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Grit

Grit is a psychological construct defined as perseverance and passion for long-term goals, introduced by Angela Duckworth and colleagues in their 2007 study, which posits it as a stable trait distinguishing high achievers from those with equivalent talent or intelligence.^[1] Duckworth developed the Grit Scale to measure its two facets—perseverance of effort and consistency of interest—demonstrating in initial longitudinal studies that higher grit scores predicted outcomes such as retention in West Point cadets' training and success in spelling bee competitions, explaining incremental variance in performance beyond IQ or self-control alone.^[1]^[2] Empirical applications extended to academic persistence, where grit correlated with grade-point averages and graduation rates among undergraduates, though effect sizes typically ranged from small to moderate.^[3] Subsequent meta-analyses, however, revealed grit's overall predictive power for success outcomes averages around 4% unique variance, with much of its utility attributable to overlap with the Big Five personality factor of conscientiousness rather than a distinct construct; critics argue that methodological issues, such as reliance on self-reports and failure to control for socioeconomic confounders, inflate claims of causality.^[4]^[5] Despite these limitations, grit has influenced educational interventions aimed at fostering sustained effort, though evidence for trainability remains inconsistent and secondary to domain-specific skills or environmental factors.^[6]^[7]

Personality and Psychological Concept

Definition and Historical Usage

Grit, as a psychological and character trait, refers to perseverance, courage, and resolve in overcoming adversity and pursuing goals despite setbacks. The term derives from Old English greot, denoting sand or gravel, with its metaphorical extension to mental fortitude emerging in American English by 1808 to signify "pluck, spirit, [or] firmness of mind."^[8] This usage evoked the abrasive quality of grit as a symbol for enduring hardship, distinct from mere physical endurance. Early literary applications, such as Nathaniel Hawthorne's 1863 observation of a poet's deficiency in grit, framed it as an essential personal quality often absent in those untested by trials.^[9] In 19th-century American literature, grit gained prominence through Horatio Alger Jr.'s prolific works (1868–1892), which depicted impoverished youths achieving upward mobility via steadfast determination and moral perseverance, as exemplified in titles like Grit; or, The Young Boatman of Pine Point (1868), where the protagonist embodies resilience amid economic struggles.^[10]^[9] Mark Twain similarly employed the concept in Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1884), portraying grit as a product of raw adversity rather than formal schooling. During the Gilded Age, grit served as a cultural ideal contrasting "affluenza" among the middle and upper classes, with poor children's tenacity idealized as a model for self-improvement.^[9] By the early 20th century, educators like Edward Lyttelton (1909) invoked grit to critique overprotected British youth, attributing their perceived weakness to insufficient exposure to discomfort and duty, and advocating athletics—such as football—as a means to cultivate it.^[9] This reflected a broader shift toward viewing grit as a trainable virtue tied to societal progress, influencing discussions in psychology and moral philosophy predating formalized trait models, though empirical measurement awaited later developments.^[9]

Angela Duckworth's Framework and Measurement

Angela Duckworth formalized grit as a psychological trait characterized by perseverance and passion for long-term goals, distinguishing it from transient motivation or general self-control by emphasizing sustained commitment over years or decades.^[1] This framework emerged from her research observing that high achievers, such as West Point cadets and National Spelling Bee finalists, often succeeded not due to innate talent alone but through consistent effort despite setbacks.^[11] Duckworth's model decomposes grit into two correlated facets: consistency of interests, reflecting focused passion without frequent shifts in priorities, and perseverance of effort, involving diligence and resilience in the face of obstacles.^[1] Unlike broader Big Five traits like conscientiousness, which include short-term impulse control, grit specifically targets enduring goal pursuit, accounting for incremental variance in success metrics beyond IQ or standardized test scores.^[11] Duckworth operationalized grit through self-report questionnaires, prioritizing psychometric properties like internal consistency and predictive validity in longitudinal studies. The original 12-item Grit Scale (Grit-O), introduced in her 2007 study published in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, uses a 5-point Likert scale (1 = not like me at all to 5 = very much like me) for statements such as "I have been obsessed with a certain idea or project for a short time but later lost interest" (reverse-scored for passion) and "Setbacks don't discourage me."^[1]^[12] Scores are computed as the unweighted mean of all items, yielding a range of 1.00 (least gritty) to 5.00 (most gritty), with reported Cronbach's alpha reliabilities around 0.85 in initial validations.^[13] This scale demonstrated superior prediction of outcomes like grade-point averages and retention rates compared to self-control measures in samples including undergraduates and military personnel.^[1] A revised 8-item Short Grit Scale (Grit-S) followed in 2009, balancing brevity with retained efficacy by selecting high-loading items from the original, such as "I finish whatever I begin" and "My interests change from year to year" (reverse-scored).^[14]^[15] Duckworth recommends the 12-item version for comprehensive assessments, as the shorter form omits nuances in passion measurement, though both correlate strongly (r ≈ 0.90) and predict real-world perseverance, evidenced by higher grit scores among completers of demanding programs like the U.S. Military Academy's summer training.^[15]^[11] These tools rely on retrospective self-perception, with Duckworth acknowledging potential biases like social desirability but defending their utility through convergence with behavioral indicators in controlled settings.^[1]

Empirical Evidence and Predictive Power

Initial empirical investigations into grit, as conceptualized by Angela Duckworth and colleagues, demonstrated its capacity to predict outcomes in demanding contexts. In a 2007 study involving cadets at the United States Military Academy at West Point, the Short Grit Scale (Grit-S) administered prior to entry predicted retention after the grueling summer training period (Beast Barracks), accounting for unique variance beyond cognitive ability, physical fitness, and military aptitude scores, with grit scores correlating at r = .22 with completion rates.^[1] Similarly, among competitors in the 2005 and 2006 National Spelling Bee finals, higher grit scores were associated with advancing further in the competition, even after controlling for age, hours of practice, and vocabulary knowledge, explaining about 4% additional variance in performance.^[2] These findings suggested grit offered incremental predictive validity over IQ for perseverance-oriented achievements, positioning it as a non-cognitive factor distinguishing high performers in sustained efforts.^[1] Subsequent research expanded on these patterns, linking grit to educational and professional persistence. For instance, in a longitudinal study of University of Pennsylvania undergraduates, grit predicted grade-point average (GPA) retention over four years, with a correlation of r = .24, surpassing SAT scores and high school rank as predictors.^[6] In sales professionals, grit forecasted retention and sales performance six months later, adding 3-5% variance beyond cognitive and personality measures.^[16] Domain-specific applications, such as in physical therapy students, showed grit independently predicting clinical performance and overall academic success in final-year cohorts, with standardized beta coefficients around .15-.20 after adjusting for demographics and prior achievement.^[17] These results underscored grit's utility in forecasting outcomes requiring sustained effort, though effect sizes remained modest and context-dependent.^[3] Meta-analytic syntheses, however, have qualified grit's broad predictive power, revealing substantial overlap with established traits like conscientiousness from the Big Five model. A 2017 meta-analysis of 88 studies (N > 66,000) found grit correlated .73 with conscientiousness, predicting success outcomes (e.g., GPA, retention) at r = .18 overall, but adding negligible incremental variance (.01-.02) beyond conscientiousness facets like industriousness and orderliness.^[18] ^[4] This redundancy implies grit may repackage existing personality variance rather than introduce novel causal mechanisms, with predictive edges limited to perseverance-heavy domains like military training but absent in general performance metrics.^[19] High-powered replications, including a 2018 analysis emphasizing both perseverance and passion components, confirmed that unbalanced grit measures yield weak or null predictions for academic and job success, attributing early enthusiasm to publication biases in smaller studies.^[6] ^[20] Thus, while grit exhibits targeted predictive validity, its overall explanatory power trails broader conscientiousness, prompting calls for refined measurement to isolate causal contributions.^[21]

Applications in Education and Achievement

Grit assessments have been employed in educational contexts to forecast student retention and performance, particularly in demanding programs. At the United States Military Academy at West Point, Duckworth's research indicated that grit scores prospectively predicted cadet retention through the first summer training period, explaining variance beyond standardized test scores and physical fitness.^[22] In K-12 settings, higher grit levels among students have correlated with improved academic persistence, such as lower dropout rates and sustained engagement in challenging coursework, independent of prior achievement.^[23] Applications extend to teacher training and retention, where grit has informed selection and support strategies. Longitudinal data from novice teachers revealed that grit predicted end-of-year retention rates and contributions to student achievement gains, accounting for unique variance after controlling for qualifications and self-efficacy.^[24] Educational institutions have integrated grit measurement into admissions processes for programs emphasizing endurance, such as elite military or competitive academic tracks, to identify candidates likely to persevere amid setbacks.^[25] Interventions targeting grit cultivation have been implemented in classrooms to enhance achievement outcomes. A randomized trial in elementary schools demonstrated that a grit-focused curriculum, emphasizing perseverance through structured goal-setting and reflection, increased students' grit scores and led to higher report card grades compared to controls.^[26] Similarly, programs combining grit training with resilience-building activities have shown short-term gains in adolescents' motivation and goal attainment, though long-term effects on metrics like GPA remain modest and context-dependent.^[27] These applications often pair grit development with deliberate practice techniques, drawing from Duckworth's framework to foster passion for long-term educational goals.^[1] In broader achievement domains linked to education, grit has predicted success in competitive arenas requiring sustained effort, such as national spelling bees, where it outperformed talent measures in forecasting finalists.^[1] Systematic reviews confirm positive associations between grit and educational attainment, including college completion rates, with effect sizes typically ranging from 0.10 to 0.20 after accounting for cognitive ability.^[28] However, applications emphasize grit as a malleable trait amenable to school-based interventions rather than a fixed predictor, prioritizing environmental supports like consistent feedback to amplify its role in achievement.^[29]

Criticisms, Limitations, and Alternative Explanations

Critics have argued that grit, as measured by Duckworth's Grit Scale, suffers from psychometric limitations, including reliance on self-reports prone to social desirability bias and inconsistent factor structure, where the perseverance subscale outperforms the passion component in predicting outcomes.^[30]^[18] A 2016 meta-analysis by Marcus Credé and colleagues synthesized grit research and found that while grit correlates moderately with performance and retention (r ≈ 0.18), it shares substantial overlap—up to 0.73 correlation—with Big Five conscientiousness, rendering it empirically redundant and adding negligible incremental validity beyond established traits.^[18]^[31] The analysis also contradicted claims of grit's unique structure, as consistency of interest showed weak or null relations to success, while perseverance of effort aligned closely with industriousness facets of conscientiousness.^[5] Further empirical scrutiny, including Credé's review, indicates that core assertions about grit—such as its superiority over IQ or talent in forecasting achievement—lack robust support, with studies showing modest effects overshadowed by cognitive ability and prior attainment in representative samples.^[32]^[33] In educational contexts, grit explains less variance in grades or retention than standardized test scores, attendance, or study habits, prompting concerns that its promotion diverts attention from systemic interventions.^[34] Grit research has been critiqued for potential victim-blaming, emphasizing individual perseverance while underplaying structural barriers like socioeconomic disadvantage, access to resources, or institutional inequities, which Duckworth's framework largely omits.^[35] Culturally, grit scales developed in Western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic (WEIRD) samples may embed individualistic biases, with limited cross-cultural validity; for instance, perseverance links weakly to outcomes in collectivist contexts without accounting for relational or contextual factors.^[36]^[37] Alternative explanations for achievement prioritize cognitive ability, which outperforms grit in large-scale predictions of educational and economic success, often explaining 10-20 times more variance.^[38] Conscientiousness facets like orderliness and industriousness provide similar or superior forecasts without grit's additional measurement burden.^[19] Self-control, distinct yet related, mediates short-term goal pursuit more reliably than grit's long-term focus, while environmental factors—such as social capital and opportunity structures—account for disparities in outcomes that trait-based models like grit overlook.^[25] These alternatives underscore causal realism, where success emerges from interplay of innate endowments, deliberate practice enabled by privilege, and external supports rather than isolated perseverance.^[39]

Physical and Material Uses

Geological and Mineral Forms

Grit in geological contexts refers to small, hard, angular granules of sand or rock fragments, typically ranging from coarse sand to fine gravel sizes (2–4 mm in diameter), often composed of quartz or other siliceous minerals.^[40] These particles form through mechanical weathering and erosion, contributing to sedimentary deposits where they act as framework grains in coarser clastic sediments.^[40] Gritstone, a prominent geological form, is a hard, coarse-grained siliceous sandstone characterized by angular to subangular quartz grains cemented by silica or iron oxides, distinguishing it from finer sandstones by its abrasiveness and durability.^[41] This rock type originates from the consolidation of grit-sized sediments in ancient river deltas or alluvial environments during the Carboniferous period, as seen in formations like the Millstone Grit Group in northern England, where deltas prograded across a subsiding basin around 320–310 million years ago.^[42] ^[43] The mineral matrix is predominantly quartz (over 90% in many samples), with minor feldspar or mica, imparting resistance to weathering and suitability for uses like grindstones.^[44] In sedimentology, grit particles are classified within the granular grade of clastic sediments, bridging sand and pebble sizes on the Wentworth scale, and often exhibit poor sorting in high-energy depositional settings such as braided rivers or turbidite sequences.^[45] Examples include the Shale Grit facies in the UK, where intercalated sandstones and mudstones reflect transitions from deep-water turbidites to shallower marine influences, dated to the Namurian stage (approximately 330–320 million years ago).^[46] Mineralogically, pure grit forms may approach monomineralic quartz aggregates, but impure variants incorporate lithic fragments, enhancing their textural roughness.^[47]

Abrasive and Industrial Applications

Grit in abrasive applications consists of granular particles, typically ranging from coarse (e.g., 24 grit, approximately 700-1000 microns) to fine (e.g., 600 grit, around 25-40 microns), used for mechanical material removal through friction.^[48] These particles are standardized under systems like FEPA (European Federation of Abrasives Producers), which designates sizes as P-grades based on average particle diameter in micrometers (e.g., P80 ≈ 200 microns), and ANSI/CAMI (U.S.), which uses mesh numbers correlating to sieve openings.^[49] Selection of grit size depends on the desired stock removal rate and surface finish, with coarser grits for rapid shaping and finer for polishing.^[50] Common abrasive materials include aluminum oxide, valued for its durability and versatility in dry grinding and sanding of metals, wood, and composites, often in bonded forms like grinding wheels or coated products such as belts and discs.^[51] Silicon carbide, harder than aluminum oxide (Mohs scale 9.5 vs. 9), excels in wet applications for cutting or grinding brittle materials like stone, glass, ceramics, and concrete, due to its sharp, friable grains that fracture to expose new cutting edges.^[52] Garnet, a natural almandine variety, is favored in blasting and waterjet cutting for its angular shape, low dust generation, and recyclability, commonly applied in surface preparation for coatings or cleaning ship hulls and bridges.^[53] Industrial applications span bonded abrasives (e.g., cutoff wheels for metal fabrication), coated abrasives (e.g., sandpaper for automotive refinishing), and loose grains for blasting media in foundries or construction site cleanup.^[54] In sandblasting, steel grit provides aggressive profiling for paint adhesion on structural steel, while garnet minimizes environmental impact through reduced airborne particulates compared to silica sand, which has been phased out in many regions due to silicosis risks.^[55] Zirconia alumina hybrids enhance performance in high-pressure grinding of stainless steel and superalloys, offering faster cut rates than standard aluminum oxide.^[56] These materials are processed into forms like tumbling media for deburring or lapping compounds for precision optics, with annual global production exceeding millions of tons to support manufacturing sectors.^[57]

Culinary and Dietary Contexts

In culinary contexts, grit refers to coarsely ground hominy or corn, typically prepared as a porridge by boiling in water or milk, originating from Native American practices of grinding dried maize into coarse meal before European colonization.^[58] ^[59] The term derives from the Old English "grytt," denoting coarse grain meal, and evolved into a staple in Southern United States cuisine, where it serves as an affordable, versatile base for dishes like shrimp and grits or cheese grits.^[58] ^[60] Grits primarily come in two forms: hominy grits, made from nixtamalized corn kernels soaked in an alkaline solution (such as lime) to remove the hull and germ, enhancing digestibility and niacin bioavailability; and plain corn grits, which are simply stone- or mill-ground dried corn without this treatment.^[61] ^[62] Stone-ground varieties retain the bran and germ, preserving higher levels of fiber, antioxidants, and nutrients compared to degermed, quick-cooking grits processed through steel rollers.^[63] Preparation typically involves a 5:1 liquid-to-grits ratio, simmered for 20-40 minutes to achieve a creamy texture, with stirring to prevent lumping.^[59] Nutritionally, a 1-cup serving of cooked stone-ground grits provides approximately 150-200 calories, mainly from complex carbohydrates (about 35 grams), with modest protein (3-4 grams) and low fat; it is gluten-free and rich in B vitamins like thiamin (15-20% DV), folate, and iron (up to 10% DV, aiding anemia prevention), though highly processed versions lose much of this due to nutrient stripping.^[63] ^[64] Hominy grits offer slightly higher fiber (2-3 grams per serving) and zinc from the nixtamalization process, potentially supporting gut health and immune function, but their high glycemic index (around 70-90) necessitates portion control in low-glycemic diets to avoid blood sugar spikes.^[65] ^[66] Dietarily, grits function as an energy-dense, satiating food historically consumed by laborers for sustained carbohydrate fuel, often paired with proteins like eggs or shrimp to balance macros in meals.^[64] Beyond porridge, coarse grits serve as a crunchy coating for fried foods such as chicken or fish, adding texture without gluten, and appear in baked goods or as thickeners in Southern recipes.^[58] While economical and versatile for weight management when whole-grain, their nutrient density is inferior to intact grains like oats unless stone-ground, and enrichment in commercial products compensates for fortification losses.^[63]^[65]

Cultural References and Other Uses

In Arts, Entertainment, and Media

The novel True Grit (1968) by Charles Portis exemplifies the concept of grit as resolute determination in literature, centering on 14-year-old Mattie Ross's unyielding pursuit of justice for her father's murder, hiring U.S. Marshal Rooster Cogburn despite his flaws.^[67] The story's title directly invokes "grit" to denote mental toughness and courage amid violence and hardship.^[68] Portis's work was adapted into films, first in 1969 directed by Henry Hathaway, starring John Wayne as Cogburn, who won the Academy Award for Best Actor for portraying the grizzled, tenacious lawman.^[69] A 2010 remake by Joel and Ethan Coen, faithful to the novel, featured Hailee Steinfeld as Mattie and Jeff Bridges as Cogburn, earning ten Academy Award nominations, including for Best Picture, and highlighting themes of vengeance, intelligence, and defiant perseverance.^[70] In nonfiction media, psychologist Angela Duckworth's Grit: The Power of Passion and Perseverance (2016), published by Scribner, popularized the empirical framework of grit as sustained passion and perseverance for long-term goals, drawing on her research to argue it outperforms talent in predicting success.^[71] The book stemmed from her 2013 TED Talk, "Grit: The Power of Passion and Perseverance," which has influenced public discourse on achievement.^[20] "Grit lit," a literary genre emerging in the late 20th century, features raw, authentic narratives of struggle and resilience, often set in the American South, with examples including Harry Crews's A Feast of Snakes (1976) and Cormac McCarthy's Blood Meridian (1985), emphasizing outsiders' endurance against adversity.^[72]^[73] The Grit television network, launched in 2011 by Bounce TV, specializes in Western films and series portraying bold, resilient heroes, such as The Lone Ranger and Death Valley Days, aligning with cultural depictions of grit through action-oriented storytelling.^[74]

Geographical and Proper Nouns

Grit, Texas, is an unincorporated farming and ranching community in central Mason County, situated approximately six miles northwest of the city of Mason along State Highway 29 near Honey Creek. The area was first settled around 1889 by cotton growers seeking arable land in the region's Hill Country terrain.^[75] Grit, Virginia, is an unincorporated community in Pittsylvania County, located in the south-central part of the state at coordinates 37°04′34″N 79°14′53″W. This rural settlement lies within Virginia's largest county by land area and is recognized as the hometown of country music singer Ricky Van Shelton, who achieved commercial success in the 1980s with hits such as "Life Turned Her That Way."^[76]^[77]

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Understanding Abrasive Grades and Their Industrial Applications
Types of Abrasive Materials ; Polishing automotive parts; Deburring metal edges; Refinishing hardwood floors ; Grinding stone or concrete; Cutting tile or glass ...
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[PDF] 11.31 Abrasives Manufacturing - EPA
Other naturally occurring abrasive materials (including garnet, emery, silica sand, and quartz) are used in finishing wood, leather, rubber, plastics, glass, ...
[58]
[PDF] Grits - American Culinary Federation
Evolving from the Old English term “grytt,” meaning coarse meal, grits were first discovered by Native American tribes when grinding dried maize into a coarse ...
[59]
How to Make Grits - Serious Eats
Rating 4.8 (4) According to Deep South Magazine, the Muscogee Indigenous peoples were among the first-known makers of what we today call grits, pounding or grinding dried corn ...
[60]
What Are Grits? - The Spruce Eats
Sep 14, 2022 · Grits, which actually means coarsely ground grain, were eaten in North America long before they became a Southern breakfast staple.
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A Basic Guide to Grits: Different than Cornmeal and Polenta
Apr 13, 2020 · Hominy grits, on the other hand, are made by soaking dried corn kernels in an alkali solution to remove the outer hulls. The soaked corn kernels ...
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https://thecongareemillingcompany.com/blogs/news/polenta-grits-and-hominy-setting-the-record-straight-once-and-for-all
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What Are Grits, and Are They Nutritious? - Healthline
Dec 16, 2022 · Grits are a popular Southern American dish made from crushed or ground corn. This article reviews grits, including their nutrition, benefits ...
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Grits: Health Benefits, Nutrition Facts, and Recipes - WebMD
Mar 13, 2024 · Grits are a popular American dish made out of grown corn. Find out what nutrients are in grits and learn how they can help everything from ...
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Are Grits Healthy? Here's What a Dietitian Says - EatingWell
Jan 12, 2025 · Stone-ground grits are good for you, as they provide all the nutrients of a whole grain—including fiber, complex carbohydrates and several ...
[66]
Hominy vs. Corn grits — In-Depth Nutrition Comparison - Foodstruct
Hominy has more zinc and fiber, while corn grits has more iron, vitamin B1, vitamin B3, vitamin B2, folate, and calcium. Corn grits ...
[67]
True Grit Themes - LitCharts
May 2, 2019 · Violence, Courage, and Intelligence. The majority of the characters in True Grit celebrate a brutal kind of courage, one that has its roots in ...Missing: film | Show results with:film
[68]
There's Grit, and Then There's True Grit - The Long Brown Path
Jun 11, 2016 · The dictionary definition of “grit” is “mental toughness or courage. ... John Wayne as Rooster Cogburn in the 1969 film adaption of True Grit.
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True Grit movie review & film summary (1969) - Roger Ebert
Rating 4/4 · Review by Roger EbertThere is a moment in “True Grit” when John Wayne and four or five bad guys confront each other across a mountain meadow. The situation is quite clear: ...
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Film Review: True Grit (2010) - The Dominican Friars in Britain
Feb 24, 2011 · True Grit (2010) is a triumph! The Brothers have tried to go back to Charles Portis' 1968 novel of the same name.
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Grit: The Power of Passion and Perseverance - Angela Duckworth
Rating 4.4 (444) Winningly personal, insightful, and even life-changing, Grit is a book about what goes through your head when you fall down, and how that—not talent or luck— ...Missing: media | Show results with:media
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Grit Lit: An American Phenomenon Goes Global - CrimeReads
Apr 24, 2018 · Grit Lit had something to do with being, well, gritty, yes, but also authentic and strong, focused usually on outsiders and heavily considered with a sense of ...
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Popular Grit Lit Books - Goodreads
Popular Grit Lit Books ; A Feast of Snakes Harry Crews ; Gods of Howl Mountain Taylor Brown ; Blood Meridian, or, the Evening Redness in the West Cormac McCarthy.
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Grit | Television With Backbone
Grit is home to your favorite bold, brave, legendary heroes, showcasing timeless action-packed storytelling through its iconic Western movies and series.Schedule · Movies · Find Us · Grit
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Grit | TX Almanac
Grit is on State Highway 29 near Honey Creek six miles northwest of Mason in central Mason County. The area was settled around 1889 by cotton growers. ...Missing: called | Show results with:called
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Grit Map - Village - Pittsylvania County, Virginia, USA - Mapcarta
Grit is an unincorporated community in Pittsylvania County, in the US state of Virginia. It is the home of Ricky Van Shelton and the 2021 Southern New ...Missing: called | Show results with:called<|separator|>
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Where is Grit, Virginia in America? - Geotargit
Grit is situated in the region Virginia in America! Search the name of a city: Gritikrogs, Gritskikh, Gritskov, Gritsayevka, Gritsaychay. Here you will find the ...