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Grace Choi

Grace Choi is an American inventor and entrepreneur recognized for developing Mink, the world's first at-home 3D printer capable of producing custom cosmetics such as lipstick, eyeshadow, and nail polish from digital images using ink cartridges filled with makeup pigments.^[1]^[2] A graduate of Harvard Business School, Choi modified a standard Hewlett-Packard inkjet printer to achieve this functionality, debuting the prototype in 2014 as a solution to limited shade ranges in commercial makeup products.^[3]^[1] Prior to Mink, she invented four medical devices by age 25 and a convertible jewelry piece picked up by the Home Shopping Network at age 26.^[3] Choi has extended her work into augmented reality, serving as a TikTok Effect House Ambassador where she creates interactive filters that guide users in applying makeup virtually.^[4]^[5] Her innovations emphasize accessible, customizable beauty technology at the intersection of hardware, software, and consumer products.^[6]

Publication History

Creation and Debut

Grace Choi was created by writer Judd Winick and artist Tom Raney as part of the relaunch of DC Comics' Outsiders series in 2003. ^[7] The character was designed to join a new iteration of the Outsiders team, assembled by Nightwing (Dick Grayson) and Arsenal (Roy Harper), emphasizing a roster of antiheroes and vigilantes operating outside traditional Justice League oversight.^[8] Winick, drawing from his experience with socially conscious storytelling in titles like Green Lantern and Green Arrow, incorporated Choi as a tough, street-smart metahuman to add physical power and grit to the team dynamic.^[9] Choi debuted in Outsiders (vol. 3) #1, cover-dated August 2003.^[10] ^[11] In the issue, she is introduced working as a bouncer at a Gotham City nightclub, where she single-handedly repels an attack by metahuman criminals, showcasing her superhuman strength and durability.^[7] Nightwing observes her in action during the brawl and approaches her for recruitment, recognizing her potential as an asset against global threats the team intends to tackle independently.^[9] This debut establishes Choi's backstory elements, including her foster care upbringing and Amazonian heritage from the Bana-Mighdall tribe, which Winick used to explain her enhanced physiology without immediate full revelation.^[7] The issue's narrative frames her as a reluctant hero, aligning with the series' theme of flawed individuals forced into teamwork.^[8]

Key Appearances and Story Arcs

Grace Choi debuted as a founding member of Nightwing's Outsiders team in Outsiders (vol. 3) #1 (September 2003), marking her introduction amid the team's assembly to tackle threats beyond the Justice League's scope, including international espionage and metahuman crises.^[8] In this arc, Choi's brute strength and resilience proved central to the group's dynamic, establishing her as the team's primary powerhouse alongside teammates like Arsenal and Indigo.^[9] Throughout the Outsiders (vol. 3) series (2003–2007), Choi featured in multiple arcs confronting organized threats, such as the "Role Call" storyline in issues #2–6, where the team battled an army of bio-engineered gorilla soldiers unleashed in New York City by a rogue scientist, leading to the abduction and subsequent rescue of President Lex Luthor.^[12] Her role expanded in later issues, including skirmishes with the League of Assassins and supernatural foes, highlighting interpersonal tensions within the team, particularly her evolving romance with Thunder, which solidified as a key narrative element by mid-run.^[13] This partnership, one of DC's earlier prominent depictions of a same-sex superhero relationship, influenced team decisions and personal stakes in arcs like the hunt for rogue metahumans. Following the "One Year Later" event, Choi transitioned to Batman's reformed Outsiders in Batman and the Outsiders (vol. 2) #1–11 (2007–2008), where the team operated covertly against global intelligence agencies like Checkmate, involving missions in Markovia and battles with enhanced assassins.^[14] Her appearances extended to crossovers, including guest roles in Birds of Prey #92–98 (2006–2007), aiding Oracle's operations against human traffickers, and 52 #9 (2006), tying into broader multiversal events post-Infinite Crisis.^[15] In Amazons Attack! #1–6 (2007), her Bana-Mighdall heritage factored into conflicts between Amazon factions and U.S. forces, underscoring her divided loyalties.^[15] Subsequent arcs in Trinity #1–5 (2008) and Supergirl #34–37 (2008) positioned Choi in ensemble threats involving cosmic entities and Kryptonian exiles, leveraging her durability in high-stakes brawls, though her narrative focus remained tied to Outsiders alumni dynamics rather than solo development.^[14] These appearances collectively emphasized Choi's utility in team-based, action-heavy plots over individual origin explorations.

Fictional Character Biography

Early Life and Background

Grace Choi is the daughter of a human father and an Amazon warrior from the Bana-Mighdall tribe, a militant offshoot of the Themysciran Amazons that rejected traditional Amazonian isolationism.^[9] Her Amazon heritage granted her superhuman strength, enhanced durability, and rapid healing from birth, though these traits manifested amid a tumultuous upbringing in the human world.^[7] The circumstances of her separation from her mother's tribe remain unspecified in canonical accounts, leading to her placement in the foster care system as a child.^[7] Choi experienced instability, moving between multiple foster homes without establishing a permanent sense of belonging.^[7] As a pre-teen, she ran away from her final foster placement, surviving briefly on the streets before being abducted into a child prostitution ring operated by a criminal named Tanner.^[7] During this period of captivity, she was branded with a triple moon tattoo on her hip, a mark she later retained as a reminder of her ordeal.^[8] She eventually escaped using her latent metahuman abilities, channeling her physical prowess into underground fighting circuits as a young adult to earn money and vent aggression.^[9] This phase honed her combative instincts, setting the stage for her later roles in meta-human environments, such as bouncer at a Metropolis nightclub catering to enhanced individuals.^[9]

Recruitment to the Outsiders

Grace Choi was recruited to the Outsiders by Arsenal (Roy Harper) for the team's relaunch in Outsiders volume 3, #1, cover-dated June 2003.^[8] At that point, Choi worked as a bouncer at Chaney's, a Metropolis nightclub frequented by metahumans.^[16] Arsenal, leveraging their longstanding acquaintance from past brawling and street-level exploits, approached her directly for the role.^[17] Initially reluctant to abandon her independent lifestyle, Choi agreed after Arsenal outlined the team's mandate: high-stakes missions unbound by conventional superhero oversight, such as Batman's protocols, promising her triple her current earnings.^[16] This pitch aligned with her thrill-seeking nature and combat prowess, positioning the Outsiders as a more aggressive unit focused on preemptive strikes against global threats. Her inclusion marked the start of a friends-with-benefits dynamic with Arsenal, emphasizing pragmatic alliances over deeper emotional ties.^[17]

Major Conflicts and Developments

Grace Choi's tenure with the Outsiders involved several high-stakes battles against supernatural and organized threats. In the "Devil's Work" arc (Outsiders vol. 3 #12–15, 2004), she confronted the demon Sabbac, enduring hellfire burns before retaliating by clawing his face, demonstrating her resilience against otherworldly adversaries.^[18] This encounter highlighted her role as a frontline powerhouse capable of withstanding extreme physical and mystical assaults.^[8] A pivotal personal development occurred in the "Most Wanted" storyline (Outsiders vol. 3 #18–20, 2005), where Choi tracked down Tanner, the leader of a child prostitution ring from her traumatic youth, nearly killing him in vengeance but ultimately sparing his life, marking a shift toward emotional restraint and growth.^[19] This arc delved into her backstory of abuse and street survival, underscoring how past victimization fueled her combative nature while challenging her to transcend cycles of violence.^[8] Team dynamics faced severe strain during the "The Insiders" arc (Outsiders vol. 3 #25–28, 2005–2006), as the group battled the Secret Society of Super-Villains; Choi strategically allowed herself to be captured to infiltrate their base, though the mission was marred by the betrayal and death of teammate Indigo, corrupted by a Brainiac virus, leaving the Outsiders devastated.^[20] Her Amazonian heritage was publicly revealed in Outsiders vol. 3 #29 (2006), tying her to the Bana-Mighdall Amazons and sparking ongoing tensions with Themyscira's traditionalists due to ideological differences.^[9] ^[8] The Infinite Crisis event (2005–2006) disrupted the team, leading to its temporary disbandment, after which Choi participated in rescue operations, including aiding Nightwing and Captain Boomerang under Batman's direction (Outsiders vol. 3 #50, 2007).^[8] Interpersonally, her initial casual sexual involvement with leader Roy Harper evolved into deeper team bonds, particularly a romantic relationship with Anissa Pierce (Thunder), fostering mutual support amid the chaos.^[8] These developments solidified Choi's evolution from a lone brawler to a committed Outsider navigating both external threats and internal reckonings.^[9]

Post-Crisis and Later Arcs

Following the initial Outsiders missions under Nightwing's leadership, Grace Choi and her teammates were captured by the intelligence agency Checkmate during the events depicted in 52 #9 (May 2006), where they were press-ganged into a black-ops assault on Oolong Island to neutralize the Science Squad under Chang Tzu's command.^[8] This operation exposed internal fractures within Checkmate and highlighted Grace's brute-force utility in high-stakes tactical scenarios, leveraging her metahuman durability to withstand experimental weaponry deployed by the island's defenders.^[8] Subsequently, Grace integrated into Checkmate's structure as the Queen Knight, a role she assumed in Checkmate vol. 2 (starting October 2006), partnering with organizational head Alan Scott and contributing to covert operations amid escalating global threats.^[9] Her tenure involved clashes with entities like the Suicide Squad and explorations of her heritage, revealed through the "Outsiders: Most Wanted" arc (2005-2006 tie-ins), which established her as the offspring of a Bana-Mighdall Amazon warrior and a human father, endowing her with latent Amazonian physiology beyond initial assumptions of random metahuman mutation.^[9] This lineage factored into Amazons Attack! (2007 miniseries), where Grace aided in quelling an Amazonian incursion on Washington, D.C., driven by manipulated aggressions from her maternal tribe.^[8] In Batman and the Outsiders vol. 2 (2007-2008), Grace briefly reunited with reformed team elements under Batman's oversight, tackling threats like the Dominators' genetic experiments and internal betrayals, though her role emphasized raw power over strategic depth amid the series' 11-issue run.^[14] Sporadic appearances followed in titles such as Supergirl (2005-2011, 4 issues) and Trinity (2008, 5 issues), often as auxiliary muscle in multicharacter crises, including defenses against interdimensional incursions.^[14] The 2011 Flashpoint reboot and New 52 initiative marginalized Grace's continuity, with no dedicated arcs and only peripheral mentions in ensemble events, reflecting a broader erasure of pre-Flashpoint Outsiders lore.^[16] Subsequent Rebirth and Infinite Frontier eras (2016 onward) yielded no major revivals, confining her to legacy references in Outsiders retrospectives rather than proactive narratives.^[9]

Powers and Abilities

Metahuman Physiology

Grace Choi's metahuman physiology originates from her heritage as the daughter of a Bana-Mighdall Amazon, granting her genetic enhancements that elevate her physical capabilities far beyond human norms.^[21] This Amazonian lineage provides divine empowerment akin to that of full Amazons, including attributes bestowed by gods such as Athena and Demeter, though diluted in her half-human form.^[8] Her metahuman status manifests primarily in enhanced physical prowess, distinguishing her as one of the most formidable hand-to-hand combatants among DC's metahuman roster. Superhuman Strength: Choi demonstrates exceptional strength, often described as juggernaut-level, enabling her to overpower metahuman foes like Mammoth and shatter reinforced structures with punches.^[8] She exceeds the strength of standard Amazons, capable of feats such as biting through metal-laced skeletal structures.^[22] This power allows her to dominate close-quarters combat, lifting and hurling opponents with ease during Outsiders missions.^[11] Enhanced Durability and Endurance: Her body withstands extreme physical trauma, including blunt force impacts and energy assaults that would incapacitate normal humans, due to heightened resilience from her physiology.^[23] Choi's endurance supports prolonged battles without fatigue, as evidenced by her sustained performance against superior numbers in team conflicts.^[24] Regenerative Healing: Choi possesses accelerated healing, regenerating from injuries such as deep lacerations and fractures at rates surpassing human biology, attributed to her Amazonian regenerative factor.^[22] This ability allows rapid recovery during and after combat, minimizing downtime in high-stakes operations.^[25] Enhanced Senses: She exhibits superior olfactory detection, capable of identifying fresh blood over considerable distances, aiding in tracking and reconnaissance.^[22] Later developments in her power evolution include limited shapeshifting, enabling alterations to her form across genders or species, though this remains less consistently depicted than her core physical enhancements.^[8]

Combat Skills and Training

Grace Choi's combat proficiency stems primarily from practical experience rather than formal instruction, shaped by her tumultuous early life and metahuman physiology. Growing up in foster care after being abandoned by her parents, Choi turned to underground fighting rings as a teenager and young adult to generate income, where she utilized her superhuman strength and durability to overpower opponents in brutal, unregulated matches.^[9] This environment fostered a raw, aggressive fighting style emphasizing overwhelming physical force over technical finesse, allowing her to compete against both baseline humans and enhanced fighters. Her participation in these rings, often held in seedy urban locales, honed her ability to endure punishment and exploit vulnerabilities in close-quarters brawls, skills she later applied as a bouncer at the metahuman-frequented Crimson nightclub in Gotham City.^[9] Upon joining the Outsiders in 2003, Choi's street-honed abilities were integrated into team operations under the leadership of Nightwing and later Batman, exposing her to coordinated tactics against high-threat adversaries like metahuman terrorists and supervillains. While lacking documented apprenticeship in specific martial arts disciplines—such as those trained by teammates like Katana or Nightwing—her encounters in the field demonstrated adept hand-to-hand combat, including grapples, strikes, and improvised weaponry use tailored to her enhanced resilience. For instance, during missions involving entities like the Shadow Clan or Sabbac, Choi's capacity to absorb and retaliate against superhuman assaults underscored her evolution from solo brawler to reliable frontline operative, though her approach remained instinct-driven and power-reliant rather than strategically refined.^[8] Choi's training regimen, as depicted in Outsiders series, emphasized endurance conditioning and sparring simulations to complement her regenerative healing factor, enabling rapid recovery from injuries that would incapacitate others. This practical adaptation, without evidence of structured dojo or academy involvement, aligns with her background as a marginalized survivor prioritizing survival over orthodoxy, resulting in a combat profile that favors decisive, high-impact engagements over prolonged duels.

Characterization and Relationships

Personality and Motivations

Grace Choi is depicted as surly, gruff, and unapologetic, with a flippant manner regarding relationships that teammates often viewed as crass.^[9] Her no-nonsense attitude resists uncompensated altruism, reflecting a pragmatic approach shaped by survival needs.^[9] This tough exterior, marked by foul-mouthed speech and brutal combat tendencies, stems from early traumas including foster care instability and exploitation, fostering loyalty to close allies while rendering her relentless against foes.^[26] Initially motivated by personal gain, Choi leveraged her metahuman strength for profit in underground fighting rings and as a nightclub bouncer before Nightwing recruited her to the Outsiders on August 2003, offering triple her prior salary to ensure her commitment.^[9] Her Amazonian heritage, discovered around age 12, further informed a drive for self-reliance amid a lack of familial ties.^[9] Through team experiences, including conflicts with threats like Gorilla Grodd, her incentives shifted toward group loyalty and combating larger injustices, evolving from mercenary participation to integral heroic role within the found family dynamic of the Outsiders.^[26]

Romantic and Interpersonal Dynamics

Grace Choi's most prominent romantic relationship in DC Comics is with Anissa Pierce, known as Thunder, the eldest daughter of Black Lightning. This partnership developed during their tenure on the Outsiders team, with writer Judd Winick explicitly depicting them as a couple toward the series' conclusion in the mid-2000s, highlighting their shared experiences as metahuman outsiders navigating personal traumas.^[24]^[27] The relationship faced strains, including a breakup, but recent storylines, such as the 2024 Black Lightning miniseries, imply reconciliation through intimate moments post-conflict.^[28] Prior to her involvement with Thunder, Choi engaged in a casual, non-exclusive sexual arrangement with teammate Roy Harper (Arsenal), characterized explicitly as friends with benefits without emotional commitment.^[17] Choi has described her own orientation as involving physical encounters with men but forming deeper emotional bonds with women, aligning with portrayals of her as selectively relational in romantic contexts.^[16] Interpersonally, Choi's brusque, no-nonsense demeanor initially distanced some Outsiders members, reflecting her foster-system upbringing and history of self-reliance as a bouncer.^[8] However, this evolved into steadfast loyalty within the team, where her unfiltered honesty fostered trust, particularly in high-stakes missions; she prioritized group survival over personal diplomacy, often clashing verbally but proving reliable in combat alliances. Her dynamics emphasized pragmatic camaraderie over sentimentality, underscoring a preference for action-oriented bonds amid shared metahuman challenges.^[16]

Reception and Legacy

Critical Analysis in Comics

Grace Choi's introduction in The Outsiders vol. 3 #1 (August 2003), written by Judd Winick, marked a deliberate effort to craft a superheroine whose mixed Korean and African-American heritage informed her backstory without confining her to reductive stereotypes. Her early arcs explore survival in foster care and underground fighting circuits, grounding her metahuman abilities—manifesting at age 12—in a narrative of self-reliance forged from abuse and abandonment, which Winick used to depict racial identity as an integrated facet of resilience rather than a narrative crutch.^[29] This approach earned commendation for avoiding tokenism, allowing Choi to evolve as a multifaceted operative whose cultural background drives specific conflicts, such as identity-based pursuits, while emphasizing her agency as a bouncer-turned-hero.^[29] Critics have highlighted Choi's unapologetic persona—characterized by surliness, gruff demeanor, and flippant attitudes toward interpersonal dynamics—as a strength in subverting polished heroic archetypes, particularly for female and minority characters. Her brawler fighting style, relying on raw Amazonian strength and durability rather than finesse, positioned her as an effective counter to formidable adversaries but initially alienated Outsiders teammates like Nightwing and Metamorpho, mirroring real-world frictions in high-stakes collaborations.^[9] This crass edge, including casual references to sexuality and reluctance to embrace altruism without remuneration, challenged expectations of demure femininity, portraying her bisexuality as incidental to her core drive for autonomy rather than a defining trait.^[9] Retrospective examinations, however, reveal flaws in her relational portrayals, notably the dynamic with Roy Harper (Arsenal), which The Other History of the DC Universe #5 (October 2021) reframes through Thunder's narration as exploitative and imbalanced. Grace's promiscuity emerges as a maladaptive response to childhood trauma, providing illusory control, while Harper's pursuit aligns with his own vulnerabilities, fostering a cycle lacking mutual regard and prompting critiques of consent amid power disparities.^[30] Such analysis underscores how early Outsiders runs, spanning 50 issues under Winick, prioritized edgy realism—including violence and sexual frankness—at the potential cost of glossing over ethical nuances in character interactions.^[30] Post-Winick, Choi's development faltered due to creative shifts, rendering her an underutilized asset in subsequent team iterations and DC crossovers, where her potential for deeper exploration of heritage, sexuality, and heroism remained largely untapped.^[29] This abandonment exemplifies broader challenges in sustaining peripheral characters amid event-driven continuity, diminishing opportunities to resolve lingering tensions like her evolving bonds—such as with Huntress—or to refine her from reactive muscle to proactive leader.^[29] Despite these limitations, her foundational depiction persists as a benchmark for authentic, unflinching minority representation in superhero comics, prioritizing causal links between trauma and temperament over idealized narratives.^[9]

Portrayals and Criticisms in Adaptations

In the CW television series Black Lightning (2018–2021), Grace Choi is portrayed by actress Chantal Thuy as a recurring character who evolves into a series regular. Introduced in season 1 as a bartender at a local club and an avid comic book fan grappling with her identity, Choi forms a romantic relationship with Anissa Pierce (Thunder), providing emotional support as Anissa navigates her emerging metahuman abilities and vigilante role.^[31] ^[32] Her backstory includes a troubled upbringing in the foster system, contrasting with her comic origins, and her metahuman powers—revealed in season 2 as shapeshifting—manifest uncontrollably, forcing her to conceal her true nature initially. By season 3, Choi adopts the alias Wylde, donning a costume and actively participating in combat alongside the Pierce family against threats like the Markovians, showcasing enhanced agility, strength, and form-altering capabilities in fight scenes.^[8] The series emphasizes Choi's queer identity and interracial relationship with Anissa as integral to her arc, portraying it without sensationalism and integrating it into themes of acceptance and family dynamics within the Black Lightning universe. Thuy's performance highlights Choi's resilience and flirtatious wit, drawing from the character's comic roots as a tough, loyal partner while adapting her to fit the show's focus on Freeland's metahuman community. This depiction aligns with the Arrowverse's broader push for LGBTQ+ visibility, where Choi's storyline contributes to on-screen representation of same-sex relationships in superhero narratives.^[33] ^[34] Criticisms of the adaptation center on substantive deviations from the source material to accommodate the Black Lightning narrative. Unlike her comic portrayal as a metahuman with superhuman strength, durability, and Amazonian heritage from the Bana-Mighdall tribe—traits enabling her as a frontline Outsider fighter—the TV version's shapeshifting powers introduce identity concealment as a core conflict, omitting her established physical prowess and criminal past as a former enforcer. Observers have noted this shift prioritizes thematic ties to Anissa's story over fidelity to Choi's Outsiders tenure, where her romance originates with Huntress before intersecting with Thunder, potentially streamlining her for ensemble dynamics but diluting her independent agency as a brawler. Additionally, the recasting with an Asian actress (Thuy, of Vietnamese descent) alters the visual and ethnic presentation from the comics' mixed Korean heritage depiction, though this has elicited limited formal critique amid praise for expanded queer and racial diversity in CW adaptations. Fan discussions highlight these changes as a "red herring" alias twist referencing obscure comic elements, yet argue it distances the character from her foundational metahuman physiology.^[28] ^[16]

In Other Media

Television Adaptations

Grace Choi is portrayed by Chantal Thuy in the CW series Black Lightning, which aired from January 16, 2018, to March 24, 2021.^[31] Thuy was cast in an undisclosed recurring role on October 30, 2017, initially appearing as a bartender at the Ruby Red nightclub and developing a romantic relationship with Anissa Pierce, the alter ego of the superhero Thunder.^[31] In the series, Choi is depicted as a metahuman with shapeshifting abilities, stemming from her birth name Shay Li Wylde and a traumatic foster care background, enabling her to alter her appearance for survival and later combat.^[35] Her character recurs across the first three seasons before being promoted to series regular for the fourth and final season on November 13, 2020.^[36] Choi's storyline evolves from a personal romance with Anissa to active involvement in vigilante activities, including her transformation into the superhero Wylde, where she utilizes her shapeshifting for enhanced strength, agility, and disguise in battles against threats like the A.S.A. (Anti-Supervillain Agency). She marries Anissa in the episode "The Book of Reunion: Chapter Two" (season 3, episode 13, aired March 3, 2020), marking a significant milestone as the first on-screen same-sex wedding in the Arrowverse.^[37] Thuy's performance emphasizes Choi's resilience and loyalty, portraying her as a supportive partner who transitions from civilian life to metahuman heroism amid Freeland's gang wars and government experiments.^[38] No other live-action television adaptations of Grace Choi have been produced as of 2025.^[8] Her inclusion in Black Lightning represents her primary small-screen appearance, integrated into the broader Arrowverse continuity through crossovers and shared universe elements, though she does not feature in other series like Arrow, The Flash, or Titans.^[35]

Differences from Source Material

In the Arrowverse television adaptations, Grace Choi's metahuman physiology diverges significantly from her comic book counterpart, who possesses superhuman strength, enhanced durability, and rapid healing derived from her half-Amazonian heritage as the daughter of a Bana-Mighdall Amazon and a human father.^[9] Instead, the TV version, particularly in Black Lightning, is depicted as a shapeshifter capable of altering her physical appearance at will, a power manifested from her innate metahuman abilities rather than Amazonian lineage, with no mention of such heritage.^[39] This change aligns her more closely with the broader Arrowverse meta-human framework influenced by events like the particle accelerator explosion, absent in the comics.^[40] Choi's backstory in the adaptations emphasizes a troubled foster care upbringing under the alias Shay Li Wylde, leading to her adoption of the Grace Choi identity, without the comic-specific abandonment due to her Amazonian origins or early-life abuse tied to that heritage.^[8] While both versions share themes of instability and resilience—comics showing her bouncing between foster homes and working as a bouncer using her physical prowess—the TV portrayal integrates her into urban vigilante narratives in Star City (Arrow) and Freeland (Black Lightning), forgoing her comic role as a core Outsiders member combating global threats alongside figures like Arsenal and Nightwing.^[23] Romantic dynamics represent another stark contrast: the comic Grace enters a tumultuous relationship with Roy Harper (Arsenal), later critiqued by DC as unhealthy due to power imbalances and codependency.^[30] In contrast, the Arrowverse pairs her first with Sara Lance (White Canary) in Arrow season 2, highlighting bisexual representation through a brief, intense affair, and later with Anissa Pierce (Thunder) in Black Lightning, evolving into marriage and cohabitation by season 4, emphasizing partnership in metahuman secrecy and activism.^[33] These adaptations prioritize interpersonal drama and LGBTQ+ themes over the comics' focus on team-based heroism and personal redemption arcs.^[24] Overall, the TV iterations streamline Choi into ensemble supporting roles—bartender and informant in Arrow, then recurring ally and spouse in Black Lightning—reducing her agency as a frontline combatant and altering her ethnic framing from explicitly Korean-American toughness to a more generalized Asian-American resilience, portrayed by Vietnamese-Canadian actress Chantal Thuy.^[39] Such modifications reflect production choices to fit serialized TV pacing and crossover events, diverging from the source material's emphasis on her as a bisexual, muscular powerhouse with ties to Wonder Woman's extended mythology.^[9]

References

[1]
Mink Founder, Grace Choi Hacks a $70 2D Printer to 3D Print ...
Sep 16, 2014 · Choi has since uploaded a video showing the entire process in which she use a $70 Hewlett Packard printer to produce lipstick, nail polish, and eye shadows of ...
[2]
Grace Choi Mink - Business Insider
Sep 15, 2014 · Using magnetic clasps, Choi invented a 3-in-1 necklace that could be easily be converted to a bracelet or pair of earrings by disassembling then ...Missing: biography | Show results with:biography
[3]
The HBS Student Who Landed a Spot on the Home Shopping ...
By age 25, Grace Choi had already invented four medical devices. By age 26, her first consumer retail invention in jewelry was picked up by the Home Shopping ...Missing: biography | Show results with:biography
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Meet the Woman Behind Your Favorite TikTok Filters
Mar 5, 2024 · Choi, a TikTok Effect House Ambassador, and founder of the world's first 3D makeup printer, Mink Beauty, has just wrapped up her masterclass titled “The Beauty ...Missing: biography | Show results with:biography
[5]
TikTok Filters Can Teach You How To Do Makeup Thanks to AR ...
Apr 26, 2022 · While tutorial videos took reign on YouTube, Grace Choi used TikTok to present a new medium that teaches people how to put on makeup directly.
[6]
Grace Choi - Gale Studios Inc. - LinkedIn
Multidisciplinary innovator at the intersection of beauty, tech, and AI. With over… · Experience: Gale Studios Inc. · Education: Harvard Business School ...Missing: inventor biography
[7]
'Black Lightning': Who Is Grace Choi? - ComicBook.com
Jan 31, 2018 · Grace is the daughter of an Amazon of Bana-Mighdall, an offshoot of the general Amazon tribe that resides on Themyscira. Grace has a rough ...
[8]
Grace Choi (Character) - Comic Vine
Jan 26, 2023 · An Amazon by birth, unknown circumstances led Grace Choi to be abandoned in man's world, where she was horrifically abused in a child ...
[9]
Meet Grace Choi, the Outsiders' Bisexual Powerhouse - DC Comics
Jun 27, 2023 · Grace herself was the daughter of a human man and an Amazon of Bana-Mighdall, one of the Amazon groups that splintered off from the hidden ...Missing: debut | Show results with:debut
[10]
Grace (Grace Choi) - DCU Guide
May 3, 2021 · Weight: 230 lbs. Eyes: Brown (wears purple contact lenses) Hair: Black (dyed auburn) First Appearance: Outsiders Vol. 3 #1 (August 2003): ...
[11]
Grace Choi - Multiversal Omnipedia
Grace Choi was created by Judd Winick and Tom Raney where she made her first appearance in Outsiders v3 #1 (August, 2003). The first hint of a deeper origin for ...
[12]
Outsiders #2 - Role Call, Part Two: Lawyers, Guns and Monkeys ...
The Gorilla Fighters bust up New York as their battle with the Outsiders continues, and the madman behind it all is revealed as he kidnaps President Luthor!Missing: major | Show results with:major
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House of Heroes: Meet the Pierce Family - DC Comics
Feb 16, 2022 · Thunder joined the Outsiders and developed a romance with her teammate Grace Choi, becoming one of DC's first lesbian superhero couples.Missing: debut major
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Grace Choi - Comic Vine
Batman and the Outsiders. 11 appearances · Birds of Prey. 7 appearances · The Outsiders. 5 appearances · Trinity. 5 appearances · Supergirl. 4 appearances.
[15]
Grace Choi - League of Comic Geeks
52 9. DC Comics · 2006 - 2007 · 52 Aftermath: The Four Horsemen 2. DC Comics · 2007 - 2008 · Amazons Attack! 6. DC Comics · 2007 · Batman 3. Panini Comics · 2007 - ...
[16]
Slightly Misplaced Comic Book Heroes Case File #194: Grace Choi
Oct 18, 2018 · Grace was at one point kidnapped by the Brotherhood of Evil, and the Brain and Mallah seemed to know there was something up with Grace. Namely, ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[17]
Grace Choi Friends - Comic Vine
Grace was chosen to be on the Outsiders personally by Arsenal. The two engaged in a purely sexual relationship, they were just friends with benefits.Missing: friendship | Show results with:friendship
[18]
https://comicvine.gamespot.com/devils-work/4045-56144/
[19]
https://comicvine.gamespot.com/most-wanted/4045-56146/
[20]
https://comicvine.gamespot.com/the-insiders/4045-56147/
[21]
How 'Black Lightning' Could Do The Outsiders - Newsweek
Mar 12, 2018 · Grace Choi holding an issue of The Outsiders in Black Lightning episode 3, "The Book of Burial," wasn't just a nod to the character's comic ...
[22]
Grace Choi - Alchetron, The Free Social Encyclopedia
Sep 26, 2024 · Powers and abilities. Grace Choi possesses metahuman levels of strength, heightened durability and endurance, as well as regeneration and ...Missing: physiology | Show results with:physiology<|separator|>
[23]
Grace Choi - Key Collector Comics
Creation & Design. Grace Choi was created by writer Judd Winick and artist Tom Raney, debuting in the early 2000s as a member of the Outsiders, a team of heroes ...Missing: debut | Show results with:debut
[24]
Grace Choi | GAY LEAGUE
Grace is first seen working at the meta human nightclub Chaney's in Metropolis. Her intimidating stature, super strength, and no bull attitude were her most ...
[25]
When Grace was a young child, she bounced around from foster ...
May 16, 2024 · Grace Choi (New Earth): is the daughter of an Amazon of Bana-Mighdall. She grew up in different foster homes, but never really had a home. The ...
[26]
Grace Choi - Who's Who
Feb 3, 2018 · Grace Choi was born in Egypt, an Amazon from Bana-Mighdall. Under unknown circumstances, instead of being raised as a warrior in her tribe, she ...<|separator|>
[27]
Grace Choi - DC CONTINUITY PROJECT
Grace Choi is a pretty unique character, in that she's absolutely one of the major powerhouses among the currently active superheroes.
[28]
How Black Lightning Could Bring Closure to an Overlooked DC ...
Dec 11, 2024 · Admittedly, their dynamic was mostly sexual and held in secret, but feelings start to deepen as Grace comforts Anissa once her father is framed ...Missing: interview | Show results with:interview
[29]
Want real diversity in superhero comics? Meet Grace Choi.
Feb 22, 2014 · Grace Choi is the brain-child of Judd Winick and Tom Raney. Standing at well-over 6 feet tall and all brawn, Grace slams both fists through the ...Missing: debut | Show results with:debut
[30]
DC Admits a Classic Hero Romance Was Actually Messed Up
Sep 19, 2021 · DC has admitted that the relationship between Roy Harper - aka Arsenal - and Grace Choi was unhealthy. One of the signature young hero romances, ...
[31]
'Black Lightning': Chantal Thuy to Recur as Grace Choi (EXCLUSIVE)
Thuy – who has recently appeared in “Madam Secretary” and “Pretty Little Liars” – will play Grace Choi, a bartender who becomes the love interest of Anissa ...
[32]
Grace Under Pressure: Is Chantal Thuy Black Lightning's Next Hero?
Feb 4, 2019 · Are Grace and Anissa officially an item? How does it feel to be playing TV's first Asian-American LGBTQ+ superhero? And what advice would Thuy ...Missing: debut major
[33]
How the Arrowverse Championed LGBTQ+ and Racial Inclusivity
May 21, 2022 · With Batwoman, DC's Legends of Tomorrow, and Naomi cancelled, lets look back at all the heroic ways the Arrowverse has championed ...Missing: portrayal criticisms
[34]
After Four Years, Grace Choi Is Finally a Superhero, Welcome ...
It maybe took four years in the making, but Grace Choi is finally OFFFICIALLY a superhero, cute name and all.Missing: criticism portrayal
[35]
Grace Choi | Arrowverse Wiki - Fandom
In 2007, when she was 16, Shay Li was abducted and sold into a prostitution ring that held her prisoner for years until it was broken up by I.C.E.. Shay Li then ...Missing: achievements | Show results with:achievements
[36]
'Black Lightning' Ups Chantal Thuy To Series Regular - Deadline
Nov 13, 2020 · CHANTAL THUY: When I read the role, I was blown away by Grace's playful wit, her strength and the fact that she was actually written as an Asian ...Missing: interview | Show results with:interview
[37]
Black Lightning Teases the Arrowverse's First LGBT Wedding
Mar 3, 2020 · Thunder and Grace would be the first lesbian couple to be married, and the first LGBT couple to wed on camera. An earlier version of this story ...
[38]
Meet The Actress Playing Grace Choi in DC's 'Black Lightning'
Oct 31, 2017 · The TV adaptation of DC Comics' “Black Lightning” has cast Chantal Thuy for its first season. Thuy will play Grace Choi, a bartender who ...
[39]
Black Lightning TV Show Adds Chantal Thuy - Screen Rant
Oct 31, 2017 · Chantal Thuy (Matador) is playing the DC Comics character Grace Choi in The CW's upcoming television series, Black Lightning.
[40]
DC TV Watch: 'Arrow' Hits 150 Episodes With Clever Twist
Feb 9, 2019 · The big news: Grace Choi's (Chantal Thuy) metahuman powers emerged once more, forcing her to run away to keep her powers a secret from ...Missing: portrayal | Show results with:portrayal<|separator|>