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Idealization and devaluation

Idealization and devaluation refer to psychological processes in which individuals perceive others—or themselves—in polarized, all-or-nothing terms, alternating between attributing exaggerated positive qualities (idealization) and exaggerated negative qualities (devaluation), often as a defense against ambivalence or anxiety.^[1] These mechanisms are central to object relations theory in psychoanalysis, where they stem from difficulties in integrating conflicting aspects of the self and others, leading to "splitting" as a primitive defense.^[2] In clinical contexts, idealization and devaluation are prominently featured in borderline personality disorder (BPD), a condition defined in the DSM-5 by a pervasive pattern of instability in interpersonal relationships marked by extremes of these processes.^[3] Individuals with BPD may initially idealize a person as flawless or indispensable to fulfill emotional needs, only to rapidly devalue them as worthless or harmful when disappointments arise, resulting in intense relational turbulence.^[3] Psychoanalyst Otto Kernberg, in his foundational work on borderline personality organization, described these as key defensive operations that maintain a fragile sense of self by projecting idealized or devalued representations onto others, often linked to early developmental disruptions in attachment.^[4] These dynamics extend beyond BPD to other personality disorders, such as narcissistic personality disorder, where they manifest in cycles of admiration followed by contempt to regulate self-esteem.^[5] In therapeutic settings, managing idealization and devaluation is crucial, as they can strain the patient-therapist alliance; approaches like transference-focused psychotherapy, developed by Kernberg, directly interpret these shifts to foster integration.^[6] Recent models, including social inference frameworks, explain these patterns as adaptive Bayesian learning gone awry, where ambiguous evidence is rationalized to sustain polarized beliefs, highlighting their role in both pathology and everyday cognition.^[2]

Definition and Overview

Core Concepts

Idealization refers to a psychological defense mechanism in which an individual ascribes exaggerated positive qualities to a person, object, or self-representation, often overlooking or minimizing realistic flaws to maintain a sense of emotional stability.^[2] This process typically involves attributing near-perfect attributes, such as unwavering reliability or exceptional virtue, to fulfill underlying emotional requirements like a sense of protection or esteem.^[7] In contrast, devaluation entails the assignment of exaggerated negative qualities to the same target, amplifying perceived shortcomings while dismissing positive aspects, which functions to shield the individual from potential emotional threats such as rejection or loss.^[2] These mechanisms distort reality by polarizing perceptions into extremes, preventing nuanced integration of both positive and negative features.^[7] The dyadic interplay between idealization and devaluation manifests in relational contexts, where perceptions of others (or self) fluctuate rapidly between all-encompassing positivity and negativity, contributing to instability in interpersonal bonds. This alternation often arises when initial idealization encounters contradictory evidence, prompting a defensive shift to devaluation to manage ensuing anxiety or disillusionment.^[2] Such polarized views resist modification by new information, reinforcing a cycle that can undermine consistent relationship quality.^[7] While these processes may briefly alleviate internal conflict, their persistence hinders adaptive emotional regulation.

Psychological Functions

Idealization serves an adaptive function in early childhood development by temporarily stabilizing self-esteem through the elevation of caregivers and the self into idealized figures, allowing children to form a coherent sense of security amid vulnerability.^[8] This mechanism, rooted in object-relations theory, helps infants structure overwhelming experiences by polarizing positive attributes, facilitating emotional regulation before more integrated views emerge.^[2] Similarly, devaluation can function adaptively as a detachment strategy from toxic or threatening relationships, minimizing anxiety by categorically dismissing harmful elements and protecting the self from further distress.^[9] In this way, both processes enable rapid decision-making in interpersonal dynamics, promoting survival by quickly assessing allies versus threats.^[2] When these mechanisms become maladaptive, they perpetuate relational instability through cycles of intense attachment followed by abrupt rejection, as seen in individuals with insecure attachment styles.^[10] This pattern hinders flexible social learning, trapping individuals in volatile relationships characterized by extremes of adoration and disdain.^[2] Neuropsychologically, idealization and devaluation correlate with insecure attachment patterns, particularly those arising from inconsistent caregiving, which impair mentalization and promote splitting as a default regulatory strategy.^[10] Insecure styles involve hyperactivation of the attachment system, linking to heightened amygdala reactivity and prefrontal dysregulation that sustain polarized perceptions.^[10] This bistable cognitive framework, modeled through Bayesian inference, underscores how such mechanisms can rigidify into maladaptive traits under adverse developmental conditions.^[2]

Historical and Theoretical Foundations

Freudian Origins

Sigmund Freud first elaborated the concepts of idealization and devaluation within the framework of narcissistic libido dynamics in his 1914 essay "On Narcissism: An Introduction." He described idealization as a process where the ego projects its own narcissistic libido onto an object, elevating it to an exalted status without fundamentally altering the object's nature.^[11] This investment occurs in both ego-libido and object-libido spheres, as seen in sexual overvaluation, where the loved object receives a libidinal charge typically reserved for the self.^[11] Freud viewed such idealization as a regression to primary narcissism, a stage where the infant's libido is wholly self-directed; in adulthood, it manifests as seeking objects that embody the lost perfections of childhood self-love.^[11] A key passage illustrates this: "That which he projects ahead of him as his ideal is merely his substitute for the lost narcissism of his childhood—the time when he was his own ideal." Freud extended his analysis of devaluation in "Mourning and Melancholia" (1917), linking it to ambivalence toward lost objects. In melancholia, the ego incorporates the abandoned object through identification, turning hostile impulses inward and resulting in severe self-devaluation.^[12] This process stems from an unresolved conflict of love and hate, where the subject's ambivalence prevents detachment, leading to self-reproach and a diminished sense of worth.^[12] Freud noted: "The patient represents his ego to us as worthless, incapable of any achievement and morally despicable; he berates and disparages himself."^[12] Although the death drive was formalized later in Freud's work, the 1917 essay laid groundwork for understanding devaluation as a sadistic turning against the self amid libidinal regression.^[12] Within the psychoanalytic process, Freud identified idealization and devaluation as central to transference, where patients displace infantile attitudes onto the analyst to reenact and resolve internal conflicts.^[13] In positive transference, as detailed in "Observations on Transference-Love" (1915), patients idealize the analyst, overvaluing them as a revival of early narcissistic attachments, which facilitates initial access to repressed material but can intensify as resistance.^[14] Conversely, negative transference involves devaluation, manifesting as hostility or indifference toward the analyst, mirroring past ambivalences and heightening resistance by shifting from remembering to acting out unresolved impulses.^[13] Freud emphasized that analyzing these transferential dynamics—whether idealizing adoration or devaluing criticism—enables patients to work through conflicts, transforming repetition into insight.^[13] These foundational ideas profoundly influenced later theorists, such as Heinz Kohut, who expanded on idealization in self-psychology.^[15]

Object Relations Developments

Object relations theory marked a significant departure from Freudian drive theory by emphasizing the role of early relational experiences in shaping personality, with idealization and devaluation emerging as key mechanisms in managing internal conflicts with objects. Melanie Klein, in the 1940s, integrated these processes into her theory of psychic positions, positing that idealization serves as a defensive operation within the paranoid-schizoid position to preserve good objects against persecutory anxieties arising from the death instinct.^[16] This splitting—where the ego divides objects into wholly idealized "good" and devalued "bad" parts—protects against integration in the depressive position, where ambivalence toward whole objects provokes guilt and repair efforts.^[17] Klein's framework highlighted how such mechanisms originate in infancy, linking them to projective identification and the phantasy life of the child.^[18] Building on Klein in the 1950s, W.R.D. Fairbairn shifted the focus from instinctual drives to innate relational needs, reconceptualizing the psyche as structured around internalized object relations. In his model, devaluation functions as a protective strategy whereby the ego rejects and diminishes "bad" objects to avoid their full internalization, which could overwhelm the central ego and lead to schizoid withdrawal.^[19] Fairbairn described the personality as comprising the central ego linked to the ideal object, alongside the antilibidinal ego attached to the rejecting object—often devalued—and the libidinal ego bound to the exciting object, which may be idealized to fulfill unmet needs.^[20] This relational emphasis portrayed idealization and devaluation not as mere defenses against drives but as adaptations to frustrating early attachments, preserving the ego's capacity for future connections.^[21] Wilfred Bion extended these ideas in the 1960s, applying them to both individual and group contexts through concepts of containment and linking. In group dynamics, as outlined in his basic assumption groups, idealization manifests in the dependency assumption, where members project and elevate the leader as an omnipotent figure to alleviate anxiety, mirroring infantile relations to the idealized breast. Conversely, devaluation appears in "attacks on linking," a pathological process where intolerable beta elements—raw, unprocessed emotions—are evacuated through projective identification, destroying connections between self and object or between thoughts, thus fragmenting relational understanding.^[22] Bion's containment model posits that healthy idealization involves the mother's (or analyst's) reverie transforming these elements into thinkable alpha function, contrasting with devaluative attacks that undermine such transformations.^[23] These developments paved the way for modern object relations theory's transition from an intrapsychic to an interpersonal focus, incorporating Fairbairn's and Bion's relational structures into multi-person psychologies that emphasize enacted dynamics in real-time interactions.^[24] This evolution underscored how idealization and devaluation operate not only within the individual but across relational fields, influencing contemporary approaches to understanding attachment and intersubjectivity.^[25]

Self-Psychology Perspectives

Kohut's Framework

In self-psychology, Heinz Kohut conceptualized idealization and devaluation as integral to the formation and maintenance of a cohesive self, emphasizing the role of selfobjects—external figures who perform vital psychological functions for the developing psyche. In his foundational text The Analysis of the Self (1971), Kohut posited that idealization arises as a fundamental developmental need, where the infant or child experiences merger with powerful, omnipotent selfobjects to soothe tensions, regulate grandiosity, and internalize strength through transmuting internalization. This process, distinct yet complementary to mirroring needs, enables the child to borrow the selfobject's calmness and efficacy, gradually building a robust self-structure.^[26] Devaluation, in contrast, manifests as a defensive reaction to selfobject failure, where the abrupt or chronic unresponsiveness of these figures shatters the illusion of merger, leading to fragmentation of the self. Kohut described this failure as triggering intense responses, such as narcissistic rage—an archaic, disproportionate aggression aimed at restoring self-cohesion—or withdrawal into emptiness and hypochondriacal preoccupations. Such reactions underscore the vulnerability of the self when idealization is disrupted, highlighting devaluation not as mere criticism but as a protective mechanism against unbearable shame and inadequacy.^[27] Kohut delineated developmental stages of idealization, distinguishing archaic forms in early childhood from mature expressions in adulthood. Archaic idealization involves an urgent, merger-like dependence on selfobjects perceived as flawless and all-powerful to contain overwhelming affects and grandiose fantasies, often persisting pathologically if unmet.^[26] In healthy progression, this evolves into mature idealization, where internalized ideals support autonomous goal-setting, ethical values, and realistic aspirations without reliance on external merger, contributing to enduring self-esteem and relational stability. Kohut's clinical illustrations, such as the case of Mr. Z, exemplify these processes through twinship transferences, where the patient sought experiences of essential alikeness with others to bolster self-cohesion. In Mr. Z's first analysis, devaluation targeted his father as weak and ineffectual—a response to perceived selfobject abandonment—while idealization clung to a camp counselor as a strong, supportive figure.^[28] The second analysis revealed repressed twinship needs, with devaluation giving way to integrated idealizations of paternal strength, facilitating therapeutic resolution and self-consolidation.^[28]

Idealizing Transference

Idealizing transference, as conceptualized in Heinz Kohut's self-psychology, refers to the reactivation within the therapeutic process of an early developmental phase in which the child experiences a merger with an omnipotent selfobject to restore a sense of cohesive self and regulate narcissistic equilibrium.^[29] This transference manifests when the patient attributes idealized qualities of strength, calmness, and perfection to the analyst, seeking a psychological union that compensates for deficits in self-structure arising from inadequate early mirroring or idealization experiences.^[29] The progression of idealizing transference typically unfolds in phases, beginning with merger idealization, where the patient feels a profound sense of security and vitality through perceived oneness with the analyst's omnipotence, often evoking childhood longings for fusion with an all-powerful parental figure.^[29] This phase serves as a defensive restoration of self-cohesion but can lead to disillusionment as the patient gradually recognizes the analyst's human limitations, prompting a shift toward internalization of idealized attributes into the patient's own psychic structures, such as the superego.^[29] If disillusionment occurs traumatically due to empathic failures, it may culminate in devaluation, where the patient withdraws idealizing libido and fixates on archaic selfobjects, perpetuating a lifelong quest for external perfection and vulnerability to fragmentation.^[29] In therapy, the analyst's role involves tolerating the idealization without gratification or confrontation, maintaining an optimal empathic attunement to support the patient's gradual working through of these dynamics and facilitate the integration of self-strengths.^[29] This tolerance allows the patient to transmute early narcissistic needs into mature self-regulatory capacities, transforming the transference from a repetitive pattern into a vehicle for structural change.^[29] Unlike erotic transference, which involves libidinal drives and oedipal fantasies directed toward the analyst for sexual or romantic fulfillment, idealizing transference emphasizes selfobject functions aimed at soothing fragmentation and enhancing self-cohesion through non-sexual merger with idealized power.^[30] In self-psychology, this distinction underscores the narcissistic, regulatory purpose of idealization over genital or affectionate aims, positioning it as a pathway to self-consolidation rather than conflict resolution.^[30] Clinical case studies from the 1980s onward have documented the manifestation and therapeutic utility of idealizing transference in narcissistic patients. Subsequent research, including case studies of self-psychology interventions, has demonstrated its role in improving self-esteem regulation post-therapy.^[31]

Borderline Organization and Splitting

Kernberg's Model

Otto F. Kernberg introduced his structural model of borderline personality organization in his seminal 1975 work, Borderline Conditions and Pathological Narcissism, where he described idealization and devaluation as central mechanisms of the primitive defense known as splitting.^[32] In this model, splitting serves to maintain a fragile sense of self by segregating conflicting internal representations of self and others into polarized "all-good" and "all-bad" categories, preventing the integration of ambivalent experiences that could lead to overwhelming anxiety.^[32] Idealization involves attributing exaggerated positive qualities to certain objects or aspects of the self to bolster a grandiose self-image, while devaluation targets perceived threats by diminishing the worth of others or self-representations, thus preserving psychological equilibrium amid identity diffusion.^[32] Kernberg's structural theory posits that these defenses are characteristic of borderline-level personality integration, where identity diffusion—a lack of cohesive self-concept—arises from early developmental failures in integrating loving and aggressive object relations.^[33] This diffusion manifests clinically in unstable self-image and interpersonal relationships, often cycling between intense idealization and sudden devaluation, which aligns with diagnostic criteria for borderline personality disorder (BPD) in the DSM, such as patterns of unstable and intense relationships alternating between extremes of idealization and devaluation.^[33] Kernberg's contributions significantly influenced the formalization of BPD in DSM-III, emphasizing these dynamics as core features rather than mere symptoms.^[33] In contrast to neurotic personality organization, where identity is relatively consolidated and higher-level defenses like repression predominate, borderline organization relies on these primitive mechanisms to manage internal conflicts, though reality testing remains intact—distinguishing it from psychotic structures where reality boundaries dissolve.^[34] This level of organization thus represents an intermediate position, with splitting and its attendant idealization-devaluation cycles perpetuating chronic instability without full detachment from external reality.^[34]

Devaluation Dynamics

In Otto F. Kernberg's framework of borderline personality organization, devaluation emerges as a primitive defense mechanism activated by perceived threats to the self, such as feelings of abandonment or rejection in interpersonal relationships. This process involves the rapid diminution of an object's value to preserve a fragile self-image, often escalating through projective identification, where intolerable aggressive or needy aspects of the self are projected onto the other, compelling them to enact those projected elements. Sadistic components frequently intensify this dynamic, as the individual derives a sense of control or pleasure from devaluing the object, transforming relational disappointment into an aggressive assertion of superiority.^[35]^[36]^[37] Devaluation operates in a volatile cycle with idealization, characterized by abrupt shifts that engender profound relational instability, often manifesting as love-hate alternations where the object is alternately exalted and vilified. These oscillations stem from the failure to integrate positive and negative object representations, leading to chaotic interactions marked by intense dependency followed by explosive rage or withdrawal. In therapeutic contexts, such cycles appear as primitive transferences, where the analyst is suddenly perceived as a persecutory figure, disrupting the treatment alliance and requiring careful interpretation to expose the underlying splitting.^[36]^[38] Over time, repeated devaluation erodes object constancy—the ability to maintain a stable, nuanced view of others despite frustrations—resulting in chronic feelings of emptiness and identity diffusion. This perpetuates a fragmented internal world, where relationships remain superficial and exploitative, hindering the development of mature attachments. Kernberg illustrates this in clinical cases, such as a patient who projected a sadistic maternal image onto the therapist during sessions, alternating between viewing the therapist as a controlling aggressor and a helpless victim, which enacted the patient's internal sadomasochistic conflict and ultimately facilitated partial integration through sustained analysis. Another example involves a 35-year-old woman in transference-focused psychotherapy who devalued the therapist as an indifferent, abandoning figure amid rapid, controlling monologues, revealing her split victim-critic dyad and leading to improved relational stability after interpretive work.^[35]^[37]^[38]

Clinical Applications

In Personality Disorders

In borderline personality disorder (BPD), idealization and devaluation manifest as a core feature of unstable interpersonal relationships, explicitly outlined in the DSM-5-TR as a pattern characterized by alternating between extremes of idealization and devaluation, contributing to intense but unstable attachments since the disorder's formal recognition in 1980.^[33] This dynamic often leads to rapid shifts in perception of others, from viewing them as flawless saviors to worthless adversaries, exacerbating emotional volatility and relational turmoil.^[33] In narcissistic personality disorder (NPD), idealization and devaluation support the maintenance of grandiosity, with individuals idealizing their own self-image as superior while devaluing others to preserve a sense of entitlement and lack of empathy, as reflected in DSM-5-TR criteria emphasizing pervasive grandiosity and interpersonal exploitative patterns.^[39] This process reinforces a fragile self-esteem, where perceived threats prompt devaluation of critics or rivals to uphold fantasies of unlimited success and admiration.^[40] Comorbidity patterns frequently amplify these cycles, as BPD often overlaps with histrionic personality disorder traits like dramatic emotionality, intensifying idealization phases through excessive attention-seeking, or with antisocial personality disorder features such as manipulativeness, which heighten devaluation and impulsivity, particularly in males.^[41] Similarly, NPD shows high comorbidity with histrionic and antisocial disorders, where shared cluster B dramatic-erratic traits escalate devaluative behaviors into exploitative or antagonistic interactions.^[42] Epidemiological data indicate BPD prevalence between 0.7% and 2.7% in the general population, with a 2025 meta-analysis estimating a pooled prevalence of 2.41% (95% CI: 1.70%-3.40%) and lifetime rates up to 5.9% in some studies, while NPD affects about 0.5% to 6.2%, though underdiagnosis is common due to overlapping presentations.^[33]^[43]^[44]^[45] Gender differences reveal BPD diagnosed more frequently in women (around 75% of clinical cases) but with similar community prevalence rates between sexes (about 5-6% for both), potentially reflecting diagnostic biases toward women's internalizing symptoms versus men's externalizing ones like aggression.^[46] In NPD, manifestations differ by gender, with men exhibiting more overt grandiosity and entitlement, while women may present with vulnerable narcissism involving greater shame and relational devaluation.^[47]

Therapeutic Strategies

Transference-focused psychotherapy (TFP), developed in the 1990s by Otto Kernberg and colleagues, is a manualized psychodynamic treatment specifically designed for patients with borderline personality organization, emphasizing the integration of split-off idealized and devalued self- and object-representations through systematic interpretation of transference and countertransference dynamics.^[48] In TFP, therapists actively explore how idealization and devaluation manifest in the therapeutic relationship, using techniques such as priority setting on dominant transferences, tactical integration to highlight contradictions between idealized and devalued views, and moment-to-moment exploration to foster a more nuanced internal object world.^[49] This approach, typically delivered twice weekly for 1-3 years, aims to reduce primitive defensive operations like splitting by promoting reflective awareness of affective states underlying these distortions.^[38] Mentalization-based treatment (MBT), introduced in the early 2000s by Peter Fonagy and Anthony Bateman, targets deficits in mentalizing—the ability to understand one's own and others' mental states—in individuals prone to idealization and devaluation, particularly in borderline personality disorder (BPD).^[50] MBT employs a three-phase structure: initial stabilization to establish a mentalizing stance, focused mentalization to pause and reflect on devaluing perceptions during interpersonal ruptures, and termination to consolidate gains, using techniques like mentalizing the transference to gently challenge black-and-white thinking without direct confrontation.^[51] Delivered in individual and group formats over 18 months, MBT enhances reflective capacity to mitigate rapid shifts from idealization to devaluation by linking emotional arousal to biased attributions of intent.^[52] Adaptations of dialectical behavior therapy (DBT), originally developed by Marsha Linehan in the late 1980s and refined for BPD, incorporate emotion regulation and interpersonal effectiveness skills to interrupt the cyclical nature of idealization and devaluation, often manifesting as intense relational instability.^[53] In these adaptations, core modules such as mindfulness and distress tolerance are tailored to help patients identify triggers for splitting, using chain analysis to trace idealizing adoration or devaluing contempt back to dysregulated emotions, while validation strategies from the therapist prevent escalation.^[3] Standard DBT, comprising weekly individual therapy, skills groups, and phone coaching over one year, has been extended in protocols like DBT for adolescents or comorbid conditions to address these dynamics more explicitly through role-playing balanced views of others.^[54] Meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials conducted post-2010 demonstrate the efficacy of these interventions in reducing BPD symptoms associated with idealization and devaluation, with specialized psychotherapies like TFP, MBT, and DBT showing moderate effect sizes (SMD ≈ -0.5 to -0.6) on overall severity compared to treatment as usual, translating to approximately 20-30% reductions in symptom scores such as self-harm and affective instability.^[55] For instance, TFP and MBT have yielded comparable outcomes to DBT in head-to-head comparisons, with sustained improvements in interpersonal functioning up to two years post-treatment, though dropout rates remain a challenge across modalities (around 25-40%).^[56] These findings underscore the value of integrating interpretive and skill-based elements to address the relational volatility driven by these mechanisms.^[57]

Criticisms and Modern Interpretations

Theoretical Limitations

The psychoanalytic concepts of idealization and devaluation, originating in the works of Sigmund Freud and Melanie Klein, have been critiqued for inherent gender biases, particularly through an overemphasis on female patients in early case studies from the Freud-Klein era. Freud's analyses, such as those in "Fragment of an Analysis of a Case of Hysteria" (1905), frequently centered on women exhibiting hysterical symptoms, framing their relational styles—marked by dependency and emotional intensity—as pathological manifestations of unresolved Oedipal conflicts or pre-Oedipal attachments.^[58] Feminist scholars like Karen Horney and Jessica Benjamin have argued that these biases reflect patriarchal assumptions, leading to the devaluation of female emotional expressiveness as a defense mechanism rather than a normative relational mode.^[58] Cultural limitations further undermine the universality of idealization and devaluation as framed in early psychoanalytic theory, which is predominantly Western-centric and overlooks dynamics in collectivist societies. Psychoanalytic interpretations often view idealization as a regressive defense against ambivalence, rooted in individualistic notions of self-autonomy prevalent in European and American contexts.^[59] However, in non-Western cultures like those in India, relational interdependence—rather than individuation—is prioritized, challenging the theory's pathologizing lens on such processes.^[59] Sudhir Kakar has highlighted how this Western bias neglects the "dividual" self in collectivist settings, where devaluation might disrupt group equilibrium more than individual psyche, rendering psychoanalytic models ethnocentric and less applicable globally.^[59] Empirically, early psychoanalytic theories of idealization and devaluation face significant critiques for lacking falsifiability, a cornerstone of scientific rigor as outlined by philosopher Karl Popper. Popper argued that concepts like splitting and projection are unfalsifiable because they can retroactively interpret any behavior—positive or negative—as evidence of the underlying mechanism, evading empirical disconfirmation.^[60] This issue has been amplified since the 1990s by the rise of cognitive-behavioral paradigms, which prioritize testable hypotheses and randomized controlled trials, demonstrating superior empirical support for treating relational distortions through structured interventions over unstructured psychoanalytic exploration.^[61] Studies comparing the two approaches have shown cognitive-behavioral therapy's efficacy in addressing symptoms akin to devaluation, such as negative cognitive biases, with measurable outcomes that highlight psychoanalysis's relative scarcity of rigorous, replicable evidence.^[62] A related concern is the overpathologization inherent in these concepts, where normal fluctuations in admiration and disappointment are misconstrued as maladaptive defenses rather than adaptive emotional responses. Psychoanalytic theory often categorizes transient idealization—such as heightened admiration in new relationships—as evidence of splitting, blurring the line between normative variability and pathology.^[63] This tendency, rooted in Freud's continuum between normal and neurotic processes, risks labeling everyday relational shifts as symptomatic, potentially stigmatizing individuals without clinical impairment.^[63] Critics contend that such interpretations prioritize qualitative psychoanalytic inference over quantitative assessments of emotional health, leading to unnecessary therapeutic interventions for benign experiences.^[63]

Contemporary Integrations

In contemporary psychological frameworks, idealization and devaluation have been synthesized with attachment theory, particularly through post-2000 research linking these mechanisms to disorganized attachment patterns originating from Bowlby and Ainsworth's foundational work. Disorganized attachment, characterized by fearful or contradictory behaviors toward caregivers, is viewed as a precursor to the splitting processes seen in borderline personality disorder (BPD), where individuals oscillate between viewing others as all-good (idealization) or all-bad (devaluation) to manage relational instability.^[64] Longitudinal studies indicate that early disorganized attachment predicts such interpersonal extremes in adulthood, framing them as adaptive responses to unresolved trauma rather than purely intrapsychic defenses.^[65] Cognitive models, building on Beck's cognitive therapy traditions, reframe idealization and devaluation as maladaptive schemas and distortions in schema-focused therapy for personality disorders. Developed in the 1990s by Jeffrey Young and influenced by Beck, schema therapy posits that early maladaptive schemas—such as abandonment or defectiveness—drive these polarizations, leading to cognitive distortions where others are overvalued or undervalued to protect against emotional pain.^[66] In BPD treatment, this approach targets schema modes like the vulnerable child (prompting idealization for security) and punitive parent (fueling devaluation), with empirical support showing reduced symptom severity through schema restructuring. Neuroscience integrations from the 2010s onward have illuminated the biological underpinnings, with fMRI studies associating devaluation in BPD with amygdala hyperactivity during negative emotional processing. Meta-analyses reveal heightened amygdala and hippocampal activation in response to social rejection or ambiguity, correlating with rapid shifts to devaluation as a dysregulated threat response, while prefrontal hypoactivity impairs emotion regulation.^[67] These findings suggest idealization-devaluation cycles reflect neural imbalances in affective circuits, informing interventions like neurofeedback to modulate amygdala-prefrontal connectivity.^[68] Cultural psychology expansions apply these concepts beyond Western individualism, with Markus and Kitayama's 1991 framework of interdependent self-concepts highlighting how non-Western contexts amplify idealization to preserve relational harmony. In collectivistic societies, such as those in East Asia or India, idealization may manifest as heightened deference to group roles to avoid conflict, while devaluation is suppressed to maintain social cohesion, altering BPD presentations.^[69] Subsequent research in non-Western settings, like India, shows these mechanisms integrated into family-oriented expressions of distress, where idealization supports interdependent identities but risks cultural misdiagnosis of relational extremes.^[70] Recent advancements as of 2025 include applications in transference-focused psychotherapy (TFP) for narcissistic personality disorder, where integration of idealized and devalued self/other representations fosters trust and relational stability.^[71]

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[PDF] “SELFOBJECT” NEEDS IN KOHUT'S SELF PSYCHOLOGY
The idealization axis refers to the development of a person's ability to form and maintain a stable system of goal-setting ideals. The normal development of.
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[PDF] Narcissism and the narcissistic personality disorder: A comparison ...
In contrast, Kohut's. The Analysis of the Self(1971) departs sharply from classical Freudian and object relations theories. Characteristics of the ...
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[PDF] THE TWO ANALYSES OF MR Z
HEINZ KOHUT ing the birth of a daughter), I have heard nothing from Mr Z directly. I did obtain some indirect information about him from a patient currently ...Missing: devaluation | Show results with:devaluation
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[PDF] THE IDEALIZING TRANSFERENCE
The idealizing transference, however, which establishes itself spontaneously in analysis refers generally to that spe- cific point of the development of the ...
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Erotic and Eroticized Transference—A Self Psychology Perspective
Sep 28, 2025 · Eroticized transference emerges when selfobject longings for mirroring are eroticized. ... Erotic transference emerges in a very different manner.<|control11|><|separator|>
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Psychotherapy with a Narcissistic Patient Using Kohut's Self ...
According to Kohut's self psychology model, narcissistic psychopathology is a result of parental lack of empathy during development.Missing: devaluation | Show results with:devaluation
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Borderline Conditions and Pathological Narcissism - Otto F. Kernberg
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Borderline Personality Disorder - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf
[3] Otto Kernberg and other psychoanalysts played a significant role in defining and describing borderline traits during this time. The formal recognition of ...
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The Inventory of Personality Organization: A valid instrument to ...
Nov 9, 2022 · According to Kernberg, a lower level of PO is associated with more severe interpersonal dysfunction (17), more first [Berghuis et al. (18)] and ...Missing: influence | Show results with:influence<|control11|><|separator|>
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Borderline Conditions and Pathological Narcissism (New York: Jason Aronson; 1975) is the archetypal unread classic. It's an acknowledged landmark; the ...
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[PDF] General Principles of Treatment
later turned out that this idealization was developed as a defense against the devaluation and depreciation of the therapist, seen as an empty, pompous and ...
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[PDF] Transference focused psychotherapy: Overview and update
This paper describes a specific psychoanalytic psychotherapy for patients with severe per- sonality disorders, its technical approach and specific research ...
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Narcissistic Personality Disorder - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf - NIH
Mar 1, 2024 · Narcissistic personality disorder (NPD) is a complex psychological condition that presents with a pervasive pattern of grandiosity, need for admiration, and ...
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Narcissistic Personality Disorder: Progress in Understanding and ...
Oct 25, 2022 · Narcissistic personality disorder (NPD) is defined in the DSM-5-TR (1) in terms of a pervasive pattern of grandiosity (in fantasy or behavior), ...Narcissistic Personality... · Subtypes Of Npd · Treatment Of Npd
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The comorbidity of borderline personality disorder and other DSM-III ...
Factor analysis revealed 1) a group containing borderline personality disorder with paranoid, histrionic, narcissistic, antisocial, and passive-aggressive ...
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The Comorbidity of Narcissistic Personality Disorder with Other DSM ...
Numerous studies indicate that NPD exhibits the highest rates of comorbidity with antisocial and histrionic personality disorders, and is also commonly comorbid ...
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Narcissistic Personality Disorder - Medscape Reference
Mar 24, 2025 · NPD is defined as comprising a pervasive pattern of grandiosity (in fantasy or behavior), a constant need for admiration, and a lack of empathy.
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Gender differences in borderline personality disorder - NIH
Jan 12, 2024 · In the United States prevalence of BPD did not differ significantly between men and women (5.6% vs. 5.2%) (16). A Norwegian community sample ...
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Drawing on the biosocial approach to social role theory, a meta-analysis performed for Study 1 found that men tended to be more narcissistic than women (d = .26 ...
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The Development of Transference-Focused Psychotherapy and Its ...
Nov 10, 2022 · TFP is an empirically based, manualized psychodynamic psychotherapy that emerged as an adaptation of psychoanalytic techniques to meet the needs of patients ...
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[PDF] Transference-Focused Psychotherapy (TFP) for Narcissistic ...
The splitting-based defenses of narcissistic patients in the borderline range, and the resulting pathology of identity reflected in the sharp split between ...
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Mentalization based treatment (MBT) is a time-limited treatment which structures interventions that promote the further development of mentalizing.
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Mentalization based treatment for a broad range of personality ...
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Dialectical behavior therapy as treatment for borderline personality ...
Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) is a structured outpatient treatment developed by Dr Marsha Linehan for the treatment of borderline personality disorder ...Missing: cycles | Show results with:cycles
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Dialectical behaviour therapy for borderline personality disorder
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Specialized psychotherapies for adults with borderline personality ...
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Psychotherapies for borderline personality disorder: a focused ...
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Karl Popper - Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
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Jan 7, 2016 · Cheap and effective, CBT became the dominant form of therapy, consigning Freud to psychology's dingy basement. But new studies have cast doubt on its supremacy.
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Mar 26, 2025 · This is the second of two papers charting the decline of psychoanalysis and the ascendancy of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT).
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The Continuum between Normal and Pathological in Psychopathology
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Borderline Personality Disorder in Adolescence as a Generalization ...
Oct 16, 2018 · Several researchers point to disorganized attachment as a core feature of borderline personality disorder (BPD).
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[DOC] Disorganized Attachment, Development of Dissociated Self States ...
Attachment theory plays a key role in understanding both the characterological outcome of survival of child maltreatment and the development of a dissociative ...
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Dysfunctional schema modes, childhood trauma and dissociation in ...
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Borderline personality disorder: a comprehensive review of ...
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Alterations of amygdala-prefrontal connectivity with real-time fMRI ...
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[PDF] Culture and the Self: Implications for Cognition, Emotion, and ... - MIT
People in different cultures have strikingly different construals of the self, of others, and of the interdependence of the 2.Missing: idealization disorders
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Culture and Borderline Personality Disorder in India - Frontiers
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