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Flipnote Studio

Flipnote Studio is a free downloadable application for the handheld console that enables users to create simple frame-by-frame 2D animations, known as "Flipnotes," using the device's touch screen, , and microphone. Developed and published by , it functions as both an electronic notepad and a pocket-sized animation studio, allowing for drawing, sound recording, and sharing of creations. In , it was released as Ugoku Memochō (Moving Notepad) on December 24, 2008, with the international version launching in on August 12, 2009, and in Europe and Australia on August 14, 2009. The application features intuitive tools for animation creation, including drawing modes (such as , paint bucket, eraser, and trace), page management for sequencing frames, and advanced options like , layers, and image import from the DSi Camera or . Users can add audio by recording directly with the built-in or importing sounds from the Sound application, supporting up to 72 seconds of playback per Flipnote. Sharing was a core aspect, initially via local wireless exchange between DSi consoles or through the online Flipnote Hatena service, a platform hosted in partnership with Hatena Co., Ltd., where users could upload, view, and comment on millions of animations. Announced at as a key DSiWare title emphasizing social entertainment, Flipnote Studio quickly gained acclaim for democratizing and inspiring young creators, earning high praise from critics for its accessibility and educational value, with a score of 93/100. Its popularity led to over 44 million Flipnotes uploaded to Flipnote Hatena by the time the service shut down on May 31, 2013, due to the transition to newer hardware. promoted community events, such as and Mario-themed contests, further boosting engagement. Following the original's success, Nintendo released Flipnote Studio 3D as a successor for the in 2013 (Japan), 2015 (), and 2016 (/Australia), introducing stereoscopic support, up to three layers, and expanded color options while maintaining the core flipbook mechanic. However, online sharing services for Flipnote Studio 3D were discontinued, with the international Friend Gallery ending in 2013 and the Japan-exclusive World Gallery in 2018, limiting sharing to local transfers. The discontinuation of the in 2017 made the original app unavailable for new downloads, though existing installations remain functional offline. Despite these closures, fan efforts like the Sudomemo archive preserve the legacy, and as of 2025, communities continue to thrive through online platforms and events, highlighting Flipnote Studio's enduring influence on digital creativity and animation communities.

Overview

Description and Purpose

Flipnote Studio is a application developed by for creating digital on handheld consoles, enabling users to produce frame-by-frame sequences reminiscent of traditional flip-books. This tool democratizes by providing accessible and sequencing features targeted at casual creators who may lack advanced artistic skills, allowing them to craft simple yet expressive content directly on the device. Animations can extend up to 999 frames, supporting playback at variable speeds ranging from 0.5 to 30 frames per second. The core purpose of Flipnote Studio lies in fostering personal animation and , where users draw layers, add audio, and compile sequences to narrate short tales or capture everyday ideas in a portable format. It also serves as a basic media player for viewing and replaying these creations or imported content on handhelds, emphasizing ease of use over professional-grade production. By evolving the concept of margin doodles turned into rudimentary films, the application encourages creative expression without the need for external software or hardware. Initially launched as a free download via the DSiWare service, Flipnote Studio debuted in on December 24, 2008, as one of the earliest titles for the platform. This release underscored Nintendo's aim to integrate digital creativity into everyday gaming, making animation tools available to a broad audience of handheld users.

Platforms and Releases

Flipnote Studio was initially released as a free download through the Nintendo DSi Shop for the handheld console. In , it launched on December 24, 2008, under the name Ugoku Memochō (Moving Notepad). The application became available in on August 12, 2009, and in and on August 14, 2009. A sequel, Flipnote Studio 3D, was developed for the family of systems and released exclusively on the . It debuted in on July 24, 2013, as a free download. Although initially announced for a worldwide release in August 2013, the international launches were delayed due to unexpectedly high levels of user activity in ; it was later offered as a free reward for high-tier Club Nintendo members in on February 10, 2015, and for My Nintendo members in Europe on March 31, 2016. As of 2025, official access to both versions has ended due to the closure of the Shop on March 31, 2017, and the eShop on March 27, 2023. Users now obtain the software via on modified consoles, such as HiyaCFW for DSi or Luma3DS for , allowing installation from archival downloads or homebrew alternatives like hShop. The Japanese release of the original DSi version featured exclusive updates, including on April 22, 2009, and version 2.1 on July 29, 2009, which introduced layer support, minor user interface tweaks, and other usability improvements. These enhancements were subsequently integrated into the international versions upon their launch.

Development

Conception and Original DSi Version

Flipnote Studio originated as a clandestine internal project at Nintendo Entertainment Analysis and Development (EAD) , spearheaded by producer and director Hideaki Shimizu in late 2007, shortly after the completion of . Initially conceived as a simple digital note-taking application for the , the tool was developed during after-hours sessions without official approval or knowledge from other team members, reflecting a personal passion for creating accessible creative software. Koizumi and Shimizu prototyped the basic framework in just a few days by early April 2008, focusing on intuitive stylus-based input to leverage the portability of handheld devices. The team's direction pivoted dramatically in spring 2008 when they learned of the then-unannounced hardware during Takashi Tezuka's visit from on an internal business trip, prompting a shift from a potential or general application to a dedicated tool tailored for the DSi's enhanced capabilities. This evolution transformed the note-taking prototype into a full flipbook-style app, renamed "Ugoku Memochou" (Moving Notebook, later localized as Flipnote Studio), emphasizing frame-by-frame drawing with the DSi's for on-the-go creation. The secrecy persisted until president endorsed the concept, recognizing its potential as free downloadable software via DSiWare to encourage user creativity. A pivotal aspect of the development involved a strategic partnership with Hatena Co., Ltd., initiated in mid-2008 to handle the online sharing infrastructure, as Nintendo's internal resources were stretched thin. Hatena, a Kyoto-based company specializing in social networking and bulletin-board services, was selected for its proximity to Nintendo and expertise in community platforms; this collaboration directly influenced the app's design to incorporate seamless upload features for user-generated animations to the dedicated "Flipnote Hatena" (Ugomemo Hatena) service. Hatena's team, including director Teppei Ninomiya, began intensive development in September 2008, culminating in the joint launch of Flipnote Studio and its companion online gallery on December 24, 2008, in Japan. This timeline ensured the app's stylus-centric portability aligned with the DSi's launch earlier that year, marking a focused effort to blend offline creation with online community interaction from inception.

Flipnote Studio 3D Expansion

Flipnote Studio 3D was developed by as a sequel to the original DSiWare application, specifically designed to capitalize on the 's stereoscopic for creating with added depth. Initially announced by in April 2011 under the working title Flipnote Memo, the project received little further mention until its reintroduction during a Mini presentation on March 13, 2013. The core motivation centered on enhancing the layered process to support effects, allowing users to draw across multiple planes that could be viewed in stereoscopic format on the screen, thereby evolving the simple flipbook-style creations of the predecessor. Key developments focused on integrating 3D depth mechanics, where each frame could utilize up to three independent layers assigned varying depths to produce effects visible in mode. The color palette was expanded from the original's four base colors (black, white, red, and blue) to six by incorporating and , providing more options for expressive artwork without complicating the stylus-based . Frame navigation and editing tools were also refined, including smoother scrubbing between frames and enhanced zoom controls, to facilitate longer, more complex animations while preserving the application's intuitive design for casual creators. These additions were tailored to the hardware, emphasizing portability and touch-screen precision. Following its Japan-exclusive launch on July 24, 2013, via the , Flipnote Studio 3D saw regional releases in on February 10, 2015, and on March 31, 2016. However, the Western releases were significantly delayed from their initial August 2013 target due to unexpectedly high demand in and development priorities, with the online service already limited by the time of launch. but received only sporadic post-release maintenance. Updates were minimal and primarily addressed compatibility issues rather than new features; for instance, version 1.3.3, released in on September 13, 2017, fixed several bugs to enhance overall usability, with no further official patches issued thereafter. The expansion's development was constrained by its exclusivity to the Nintendo 3DS family of systems, which by the mid-2010s had a narrower install base than the DSi's peak popularity, limiting widespread adoption. Sharing capabilities were further hampered by reliance on Nintendo's proprietary online infrastructure, including the Flipnote Gallery: World service launched alongside the Japanese version, which was discontinued on April 2, 2018, effectively isolating user creations after the service shutdown.

Core Features

Animation Creation Tools

Flipnote Studio provides users with intuitive drawing implements for frame-by-frame creation, centered around three primary tools: the pen for precise line work, the eraser for removing elements, and the for filling areas. These tools feature customizable line thickness ranging from 1 to 7 pixels, allowing for varied stroke widths to suit different artistic needs. In the original version, a base palette of four colors: black, white, red, and blue is available, enabling basic yet effective coloring options. The Flipnote Studio 3D expansion on builds on this foundation by expanding the color palette and introducing additional customization, such as 40 paint patterns and color swapping capabilities for selected areas. Drawing occurs on a via input, with the used for tool selection and navigation; the interface is optimized for right-handed users, positioning key controls on the right side of the screen for efficient workflow. A trace mode allows users to draw over a semi-transparent previous frame for consistent . Frame management supports up to 999 frames per , facilitating extended sequences. allows previewing of adjacent frames with adjustable transparency, aiding smooth transitions and motion consistency across drawings. Users can copy and paste elements between frames, streamlining repetitive actions and complex scene building. Additional modes enhance creative flexibility. Resize and rotate tools enable scaling and orientation adjustments for imported or drawn elements. The DSi version supports two layers per frame, while Flipnote Studio 3D expands this to up to three layers per frame (A, B, and C), permitting depth effects and separate editing of foreground, midground, and background components.

Audio Integration and Editing

Flipnote Studio's audio tools enable users to record and integrate sounds that complement visual animations, adding depth to movements, dialogues, and effects for more engaging Flipnotes. By capturing real-time audio during frame playback, creators can align noises like impacts or ambient sounds precisely with on-screen actions, transforming simple sketches into dynamic sequences. In the original DSi version, recording is facilitated through the built-in , offering up to three banks limited to 2 seconds each for short clips such as voice snippets or foley effects. Alternatively, a single mastered music track can be recorded up to 1 minute in length, providing looping background audio that extends across the entire . In Flipnote Studio 3D, clips can be up to 10 seconds each when imported from the Nintendo 3DS application. Access these options via the toolbox's icon, selecting from dedicated boxes for music or the three slots, with recording halting automatically at the bar's end. Editing features include looping for repetitive playback, and timeline placement synced to individual frames for accurate synchronization with timing. The Flipnote Studio introduces separation, allowing panned audio across left and right channels to enhance spatial awareness in . Basic removal or erasure of clips is available via or starburst icons beside each box. Audio import supports basic waveforms saved to SD cards, often from the companion Sound or Sound application, but lacks compatibility with external formats beyond simple clips. With advanced tools enabled, users import by tapping sound balloons and selecting clips for integration. Playback during testing offers audio preview, enabling immediate feedback on as frames advance or loop. This allows iterative adjustments, with drawing tools briefly aiding frame-audio alignment by marking visual cues tied to sound triggers.

Online Services and Sharing

Official Services: Flipnote Hatena and Gallery

Flipnote Hatena was Nintendo's official online sharing service for Flipnote Studio animations on the , launching in on December 24, 2008, alongside the application's release there. The service expanded globally, with dedicated websites for on August 12, 2009, and on August 11, 2009, developed in partnership with Hatena Co., Ltd. Users could upload their creations for public viewing, download others' Flipnotes directly to their DSi systems, rate them with up to five stars, and organize content into themed channels such as "" or "Musical" for easier discovery. The platform quickly gained popularity, amassing over 1 million registered users at its peak and receiving more than 1 million user-submitted creations in its first six months in alone. Nintendo discontinued Flipnote Hatena on May 31, 2013, citing a shift toward the upcoming Flipnote Studio 3D on the Nintendo 3DS. In preparation for the shutdown, users were provided options to transfer their uploaded Flipnotes and account data to local storage on their DSi systems via SD cards or to the new 3DS service, preserving personal collections offline. Flipnote Gallery served as the successor online platform for Flipnote Studio 3D on the , launching exclusively in on July 24, 2013, with two modes: a public "World" sharing area and a private "Friends" mode limited to up to 20 contacts on the user's friend list. However, the Friends mode was discontinued earlier on November 1, 2013, due to safety concerns regarding user interactions. The full Flipnote Gallery: World service ended on April 2, 2018, primarily attributed to rising server maintenance costs amid declining usage. Similar to Hatena, users could migrate their Flipnotes to local device storage post-shutdown for offline access.

Community-Driven Successors and Modern Sharing

Following the closure of official services like Flipnote Hatena in 2013, the Flipnote community turned to fan-developed platforms to sustain sharing and preservation efforts. Sudomemo, launched shortly after as a , , emerged as the primary global hub for uploading and viewing Flipnotes created on and systems. Developed by Austin Burk (known online as Sudofox), it replicates key social features of the original service, including user profiles for personal galleries, comment sections for feedback, a starring system to highlight favorites, and channels for themed collections. A cornerstone of the platform is the Flipnote Archive, which preserves over 44 million animations originally posted to Hatena, digitized from 1.2 million creators and spanning 12 terabytes of data, ensuring historical content remains accessible without official support. Sudomemo remains highly active into , with regular maintenance and feature enhancements keeping the site vibrant. For instance, a weekly update on November 9, , included adjustments to improve navigation and on both and console clients. The platform supports direct uploads via DSi and connections, fostering a dedicated user base that continues to post original animations. Beyond Sudomemo, community members employ alternative sharing methods, such as local wireless transfers between consoles for exchange, and exporting Flipnotes to SD cards for offline distribution. Homebrew tools have further expanded accessibility; the Flipnote Player enables playback of PPM and KWZ files on personal computers, allowing users to view and convert animations without hardware. In parallel, integrations with modern platforms like and have popularized Flipnote content through nostalgia-driven videos, with creators uploading remakes and tutorials that garner significant engagement in . Community events underscore the enduring vitality of Flipnote enthusiasts. Sudomemo hosts recurring contests, such as the seasonal Flipnote Fight Competitions, where participants animate battle scenes for prizes up to $700; the Fall 2025 edition, for example, featured dozens of entries with professional-level animations showcased in results announcements. Annual tributes like the Flipnote Animation Tribute Event in May 2025 encourage reimagining classic works from the archives, running for three weeks to promote creative reinterpretation. Within the homebrew scene, projects like provide server for Flipnote Studio 3D, enabling modded consoles to connect to networks and mimic the defunct Flipnote Gallery experience. These initiatives, combined with weekly themed topics on Sudomemo—such as the "Halloween 2025" challenge on November 2—drive consistent participation and collaboration. The Flipnote community has experienced notable growth in 2025, fueled by a broader retro gaming revival that has spotlighted early digital creativity. Platforms like Sudomemo have amassed over 100 million Flipnote views since 2019, with continued growth reflecting heightened interest among new and returning users. amplifies this, with and hosting viral series, including "Flipnotes in 2025" explorations that highlight the medium's influence on modern . This resurgence ensures Flipnote Studio's legacy endures through preservation and , independent of official infrastructure.

Technical Specifications

PPM File Format

The PPM file format, standing for Para Para Manga Koubou, is a proprietary binary container developed by Nintendo for storing animations created in Flipnote Studio on the . It encapsulates frame-by-frame pixel data, audio tracks, and associated in a single file with the .ppm extension, designed as a self-contained "pure" format without reliance on external codecs. Files begin with the ASCII magic number "PARA" to identify them, followed by sections for , audio, and preview elements, enabling efficient storage and playback on resource-constrained handheld devices. The file structure commences with a header at offset 0x0, comprising 4 bytes for the magic identifier "PARA", 4 bytes each for the sizes of the animation and sound data sections (with animation limited to a maximum of 736,800 bytes), a 2-byte frame count (to which 1 is added for the total number of frames, up to 999), and version information set to 0x24. Metadata follows, including 2-byte flags for file lock status (0 for unlocked, 1 for locked) and thumbnail frame index, UTF-16 LE encoded author names (11 characters each for original, parent, and current authors, null-padded), 8-byte author IDs (stored in reverse byte order), 18-byte filenames incorporating MAC address elements and edit counters, and a 4-byte timestamp in seconds since January 1, 2000. A 1,536-byte thumbnail bitmap (64x48 pixels at 4 bits per pixel, using a 16-color palette) is appended at offset 0xA0, tiled in 8x8 blocks for quick previews. The palette consists of 16 fixed colors, such as white (#FFFFFF), red (#FF0000), and black (#000000), optimized for the DSi's monochrome drawing tools with two pen layers over a paper background. The animation data section, located after the header and , begins with a sequence header containing a 2-byte offset table size followed by 4-byte offsets per frame relative to the table's end. Each frame represents a 256x192 canvas with two overlay layers and a layer (black or white), encoded in 1-bit . Frame headers (1 byte) specify type (0 for difference from previous frame via XOR, 1 or 2 for new frame with bitflag or inverted , 3 for ), translation flags, pen colors, and paper color. Per-layer data (48 bytes each for two layers) uses 2-bit line encoding across 192 lines: type 0 skips empty lines, types 1 and 2 employ (RLE) with bit-packed chunks for drawn s (up to 97 bytes per line), and type 3 provides uncompressed raw bits. This custom prioritizes redundancy between frames to minimize storage, without adopting standard algorithms like . The audio section follows the animation data, starting with per-frame flags (1 byte each, bits indicating use of up to three effects), then headers for (BGM, max 245,408 bytes) and sound effects (each max 8,192 bytes), including 1-byte playback speeds (values 1-8, interpreted as 0.5 to 30 frames per second). Audio is encoded in IMA-ADPCM at 8,180 Hz, 4-bit mono, with reversed nibbles for compatibility with tools like . File size constraints reflect the DSi's storage limitations, with total animation data capped at 736,800 bytes, BGM at 245,408 bytes, and each sound effect at 8,192 bytes, resulting in practical file sizes under 1 for most animations while supporting up to 999 frames and approximately 1 minute of audio. An optional 128-byte RSA-1024 signature precedes 16 zero bytes at the end for verification, though it is often absent in unsigned files. This structure ensures low overhead and rapid loading on the original hardware.

Compatibility and Playback

Flipnote Studio animations, stored in the proprietary PPM file format for the original DSi version, can be natively played back on Nintendo DSi hardware using the dedicated Flipnote Studio application, supporting full-speed playback at up to 30 frames per second with integrated audio tracks for music and sound effects. Similarly, Flipnote Studio 3D animations in the KWZ format are natively playable on Nintendo 3DS family hardware via the Flipnote Studio 3D application, maintaining the same up to 30 FPS playback rate and full audio synchronization, including support for imported clips from the Nintendo 3DS Sound app. These native environments ensure optimal performance, as the applications are designed to handle the frame-by-frame flipbook mechanics and layered audio without compatibility issues on original hardware. For cross-platform access, fan-developed tools enable playback of PPM files on personal computers and Macs, with the open-source Flipnote Player serving as a prominent web-based viewer and converter that imports and renders animations directly in modern browsers, preserving original timing and audio. On systems in 2025, homebrew solutions via allow the original DSi Flipnote Studio application to run, facilitating direct playback of PPM files without full conversion to KWZ, though some audio syncing may require adjustments due to hardware differences. These tools reference the underlying PPM file structure—consisting of frame data, audio streams, and metadata—to ensure accurate reproduction outside native environments. Key limitations include the absence of official support for mobile devices or web browsers from Nintendo, restricting seamless playback to hardware or fan emulators, as no native apps exist for iOS or Android platforms. Additionally, 3D effects in Flipnote Studio 3D animations, which utilize stereoscopic layering, can only be fully experienced on 3DS hardware with its dual-screen 3D display capability, rendering them as flat 2D on emulators or converters lacking depth simulation. Export options for archival purposes primarily involve transferring files via SD cards, where DSi PPM files are saved to the SDHC card for direct copying to PCs, and 3DS KWZ files can be exported in formats like AVI, GIF, or individual JPG frames through the application's menu before SD card extraction. For PC-based playback of 3DS files, the open-source Citra emulator simulates the 3DS environment, allowing full Flipnote Studio 3D execution including up to 30 FPS playback and audio, provided users mount virtual SD cards with the necessary files.

Reception and Impact

Critical Reviews

Upon its release, Flipnote Studio received widespread critical acclaim for its innovative approach to accessible creation on a handheld device. awarded it a 9.0 out of 10, praising its intuitive that allowed beginners to produce engaging animations with minimal barriers, describing it as "an extremely simple, yet fully featured program that enables anyone with any sense of skills to produce animations." The gave it a 95% score, highlighting the creativity tools that empowered users to craft and share content effortlessly. Aggregated across major outlets, the application earned an average score of 93 out of 100 based on seven reviews, reflecting its strong immediate impact. Critics lauded the free download model, which significantly boosted adoption without financial hurdles for owners. In , where it launched in December 2008, the app saw rapid uptake, with over 1 million user-uploaded Flipnotes to the accompanying Hatena service by August , demonstrating its appeal to a broad audience within eight months. Reviewers emphasized the beginner-friendly design, noting how the stylus-based drawing, onion-skinning for frame alignment, and basic audio integration made approachable for non-artists, fostering creativity on the go. Despite the praise, some limitations were noted in professional reviews. The color palette was restricted to a small selection—primarily , , and , with a few additional shades—hindering more vibrant or complex visual projects. Additionally, the frame limit capped animations at around 1,000 frames, which constrained elaborate sequences, and early versions lacked an undo function or save states, requiring careful work to avoid irreversible errors. IGN also recognized it with an Editor's Choice Award in 2009 for its effective use of DSi hardware.

Cultural Legacy and Community in 2025

Flipnote Studio's cultural legacy endures through its pivotal role in introducing frame-by-frame to a generation of young creators on the , fostering a sense of accessible artistry that extended beyond gaming into broader digital expression. In 2010, hosted the "Make Your Own Flipnote" contest to celebrate the 25th anniversary of , inviting users to submit animations judged by series developers, with winners showcased on official channels. Similarly, in 2011, the "Make Your Own Flipnote" contest commemorated The Legend of Zelda's 25th anniversary, running from August to September and featuring 45 winning entries shared across regional sites. These official events highlighted such as synced to popular tracks and humorous memes, demonstrating the application's versatility in blending with and storytelling. By 2025, the community remains vibrant, sustained by platforms like Sudomemo, which has hosted the Flipnote community since 2014 through regular events including the Spring and Fall Flipnote Fight Competitions—epic battle animations judged by industry figures and offering prizes up to $700. The Spring 2025 competition concluded with winners announced in August, while the Fall 2025 event took place on October 19. The 2025 Flipnote Animation Tribute Event, running from May 25 for three weeks, encouraged participants to reimagine classic Flipnotes from the archives, underscoring ongoing creative engagement. Active users continue to upload Flipnotes via homebrew methods on and DSi systems, with Sudomemo serving as the primary hub for sharing and collaboration among global artists. In November 2025, a new Flipnote Installer tool was released, enabling installation of the application on unmodified DSi consoles despite the DSi Shop's closure. Preservation efforts have solidified Flipnote Studio's impact, notably through the 2022 launch of the Flipnote Archive by the Sudomemo team, which hosts 44 million animations from 1.2 million creators across 12TB of data recovered from the defunct Flipnote Hatena servers. This initiative ensures access to the era's creative output, preventing loss after service shutdowns. Flipnote Studio is widely credited with democratizing animation by providing free, intuitive tools that empowered non-professionals—often children—to experiment with digital art, inspiring lifelong artistic pursuits. Its legacy extends to modern alternatives like Clipnote Studio, a 2019 PC-based spiritual successor offering similar frame-by-frame drawing, layering, and export features to continue the flipbook tradition.

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