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HH

Herman Webster Mudgett (May 16, 1861 – May 7, 1896), better known under the pseudonym H. H. Holmes, was an American criminal specializing in insurance fraud, forgery, and murder, who became one of the earliest figures identified as a serial killer in U.S. history through his confessed involvement in multiple killings tied to financial schemes.^[1]^[2] Holmes' most documented crime was the 1894 murder of his accomplice Benjamin Pitezel, whom he killed by chloroform overdose and incineration in Philadelphia as part of a botched life insurance swindle, for which he was tried, convicted, and hanged the following year; he also admitted to murdering three of Pitezel's children under similar fraudulent pretenses, with physical evidence including skeletal remains confirming at least these four deaths.^[1]^[3]^[2] In Chicago, where he constructed a peculiar multi-story building with concealed vaults, soundproof rooms, and body-disposal chutes during the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition, Holmes conducted various scams including bigamy and corpse sales to medical schools, but empirical linkages to systematic killings there remain sparse beyond a few suspected victims like his mistress Julia Conner and her daughter Pearl.^[4]^[3] While Holmes' own jailhouse confession claimed 27 total victims, predominantly women, historical scrutiny reveals that inflated estimates of 100 to 200 murders—often depicted in popular narratives as resulting from a purpose-built "torture hotel" equipped with gas chambers and acid vats—stem primarily from unsubstantiated sensationalism in late-19th-century newspapers, which prioritized lurid sales over verification, rather than corroborated forensic or testimonial data; archival reexaminations emphasize his profile as a calculating con artist whose rare homicides served pecuniary ends over psychopathic impulses.^[1]^[5]^[6]

Places

Hamburg, Germany

Hamburg, officially the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg, is a federal city-state in northern Germany and Europe's second-largest city by population after Berlin. Its vehicles bear license plates prefixed with "HH", denoting "Hansestadt Hamburg" as part of Germany's regional coding system established post-World War II, with roots in earlier Hanseatic identifiers.^[7] ^[8] The city occupies 755 square kilometers of flat terrain in the northern lowlands, centered on the northern bank of the Elbe River where it widens into a tidal estuary extending 110 kilometers to the North Sea; this inland position, about 100 kilometers from the open sea, facilitates deep-water shipping while exposing the area to frequent flooding risks managed via dikes and barriers.^[9] Founded as a Saxon settlement and fortified with Hammaburg castle around 808 AD under Charlemagne's influence, Hamburg developed into a key North Sea trading hub by the 12th century, joining the Hanseatic League in 1241 to dominate Baltic and Atlantic commerce through guilds and naval power.^[10] It functioned as a sovereign city-state with imperial immediacy until 1815, then as a free city in the German Confederation, absorbing neighboring territories like Altona in 1937 to expand industrially before suffering over 50,000 deaths and widespread devastation from Allied firebombing in 1943.^[9] Postwar reconstruction emphasized port modernization and democratic governance, with the city regaining its Hanseatic status in the Federal Republic of Germany from 1949 onward.^[10] Hamburg's economy centers on its multipurpose port, Germany's largest by volume and a critical gateway for 60% of the nation's extra-European trade, processing over 100 million tons of cargo annually including containers, bulk goods, and oil.^[11] In early 2025, the port achieved year-on-year increases in throughput, contrasting declines at rivals like Rotterdam and Antwerp amid global supply chain shifts.^[12] The metropolitan area, with a 2025 population of about 1.79 million in the core city and over 5 million regionally, supports diverse sectors like media (headquarters of broadcasters such as NDR), aviation via Hamburg Airport, and life sciences, generating a GDP per capita exceeding the national average through logistics clusters and high-tech manufacturing.^[13]

Hilton Head Island, South Carolina

Hilton Head Island is a barrier island situated off the Atlantic coast in Beaufort County, South Carolina, approximately 30 miles northeast of Savannah, Georgia. Covering 42 square miles, it ranks as the second-largest barrier island on the East Coast, featuring 12 miles of beaches, maritime forests, lagoons, and semi-tropical Lowcountry geography. Connected to the mainland by bridges since the 1950s, the island functions primarily as a resort community with strict zoning to preserve natural habitats, including over 60% undeveloped land in preserves like the Sea Pines Forest Preserve.^[14]^[15] Human presence dates to Native American occupation over 4,000 years ago, evidenced by shell rings up to 240 feet in diameter at sites such as Sea Pines Forest Preserve and Green Shell Park, associated with the Yemassee and Escamacus tribes. European contact began with English captain William Hilton's sighting in 1663, followed by settlement under grants like John Barnwell's 1,000 acres in 1717. The plantation era commenced in the late 18th century with William Elliott's introduction of Sea Island cotton in 1790, yielding over 20 operational plantations by 1860 that relied on enslaved labor for high-value crops like cotton and rice.^[16]^[17] The island played a strategic role in the Civil War, captured by Union forces on November 7, 1861, via the largest amphibious landing in U.S. history until D-Day, involving 12,000 troops. This occupation led to the establishment of Mitchelville in 1862 under General Ormsby Mitchel, the nation's first self-governing town for freed African Americans, housing up to 3,000 residents who farmed, fished, and attended schools and churches. Post-Reconstruction, lumber and timber industries dominated until the mid-20th century, when developer Charles Fraser launched Sea Pines Plantation in 1956, implementing a master-planned community model with deed restrictions emphasizing aesthetics, open spaces, and environmental protection—innovations that spurred resort growth across the island. The town incorporated on October 1, 1983, amid rapid population expansion. Preservation efforts continue through sites like the National Register-listed Zion Chapel of Ease (built 1788) and Baynard Mausoleum (1846), maintained by organizations such as the Heritage Library.^[16]^[17]^[18] As of 2023, the island's population totals 37,805, with a median age of 59.9 years indicative of a substantial retiree demographic. Racial and ethnic composition includes 75.1% White (non-Hispanic), 7.64% other race (primarily Hispanic), and 6.28% Black or African American (non-Hispanic). Median household income is $96,715, while the poverty rate is 8.41%. Employment for the 16,082 workforce centers on tourism-related fields: accommodation and food services (2,145 workers), retail trade (2,210), and health care and social assistance (1,567).^[19] Tourism dominates the economy, generating billions in annual revenue through beaches, over 20 golf courses (including those at Sea Pines Resort), marinas, and eco-tourism in preserves hosting alligators, dolphins, and bird species. Development covenants limit building heights and densities, fostering a low-rise aesthetic that supports high-end resorts like Palmetto Dunes while mitigating erosion via beach renourishment projects. The sector's growth, fueled by accessibility from nearby airports, underscores the island's evolution from agrarian outpost to affluent leisure hub, though it strains infrastructure and prompts debates on overdevelopment versus preservation.^[19]^[20]^[21]

People

Heinrich Himmler

Heinrich Himmler was born on October 7, 1900, in Munich, Germany, to a middle-class Catholic family; his father was a schoolteacher and strict disciplinarian.^[22] He graduated from high school in Landshut in July 1919 and studied agronomy at the Technical University of Munich, earning a diploma in August 1922.^[22] During World War I, Himmler served briefly in the Bavarian Army as a flag bearer but saw no combat due to the war's end.^[23] Influenced by nationalist and völkisch ideologies, he joined the Nazi Party in August 1923 and participated in the Beer Hall Putsch on November 9, 1923, though he played a minor role and fled afterward.^[22] Himmler's early Nazi involvement included working as a propagandist and organizer; by 1926, he served as secretary to Gregor Strasser, a prominent party figure.^[22] He married Margarete Boden in 1928, and their daughter Gudrun was born in 1929.^[22] In January 1929, Adolf Hitler appointed him Reichsführer-SS, transforming the small Schutzstaffel (SS) bodyguard unit of about 280 men into a powerful organization that expanded to 52,000 members by 1933.^[22] ^[23] Under his leadership, Himmler established the Sicherheitsdienst (SD) intelligence agency in 1931 and the Race and Settlement Main Office (RuSHA) on December 31, 1931, to enforce racial policies.^[22] Following the Nazi seizure of power in 1933, Himmler became Police President of Munich and centralized control over concentration camps, starting with Dachau's establishment on March 20, 1933; the system grew to 30-40 main camps by the war's end, housing millions for forced labor, experimentation, and extermination.^[22] ^[24] In 1934, he orchestrated the purge of SA leadership during the Night of the Long Knives, solidifying SS dominance.^[23] Appointed Chief of the German Police in June 1936, he unified the Gestapo, Kripo, and Ordnungspolizei under SS control, enabling widespread surveillance and repression.^[22] ^[23] Himmler promoted pseudoscientific racial hygiene, including forced sterilizations and the resettlement of ethnic Germans, as Reich Commissar for the Strengthening of Germandom from October 7, 1939.^[22] As architect of the "Final Solution," Himmler directed the systematic murder of approximately six million Jews and millions of others, including Roma, Slavs, and political prisoners, through Einsatzgruppen mobile killing units, ghettos, and extermination camps like those in Operation Reinhard (e.g., Belzec, where 600,000 were killed starting March 1942).^[22] ^[25] In his October 4, 1943, speech to SS leaders in Posen, he explicitly justified the extermination of Jews as a "never-to-be-written page of glory."^[22] He expanded the Waffen-SS into over 20 divisions totaling about 500,000 men by 1945, many recruited from occupied territories and used in combat and atrocities.^[22] Appointed Reich Minister of the Interior in July 1943, he further consolidated power over domestic security.^[22] In late 1944, amid Germany's defeat, Himmler attempted secret peace negotiations with the Allies via Sweden, without Hitler's knowledge, leading to his dismissal as Reich Commissar.^[23] Disguised as a soldier, he fled but was captured by British forces on May 22, 1945, near Lüneburg.^[26] During a medical examination on May 23, 1945, Himmler bit into a concealed cyanide capsule and died within 15 minutes, evading trial.^[22] ^[27] His body was cremated and buried in an unmarked grave.^[26]

H. H. Holmes

Herman Webster Mudgett, better known by the alias H. H. Holmes, was an American fraudster and murderer active in the late 19th century. Born on May 16, 1861, in Gilmanton, New Hampshire, he adopted the Holmes pseudonym around 1886 while establishing himself in Chicago.^[1] Holmes operated a three-story building at 63rd and Wallace streets, constructed between 1887 and 1893, which featured hidden passages, soundproof rooms, and a basement with a crematory and acid vats—elements later sensationalized as the "Murder Castle." He was arrested in 1894 for insurance fraud and subsequently convicted of the 1894 murder of his associate Benjamin Pitezel, for which he was executed by hanging on May 7, 1896, in Philadelphia.^[1] While Holmes confessed to 27 killings, this account included verifiably living individuals and was partially recanted; forensic evidence and contemporary investigations confirm at least one murder (Pitezel's) and implicate him in several others, though claims of up to 200 victims during the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition remain unsubstantiated and likely inflated for notoriety.^[28]^[3] Mudgett's early years involved a reportedly strict Methodist upbringing in rural New Hampshire, where he allegedly began dissecting animals and was subjected to bullying that may have involved forced dissection of a classmate's corpse—though these anecdotes derive from later retellings and lack primary corroboration beyond Holmes's own unreliable narratives.^[29] A capable student, he briefly taught in Gilmanton before pursuing medicine, enrolling at the University of Michigan's Department of Medicine and Surgery around 1884, from which he graduated in 1885 amid suspicions of grave-robbing for anatomical study and insurance schemes involving animal remains substituted for human ones.^[1] He married Clara Lovering in 1878, with whom he had a son, Robert, but abandoned the family by the early 1880s; subsequent bigamous unions included Myrta Belknap in 1884 (mother of his daughter Lucy) and Georgiana Yoke in 1893, reflecting a pattern of serial marriages for financial exploitation.^[30] After Michigan, Mudgett worked as a pharmacist in Chicago and New York under aliases, engaging in early frauds like falsifying prescriptions and defaulting on pharmacy purchases. In Chicago, Holmes purchased a drugstore in 1886 and expanded it into the multi-purpose building that became central to his crimes, ostensibly a hotel for Exposition visitors but incorporating concealed chutes, gas lines for asphyxiation, and dissection facilities to dismember and dispose of bodies undetected. Victims included female employees, such as Emeline Cigrand, whom he impregnated and killed around December 1892, and possibly others lured via job ads or tenancy; he exploited insurance policies, claiming deaths in accidents while pocketing premiums.^[3] His operations extended to swindles, including horse theft rings and forged bonds, but murder facilitated asset seizure from dependents. The Pitezel scheme involved faking Benjamin Pitezel's death for a $10,000 policy payout in 1894; Holmes murdered Pitezel in an Indianapolis hotel on September 27, 1893, then killed three of Pitezel's children (Alice, Nellie, and Howard) to silence witnesses, burying the boys' remains in Toronto cellars.^[1]^[28] Holmes fled after the Exposition, continuing frauds across the Midwest and East Coast, but was traced via Pitezel's daughter Carrie via Pinkerton detectives hired by insurance firms.^[30] Arrested on July 17, 1894, in Boston, he was extradited to Philadelphia, where testimony from accomplices like Patrick Quinlan (his janitor) and Minnie Williams (a suspected killer herself) detailed the castle's horrors, including recovered bones and bloodstained artifacts. Tried solely for Pitezel's homicide starting October 28, 1895, Holmes mounted a defense alleging accomplices' perjury, but was convicted on November 4 and sentenced to death; appeals delayed execution until May 1896.^[28] His confession, published posthumously, mixed verifiable crimes with fabrications, undermining claims of mass murder; modern analyses attribute killings to opportunistic gain rather than prolific sadism, with the castle's design enabling secrecy but not proving systematic extermination on the scale alleged in yellow journalism of the era.^[31] The site burned in 1895 under suspicious circumstances, later replaced by a post office.^[32]

Titles and honorifics

His or Her Highness

"His or Her Highness" (abbreviated as HH) is a formal style of address denoting high rank within royal or noble hierarchies, typically accorded to princes, princesses, or equivalent dignitaries below the sovereign level but above lesser nobility.^[33] This honorific distinguishes its bearers from those entitled to "Royal Highness" (HRH), which applies to closer relatives of reigning monarchs, or "Majesty," reserved for kings, queens, and emperors.^[34] The style originates from medieval European court protocols, where "highness" evoked elevated status akin to physical or metaphorical elevation above commoners, drawing from Latin roots in altus (high) and evolving through French influences like Altesse.^[34] In the British monarchy, the style saw variable application before formalization. Prior to 1917, it was used for some grandchildren or great-grandchildren of the sovereign, such as via custom or the 1864 Letters Patent extending HRH selectively, leaving others with HH.^[34] King George V's 1917 Letters Patent restricted HRH to the sovereign's children and male-line grandchildren, effectively phasing out HH for British royals and confining higher styles to a narrower circle to curb title proliferation amid post-World War I republican sentiments.^[34] No British royals have held HH since, with exceptions like foreign princes addressed thus in diplomatic contexts. Modern usage persists in non-European monarchies and select European houses. In Gulf states, rulers of emirates or sheikhdoms, such as the Emir of Qatar (e.g., Sheikh Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani, addressed as His Highness since 2013), receive HH as a mark of sovereign authority over principalities.^[35] In Jordan, siblings of the king, like Prince Hassan bin Talal, hold the style HH, reflecting their proximity to the throne without HRH elevation.^[36] European examples include princes of Liechtenstein or Monaco's extended family, where HH applies to non-reigning members, though Monaco's sovereign prince uses "Serene Highness." In Denmark, until 2022, certain princes like Joachim's sons were styled HH before downgrade to Excellency amid family disputes.^[37] The style's application varies by house statutes, often tied to descent, sovereignty, or grant, underscoring its role in signaling precedence without implying regnal power.^[34]

His or Her Holiness

"His or Her Holiness" is a formal honorific title denoting sanctity and supreme spiritual authority, primarily applied to heads of major religious traditions. The phrase emphasizes the holder's role as a conduit for divine holiness rather than implying personal impeccability, reflecting the office's sacred duties and separation from worldly imperfections. This style of address parallels other regal or ecclesiastical forms like "His Majesty," underscoring hierarchical reverence in religious contexts.^[38] In the Roman Catholic Church, "His Holiness" officially designates the Pope, Bishop of Rome and Vicar of Christ, with usage traceable to at least the medieval period and solidified over several centuries as a mark of the pontiff's unique consecration to God. For instance, Popes are addressed as "Your Holiness" in direct speech and referenced as "His Holiness" in writing, as seen in Vatican diplomatic protocols and ecclesiastical correspondence. This title highlights the Pope's call to exemplary sanctity amid his pastoral governance of over 1.3 billion Catholics worldwide as of 2023.^[38]^[39] The title extends to the Dalai Lama, spiritual leader of Tibetan Buddhism, where the 14th Dalai Lama, Tenzin Gyatso, born July 6, 1935, is formally styled "His Holiness the Dalai Lama." Recognized as the reincarnation of prior Dalai Lamas at age two in 1937 per Tibetan tradition, he embodies the lineage's role as guardian of Vajrayana teachings, with the honorific adopted in English-language contexts to convey his global stature despite exile from Tibet since 1959 following the Chinese invasion.^[40] In Oriental Orthodox traditions, "His Holiness" addresses patriarchs such as the Coptic Pope of Alexandria or heads of churches like the Syriac Orthodox, signifying their apostolic primacy within autocephalous communions tracing to early Christianity. The gender-neutral "Her Holiness" appears infrequently, mainly in hypothetical or inclusive references to potential female incumbents, though no major tradition currently employs it for living leaders. These applications collectively affirm the title's role in elevating figures entrusted with doctrinal purity and communal mediation.^[41]^[42]

Terms and phrases

Heil Hitler

"Heil Hitler," translating to "Hail Hitler" in English, functioned as the mandated greeting within Nazi Germany from the party's rise to power in 1933 until the regime's defeat in 1945. The phrase was invariably paired with the Nazi salute, consisting of an extended right arm raised forward with the palm facing downward, symbolizing personal fealty to Adolf Hitler as Führer. This ritual supplanted conventional German salutations such as "Guten Tag" and embodied the totalitarian demand for ideological conformity.^[43] The adoption of "Heil Hitler" drew from the raised-arm gesture popularized by Italian Fascists under Benito Mussolini in the 1920s, which itself echoed earlier nationalist displays but lacked direct ancient Roman provenance despite propagandistic claims. Within the Nazi Party, the salute and phrase gained traction by the mid-1920s as a marker of internal loyalty, evolving into a state-enforced norm after the Enabling Act of March 23, 1933, consolidated Hitler's dictatorship. Public officials, military personnel, and civilians were compelled to employ it in formal settings, including rallies where variants like "Sieg Heil" ("Hail Victory") punctuated chants to invoke triumph and submission.^[43] In quotidian Nazi society, "Heil Hitler" permeated all facets of existence, recited by schoolchildren 50 to 150 times daily during class commencements, assemblies, and youth organization activities such as the Hitler Youth. It extended to postal deliveries, public transport, commercial transactions, and even household routines like evening prayers, with laxer informal versions among peers. Legal obligation rendered non-observance a punishable infraction, often prompting reports from neighborhood wardens or informants, thereby enforcing pervasive surveillance and ideological saturation.^[44] Following the Allied victory in 1945, "Heil Hitler" and its accompanying gesture became emblematic of the Nazi atrocities, including the Holocaust, prompting outright prohibitions. In Germany, Section 86a of the Strafgesetzbuch (Criminal Code) criminalizes public dissemination of such symbols of proscribed organizations like the Nazi Party, with penalties reaching three years' imprisonment or fines; Austria imposes analogous restrictions. Exemptions permit usage in contexts of historical research, artistic expression, or pedagogical documentation, such as films or academic discourse, to facilitate contextual understanding without endorsement.^[45]^[43] Contemporary invocations of "Heil Hitler" persist among neo-Nazi and far-right factions globally, serving as provocative signals of ideological continuity despite legal deterrents in multiple jurisdictions, underscoring its enduring status as a hallmark of extremist allegiance.^[43]

Happy hour

Happy hour refers to a designated time period, typically between 3:00 p.m. and 7:00 p.m., during which bars and restaurants offer discounted prices on alcoholic beverages to attract customers during slower business hours.^[46] This practice serves as a promotional strategy to boost sales and encourage social gatherings after work, often featuring reduced rates on drinks, two-for-one specials, or buy-one-get-one-free offers, though food discounts may also be included.^[47] The term originated in the early 20th-century United States Navy as a scheduled period of recreational activities aboard ships to improve sailor morale, with the first documented instance occurring on July 5, 1914, aboard the USS Arkansas, featuring live music, boxing matches, and dancing rather than alcohol.^[48] During the Prohibition era from 1920 to 1933, the concept adapted to underground speakeasies, where operators used "happy hour" promotions to sell illicit alcohol at lower prices, drawing crowds for discreet socializing before dinner.^[49] Post-World War II, as legal bars proliferated, happy hours became a mainstream marketing tool in the 1950s and 1960s to fill off-peak times, gaining widespread popularity in the 1970s through chains like TGI Fridays, which standardized the format with themed events and volume drink deals.^[50] Legal restrictions on happy hours emerged in response to concerns over excessive drinking and related traffic accidents, with varying rules by jurisdiction. In the United States, at least 19 states, including Massachusetts since 1984, prohibit or heavily regulate happy hours, banning practices like free drinks or unlimited discounts to curb overconsumption; for instance, Utah limits promotions to 30 minutes and requires fixed prices per drink.^[51] Internationally, Australia and parts of Canada impose time limits or outright bans on volume sales to mitigate public health risks, while the United Kingdom permits flexible promotions but subjects them to local licensing laws emphasizing responsible service.^[52] These regulations reflect empirical data linking discounted alcohol periods to higher intoxication rates, as studies show patrons consume a greater proportion of their daily alcohol intake during such hours compared to non-promotional times.^[53]

hh (digraph)

The digraph ⟨hh⟩ consists of two instances of the letter ⟨h⟩ and is utilized in select orthographies to represent distinct phonetic realizations, often involving prolonged or emphatic fricative articulations beyond the standard glottal fricative /h/. Its employment varies by language, typically indicating gemination, pharyngealization, or uvular/velar friction, reflecting adaptations in non-Indo-European scripts to capture sounds absent in standard Latin alphabets. In the Iraqw language, spoken by approximately 500,000 people in northern Tanzania, ⟨hh⟩ denotes the voiceless pharyngeal fricative /ħ/, a constricted airflow sound produced in the pharynx.^[54] This usage appears in practical orthographic descriptions for linguistic documentation and aligns with Cushitic phonological inventories where such fricatives distinguish lexical items. In certain orthographies of Chipewyan (Dënesųłiné), a Northern Athabaskan language spoken in parts of Canada including Saskatchewan, ⟨hh⟩ transcribes the voiceless velar or uvular fricative /x/ or /χ/, varying regionally from alternatives like ⟨x⟩ in the Northwest Territories.^[55] This digraph facilitates representation of ejective and fricative contrasts inherent to Athabaskan consonant systems, aiding in community language revitalization efforts. Historically, in Old High German texts from the 8th to 11th centuries, ⟨hh⟩ marked geminate fricatives, such as the long velar fricative /x:x/ arising from the Second Germanic Consonant Shift applied to Proto-Germanic stops (e.g., *k > hh after vowels).^[56] This convention, seen in manuscripts like the Abrogans glossary (circa 750–780 CE), distinguished length and prevented confusion with single ⟨h⟩ for /h/, though orthographic variation persisted across dialects.

Hands high

"Hands high," abbreviated as "hh," is a traditional unit of measurement for the height of horses, ponies, and other equids, primarily used in English-speaking countries. One hand equals exactly 4 inches (101.6 millimeters), and the total height is calculated by dividing the measured inches by 4, with any remainder expressed as a decimal fraction.^[57]^[58] The measurement is taken vertically from level ground to the highest point of the withers—the bony ridge between the horse's shoulder blades—while the animal stands square on all four legs with its head in a natural position.^[58]^[59] A specialized measuring stick or tape is placed perpendicular to the ground, with the horizontal arm resting on the withers; electronic or weighted devices ensure accuracy by preventing evasion.^[59] Heights are denoted without units in equine contexts, such as 14 hh for a pony or 16.2 hh for a typical riding horse, where the decimal represents additional inches (e.g., 16.2 hh equals 66 inches or 168 centimeters total).^[60] Decimals are limited to .0, .1, .2, or .3 to reflect inch increments, as .4 equates to a full hand.^[60] The practice originated in ancient Egypt around 3000 BCE, where merchants used the width of a closed fist or hand for rough equine assessments during trade, a method later adopted across civilizations for its convenience without tools.^[61] In 1541, King Henry VIII of England standardized the hand at 4 inches via statute to resolve disputes over varying palm or fist sizes in horse sales, establishing the modern definition that persists in the United States, United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, and Ireland.^[62] While metric centimeters are standard in Europe and competition rules (e.g., FEI events), hands high remains prevalent for breeding, sales, and informal use due to tradition.^[63] Record examples include the tallest verified horse, a Shire gelding named Sampson (later renamed Mammoth), at 21.2 hh (86 inches or 218 centimeters) in 1850, and modern extremes like a Percheron at 19 hh.^[64]

Science and technology

Herbig–Haro object

Herbig–Haro objects are small, bright nebulae formed in regions of active star formation, consisting of glowing knots of gas ionized by shock waves from high-velocity jets ejected by newborn or protostellar objects. These jets, typically composed of partially ionized material traveling at speeds of 100–300 km/s, originate from accretion disks around young stars with masses ranging from low-mass T Tauri types to intermediate-mass Herbig Ae/Be stars, colliding with the surrounding interstellar medium to produce temperatures exceeding 10,000 K and characteristic emission-line spectra dominated by hydrogen (Hα) and forbidden lines of sulfur and oxygen.^[65]^[66]^[67] The phenomena were first identified in the mid-20th century through optical observations of nebulosity near young stars; George Herbig noted such features in 1951 while surveying emission-line stars, and Guillermo Haro independently cataloged similar objects around the same period, leading to their joint naming in recognition of these discoveries. Over subsequent decades, spectroscopic studies confirmed their dynamic nature, revealing variable proper motions and morphological changes as jets propagate and interact with ambient clouds, with some objects spanning arcseconds to arcminutes in apparent size but corresponding to physical extents of 0.1–1 parsec at typical distances of 100–1000 parsecs from Earth.^[68]^[69] Observationally, Herbig–Haro objects appear as compact, often bipolar or chained knots aligned along jet axes, with infrared counterparts revealing cooler, dust-enshrouded components not visible optically; for instance, HH 32 exhibits prominent green hydrogen emission from shocks in a surrounding reflection nebula, as imaged by the Hubble Space Telescope. Recent James Webb Space Telescope observations of HH 49/50, located approximately 625 light-years away in the Vela Molecular Ridge, have resolved supersonic outflows in near- and mid-infrared wavelengths, highlighting turbulent structures and molecular emissions that trace the entrainment of ambient gas by the jets.^[70]^[71]^[72] These objects serve as probes of early stellar evolution, as the jet-driving mechanism—likely magneto-centrifugal acceleration from the star-disk interface—facilitates angular momentum removal and disk clearing, influencing the efficiency of planet formation; empirical evidence from multi-epoch imaging shows knot ejections on timescales of years, with velocities indicating launching from regions within 0.1 AU of the protostar.^[73]^[74]^[75]

Hand-held (film and devices)

In cinematography, the hand-held technique refers to operating a film or video camera without mechanical support such as a tripod or gimbal, relying instead on the operator's hands to produce footage characterized by natural movement, slight unsteadiness, and heightened immediacy.^[76] This approach enables rapid repositioning and subjective perspectives, often evoking realism or urgency, as the visible operator influence mimics human perception under stress.^[77] Its use traces to the 1920s with lighter equipment allowing portable shooting, though early cameras' bulk limited widespread adoption until technological advancements in the mid-20th century.^[78] Hand-held shots gained prominence in genres seeking intensity, such as action sequences for chaotic energy or horror for disorienting tension, exemplified by quick pans and follows that immerse viewers in the scene's volatility.^[79] Directors employ it to convey documentary authenticity or psychological immediacy, contrasting stabilized methods that prioritize smoothness; however, overuse can induce viewer fatigue due to persistent motion.^[76] Modern digital cameras and stabilizers have refined the technique, blending pure hand-held with partial aids for controlled "shaky cam" effects without full instability.^[77] In technology, hand-held devices denote compact, battery-powered computers designed for one-handed operation and portability, typically featuring touchscreens, processors, and wireless connectivity for tasks like data management, communication, and entertainment.^[80] These evolved from 1970s pocket calculators and early 1980s organizers, such as the Psion Organiser released in 1984, which stored contacts and schedules, to multifunctional PDAs like the Palm Pilot in 1996 that integrated calendars, notes, and basic apps.^[81] By the 2000s, convergence with mobile phones produced smartphones, exemplified by the BlackBerry's 1999 debut with email capabilities, expanding to multimedia and internet access.^[82] Hand-held gaming devices represent a specialized subset, with self-contained consoles like the Nintendo Game Boy launched on April 21, 1989, introducing portable play via cartridge-based games and LCD screens, selling over 118 million units by emphasizing accessibility over graphical fidelity.^[81] Subsequent iterations, including the PlayStation Portable in December 2004, incorporated advanced graphics and online features, while contemporary models integrate with ecosystems for hybrid mobile-console experiences.^[82] Across categories, these devices prioritize ergonomics, with form factors under 200 grams and screens 4-7 inches, enabling ubiquitous computing but raising concerns over battery life and radiation exposure from prolonged use.^[80]

Transportation

HH-46 (helicopter)

The HH-46 Sea Knight was a search and rescue (SAR) variant of the Boeing Vertol CH-46 Sea Knight, a medium-lift tandem-rotor helicopter powered by twin General Electric T58 turboshaft engines. Developed for the United States Marine Corps, the HH-46 incorporated modifications such as rescue hoists, auxiliary fuel tanks for extended range, enhanced navigation and communication systems, and provisions for in-flight medical treatment to support casualty evacuation and downed pilot recovery missions.^[83]^[84] Primarily operated by Marine Transport Squadron One (VMR-1) at Marine Corps Air Station Cherry Point, North Carolina, three CH-46E airframes were converted to the HH-46E standard for dedicated SAR roles, earning the callsign "Pedro" among Marine aviators. These helicopters conducted routine overwater and inland rescues, averaging more than 50 life-saving missions per year and logging around 1,200 flight hours annually per aircraft during their operational peak.^[85]^[84] The tandem-rotor configuration provided inherent stability for precise hovering during hoist operations, enabling the carriage of up to four litter patients or survivors with onboard medical support, a capability unique within the Marine Corps rotary-wing inventory at the time.^[84] Equipped with two T58-GE-16 engines each rated at 1,870 shaft horsepower, the HH-46E achieved a maximum speed of approximately 143 knots and a cruise speed of 134 knots at sea level, with a service ceiling supporting diverse mission profiles.^[86]^[87] Its fuselage accommodated a crew of four—pilot, copilot, crew chief, and rescuer—along with provisions for additional personnel or equipment, emphasizing reliability in adverse weather and overwater environments.^[87] The HH-46 entered service in the late 1960s, with variants including the HH-46A and HH-46D preceding the upgraded HH-46E, which featured increased engine power and fuel capacity for improved endurance. It supported Marine operations worldwide, including Vietnam-era recoveries and post-Cold War humanitarian efforts, until progressive retirements began in the early 2010s. The final Department of Defense HH-46E flight occurred on September 26, 2015, from MCAS Cherry Point, after which the type was fully phased out in favor of more modern platforms like the MV-22 Osprey.^[85]^[86]

Entertainment

Heil Hitler (Kanye West song)

"Heil Hitler" is a song by American rapper Kanye West, performing under the mononym Ye, released as a single on May 8, 2025.^[88] The track, intended for inclusion on West's upcoming album In a Perfect World, features lyrics that explicitly reference Adolf Hitler and Nazism, including the refrain "N-gga, Heil Hitler" and declarations such as "all my n****s Nazis." It samples a speech by Hitler and promotes themes aligning with West's prior public expressions of admiration for the Nazi leader.^[89] The song's release coincided with the 80th anniversary of Victory in Europe Day, marking the defeat of Nazi Germany, which amplified its provocative nature.^[90] A music video accompanying the track, debuted on X (formerly Twitter), incorporated footage of Hitler and Nazi imagery, garnering millions of views despite bans on platforms like YouTube and Spotify, which removed it citing violations of hate speech policies.^[88] ^[90] West promoted the song directly on X, owned by Elon Musk, where it evaded immediate removal and achieved significant streaming numbers, with reports of over 5 million views for fan-uploaded versions within days.^[91] Reception was overwhelmingly negative, with widespread condemnation for promoting antisemitism. The Simon Wiesenthal Center, a Jewish human rights organization, publicly criticized the track as an escalation of West's pattern of antisemitic rhetoric.^[92] Australia's government revoked West's visa on July 2, 2025, barring his entry due to the song's content, with Home Affairs Minister Tony Burke stating it glorified Hitler in violation of national values.^[93] ^[94] In Germany, where Nazi glorification is illegal, the track faced legal scrutiny, though West was not scheduled for immediate performances there.^[95] Some outlets noted the song's initial cover art resembled the Nazi flag, later changed to black.^[90] West later retitled versions of the song "Hallelujah," but the original "Heil Hitler" designation, sometimes stylized as "Nigga Heil Hitler," persisted in discussions of its controversy.^[92] The release followed West's 2024 Vultures albums and built on his history of inflammatory statements, including prior praises of Hitler dating back to 2022, though he had issued a formal apology to the Jewish community in December 2023.^[96] No major awards or chart success materialized due to platform removals and backlash, though underground and X-based dissemination sustained its visibility.^[88]

Habbo

Habbo is a pixel-art style massively multiplayer online virtual community launched in August 2000 in Finland by Sulake Corporation, founded by designer Sampo Karjalainen and programmer Aapo Kyrölä as an evolution of their 1999 hobby project for a virtual disco.^[97]^[98] Users create customizable avatars to interact in hotel-themed rooms, engaging in chat, room building, mini-games, and social role-playing, with a virtual economy driven by purchasable credits for furniture and items.^[99] The platform pioneered SMS-based microtransactions in high mobile-penetration markets like Finland and expanded internationally, attracting users from over 150 countries by emphasizing user-generated content and community moderation.^[100]^[101] Early growth saw Habbo, initially branded as Habbo Hotel, reach peak popularity around 2011 with approximately 10 million monthly active users and over 270 million registered accounts by 2012, supported by localized servers in multiple languages.^[102]^[98] Gameplay revolves around furnishing rooms with pixelated items, hosting events, and trading virtual goods, though scams involving fraudulent furniture trades and unauthorized gambling rooms have persisted due to inconsistent moderation enforcement.^[103] The economy includes free-earned currencies like Duckets alongside paid Credits and Diamonds, with recent integrations of NFT-based items criticized for predatory monetization targeting younger players.^[104] In June 2012, Habbo faced severe backlash following a Channel 4 investigation revealing predators engaging underage users in explicit sexual chats, prompting Sulake to suspend all global chat functions in the "Great Mute" for two months while overhauling filters and moderation protocols.^[105] This incident highlighted systemic vulnerabilities in child-targeted platforms, with reports of inadequate staff oversight allowing toxic behaviors, including racism allegations that fueled external raids like the 2006 Habbo Hotel raids by 4chan users protesting perceived moderation biases.^[106] Despite these issues, Habbo has endured through technical updates, such as a 2020 shift to the Unity engine and the June 2024 launch of Habbo Hotel: Origins, a faithful recreation of the 2005 version aimed at nostalgic adults with stricter entry controls.^[107]^[108] As of 2025, Habbo maintains active communities across domains like habbo.com, with daily peaks in the thousands for legacy servers and lower but stable figures for Origins, reflecting a shift toward adult-oriented play amid declining youth engagement and ongoing scam reports.^[109]^[110] The platform's longevity stems from its simple, accessible design but is tempered by a history of unaddressed community toxicity, where user-driven economies enabled exploits like insider trading by teenage moderators, underscoring the challenges of scaling safe social virtual worlds.^[106]^[111]

Other uses

HH (brassiere cup size)

In brassiere sizing systems, particularly those originating from or aligned with UK standards, the HH cup designates a large cup volume corresponding to a bust-underbust measurement difference of approximately 10 inches (25 cm). This places it several steps beyond standard cups like D or DD, following the progression A (1 inch), B (2 inches), C (3 inches), D (4 inches), DD (5 inches), E (6 inches), F (7 inches), FF (8 inches), G (9 inches), GG (10 inches), and then H (11 inches) leading to HH (12 inches in some interpretations, though exact increments can vary slightly by manufacturer due to non-standardized global conventions).^[112]^[113] The double-letter notation (e.g., FF, GG, HH) emerged in UK and Australian systems post-D cup to differentiate from US conventions, where single letters continue after DDD (e.g., G, H, I, J), avoiding confusion in international trade and fitting.^[114] HH cups are tailored for women with substantially fuller breasts relative to their torso, often requiring specialized full-bust lingerie from brands catering to sizes D through HH or beyond, such as Elomi or Katherine Hamilton, which offer bands from 26 to 38 inches combined with these cups.^[115]^[116] Equivalents in other systems include roughly US J cup or EU K cup, though precise conversions depend on brand-specific charts, as discrepancies arise from varying cup depth and projection assumptions; for instance, a UK 34HH might align with a US 34J but fit differently due to band tension variances.^[117]^[118] Sizing accuracy relies on precise measurements—underbust for band (even numbers like 32, 34) and fullest bust point—yet studies indicate up to 80% of women wear ill-fitting bras, underscoring the challenges in extended sizes like HH where options dwindle and custom fitting becomes essential.^[119] Prevalence of HH cups remains low globally, estimated in less than 5% of the female population based on anthropometric data from lingerie industry surveys, correlating with factors like genetics, body mass index, and age-related changes, though no large-scale peer-reviewed longitudinal studies quantify exact distributions.^[120] Manufacturers emphasize that HH and similar sizes prioritize support via wider straps, reinforced underbands, and molded cups to mitigate strain on shoulders and back, with materials like high-denier power mesh for containment.^[121] Inconsistent standardization across regions persists, prompting calls from fitting experts for unified metrics, as evidenced by variations in charts from brands like Pour Moi, which adapt UK doubles for international markets.^[120]

HH (H. H. Gregg mascot)

HH is the mascot of H. H. Gregg, an American retailer of consumer electronics and home appliances that operated from 1955 until its bankruptcy in 2017.^[122] Depicted as a sentient CGI-animated catalog with floating hands, feet, and a head, HH was designed to promote the company's products in advertisements.^[122] The character was created by Zimmerman Advertising in collaboration with Hinge Digital and debuted in early 2009 as part of a campaign to "center a campaign around the catalog."^[123] HH appeared in television commercials, radio spots, and other media from 2009 to 2011, often highlighting promotions such as "Christmas in July" sales events.^[122] ^[123] Many of these advertisements are now considered partially lost media, with surviving examples archived in online compilations.^[122] Following H. H. Gregg's bankruptcy filing on April 7, 2017, the company's brand and intellectual property, including HH, were sold to Valor Group LLC for $400,000 in June 2017.^[124] The mascot has not been used in official advertising since the chain's closure of its physical stores, though fan recreations and 3D models of the character persist online.^[125]

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The cursed demise of Habbo Hotel - WIRED
Feb 6, 2021 · A lack of moderation has put users in danger in the past, whereas scams, which the game's terms of service dismiss as victim-induced 'user ...
[105]
A History of Habbo Hotel Controversies - YouTube
Sep 6, 2024 · ... Habbo's most impactful controversies ranging from scams and gambling ... habbo history 07:58 - predatory monetisation schemes 12:43 ...Missing: moderation | Show results with:moderation
[106]
Habbo 'muted' following explicit sex chat claims - BBC News
Jun 13, 2012 · The owner of Habbo Hotel, a popular online game for children, has suspended all chat as it investigates paedophile claims.
[107]
[Online Games] Child grooming, teenaged corporate embezzlement ...
Dec 2, 2021 · You see, rumours were spreading on /b/ that Habbo moderators were racist against black characters. And as upright, well intentioned members ...The Dark Side of Habbo - RedditI was taken off the Hobba team - My whining + Big goodbye giveawayMore results from www.reddit.com
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The Habbos return in Habbo Hotel: Origins, a relaunch of the 2000s ...
Jun 18, 2024 · Developers Sulake are relaunching their virtual chatroom as it existed in 2005, and are calling it Habbo Hotel: Origins.<|separator|>
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Azerion Announces Launch of Habbo Hotel: Origins – A Nostalgic ...
Jun 18, 2024 · Azerion Announces Launch of Habbo Hotel: Origins – A Nostalgic Trip Back to 2005! · Amsterdam, 18th June 2024 · Habbo Hotel: Origins allows ...
[110]
Habbo Live Player Count & Population 2025 - PlayerAuctions
In the last 7 days, Habbo's player count peaked at 7,380 and reached its floor at 6,864.Missing: peak | Show results with:peak
[111]
Habbo Statistics 2024 - Puhekupla
The peak audience occurred in the week 25, between June 17 and 23, with 2,310 active players. The date coincides with the announcement of Habbo Hotel: Origins.
[112]
What Happened to Habbo? Habbo Hotel Turns 25 - G.URL Magazine
Aug 5, 2025 · Habbo Hotel turns 25 this year, marking a chaotic legacy of furniture scams, controversy, internet infamy and unexpected survival.
[113]
How Bra Sizes Work - True & Co
the band measures inches around the chest while the letter-graded cups increase according to the volume of breasts.
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Bra Sizes Simplified: A Guide to Letters & Numbers - Glamorise
The cup sizes get larger as the letters go up in the alphabet. Size D is bigger than A, and H is bigger than D. Sizes are as follows: AAA, AA, A, B, C, D ...
[115]
What Is The Difference Between UK, US & European Bra Sizes?
Apr 15, 2025 · Most of our bra sizes are stated in UK sizing on our website. Those bras which are not made in double cup sizes e.g FF, GG, HH are in US or ...
[116]
https://www.elomilingerie.com/us/en/elomi-size-guide/
[117]
https://www.braforme.com/en-us/pages/sizing-chart
[118]
https://www.herroom.com/bra-size-conversion-chart
[119]
https://brafittingsbycourt.com/blogs/blog/bra-size-converter-difference-between-us-uk-bra-sizing
[120]
https://www.pourmoi.co.uk/fittingroom/ConversionCharts.aspx
[121]
https://illusionslingerie.com.au/blogs/news/understanding-bra-sizing
[122]
https://lostmediawiki.com/H._H._Gregg_%2522H._H.%2522_%28partially_lost_advertisements_from_American_retail_chain%253B_2009-2011%29
[123]
H. H. Gregg "H. H." (partially lost advertisements from American ...
From 2009 to 2011, the company used a mascot called HH (also referred to as "hh") for its TV commercials, radio spots and other media.
[124]
The Full hhgregg Collection | (Lost Media) - YouTube
Jan 23, 2020 · H. H. Gregg's old blog post about the mascot's introduction. The 2015-2017 H. H. Gregg website claimed that HH debuted in early 2009.
[125]
does anyone still own the rights to hh from hhgregg? - Reddit
Feb 9, 2024 · According to Wikipedia "In June 2017, the H. H. Gregg brand and intellectual property was purchased by Valor Group LLC for $400,000." and sure ...Hhgregg is so hot : r/youngpeopleyoutube - Reddithhgregg's mascot as a core. not exactly sure what purpose he would ...More results from www.reddit.com
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hh - hhgregg (9/12/24 update) - Download Free 3D model by ...
Aug 1, 2023 · This model is not official and is just a recreation. I do not own the character in any way and all credits go to Hinge and hhgregg for the character design.