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Fluff pulp

Fluff pulp is a highly purified chemical pulp derived primarily from long-fiber softwoods, such as southern bleached softwood kraft (SBSK) from loblolly pine, with lignin fully removed to yield absorbent cellulose fibers that can hold up to 10 times their weight in fluid.^[1]^[2]^[3] It is characterized by short fiber lengths around 2.6 mm, high bulk, and hydrophilic properties, making it ideal for forming fluffy, dry-defibrillated structures in absorbent cores.^[3] Produced through chemical pulping processes like the kraft or sulfite methods, fluff pulp undergoes bleaching to achieve over 90% purity and is then hammer-milled or carded into fibers for air-laid or dry-laid formation, often blended with superabsorbent polymers (SAP) or fillers like bentonite to enhance performance.^[1]^[2]^[4] Composite variants incorporate hardwood, non-wood sources like bagasse, or minerals to optimize density, absorption (up to 734 g in diaper tests), and retention, with bentonite improving capacity by 16-21% via hydrogen bonding.^[4] The commercial air-laid process was invented in the 1960s by Karl Krøyer, revolutionizing absorbent product manufacturing.^[3] Primarily used in personal hygiene products, fluff pulp is a major component by weight in the absorbent cores of baby diapers and sanitary napkins, enabling fluid absorption, distribution, and retention in items like incontinence pads, feminine hygiene products, wipes, and medical dressings such as wound care items.^[3]^[4] It also appears in packaging and absorbent toweling, though hygiene applications account for over 90% of demand, with innovations like ultra-thin designs reducing its usage by half since the 1990s through SAP integration.^[3]^[2] Globally, the fluff pulp market reached 7.3 million air-dried tonnes in 2024, valued at $9.7 billion, with North America supplying about 80% of production through major producers like International Paper, Georgia-Pacific, and Domtar.^[5] Demand is projected to grow to 8.6 million tonnes by 2029 at $11.5 billion, driven by rising hygiene needs in Asia and sustainability efforts, including sustainable sourcing, biodegradable alternatives, and expansions in South America (e.g., by Klabin and Suzano), though challenges include price volatility and shifts to non-fluff cores.^[5]

Background

Definition

Fluff pulp is a specialized type of chemical pulp, primarily consisting of fully bleached sulfate kraft pulp derived from long-fiber softwood trees, such as southern pines including loblolly pine (Pinus taeda).^[6]^[7]^[8] This pulp is produced through the kraft process, which involves cooking wood chips in a mixture of sodium hydroxide and sodium sulfide to separate lignin from the cellulose fibers, followed by bleaching to achieve high whiteness and purity.^[9] Unlike general-purpose pulps, fluff pulp is engineered for conversion into a loose, voluminous structure suitable for absorbent materials. The chemical composition of fluff pulp features a high cellulose content, typically exceeding 90% after lignin removal, with minimal hemicellulose (around 5%) and negligible extractives or residual lignin (less than 1%) to ensure enhanced purity and hydrophilicity.^[8]^[10] This refined structure allows the pulp to readily absorb water, with capacities reaching up to 12 grams of water per gram of pulp due to the removal of lignin, which otherwise imparts hydrophobicity.^[8] A key characteristic of fluff pulp is its design for defibration, where the pulp sheets are mechanically processed via hammermilling to separate into individual fibers, forming a loose, bulky fluff with high bulk density and porosity.^[11]^[12] This process exploits the long fiber length (2–5 mm) of softwood tracheids, enabling efficient fibrillation without excessive fiber damage.^[13] Fluff pulp is distinguished from other pulp types by its emphasis on absorbency rather than strength or printability; for instance, it contrasts with hardwood pulps, which have shorter fibers (1–2 mm) suited for smooth printing papers, and mechanical pulps, which retain higher lignin content (up to 30%) for economical newsprint but offer low absorbency (0.5–1 g/g).^[14]^[8] Over 90% of fluff pulps are fully bleached chemical softwood varieties, prioritizing fiber separation and fluid retention over tensile properties.^[2] Global production of fluff pulp stands at approximately 7.3 million air-dried tons annually as of 2024, reflecting steady demand primarily for hygiene products where its absorbency enables effective fluid management.^[5]

Properties

Fluff pulp exhibits distinct physical properties that enable its use in high-absorbency applications, primarily due to its structure derived from long-fiber softwoods. When defiberized and fluffed, it achieves a low bulk density of approximately 0.05 g/cm³, which facilitates the creation of voluminous, porous structures for effective liquid management.^[15] This low density, combined with high porosity in the fiber network, promotes rapid liquid distribution throughout the material by allowing fluids to spread via capillary action without excessive channeling.^[16] Typical fiber lengths for softwood-based fluff pulp range from 3.0 to 3.7 mm, contributing to the material's structural integrity and ability to form stable air-laid pads.^[17] Chemically, fluff pulp is engineered for purity and compatibility, particularly in hygiene products. Post-bleaching, it achieves a brightness exceeding 85% ISO, ensuring a clean appearance in end products while maintaining optical stability.^[18] Lignin content is minimized to less than 1% through kraft pulping and bleaching processes, reducing hydrophobicity and enhancing wettability for better fluid interaction.^[19] Additionally, its pH is neutral, typically ranging from 5.0 to 8.0, which supports skin safety by avoiding irritation in direct-contact applications.^[20] Performance characteristics, especially absorbency, define fluff pulp's core functionality. It demonstrates a water retention capacity of up to 10-12 g/g, allowing it to hold significant volumes of liquid relative to its weight without releasing under moderate pressure.^[21] In air-laid configurations, the wicking rate exceeds 3 mm/s, enabling quick lateral fluid spread to prevent localized saturation.^[21] To minimize leakage, soak and drip capacity is controlled below 15 g/g, ensuring retained liquids do not exceed the material's secure holding threshold during use.^[22] Mechanical properties ensure durability and user comfort in dynamic applications. Wet integrity is maintained with a tensile strength greater than 10 N/m in hydrated states, preventing structural collapse under load or movement.^[23] Softness is quantified through hand-feel panels or friction coefficient measurements, often achieving low values (e.g., <0.5 for coefficient of friction) that prioritize tactile gentleness.^[24] Biodegradability is a key attribute, with the material decomposing in 3-6 months under industrial composting conditions, breaking down into humus via microbial action on the cellulosic fibers.^[25] Variations in source material influence these properties, particularly between traditional softwood and emerging eucalyptus-based fluff pulps. Softwood variants provide higher bulk due to longer fibers (3-4 mm), supporting greater volume and slower but more robust absorption.^[17] In contrast, eucalyptus fluff features finer fibers (0.7-0.84 mm in length), enabling faster wicking and absorption rates while maintaining comparable retention, though with slightly reduced overall bulk.^[26]

History

Early Development

Fluff pulp originated from innovations in wood-based absorbent materials during World War I, when Kimberly-Clark Corporation developed Cellucotton, a creped cellulose wadding made from wood pulp, as a cost-effective substitute for scarce cotton in surgical bandages and gas mask filters.^[27] This material, processed to enhance absorbency, marked an early adaptation of softwood fibers for hygienic applications. Following the war, surplus Cellucotton was repurposed for feminine hygiene products, leading to the launch of Kotex sanitary napkins in 1920, with the first national advertisement appearing in 1921.^[28] Kotex utilized 40 plies of this absorbent wadding, demonstrating the viability of wood pulp over cotton for disposable absorbents and laying the groundwork for fluff pulp's role in personal care.^[28] In the 1930s and 1940s, the pulp industry expanded with the adoption of the kraft process, originally developed in the early 20th century but increasingly adapted for southern softwood fibers like pine, enabling production of higher-yield, absorbent pulps suitable for disposable goods.^[29] This era saw initial experiments with disposable diapers, such as those by Chux in the 1940s, which used cellulose wadding or early fluff-like materials to overcome the limitations of reusable cotton options, reducing reliance on labor-intensive laundering.^[30] Concurrently, the establishment of loblolly pine plantations in the U.S. South after the 1930s provided a dedicated, fast-growing fiber source for pulp mills, supporting the shift toward scalable wood pulp production amid rising demand for disposable products.^[31] By the 1960s, fluff pulp integration advanced diaper technology, with Procter & Gamble introducing Pampers in 1961 as a disposable product featuring wood pulp fluff for improved absorbency over prior tissue-based designs. This innovation addressed key challenges in early disposables, including bulkiness and leakage, by leveraging fluff pulp's ability to form lightweight, high-capacity cores from defibered softwood.^[32]^[33] This period also saw the invention of the commercial air-laid process by Karl Krøyer in the 1960s, revolutionizing the manufacturing of absorbent products using fluff pulp.^[3] Kimberly-Clark followed in 1968 with Kimbies, a one-piece disposable diaper that incorporated superior fluff pulp for better fit and performance, further driving the transition from cotton-based reusables to affordable wood pulp alternatives and slashing per-unit costs through material efficiency.^[34] The move to wood pulp not only lowered production expenses compared to cotton but also enabled mass-market adoption of disposables in hygiene applications.^[30]

Modern Advancements

In the 1980s, the integration of superabsorbent polymers (SAP) into disposable diapers marked a significant advancement in fluff pulp applications, substantially reducing the required fluff content from higher initial amounts to approximately 15 grams per diaper while maintaining absorbency levels.^[35] This shift allowed for thinner, more efficient product designs by leveraging SAP's high liquid retention alongside fluff pulp's structural role. Concurrently, the commercialization of air-laid nonwovens using fluff pulp improved product attributes such as bulk, softness, and water absorption, enabling the production of more comfortable and performant hygiene materials.^[36] During the 1990s, key innovations in processing addressed environmental concerns in fluff pulp production, with oxygen delignification emerging as a chlorine-free alternative to traditional bleaching methods, reducing chemical usage and effluent pollution across pulp mills.^[37] This technology enhanced pulp brightness and yield while minimizing organochlorine compounds, paving the way for more sustainable bleaching sequences. In parallel, hybrid pulps combining softwood and hardwood fibers were developed to achieve balanced properties, including improved absorbency and structural integrity for diverse applications.^[4] The late 1990s and 2000s saw a pivot toward alternative fiber sources, exemplified by the upgrade of UPM's Rauma mill in 1991, which shifted to specialized boutique fluff pulp production using baled inputs for higher-quality output.^[38] Additionally, the adoption of eucalyptus-based fluff pulp, such as Suzano's Eucafluff introduced in 2015, capitalized on the tree's faster growth cycle and lower water requirements compared to traditional softwoods, offering a more resource-efficient raw material with finer, more flexible fibers.^[39]^[40] These developments supported global supply chain sustainability amid rising demand for hygiene products. From the 2010s onward, sustainability became central to fluff pulp innovations, with Stora Enso launching NaturaFluff Eco in 2021 as an unbleached, oxygen-delignified variant that eliminates bleaching chemicals and reduces the carbon footprint by approximately 30% relative to conventional grades.^[41] In the 2020s, Klabin's PineFluff emerged as a low-emission option, achieving 62-64% lower greenhouse gas emissions across its lifecycle compared to North American counterparts, driven by efficient Brazilian pine sourcing and production.^[42] Air-laid composites incorporating bentonite as a filler further enhanced absorption capacity in hygiene products by improving liquid retention and fiber network strength.^[43] By 2024, these advancements contributed to steady market growth, with global fluff pulp consumption reaching 7.3 million air-dried tons, fueled in part by increased demand for adult incontinence products amid aging populations worldwide.^[5]

Manufacturing

Raw Materials

Fluff pulp is primarily derived from long-fiber softwood species, with southern bleached softwood kraft (SBSK) pulp from loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) serving as the dominant raw material, accounting for the majority of global production due to its favorable fiber characteristics for absorbency and defibration.^[2] This species is predominantly sourced from managed plantations in the U.S. South, where it is the predominant species in the feedstock for chemical softwood pulps used in fluff production.^[2] Emerging alternatives include eucalyptus (Eucalyptus grandis), particularly from Brazil, which offers sustainability benefits through faster growth rates and lower carbon footprints compared to traditional softwoods.^[39] In 2025, Brazil's capacity has expanded significantly, with Suzano increasing production to 440,000 tons annually starting in Q4 and Klabin adding 500,000-600,000 tons through its $3 billion project, enhancing eucalyptus sourcing.^[44]^[45] Sourcing emphasizes sustainably managed plantations, often certified by organizations like the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) or Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification (PEFC), to ensure environmental responsibility and long-term fiber availability.^[46] For loblolly pine, harvest cycles typically span 20-25 years in rotation plantations, allowing for regrowth while optimizing yield.^[47] Non-wood alternatives, such as banana fiber, have been tested in research for composite fluff pulps but remain limited in commercial application due to challenges in scalability and fiber consistency.^[4] Preparation of raw materials begins with debarking logs to remove bark and outer layers, followed by chipping into uniform pieces approximately 2-3 cm in size, and washing to eliminate dirt, sand, and other impurities prior to pulping.^[48] These steps ensure clean feedstock that minimizes equipment wear and contamination in downstream processes. Key quality requirements for fluff pulp raw materials include average fiber lengths of 2.1-3.5 mm to support effective defibration and bulk formation.^[49] Additionally, low resin content, typically below 0.5% (often around 0.1% extractives), is essential to prevent processing issues and maintain pulp purity for hygienic applications.^[49] Global fluff pulp production capacity is dominated by North America, accounting for over 80% as of 2022, primarily through U.S. southern pine resources, while Brazil's share has grown to approximately 15% in 2025, driven by eucalyptus expansion from producers like Suzano.^[50]^[51]^[44] This shift reflects growing demand for sustainable, fast-renewing sources in the hygiene sector.^[52]

Production Process

The production of fluff pulp begins with the kraft pulping process, where wood chips are cooked in a digester with white liquor—a mixture of sodium hydroxide and sodium sulfide—at temperatures of 160-170°C for 2-4 hours to dissolve lignin and separate cellulose fibers.^[53]^[54] This chemical treatment yields unbleached pulp at 45-50% of the original wood weight, producing a fibrous slurry suitable for further processing into high-purity fluff pulp.^[48] Following pulping, the brown stock is washed to remove residual black liquor, which contains dissolved lignin, hemicelluloses, and spent cooking chemicals.^[48] The black liquor is then concentrated through multi-effect evaporation and combusted in a recovery boiler, where it generates steam and recovers cooking chemicals with an efficiency of approximately 90%, minimizing waste and enabling chemical reuse in a closed-loop system.^[55] The washed pulp undergoes a multi-stage bleaching sequence to enhance brightness and purity, starting with oxygen delignification to reduce residual lignin, followed by stages using chlorine dioxide and extraction with sodium hydroxide.^[56] Modern elemental chlorine-free (ECF) methods predominate, achieving brightness levels exceeding 90% ISO while limiting environmental discharges.^[57] Subsequently, the bleached pulp slurry, at 2-4% consistency, is mildly refined to preserve fiber length, then formed into wet sheets on a Fourdrinier machine and pressed to 40-50% solids content.^[58] The sheets are dried on steam-heated Yankee dryers to a final moisture content of 10-12%, resulting in rolls or sheets with a grammage of 600-800 g/m² that maintain defiberability for end-use applications.^[58]^[4] Fluff pulp production occurs in continuous processes at large-scale mills capable of outputting over 500,000 tons per year, with total energy consumption around 15-20 GJ per ton, increasingly met through biomass fuels like black liquor and bark to lower fossil fuel reliance.^[59]^[60] Post-production, the dried pulp is wound into rolls, cut, and baled for shipment, where it awaits defibration by end-users via hammermills to create the loose, absorbent fluff structure.^[58] This high-purity output supports superior absorbency in hygiene products.^[58]

Applications

Hygiene Products

Fluff pulp serves as the primary absorbent material in personal hygiene products, accounting for the majority of its global consumption due to its ability to provide bulk, wicking, and fluid distribution. In 2024, hygiene applications consumed 89.7% of the world's fluff pulp supply.^[45] This dominance stems from the material's role in enabling high-performance absorbent cores that manage liquids effectively while maintaining product thinness and comfort. Within hygiene products, adult incontinence accounts for the largest share at approximately 33% of global consumption in 2024, followed by baby diapers and feminine hygiene.^[61] In baby diapers, fluff pulp forms the core component of the absorbent structure, representing a major share of global fluff pulp usage worldwide, though second to adult incontinence products. It provides essential bulk for structural integrity and facilitates rapid wicking and distribution of urine to prevent leakage, often comprising the majority of the core's weight alongside superabsorbent polymers (SAP). This combination allows diapers to handle repeated insults while keeping the product lightweight and dry against the skin.^[4] For feminine hygiene products, fluff pulp constitutes the absorbent layer in sanitary napkins, where it accounts for over 70% of the pad's total weight and aids in liquid acquisition and retention. Historically, the first commercial sanitary napkins, such as Kotex introduced in 1921, were based on cellucotton—a highly absorbent wood pulp material repurposed from World War I bandages. Modern iterations hybridize fluff pulp with SAP to enhance capacity and reduce bulk, improving discretion and comfort during use. While tampons primarily rely on compressed cellulose fibers like rayon or cotton, fluff pulp variants support absorbent cores in some pad designs for better fluid management.^[4]^[27]^[62] Adult incontinence products, including pads and briefs, represent the largest single application for fluff pulp, with global consumption reaching 2.4 million air-dried tons in 2024 alone. Demand is propelled by aging demographics, as populations in developed regions experience higher rates of bladder weakness; for instance, Japan's elderly population over 65 has driven adult diaper sales to surpass baby diapers since 2015. Fluff pulp enables thinner, high-capacity designs by providing a stable matrix that integrates with SAP, allowing products to absorb larger volumes without compromising fit or mobility.^[45]^[63]^[62] In these products, defiberized fluff pulp is typically air-formed into the core and mixed with SAP at ratios that balance absorption and distribution, often featuring 30-50% SAP by weight to optimize performance. This integration creates a composite that swiftly acquires fluids and locks them away, supporting total retention capacities exceeding typical daily needs in premium incontinence briefs. Recent innovations, such as channeled cores, further enhance fluff pulp's utility by incorporating longitudinal channels that promote even fluid distribution and reduce sagging, improving overall fit and leakage prevention.^[4]^[62]^[64]

Other Uses

Fluff pulp serves as the primary fiber in air-laid nonwovens, which are employed in various household and industrial applications due to their enhanced softness, absorbency, and quick-drying properties derived from the defibration process that creates high bulk and porosity.^[65] These nonwovens are used in disposable wipes for household cleaning and industrial hard-surface cleaning, as well as in towels, napkins, tablecloths, and wash gloves, where the material's tear resistance and tensile strength outperform traditional paper products.^[66] Approximately 10% of fluff pulp consumption occurs in such air-laid applications outside personal hygiene.^[65] In medical contexts, fluff pulp is incorporated into wound dressings and surgical pads to absorb exudates effectively, leveraging its high purity and capacity to manage fluids in sterile environments.^[67] These products utilize fluff pulp's absorbent structure to cushion wounds and secure dressings, contributing to wound care protocols in hospitals and clinics.^[3] The material's role in medical absorbents supports market expansion, as demand for advanced wound management solutions grows.^[67] Fluff pulp-based air-laid nonwovens also find use in industrial absorbents, such as spill cleanup mats and filters, where the material's high porosity enables efficient handling of oils and chemicals.^[66] These applications benefit from the nonwovens' ability to form thick, resilient structures for containment and filtration in manufacturing and environmental cleanup scenarios.^[3] Emerging uses of fluff pulp include cores for pet litter and agricultural mulch, capitalizing on its biodegradability for eco-friendly disposal options.^[68] In pet products, pulp fibers provide absorbent bedding that controls odors and offers a sustainable alternative to synthetic litters.^[69] For agriculture, wood pulp fibers, including those from fluff processes, are explored in biodegradable mulches to suppress weeds and retain soil moisture, aligning with sustainable farming practices.^[70] The non-hygiene segment of the fluff pulp market is experiencing growth, projected to contribute significantly to overall expansion through 2025, driven by trends toward reducing plastic use in industrial and emerging applications.^[67] This shift is supported by the material's versatility in non-body-contact uses, with global consumption expected to rise at a compound annual growth rate of around 3.4%.^[71]

Environmental Considerations

Impacts and Sustainability

The production of fluff pulp is energy-intensive, typically requiring 15-20 GJ per ton, which contributes to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of approximately 1-2 kg CO₂-equivalent per kg of pulp.^[72]^[73] Water consumption ranges from 20-50 m³ per ton, generating significant effluent volumes that necessitate advanced treatment processes to mitigate pollution from organic matter and chemicals.^[74] Efforts to reduce these impacts include switching from natural gas to biomass fuels, which can lower GHG emissions by 13.4% in bleached softwood fluff pulp production.^[73] For bleached softwood fluff pulp, total GHG emissions are estimated at around 1.1 kg CO₂-equivalent per kg, with variations depending on energy sources and process efficiency. Eucalyptus-based variants offer improved sustainability, as exemplified by Suzano's Eucafluff, where plantations are projected to capture 40 million tons of CO₂ by 2025 through managed growth and carbon sequestration.^[75] Similarly, Klabin's PineFluff achieves 62% lower emissions compared to the U.S. average as of 2025, highlighting the potential of optimized regional production.^[42] Fluff pulp's feedstock is renewable, derived primarily from managed forests that serve as carbon sinks, supporting long-term resource sustainability when practices emphasize replanting and biodiversity.^[76] However, risks of deforestation persist in non-certified supply chains, particularly in regions with weak regulatory oversight, underscoring the need for traceability.^[76] Certifications such as FSC and PEFC cover a substantial portion of the global supply in regulated markets, ensuring responsible sourcing and reducing environmental risks. Efforts to reduce plastic use are reflected in growing demand for fluff pulp in sustainable hygiene products.^[77] Nonetheless, non-recycled disposables containing fluff pulp can generate methane emissions in landfills due to the decomposition of organic components.^[78]

Recycling and Alternatives

Fluff pulp, being composed primarily of cellulose fibers derived from wood, exhibits high biodegradability under composting conditions, fully decomposing within 3-6 months through microbial action.^[79] Despite this, the fibers in hygiene products containing fluff pulp are theoretically 100% recyclable in paper mills via standard pulping processes. However, hygiene products like diapers are predominantly landfilled, with over 90% of disposable diapers ending up in landfills globally due to mixed material composition and collection challenges.^[80] Recycling of fluff pulp from used hygiene products typically involves mechanical pulping to disintegrate the material and recover fibers, yielding 80-90% fiber recovery for reuse in low-grade paper products such as tissue or board.^[48] Emerging chemical recycling methods, such as ozone oxidation, enable separation of superabsorbent polymers (SAP) from fluff pulp, allowing cleaner fiber recovery for higher-quality applications.^[81] Key challenges in recycling include contamination from plastics, SAP residues, and human waste, which reduce fiber yield and quality, often limiting recovered pulp to low-value uses.^[82] In December 2024, the European Union adopted the Packaging and Packaging Waste Regulation (PPWR), mandating increasing recycled content in plastic packaging components of products, including hygiene items, with targets reaching an average of 30% by 2030 to promote circularity.^[83] Alternatives to traditional wood-based fluff pulp include bamboo pulp, which offers comparable absorbency and strength while requiring 30-60% less water in production compared to wood pulp.^[84] Sugarcane bagasse pulp leverages agricultural waste that demands minimal additional water resources beyond crop cultivation.^[85] Synthetic options, such as polyester-based fluff, achieve equivalent absorbency but are non-biodegradable, persisting in environments for centuries.^[86] As of 2025, initiatives like those by Recyc-Québec through its affiliate Recyc PHP continue to reclaim fluff pulp from industrial rejects of hygiene products, producing thousands of tons annually for reuse and achieving energy savings of up to 68% in re-pulping compared to virgin production.^[23]^[87]

Market and Economics

Global Production and Demand

Global production of fluff pulp reached approximately 7.8 million air-dried tons in 2024, projected to grow to 8.1 million tons by the end of 2025 (as of July 2024 estimates).^[61] North America holds the largest share at approximately 80%, supported by extensive bleached softwood kraft pulp capacity, while South America contributes 12% through efficient eucalyptus-based operations (led by Brazil), and Europe accounts for about 8% amid steady domestic demand.^[88] This distribution underscores the concentration in the Americas, where over 90% of capacity is located, facilitating exports to meet international needs.^[61] Demand for fluff pulp is predominantly driven by the hygiene sector, which comprises 89.9% of global consumption, fueled by a 5% annual rise in diapers and incontinence products, particularly in emerging markets with expanding populations and urbanization.^[89] The nonwovens segment is experiencing faster growth at 7% annually, primarily for absorbent wipes and related applications.^[61] In the Asia-Pacific region, demand has surged by 8% due to rapid urbanization and increasing hygiene awareness, positioning it as the fastest-growing market.^[90] However, supply chain vulnerabilities, including U.S. mill closures such as International Paper's Georgetown facility in early 2025—which represented about 300,000 tons per year—have contributed to price volatility and tighter availability.^[91] The global market value for fluff pulp stood at $10.2 billion in 2023, rising to $10.66 billion in 2024 and projected to reach approximately $11.2 billion by 2025, reflecting a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 5.6%.^[91] Looking further ahead, the market is forecasted to expand to $15.16 billion by 2032, driven by sustained hygiene needs and sustainability initiatives that are increasing the share of eucalyptus-based fluff pulp to 25%, as producers like Suzano ramp up production of eco-friendly variants starting in late 2025.^[91]^[92]

Key Producers and Trends

The fluff pulp industry is dominated by a handful of major producers, primarily in North America, Europe, and South America, with North America, led by the United States, accounting for over 80% of global production capacity.^[88] Leading companies include Suzano in Brazil, which operates the Eucafluff brand and expanded its eucalyptus-based fluff pulp capacity to 440,000 tons per year by late 2025 through a R$490 million investment at its Limeira facility.^[44] Stora Enso invested €42 million in a new fluff pulp packing line at its Skutskär mill in Sweden, inaugurated in 2025 to enhance sustainable European supply.^[93] Domtar, based in the U.S. and Canada, maintains significant operations with a focus on recycled fibers and sustainability, drawing on over 175 years of history since its founding in 1848.^[94] UPM in Finland operates its Rauma mill as a key European fluff pulp site, contributing to a combined regional capacity of about 515,000 tonnes with Stora Enso.^[95] Klabin in Brazil produces PineFluff from southern pine, supporting regional growth in hygiene applications.^[96] In August 2025, International Paper sold its Global Cellulose Fibers business, a major fluff pulp producer, to American Industrial Partners, potentially influencing North American supply dynamics.^[97] Company-specific innovations underscore a push toward efficiency and environmental performance. Suzano's 2025 expansions integrate advanced ANDRITZ technology for higher eucalyptus fluff output, aligning with broader pulp sales reaching 3.7 million tons in Q2 2025.^[52] Stora Enso has developed unbleached fluff pulp lines to reduce chemical use and support circular bioeconomy goals, as highlighted in its Q3 2025 investor updates.^[98] Domtar advanced its 2030 Sustainability Strategy in 2025, emphasizing low-emission production and fiber innovation across its mills, including expansions to maintain North American leadership.^[99] Industry trends reflect a strong shift toward sustainable sourcing, with advancements like fuel switching from natural gas to wood pellets in U.S. fluff pulp production reducing CO2-equivalent emissions by 13.4%.^[100] By 2025, approximately 70% of global production is controlled by the top 10 producers, many prioritizing certified fibers amid rising hygiene demand.^[96] Trade tensions, including potential EU countermeasures against U.S. imports, have driven up fluff pulp prices by an estimated 10-15%, affecting diaper and incontinence product costs across Europe.^[101] Challenges persist, particularly with mill closures in 2025 due to efficiency standards and market pressures; for instance, International Paper shut its Georgetown, South Carolina, facility, representing about 5% of U.S. fluff pulp output, leading to supply tightening.^[102] Ongoing R&D focuses on hybrid pulps blending virgin and recycled fibers, aiming for up to 20% cost savings while meeting stricter sustainability regulations.^[94] Looking ahead, the sector anticipates further consolidation, with the top five producers potentially holding 60% market share by 2030 as smaller operations consolidate amid global capacity shifts.^[103] Asia's entry is accelerating, exemplified by Chinese pilots in eucalyptus-based pulp to support domestic hygiene growth, though most new capacity remains in South America, increasing its global share to over 10%.^[45]

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The results suggest that the porosity of fiber network affects absorption properties such as specific volume, absorption time, and absorption capacity, while ...
[18]
Grades of Pulp - PaperonWeb
Bleached ECF pulps are available both at a standard brightness level(90% ISO) and sometimes higher brightness levels can be obtained(91-92% ISO).
[19]
Warm beige - the new white for hygiene products - News - Stora Enso
May 9, 2023 · Elementary Chlorine Free (ECF) bleached fluff pulp by Stora Enso has an ISO brightness of 87. NaturaFluff Eco has an ISO brightness of 46.
[20]
[PDF] The influence of inorganic particles on debonding efficiency of fluff ...
Jun 24, 2024 · The purpose of fluff pulp in absorbent products is mainly to distribute fluids, increase absorption speed and hold superabsorbent polymers ...
[21]
Soft 100% Virgin White Treated Wood Fluff Pulp Roll in Pulp Diaper ...
Basis Weight. 350kg/roll ; Moisture. 8.0% ; Brightness (ISO). 88.0 ; PH Value. 5.0-6.5 ; Specific Absorption (sec/g). < 0.75s.
[22]
IP ECF Untreated Woodpulp Kraft Fluff Pulp - SUNREE
Moisture. 7.5% or 9.0%. Knots. 2%. Accepts. 86%. Fines. 12%. Fiberization Energy. 21kWh/t. Wicking Time. 2.8s. Wicking Rate. 10.0mm/s. Capacity. 10.4 g H2O/g ...
[23]
A fluff pulp sheet comprising pulp fibers and a sizing agent
The compositionhas a soak and drip capacity of less than 15 grams/gram, and an air laid pad wicking rate of less than 3.0mm/s. The fluff pulp sheet in some ...Missing: retention | Show results with:retention
[24]
Reclaimed Fluff Pulp Material From Industrial Rejects - Recyc PHP
Nov 16, 2016 · We produce about 4000 metric tons bales of reclaimed fluff pulp recovered from industrial rejects of personal care products like baby ...
[25]
Review: The softness of hygiene tissue - BioResources
Mar 22, 2022 · This paper reviews the sensation of softness as perceived by the human touch, techniques for measuring softness, the influence of fiber on softness, ...
[26]
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590150819300523
[27]
Comparative characterization of eucalyptus fibers and softwood ...
Hardwood and softwood fibers showed different bulk values (3.55–5.83 vs 3.46–8.04 cm3/g). H_D and H_F pulps presented the same bulk values, but high differences ...Missing: fluff | Show results with:fluff
[28]
The Surprising Origins of Kotex Pads - Smithsonian Magazine
Aug 11, 2017 · Kimberly-Clark, an American paper products company formed in the 1870s, produced bandages from a material called Cellucotton for World War I.Missing: fluff | Show results with:fluff
[29]
https://www.jstor.org/stable/26474512
[30]
Origins Of The Southern Kraft Paper Industry, 1903-1930 - jstor
23. The urging of farmers to plant fast-growing pines foreshadowed the later tree-planting movement which assured the Southern paper mills of future pulpwood.<|control11|><|separator|>
[31]
Rayonier History | Forest, Timber & Land Management Company
Year: 1926. Rainier Pulp & Paper Company is founded in Shelton, Washington, in 1926. President Edward “Ted” Mills, a self-educated immigrant from Wales, sees an ...
[32]
[PDF] Pine Plantation Silviculture - Southern Research Station
Numerous pulp and paper mills were constructed throughout the South during the 1930s, increasing the demand for smaller diameter southern pine timber. Pulp and ...Missing: fluff | Show results with:fluff
[33]
Advances in diaper technology
The early disposable diapers used materials such as wood pulp fluff, cellulose wadding, fluff cellulose, or cotton fibers, but their absorbing capacity was less ...
[34]
Pampers (P&G) use of wood pulp
Nov 4, 2016 · These early diapers were bulky, heavy products composed of fluff pulp (made of wood) with a rayon topsheet, polyethylene backsheet. P&G in ...Missing: definition composition
[35]
The Evolution of Core Designs | Disposable Hygiene | Bostik Global
The disposable diaper core has evolved over the years: fluff was added, then superabsorbent polymer. New configurations were developed.
[36]
[PDF] no more washing diapers Disposable diapers story - Kimberly-Clark
Disposable diapers were developed in the 1930s-1950s, with Kimbies introduced in 1968. Huggies, a premium brand, was introduced in 1978.
[37]
Superabsorbents - BASF
In the mid-1980s, before superabsorbent polymers were introduced into diapers, much more absorbent fluff pulp was needed to absorb a similar amount of urine.Missing: 15g | Show results with:15g
[38]
What is Fluff pulp? - Raw Materials - Knowledge - Tiico
Sep 25, 2020 · In the 1980s started the commercialization of air-laid paper, which gave better bulk, porosity, strength, softness, and water absorption ...
[39]
[PDF] Technologies for Reducing Chlorinated Organics in Pulp Manufacture
The objective of chemical pulping is to reduce the amount of lignin carried forward with the brown- stock pulp to the brightening stages of the bleach plant.
[40]
50 years of boutique fluff pulp - UPM Raumacell
Mar 20, 2017 · In 1991, the mill made a dramatic change by ending their own pulp cooking and concentrated on fluff pulp using baled pulp from other mills. This ...Missing: production | Show results with:production
[41]
Fluff Pulp - Suzano
Suzano Eucafluff is recommended for use in disposable absorbent products because eucalyptus fibers are smaller, thinner and more flexible.Missing: 2000s faster
[42]
NaturaFluff Eco by Stora Enso - Market pulp
NaturaFluff Eco is an oxygen delignified fluff pulp. To produce it, we do not bleach the pulp. We treat it with oxygen to remove the lignin.Missing: 2010s | Show results with:2010s
[43]
Klabin conducts a carbon footprint study for PineFluff® pulp
Jan 14, 2025 · According to the results, PineFluff® has a carbon footprint that is 62% lower, and PineFluff eXcel® has a footprint that is 64% lower, compared ...Missing: 2020s | Show results with:2020s
[44]
(PDF) Manufacturing of Fluff Pulp Using Different Pulp Sources and ...
Aug 4, 2022 · A composite fluff pulp was produced based on the combination of softwood (ie, long-length fiber), hardwood (ie, short-length fiber), non-wooden pulps (ie, ...
[45]
Suzano Pulp and Paper - PEFC - PEFC
Suzano is a Brazilian manufacturer of renewable products, that include pulp, paper, tissue and EucaFluff pulp, in 11 mills located in 6 different states of ...Missing: fluff South<|separator|>
[46]
[PDF] Comparison of a short rotation loblolly pine stand to a long rotation ...
Loblolly pine is grown to a 24-year rotation with a single thinning at age 15-years, with a growth rate of. 6.25 tons/ac/yr. Longleaf pine is grown to a 45-year ...Missing: cycle fluff pulp
[47]
[PDF] Pulp and Paper Making Processes - Princeton University
If roundwood is used, it is first debarked, usually by tumbling in large steel drums where wash water may be applied. The debarked wood bolts are then chipped ...
[48]
[PDF] Pulp Product Specifications PanaFluff - WestRock
Brightness (%). >82. ISO 2470. Basis Weight (g/m2). 650–700. TAPPI T410 0M-02. Density (g/cc). 0.55–0.65. TAPPI 411 0M-05. Moisture (%). 6.5–9.5.
[49]
[PDF] Global Market Pulp Outlook | Fastmarkets
About 8% of monthly global pulp exports but more than 80% of monthly fluff pulp exports! 2025? 2024 | Fastmarkets | Global Market Pulp Outlook 7 Source: PPPC ...<|separator|>
[50]
Suzano again selects innovative ANDRITZ solution for major fluff ...
Dec 14, 2023 · The project will enable Suzano to increase its eucalyptus-based fluff pulp production capacity from 100,000 to 440,000 tons per year to meet ...Missing: 2000s faster water
[51]
The limits of delignification in kraft cooking - BioResources
Jan 23, 2017 · Bulk delignification reactions start at 140 °C, so apart from production rate, there is nothing preventing kraft pulping from being performed at ...
[52]
Principle of chemical pulping - KnowPulp
Pulp yield is typically 50 - 53% for hardwood and 46 - 49% for softwood . Controllability and smoothness of the cooking process are requirements for succeeding ...
[53]
[PDF] THE KRAFT CHEMCIAL RECOVERY PROCESS - TAPPI.org
For every ton of pulp produced, the kraft pulping process produces about 10 tons of weak black liquor or about 1.5 tons of black liquor dry solids that need to ...
[54]
[PDF] Pulp bleaching - Fact sheet - Stora Enso
Oxygen delignification is used prior to ECF bleaching at all Stora Enso mills, as this reduces the amount of bleaching chemicals required. Dioxins and furans ...
[55]
Pollution Prevention Technologies for the Bleached Kraft Segment ...
The process involves a two- stage treatment of pulp, normally sandwiched between an oxygen delignification stage and a C1O2 or non- chlorine bleaching sequence.<|separator|>
[56]
US6059924A - Fluffed pulp and method of production
The dried pulp sheet generally has a density of 0.4 to 0.7 g/cm 3. Upon subsequent defibration, the fluffed pulp exhibits improved compaction characteristics ...Missing: porosity | Show results with:porosity
[57]
[PDF] Pulp and Paper Industry Energy Bandwidth Study
The breakdown of fuels used by the Pulp and Paper industry is shown in Figure 2.1. The largest category of fuel used by the industry is black liquor and hog ...
[58]
[PDF] Energy efficiency and GHG emissions: Prospective scenarios for the ...
From the energy consumption view, producing one tonne of paper products requires on average about 11.5 GJ of primary energy, which is comparable to that of ...Missing: fluff | Show results with:fluff
[59]
The Future of Fluff Pulp to 2025 | Market Reports and Trends
By 2025, they will continue to consume 89.9% of the world's fluff pulp; this ... Sustainability – Fluff Pulp is the most sustainable raw material for products ...
[60]
Primary Absorbent Raw Materials for Hygiene Products
Feb 15, 2023 · Also in the 1980s started the use of superabsorbents in diapers and reduced the need for fluff pulp and is now down to 15 grams or even less.Missing: 15g | Show results with:15g
[61]
Core Strength - Nonwovens Industry -
Jan 5, 2016 · Driving thinness are advances in core technology, which have lessened the amount of fluff pulp and increased the amount of superabsorbent ...Missing: component | Show results with:component
[62]
Hygiene Goods Continue to Drive Expansion in Fluff Pulp
Jun 5, 2025 · The region has already increased its share of global supply from 6.7% in 2019 to 11.7% in 2024, producing 915,000 air dried tons last year.
[63]
Adult Diaper Market Size | Growth Forecast To 2033
Oct 20, 2025 · Japan, with an aging population exceeding 36 million individuals over the age of 65, has seen adult diapers outsell baby diapers since 2015.
[64]
Channel Cores at a Glance | Disposable Hygiene | Bostik Global
Channel cores are an innovative approach to disposable diaper designs that arose out of the pursuit of improved core performance and the preference for thinner ...
[65]
[PDF] Airlaid Nonwoven Technology - Domtar
The process yields a paper-like fabric that is thicker, softer and more absorbent than paper. It also has greater tear resistance and tensile strength, ...Missing: commercialization 1980s bulk<|separator|>
[66]
[PDF] FORM THE FUTURE WITH AIRLAID
UNIQUE CHARACTERISTICS. Airlaid fabrics are made from short fibers, like pulp, or homogeneous blends of different fiber types, e.g. from fluff pulp and ...
[67]
Fluff Pulp Market is Forecasted to Cross US$ 16.7 Billion at a CAGR ...
Jul 26, 2023 · Fluff pulp is widely used in medical applications, including wound dressings and surgical pads, which contribute to market growth. Vital ...
[68]
Ultra-Sorb Plush! Pulp Fiber Bedding - Brown's Pet Food
Brown's® Ultra-Sorb Plush! Pulp Fiber Bedding and Litter is a superior alternative to conventional bedding. It's simply the most absorbent bedding available.
[69]
https://www.kohepets.com.sg/products/marukan-soft-fluffy-pulp-bedding-for-small-animals-1-1kg
[70]
Towards Agricultural Application of Wood Pulp Fibres - MacSphere
First, agricultural mulching is the subject of the study and second, we focus on using wood pulp fibre as growing medium in greenhouses. Mulching in agriculture ...Missing: fluff | Show results with:fluff
[71]
Fluff Pulp Market Size, Share, Growth, Trends, Industry Analysis ...
The fluff pulp market share is expected to increase by 1.25 million tons from 2020 to 2025, and the market's growth momentum will accelerate at a CAGR of 3.42%.Missing: credible | Show results with:credible
[72]
Kraft Pulp Prices – Historical Graph [Realtime Updates]
The pulping process consumes up to 20 GJ (gigajoule) per ton of pulp in heat energy and up to 1,000 kW-hr (kilo-watt per hour) per ton of pulp in electricity.
[73]
Effluent from fluff pulp manufacturing: the behavior during biological ...
The pulp industry uses more than 40 m3 of water per ton of pulp produced, generating high effluent flows. In general, it presents high concentrations of ...
[74]
[PDF] Wastewater treatment in the pulp-and-paper industry
The World Bank Group (1999) reported that in Canada the pulp-and-paper industry produces 20e100 m3 of wastewater per ton of air-dried pulp.Missing: fluff | Show results with:fluff<|control11|><|separator|>
[75]
Suzano brings its target for capturing 40 million tons of carbon from ...
Suzano's goal to remove 40 million tons of carbon from the air by 2030 has been brought forward by five years to 2025.
[76]
Pulp & Paper: Forest Impacts and Consumer Power
Deforestation and forest degradation. Some companies in the pulp and paper industry leave an unacceptably large ecological footprint on the planet.
[77]
Efforts to reduce plastics use reflected in fluff pulp growth trends ...
The new study from Smithers explores how the global megatrend towards reducing plastics in nonwovens is changing the fluff pulp usage in both nonwovens and ...
[78]
Life cycle assessment of absorbent hygiene product waste
The considered landfill was a landfill for inert material, since fluff was a sterilised and stabilized material, hence the emissions mainly derive from gases ...
[79]
Discover the possibilities and limits of compostable packaging
From the point of view of biodegradability, a proven "compostable" product can be broken down by microorganisms in three or six months at the most. In the ...
[80]
[PDF] Chapter 2 Composting - USDA
In general, the shorter the active composting time, the longer the curing period, which allows the microbes adequate time for sufficient decomposition and stabi ...
[81]
102 Disposable Diapers - HEAL THE PLANET
Sep 20, 2025 · Over 92% of all disposable diapers end up in landfills. Informing ourselves on the environmental affects of disposable diapers is critical.Missing: rate | Show results with:rate<|separator|>
[82]
(PDF) Recycling disposable diaper waste pulp after dehydrating the ...
The diaper waste was washed and centrifugally separated, then the SAP and pulp mixture was oxidized using ozone to separate the SAP and pulp to allow the pulp ...
[83]
The evaluation of the used diapers recycling process in Bank ...
Jul 1, 2023 · The plastic fraction separated from the shredder was still containing SAP gel, fibres, and other contaminants such as human wastes, and ...
[84]
[PDF] Report Name:European Union Finalizes New Rules for Packaging ...
Apr 26, 2024 · The PPWR requires that as of January 1, 2030, any plastic part of packaging placed on the market shall contain a minimum percentage of recycled ...
[85]
Normal vs Recycled vs Bamboo: The toilet paper types compared
May 30, 2022 · When it comes to water usage, bamboo wins as it uses 30% less water during production than recycled and 60% less than standard toilet paper.<|separator|>
[86]
What is Bagasse Paper? - Unico Packing
As the table shows, bagasse paper production requires significantly fewer trees, less water, and less energy compared to traditional wood pulp paper. By ...Production Process · Manufacturing Steps · Applications Of Bagasse...<|separator|>
[87]
Sustainable Fabrics • Guide on the most ethical materials [2020]
The production of polyester also highly energy intensive. One of the major problems with this plastic fiber, is the fact that it is non-biodegradable. Learn ...
[88]
Energy consumption in the pulp & paper industry | ENERGYNEST
May 16, 2023 · The pulp and paper industry is energy-intensive, consuming 1,361 petajoules in 2021. Over 60% of energy comes from renewable sources, but ...Missing: fluff GJ/ m3/
[89]
The Future of Fluff Pulp to 2029 - Smithers
Between 2024 and 2029, annual growth rates are 3.4% (volume) and 3.6% (value). The global fluff pulp market in 2024 consists of 7.8 million air dried tonnes of ...
[90]
https://www.emergenresearch.com/pt/industry-report/fluff-pulp-market
[91]
Fluff Pulp Market Size, Share, and Global Growth Trends
Global Fluff Pulp Market size was valued at USD 10.2 billion in 2023 and is poised to grow from USD 10.66 billion in 2024 to USD 15.16 billion by 2032, ...Missing: 2.4 | Show results with:2.4
[92]
Suzano invests in Eucalyptus fluff pulp production for a greener future
Nov 1, 2023 · Production is expected to commence by Q4 2025. Eucafluff is described as the 'world's first' bleached kraft fluff pulp made from 100% planted ...
[93]
Fluff Pulp Market Expected to Surpass US$ 16.7 Billion ...
Sep 27, 2023 · By 2032, fluff pulp sales are expected to constitute nearly 10% of the global pulp market. In 2021, the global consumption of fluff pulp reached ...
[94]
Suzano invests R$490 million to expand fluff pulp capacity to ...
Suzano's annual installed capacity of fluff pulp production will increase from 100,000 to 440,000 ton, with production expected to begin by Q4 2025. The global ...
[95]
Stora Enso inaugurates new fluff pulp packing line
a EUR 42 million investment that reinforces Europe's sustainable ...Missing: unbleached Domtar
[96]
Top Fluff Pulp Companies & How to Compare Them (2025)
Oct 23, 2025 · Domtar: Offers a broad portfolio with emphasis on recycled fibers and sustainability. Oji Paper: Japanese company with a focus on high- ...
[97]
What would high tariffs mean for US fluff producers? - Fastmarkets
Jun 16, 2025 · Discover how President Trump's tariffs impact the US fluff pulp export market, specifically targeting the EU and China.Missing: chain vulnerabilities
[98]
Fluff Pulp for Hygiene Products 2025 Trends and Forecasts 2033
Rating 4.8 (1,980) Apr 27, 2025 · Consumption is estimated to be around 20 million tons ... Aging population: Leading to higher demand for adult incontinence products.Missing: 2.4 | Show results with:2.4
[99]
[PDF] Stora Enso investor kit Q3 2025
We contribute to solving climate change by accelerating the transition to a circular bioeconomy for the benefit of people and the planet. We are the renewable.Missing: Suzano Domtar
[100]
Strategy Into Action: Q3 2025 Sustainability Strategy Update - Domtar
Oct 3, 2025 · Domtar launched its 2030 Sustainability Strategy in May 2025, and a great deal of work is now underway across our business units.Missing: innovations Suzano Stora Enso unbleached
[101]
Advancing sustainability in the U.S. pulp and paper industry
Sep 1, 2025 · Drying alone consumes around 3.0–6.0 GJ per ton of paper produced (TAPPI, 2022). Since steam generation relies on mixed fuel sources, reducing ...
[102]
Potential EU Countermeasures on US Fluff Pulp Risk Driving Up ...
Jul 18, 2025 · EU countermeasures on US fluff pulp could raise prices of essential hygiene products, impacting European families and manufacturers.Missing: non- growth<|control11|><|separator|>
[103]
What the Closure of Major Fluff Pulp Mill Tells Us About the Direction ...
Apr 25, 2025 · The closure of International Paper's Georgetown mill, which represented approximately 5% of US fluff pulp production, has sparked renewed interest.
[104]
Fluff Pulp 2025 Trends and Forecasts 2033: Analyzing Growth ...
Rating 4.8 (1,980) Mar 25, 2025 · World Fluff Pulp Production: The total global production is estimated at 23 million units annually, with a steadily growing trend. This ...Missing: tons | Show results with:tons