiquity to lure pursuers into ambushes, though the modern conceptual use emphasizes deception without full commitment.^[6] In sports, feints are integral to competitive strategy; in fencing, a feint constitutes a false attack—such as a simulated thrust in one line—to provoke a parry or blade movement, thereby exposing the opponent to a riposte or true strike.^[7] Similarly, in boxing, it manifests as a pretended punch, shoulder twitch, or body shift to elicit a defensive reaction or counter, allowing the feinter to exploit the resulting vulnerability with an actual blow.^[6]^[8] Beyond combat and athletics, the concept of a feint extends metaphorically to other domains like politics, negotiation, and even literature, where it denotes any sham or ruse designed to obscure true intentions, underscoring its versatility as a principle of deception rooted in psychological manipulation.^[9] Effective feints rely on credibility and timing, demanding an understanding of the opponent's expectations to maximize their disruptive impact while minimizing the feinter's exposure to risk.^[5]

Overview

Definition

A feint derives etymologically from the French term feinte, signifying a false or deceptive act, which stems from the verb feindre meaning "to pretend" or "to feign," ultimately tracing back to the Latin fingere, "to shape" or "devise."^[3] Introduced to English in the late 17th century through the context of fencing and swordsmanship, the word evolved to describe tactical maneuvers aimed at misleading opponents by simulating false intentions. Broadly, a feint is a deceptive maneuver intended to distract or mislead an opponent, creating an opening for a genuine action. In military tactics, it constitutes a deliberate deceptive action designed to mislead an adversary by feigning an attack or movement in one area while the true intent lies elsewhere, thereby exploiting the opponent's reactions to create vulnerabilities.^[10] More precisely, it is defined as an offensive maneuver involving limited contact with the enemy, executed to misdirect regarding the location, timing, or nature of the principal friendly operation.^[11] Essential characteristics of a feint include its transient execution, which avoids prolonged engagement; the explicit goal of eliciting a defensive response from the opponent to expose weaknesses; and dependence on surprise and misdirection for effectiveness.^[10] This distinguishes feints from broader diversionary tactics, where the latter typically require actual resource commitments to draw enemy forces away, whereas feints emphasize simulated threats without significant force allocation.

Principles

Feints operate on a psychological foundation by exploiting cognitive biases in decision-making, such as confirmation bias, where individuals interpret ambiguous cues to align with preconceived expectations, leading to overreactions that divert attention from the true objective.^[12] This principle applies across domains: in sports like boxing or fencing, a feint provokes a parry or block, exposing the opponent; in negotiations, it tests reactions without committing resources. Deceivers craft credible indicators that reinforce the target's beliefs, leveraging surprise and misdirection to manipulate perceptions.^[13]^[14] Strategically, feints rely on precise timing, appropriate scale, and coordinated execution to simulate a credible threat while conserving resources for the main effort. Timing ensures the feint aligns with the opponent's decision cycle, providing opportunity for erroneous reaction; scale must be proportional to avoid suspicion, from subtle gestures in combat sports to larger simulated threats in military operations; coordination integrates the feint with overall actions, using consistent signals to build a believable narrative.^[14]^[12] For success, feints demand high credibility to mimic real actions, fostering uncertainty that prompts misplaced responses, followed by a swift genuine action. This requires understanding the opponent's expectations and limitations in observation, while maintaining security to conceal intent. Foundational principles include clear objectives, focus on key responders, timeliness, integration, and security, ensuring alignment with the target's psychological profile to induce desired reactions.^[14]^[12] In military deception doctrine, these are formalized to target adversary decision-makers.^[14] However, feints carry inherent risks, including detection leading to counter-deception, resource waste if ineffective, or disruption to own plans. Recognition may erode future credibility or provoke countermeasures, while poor execution can mislead allies or reveal weaknesses. These risks highlight the need for balanced use where gains in surprise outweigh exposure costs.^[14]^[12]

Military Feints

Offensive Feints

In military tactics, an offensive feint is defined as an action involving contact with the adversary, conducted to deceive regarding the location and/or time of the actual main offensive operation.^[15]^[16] This simulated assault draws enemy forces away from the true objective, aligning with broader principles of deception that mislead adversaries on friendly intentions and capabilities.^[15] Key tactics in offensive feints include the deployment of decoy units to simulate troop concentrations, issuance of false signals such as misleading communications or dummy equipment to mimic preparations, and probing attacks to test and reveal enemy defenses without committing full resources.^[15]^[16] These methods often integrate with information operations, leveraging terrain, weather, or limited visibility to enhance believability and avoid decisive engagement.^[15]^[17] The primary advantages of offensive feints lie in weakening enemy positions by diverting reserves and shifting fires, thereby disrupting their command and control while creating exploitable openings for the main assault.^[15]^[16] This approach induces psychological shock and decision paralysis, enabling economy of force and surprise without prohibitive losses to friendly units.^[15]^[17] Mechanically, offensive feints often manifest as feigned frontal assaults that fix enemy attention forward, allowing flanking maneuvers to penetrate weaker sectors undetected.^[15] For instance, decoy formations using inflatable dummies or simulated vehicle movements can portray a false axis of advance, prompting the enemy to reposition assets and expose vulnerabilities elsewhere.^[16]^[17] Such tactics synchronize with shaping operations to transition seamlessly into decisive actions.^[15]

Defensive Feints

In military strategy, defensive feints involve deliberate actions that simulate weakness, retreat, or reduced capabilities to mislead the enemy about friendly force dispositions and intentions, thereby luring adversaries into traps or overextended positions. These maneuvers are integral to defensive operations, where the primary goal is to protect forces by exploiting enemy aggression rather than initiating offensive pressure. According to U.S. Marine Corps doctrine, such feints often manifest as limited engagements or deceptive signals that create the illusion of vulnerability, allowing defenders to maintain the initiative through surprise.^[15] U.S. Army field manuals similarly define defensive feints as tactical deceptions, including demonstrations or false preparations, to induce enemy overcommitment while concealing true defensive strengths.^[18] Key tactics in defensive feints include feigned withdrawals, where units simulate a rout by disengaging after brief contact to draw pursuing forces into prepared engagement areas, and the use of decoys or dummy positions to exaggerate vulnerabilities. Other methods encompass controlled exposures of thinned forward elements, dispersal of visible assets, or the employment of camouflage and false signals—such as dummy radio traffic or staged movements—to mimic disorganized defenses. These tactics are synchronized with supporting elements like security forces or detachments left in contact, which maintain the deception until the enemy commits resources.^[15]^[18] In urban or complex terrain, deceptions may leverage obscurants like smoke or reduced visibility conditions to further simulate retreat, prompting enemy advances into kill zones.^[19] The advantages of defensive feints lie in their ability to conserve friendly resources by avoiding prolonged direct confrontations, while simultaneously turning enemy momentum against them through induced errors. By provoking overextension, these feints disrupt adversary command and control, delay reinforcements, and create opportunities for counterattacks with minimal risk to the main defensive force. U.S. military doctrine emphasizes that such tactics preserve combat power, enhance survivability, and allow defenders to trade space for time, ultimately exposing enemy vulnerabilities for exploitation.^[15]^[18] Mechanically, defensive feints often operate through phased sequences, such as initiating a simulated rout with rear-guard elements that withdraw along prepared routes while coordinating indirect fires and obstacles to canalize the enemy. Reserves positioned in concealed locations then execute ambushes or counterstrikes once the adversary is drawn into the engagement area, ensuring the deception transitions seamlessly into decisive action. Operations security measures, including rehearsals and false communications, underpin these mechanics to prevent premature detection and maintain operational security.^[15]^[18]

Historical Examples

Ancient and Classical Periods

In ancient Mesopotamia and Egypt, around 2000 BCE, the introduction of horse-drawn chariots revolutionized warfare, enabling rapid maneuvers to disrupt tightly packed infantry formations. These vehicles, initially light two-wheeled designs pulled by teams of horses, allowed warriors to execute flanking attacks and diversions that feigned weakness or retreat to draw enemies into vulnerable positions, as seen in early Bronze Age conflicts where charioteers harassed lines to create openings for infantry advances.^[20] A notable later example in this tradition occurred during the Battle of Kadesh in 1274 BCE, where Hittite forces under Muwatalli II used an ambush, hiding their chariots behind Kadesh and employing spies to mislead Egyptian forces, nearly encircling Pharaoh Ramesses II's divisions before a countercharge disrupted the trap.^[21] In the Greco-Roman world, feints became integral to large-scale battles during the Punic Wars. Hannibal Barca masterfully utilized a feigned retreat at the Battle of Cannae in 216 BCE, positioning his Gallic and Spanish infantry in the center to deliberately yield ground against the Roman legions, drawing them deep into a crescent formation while his African heavy infantry and Numidian cavalry executed a double envelopment from the flanks, resulting in the annihilation of up to 70,000 Romans. This tactic, described in detail by the historian Polybius, exploited the Romans' aggressive push under consuls Lucius Aemilius Paullus and Gaius Terentius Varro. Similarly, Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus employed deception during the capture of New Carthage (modern Cartagena) in 209 BCE, misleading Carthaginian defenders by launching a diversionary assault on the main gates while scaling the walls at low tide on the opposite side, a maneuver timed with local tidal knowledge to seize the city's armories and docks intact. Polybius notes Scipio's use of such stratagems as a direct adaptation of Hannibal's methods, marking a shift in Roman tactics toward cunning over brute force.^[22] Chinese warfare during the Warring States period (475–221 BCE) elevated feints through the philosophical framework outlined in Sun Tzu's The Art of War, which posits that "all warfare is based on deception," advocating feints to appear weak when strong or inactive when prepared to strike. These principles were applied in battles like the 353 BCE engagement at Guiling, where the state of Qi under general Sun Bin used a strategic feint by marching on the Wei capital to relieve the siege on Zhao, forcing the Wei army to withdraw and exemplifying the indirect approach of besieging Wei to rescue Zhao.^[23] Another instance occurred in 341 BCE at Maling, where Sun Bin again used a feigned weakness by thinning his ranks to invite overconfidence, leading Wei's army into a narrow valley trap where archers annihilated them, securing Qi's dominance.^[24] Such tactics, rooted in Sun Tzu's emphasis on psychological manipulation over direct confrontation, contributed to the eventual unification under Qin by 221 BCE. In the Arabian context of the 7th century CE, feints and diversions featured prominently in tribal raids and defensive actions during the early Islamic era. During the Battle of the Trench (also known as al-Khandaq) in 627 CE, Prophet Muhammad employed a strategic deception through his companion Nuaym ibn Masud, a recent convert from the Ghatafan tribe, who infiltrated the confederate coalition of Meccans, Jews from Banu Qurayza, and Bedouin allies besieging Medina.^[25] Nuaym sowed discord by falsely warning each faction of betrayal by the others—convincing the Meccans that the Jews planned to defect and the Jews that the Bedouins intended to abandon them—creating internal suspicions and diversions that fractured the alliance without direct combat, ultimately forcing their withdrawal amid harsh weather.^[26] This non-violent feint, aligned with the Islamic principle that "war is deception," turned a potentially disastrous siege into a victory for the outnumbered Muslims, highlighting the role of intelligence and psychological tactics in early Arabian warfare.^[25] During the late Eastern Han dynasty's transition to the Three Kingdoms period (late 2nd to early 3rd century CE), the warlord Cao Cao frequently incorporated deception and feints into his campaigns to offset his rivals' larger armies. In battles such as Guandu (200 CE) against Yuan Shao, Cao Cao used misinformation, spies, and simulated weaknesses to mislead opponents about his troop strength and intentions, allowing him to strike decisively at isolated enemy supplies and forces.^[27] These tactics, drawn from classical Chinese strategic texts like Sun Tzu's Art of War, emphasized psychological manipulation over direct confrontation, enabling Cao Cao to consolidate control over northern China despite being outnumbered.^[27] His approach influenced subsequent warfare in the era, where feints became integral to avoiding prolonged attrition.^[27]

Medieval to Early Modern Eras

In the early medieval period, feints played a crucial role in the military strategies of Byzantine and Islamic forces during the Arab conquests. At the Battle of Yarmouk in 636 CE, the Rashidun Caliphate's army, led by commanders such as Khalid ibn al-Walid and Amr ibn al-As, employed feigned retreats to counter the numerical superiority of the Byzantine forces under Emperor Heraclius. Muslim cavalry units simulated a disorderly withdrawal, luring Byzantine pursuers into vulnerable positions where they were then enveloped by flanking maneuvers and counterattacks from the main Muslim infantry, ultimately leading to the Byzantine rout and the loss of Syria.^[28] This tactic exploited the Byzantines' overconfidence and disrupted their cohesive formations, marking a pivotal shift in the balance of power in the Levant.^[28] In medieval Europe, feints were commonly integrated into siege warfare and knightly engagements, adapting ancient precedents to the feudal emphasis on cavalry and fortified positions. During sieges, attackers often staged diversionary assaults on secondary gates or walls to draw defenders away from the main breach point, as seen in numerous 12th- and 13th-century conflicts where chroniclers noted the use of such ruses to exploit garrison fatigue. Knightly charges, reliant on heavy cavalry, incorporated feints to disrupt enemy lines; for instance, at the Battle of Agincourt in 1415, English forces under Henry V positioned their longbowmen in a narrow, muddy defile between woods, using the terrain to disrupt and bog down the advancing French knightly assault, leading to heavy casualties among the French nobility.^[29] This tactical use of the landscape amplified the effectiveness of English archery, turning the battlefield's natural features into a trap and contributing to one of the Hundred Years' War's most decisive English victories.^[29] By the early modern era, feints evolved with larger-scale operations involving combined arms and naval elements. In the Mongol tactics popularized under Genghis Khan during the 13th century, feigned retreats—known as tulughma—involved light cavalry units simulating panic to draw enemies into ambushes, where the main force encircled and annihilated pursuers using composite bows and mobility; this method was instrumental in conquests across Eurasia, allowing smaller Mongol armies to defeat vastly superior foes through disciplined execution.^[30] These steppe warfare innovations influenced later Eurasian strategies. During the Spanish Armada campaign of 1588, the fleet under the Duke of Medina Sidonia aimed to rendezvous with invasion forces in the Low Countries, though adverse winds and English harassment disrupted these plans, ultimately contributing to the Armada's failure.^[31] Similarly, in the Ottoman Siege of Vienna in 1683, Grand Vizier Kara Mustafa Pasha employed feigned assaults and diversions against the city's outer defenses to probe for weaknesses and exhaust the Habsburg garrison, though the arrival of Polish-German relief forces under John III Sobieski turned the tide, forcing an Ottoman withdrawal.^[32] These examples highlight how feints transitioned from localized battlefield ruses to components of grand strategy amid emerging gunpowder empires.^[32]

Applications in Other Fields

Sports and Combat Sports

In sports and combat sports, a feint is a deceptive maneuver designed to mislead an opponent into reacting prematurely, creating openings for subsequent attacks or movements. This tactic, scaled to individual or small-group interactions in controlled environments, relies on precise timing and misdirection rather than large-scale coordination. Unlike broader applications, feints here emphasize personal agility and immediate opponent responses to gain positional or scoring advantages. In boxing and martial arts, feints are integral to offensive setups, such as using a jab feint to provoke a defensive block or parry, thereby exposing the opponent for a follow-up hook. For instance, a boxer might extend the arm as if delivering a straight jab to the head, causing the opponent to raise their guard, before pivoting into a left hook to the body. This technique disrupts the opponent's rhythm and conserves energy for the real strike. Muhammad Ali exemplified the use of feints in his career, including within his rope-a-dope strategy during the 1974 "Rumble in the Jungle" against George Foreman, to lure the opponent into exhausting attacks while conserving strength for counterattacks.^[33]^[34]^[35] Fencing employs feints to manipulate parries and lunges, where a fencer simulates an attack in one line—such as a high lunge to the chest—to draw a defensive blade response, then disengages to target an unprotected area. This false attack, known as a feint-disengage, exploits the opponent's commitment to a parry, allowing the fencer to redirect the blade mid-motion for a valid touch. In foil and epee disciplines, such deceptions are particularly effective during advances, as the lunge's explosive forward propulsion amplifies the surprise of the genuine strike.^[36] In team sports like soccer and basketball, feints deceive defenders to create space for passes, shots, or drives. In soccer, the fake shot involves planting the non-kicking foot and swinging the kicking leg as if striking the ball, prompting the defender to lunge or shift weight, before pulling back and accelerating past with the ball using the inside or outside of the foot. This move is especially potent near the goal, where it can unbalance a marking defender and open shooting lanes. Similarly, in basketball, the pump fake simulates a jump shot by rising onto the toes and elevating the ball to shooting position, inducing the defender to leap or close out, after which the attacker drives to the basket or passes if the defender stays grounded. Analysis of NBA games shows pump fakes succeed in 73% of attempts, contributing to about 11% of total points scored by enhancing offensive efficiency.^[37]^[38]^[39] The effectiveness of feints in these contexts hinges on factors like execution speed, convincing body language, and the ability to read opponent reactions. Rapid, sharp movements—such as a quick hip twitch in mixed martial arts (MMA)—mimic real threats, forcing overreactions that expose vulnerabilities, while exaggerated shoulder drops or eye feints sell the deception through natural cues. Skilled practitioners, like MMA fighters Georges St-Pierre and Khabib Nurmagomedov, time feints to exploit fatigue or predictable defenses, turning hesitation into openings for strikes or takedowns. In handball, a related combat sport, successful throwing feints generate a notable advantage against defensive play by disrupting positioning, underscoring the value of adaptive reading over rote repetition.^[40]^[41]

Non-Combat Contexts

In diplomacy, feints often manifest as bluffing tactics during negotiations, where parties issue false ultimatums or exaggerated threats to extract concessions without intending escalation. A prominent example is Cold War brinkmanship, a strategy employed by the United States and Soviet Union to push crises to the edge of conflict, compelling the opponent to yield through perceived risk of catastrophe. This approach, formalized in international relations theory, relies on credible signaling of resolve while maintaining deniability to avoid actual war.^[42] In business negotiations, feints involve misdirection to obscure true intentions, such as feigning interest in one deal term to secure advantages in another. Negotiators may use deliberate unpredictability or false concessions to probe competitors' priorities, altering their perspective and exposing weaknesses. Similarly, in poker, bluffing serves as a psychological feint, where players misrepresent hand strength to induce folds, leveraging opponents' risk aversion and emotional responses for gain. This tactic draws on principles of psychological deception, emphasizing timing and opponent profiling to maximize effectiveness.^[43]^[44] Verbal feints appear in everyday psychology, particularly in arguments and sales, where individuals deploy subtle misdirections to redirect focus or build rapport. In sales interactions, for instance, a representative might acknowledge a minor objection to pivot toward core benefits, exploiting cognitive biases like reciprocity to lower defenses. These techniques foster persuasion without confrontation, rooted in social psychology's emphasis on framing and emotional influence.^[45] Ethical considerations surrounding non-combat feints distinguish legitimate strategic deception from fraudulent acts, balancing utility against potential harm. In games like poker, bluffing is legally permissible and integral to fair play, enhancing engagement without real-world damage. Conversely, in business or diplomacy, deceptive practices risk eroding trust if perceived as fraud, prompting regulatory scrutiny under laws like the U.S. Federal Trade Commission Act. Modern cybersecurity employs ethical decoys, such as honeypots—fake assets designed to lure and analyze attackers—providing defensive value while adhering to principles of proportionality and transparency to avoid unintended escalation. These applications underscore deception's role in proactive defense, provided they align with just war theory analogs in cyber contexts.^[46]^[47]

References

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Word History ; Etymology. Noun. borrowed from French feinte, going back to Middle French fainte, feinte "act of dissembling, subterfuge," noun derivative from ...
[2]
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to pretend to move, or to make a move, in a particular direction in order to deceive an opponent, especially in sports such as soccer or boxing.
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Originating from Old French and Latin, "feint" means a false show or sham; originally a feigned attack or deceptive movement to mislead an opponent.
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A feint may cause premature firing, revealing enemy defensive weapons. The enemy may be forced into defending against aggressive action taken by forces ...<|separator|>
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noun · a mock attack or movement designed to distract an adversary, as in a military manoeuvre or in boxing, fencing, etc · a misleading action or appearance.
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Below is a merged summary of offensive feints and deception in MCWP 3-01, consolidating all information from the provided segments into a dense, comprehensive response. To maximize detail while maintaining clarity, I will use a combination of narrative text and a table in CSV format to capture tactics, advantages, mechanics/examples, and additional details efficiently. The narrative will provide an overarching definition, context, and synthesis, while the table will organize the specific details from each segment.
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May 1, 2023
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Is current U.S. doctrine for urban operations fully leveraging decep- tion for operational and tactical advantage? We seek here to provoke consideration of ...
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Chariot warfare in the Late Bronze Age involved Egyptians, Mitanni, Canaanites, and Hittites. Chariots were used as battle taxis or mobile firing platforms, ...
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Not much is known of Mecca during Muhammad's youth and early manhood. The available material is fragmentary, and it is difficult to separate the history in ...
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[PDF] Battle of Yarmuk—An Epitome of Tactical, Operational and Strategic ...
The Muslim commander Amr bin Al Aas launched a counter attack with his cavalry to stabilise the situation, but the sheer weight and superiority in numbers of ...
[27]
Considering the Military Value of the Three Kingdoms Period ... - jstor
Deception was generally one of Cao Cao's key weap- ons in every battle prior to Chi Bi. The wise must contemplate the intermixture of gain and loss. If the ...
[28]
[PDF] The Lessons of Agincourt and their Application to the Future of Warfare
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Within the overall context of their operational concepts, the Mongols used sound and innovative tactics. A favorite tactic was the tulughma, or standard sweep, ...
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God blew and they were scattered - The National Archives
An important reason why the English were able to defeat the Armada was that the wind blew the Spanish ships northwards.Missing: feint maneuvers
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Military Adaptation in the Ottoman Empire, 1683-1699.
The Siege of Vienna in 1683 by the Ottoman army marks a key shift in the rise and fall of the Ottoman Empire. The power of th.
[32]
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Setting Up the Left Hook - ExpertBoxing
Jun 23, 2008 · Boxing Combinations. Jab first, then slip left outside of the opponent's right hand counter, and throw a hard left hook to the body or the head.<|separator|>
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Fencing 101: Glossary of Fencing Terms - USA Fencing
A false attack intended to get a defensive reaction from the opposing fencer, thus creating the opportunity for a genuine attack (“feint‐disengage attack”).
[36]
Dribbling First Fakes and Feints - Coaching American Soccer
INTERMEDIATE DRIBBLING – FIRST FAKES AND FEINTS · © CoachingAmericanSoccer.com · The Swerve · Shoulder Lean · Stop and Go · The Scoop · The Step-Over · Fake Kick, Pass ...
[37]
How to Master the Pump Fake in Basketball (5-Step Guide)
A pump fake is a fake shot. To master it, load like a shot, raise the ball, stop, and if they jump, attack or dribble. If not, pass.
[38]
Shot fakes as an indicator of successful offense in basketball
Shot fakes are effective, with 73% successful, and lead to higher scoring, with every tenth point scored after a shot fake attempt.
[39]
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The argument of the salesman must not only be logical but must be so arranged and worded as to arouse certain feelings or faculties within the mind of the.
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[46]
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Defensive deception provides promise in rebalancing the asymmetry of cybersecurity. It makes an attacker's job harder because it does more than just block ...