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Infielder

An infielder in baseball is a defensive player who occupies a position in the infield, typically one of the four standard spots: first base, second base, shortstop, or third base.^[1] These positions form the inner diamond of the playing field, bounded by the bases and home plate, and exclude the pitcher and catcher in most contexts, though they may be considered infielders for specific rules like the infield fly.^[2] Infielders play a pivotal role in preventing runners from advancing and recording outs on batted balls within their territory. The primary responsibilities of infielders include fielding ground balls, line drives, and pop flies in the infield dirt, making accurate throws to bases to secure outs, and executing double plays, particularly involving the middle infielders at second base and shortstop.^[3] The first baseman primarily catches throws from other fielders to retire runners attempting to reach first, often stretching for errant tosses, while the third baseman handles hard-hit balls down the left-field line and covers third base.^[4] Communication among infielders is essential, with the shortstop often acting as the "captain" of the unit, directing shifts in positioning and calling plays on airborne balls.^[3] Since 2023, MLB rules require all four infielders to start each play with both feet on the infield dirt and at least two on each side of second base to promote traditional defensive alignments and limit extreme shifts.^[1] Infielders must possess quick reflexes, strong throwing arms, agile footwork, and baseball intelligence to anticipate plays, making them crucial to a team's defensive success.^[3] The infield fly rule, which automatically declares the batter out on a catchable fair fly ball with runners on first and second base or the bases loaded, and fewer than two outs, protects baserunners from deliberate drops by infielders aiming for force outs at multiple bases.^[1] Utility infielders, who can play multiple positions, provide flexibility for managers in substitutions and injury situations.^[5] Overall, infield defense influences game outcomes significantly, with advanced metrics like Outs Above Average measuring their effectiveness in preventing hits and advancing runners.^[6]

Overview

Definition and Scope

An infielder in baseball is a defensive player positioned within the infield, specifically one of the four players responsible for covering the bases: the first baseman, second baseman, third baseman, or shortstop.^[7]^[8] These positions form the core of the infield defense, focusing on fielding ground balls, preventing runners from advancing, and executing plays around the bases.^[9] The scope of infielders extends to utility infielders, who possess the versatility to play multiple infield positions during a game, often stepping in for injuries, defensive shifts, or strategic substitutions. For instance, players like Ben Zobrist have demonstrated this adaptability by competently handling second base, shortstop, and third base in various matchups, allowing teams to maintain defensive integrity without disrupting lineup flow.^[10]^[5] This flexibility is particularly valuable in modern baseball, where roster management and in-game adjustments demand multi-positional competence.^[11] Infielders are distinctly separated from other fielders, such as the catcher, who operates behind home plate to receive pitches and control the plate area, and outfielders, who patrol the grass beyond the infield to catch fly balls and prevent extra-base hits.^[2] The infield itself is defined by its boundaries: a dirt or skinned area forming a square approximately 90 feet on each side in Major League Baseball (MLB), encompassing the diamond from home plate to the bases and extending to the edge of the outfield grass.^[7] This layout ensures infielders operate in close proximity to the batter and runners, emphasizing quick reactions and precise throws.^[12]

Importance in Baseball Defense

Infielders are essential to baseball defense, primarily responsible for fielding ground balls, executing force outs at bases, and turning double plays to quickly retire multiple runners and prevent scoring opportunities. These actions allow teams to control the tempo of the game by inducing quick innings and limiting baserunners' advancement. Ground balls, which infielders handle in the vast majority of cases, constitute approximately 44% of all batted balls in MLB.^[13] Statistically, infielders contribute significantly to run prevention through their involvement in these plays; for instance, middle infielders (second basemen and shortstops) lead MLB in assists, frequently exceeding 400 per player in a season, with leaders around 400-450 in recent years.^[14] Double plays, executed almost exclusively by infielders, occur at a rate of approximately 0.8 per game league-wide, underscoring their impact on multi-out situations. Infield positioning directly influences the batting average on balls in play (BABIP), a key metric for run prevention, as precise alignments turn potential hits into outs. Elite infield defenses can suppress opponent BABIP below the league average of .290—for example, the 2024 Seattle Mariners achieved a .263 opponent BABIP through superior fielding efficiency.^[15] This defensive prowess reduces the effectiveness of ground ball contact, limiting opponents' ability to string together hits. Infielders integrate into broader team strategies by enabling defensive shifts and situational alignments tailored to batter tendencies, such as pulling ground balls to one side of the infield. These adjustments, restricted by 2023 rule changes to two infielders per side of second base, still allow for optimized coverage that enhances overall run suppression.^[16] The shortstop, in particular, covers the most ground among infielders, facilitating rapid relays in these setups.^[17]

Infield Positions

First Baseman

The first baseman's primary defensive duty is to receive throws from other infielders to record outs on runners attempting to reach first base, a role that involves positioning near the base and often stretching to secure errant or low throws.^[18] This position demands quick reflexes and reliable hands, as the first baseman handles the highest volume of throws among infielders, with successful receptions directly contributing to putouts.^[19] Physically, first basemen in Major League Baseball (MLB) typically benefit from greater height, with an average of approximately 6 feet 1 inch, which aids in reaching for wide or high throws without leaving the bag uncovered.^[20] They also use a specialized first baseman's mitt, measuring 12 to 13 inches, designed with extra padding and a deeper pocket to secure and "scoop" bounces effectively.^[21] Among common plays, first basemen frequently execute the scoop technique on low or skipping throws from infielders, using their mitt to drag the ball upward while keeping a foot on the base to record the out.^[22] They also manage pickoffs of lead runners at first, coordinating with the pitcher to catch throws and tag the runner swiftly, preventing advances on steals or hits.^[23]

Second Baseman

The second baseman, often abbreviated as 2B, is positioned between first and second base, closer to second base and typically toward the back of the infield dirt, to cover the right side of the infield. This placement allows the player to field ground balls hit in that area and execute force outs at second base, particularly when runners are advancing from first. The role emphasizes agility and quick decision-making to handle batted balls and base runner interactions efficiently.^[24] Key responsibilities include turning double plays by receiving throws from the shortstop or third baseman, pivoting on the bag to tag the runner or force out, and then throwing to first base for the second out. The second baseman must also relay throws from outfielders as the primary cutoff man for balls hit to right or center field, positioning in front of second base to direct the ball accurately. Additionally, the player backs up first base on grounders to prevent errant throws from allowing runners to advance, and covers second base during steals or pickoff attempts. These duties require the second baseman to work in close partnership with the shortstop as part of the middle infield duo, coordinating on double-play feeds and coverage.^[24]^[25]^[26] Required attributes for a second baseman include quick hands and feet for lateral range, along with the ability to react swiftly to incoming throws without seeing the runner. Arm strength is average, sufficient for throws to first base over distances of approximately 90-95 feet from typical positioning, as longer throws are less common compared to other infield spots. These physical demands favor players with smaller statures, with Major League Baseball second basemen averaging about 5 feet 11 inches in height and 185 pounds, prioritizing speed and mobility over power.^[24]^[27]^[20]

Third Baseman

The third baseman, often referred to as the player at the "hot corner," is primarily responsible for defending the area near third base, where hard-hit balls frequently travel down the line due to right-handed batters pulling the ball with significant velocity.^[28]^[29] This position demands exceptional quick reflexes to field line drives and grounders that can exceed 100 mph off the bat, making split-second reactions essential to prevent extra bases.^[30] Physically, the role requires a strong throwing arm to make long-distance throws across the diamond, covering approximately 127 feet from third to first base, often while on the move or off-balance.^[31] Third basemen typically generate average throw velocities of 85-90 mph on these plays, prioritizing accuracy under pressure to complete outs efficiently.^[32] Common defensive scenarios include charging slowly hit bunts to field them aggressively and prevent advances, executing barehanded pickups for quick transitions to throws, and applying tags on runners attempting to reach or advance through third base.^[33]^[34] In Major League Baseball, elite third basemen maintain fielding percentages above .950, with the 2024 league average at .961, reflecting the position's emphasis on error minimization despite high-volume action.^[35]

Shortstop

The shortstop position is widely regarded as the defensive cornerstone of the infield, positioned between the second baseman and third baseman to cover the largest expanse of ground in the infield, typically the gap between second and third base. This placement demands the shortstop field a significant volume of ground balls hit to the left side, requiring quick reactions to charge bunts, backhand hard-hit balls, and make accurate throws to first base or other bases. Additionally, shortstops initiate many double plays by fielding grounders and throwing to the second baseman for the pivot, a critical duty that can turn potential hits into outs and prevent runners from advancing.^[3] Elite shortstops demonstrate exceptional range, often covering up to 40 feet laterally from their starting position to reach balls in play, though such extended plays occur infrequently and highlight their athleticism. They also possess a quick release—typically under 0.8 seconds from fielding to throw—and a strong arm capable of velocities exceeding 95 mph across the diamond, as exemplified by throws from players like Oneil Cruz reaching 97.8 mph. These attributes enable shortstops to handle the position's high volume of plays; they typically log the most defensive innings among infielders, with starting shortstops averaging around 1,300-1,400 innings per season in Major League Baseball.^[36]^[37]^[38] Beyond physical demands, the shortstop often serves as the infield's leader, acting as the "captain" by directing shifts against hitters, communicating positioning to other infielders, and calling off the third baseman on pop flies in their overlap zone. This role underscores their strategic importance in coordinating the defense. In terms of impact, Gold Glove Award winners at shortstop frequently post strong defensive metrics, with top performers averaging 10 or more defensive runs saved (DRS) per season, as seen in Corey Seager's +16 DRS in 2025, reflecting their ability to prevent runs through superior fielding. Shortstops also collaborate closely with second basemen on double-play turns, though the shortstop's broader range distinguishes their contributions.^[3]^[39]

Fielding Arrangement

Standard Positions

In baseball, the standard infield positions form a geometric diamond aligned with the bases, which are spaced 90 feet apart on each side to create a square rotated 45 degrees from home plate. The first baseman occupies the area immediately adjacent to the first base bag, primarily facing the infield to field throws and potential plays at the bag. The second baseman is stationed to the right of second base, offset toward the first base side to cover ground balls in the right-center infield and facilitate double plays. The shortstop positions themselves to the left of second base, approximately 10-15 feet toward the third base side, enabling quick reactions to balls hit between second and third. The third baseman stands near the third base bag, typically 5-10 feet behind it to optimize range for charging grounders and bunts from right-handed batters.^[7]^[2]^[40]^[41] This baseline arrangement is strategically designed to maximize defensive coverage across the infield, where the majority of ground balls—approximately 70-73% of infield balls in play—are directed, according to MLB Statcast tracking data analysis. The positioning ensures overlapping fields of responsibility: the second baseman and shortstop handle the middle infield for potential double plays, while the corner infielders (first and third basemen) guard the lines against pulls and slices. Such alignment allows infielders to convert a high percentage of grounders into outs by minimizing gaps in the 90-foot diamond's coverage area.^[42]^[43] Visually, the standard infield dirt cutout encompasses the playing surface within a 95-foot radius arc from the pitching rubber, extending the skinned area from home plate outward to support these positions and facilitate smooth fielding of low bounces. This configuration, marked by the transition to outfield grass, defines the infield area with the arc centered on the pitching rubber, while the skinned surface extends along the foul lines into the outfield.^[44]^[45]

Situational Adjustments

In baseball, infielders frequently adjust their positions based on the game situation, batter tendencies, and score to optimize defensive outcomes. Since the 2023 MLB season, defensive shifts have been restricted by rules requiring all four infielders to start each play with both feet on the infield dirt and at least two infielders on each side of second base, promoting more traditional alignments while still allowing limited repositioning to counter a batter's hitting patterns, particularly against pull-hitters.^[46] These restrictions, implemented to increase action and balance offense-defense, limit extreme overshifts that were common in the 2010s, driven by data analytics; for example, while one infielder may move toward the pull side (e.g., shortstop slightly right for a left-handed pull-hitter), positions like shortstop in the right-field grass are prohibited.^[47] Another key adjustment is the infield-in play, where all infielders move closer to home plate—typically 10-15 feet from their standard positions—to field bunts or prevent runs in high-leverage situations. This setup is commonly used when a runner is on third base with fewer than two outs, or during bunt attempts, allowing quicker throws to home plate to secure force outs.^[48] Managers call for infield-in based on the game's context, such as protecting a lead in late innings, though it sacrifices range for deeper hits in favor of immediate run prevention.^[48] No-doubles alignments represent a conservative shift designed to limit extra-base hits, particularly doubles, by positioning infielders at normal depth while playing the outfield deeper and wider. This tactic is frequently deployed in the eighth or ninth innings when a team leads by one or two runs or the game is tied, emphasizing fly ball coverage to keep runners from advancing beyond a single.^[49] Since the 2010s, such alignments have gained traction in MLB through advanced scouting, though their use is situational rather than universal across all plate appearances and compliant with shift restrictions.^[50] Umpire-influenced adjustments arise from rules like the infield fly rule, which requires defenses to alter positioning to avoid penalties in scenarios with runners on first and second (or bases loaded) and fewer than two outs. Under this rule, umpires declare an infield fly on a catchable fair fly ball, automatically outing the batter regardless of catch, to prevent intentional drops for multiple outs; infielders thus position more cautiously on pop-ups to comply without risking baserunner advancements.^[51] The shortstop often directs these overall shifts, signaling adjustments to teammates based on real-time analysis.^[47]

Roles and Responsibilities

Fielding Duties

Infielders primarily handle ground balls by following a structured fielding sequence that begins with an athletic ready position, featuring feet shoulder-width apart, knees bent, and weight balanced on the balls of the feet as the pitcher begins their delivery.^[52] The approach involves small, controlled steps—typically alternating left-right for right-handed fielders—to close the distance to the ball while maintaining a low center of gravity, allowing the infielder to field the ball out in front of their body rather than letting it travel deep into their stance.^[53] Glove positioning is critical, with the glove held low and open, fingers pointing downward and palm facing the incoming ball to create a stable "pocket" that absorbs the impact softly, often funneling the ball to the chest for security while the throwing hand covers it.^[54] Footwork transitions seamlessly to the throw, emphasizing a wide base for balance; after fielding, infielders execute a "crow hop"—a quick hop-step with the lead foot (left for right-handers) followed by the back foot—to generate forward momentum toward the target base without losing balance.^[52] Throwing mechanics vary by distance and situation to ensure accuracy and speed. For close-range plays, such as feeding a teammate during a potential double play, infielders use an underhand flip, releasing the ball from a low arm slot with a wrist snap while stepping directly toward the receiver to minimize error risk.^[55] Longer throws to first base or across the diamond employ an overhand motion, gripping the ball with four seams for rotation, pointing the front shoulder at the target, and following through with arm extension and body rotation to achieve velocities often exceeding 80 mph from middle infield positions.^[53] Elite infielders maintain throwing error rates below 2% of opportunities, as evidenced by Major League fielding percentages routinely above .985 for Gold Glove recipients, reflecting precise mechanics honed through repetition. Beyond direct fielding, infielders fulfill coverage responsibilities to prevent runners from advancing on errant plays. The second baseman, for instance, routinely backs up throws to first base, positioning 10-15 feet behind to field overthrows, while the shortstop and third baseman support relays from the outfield by serving as cutoff men, aligning in a direct line between the outfielder and the target base to shorten throws and limit extra bases.^[57] In cutoff scenarios, the relay infielder catches the ball chest-high, pivots quickly, and fires a strong, accurate throw to the base, often using a crow hop for added velocity.^[58] These duties extend to all positions, with the first baseman backing up home on throws from the outfield and the pitcher covering bases on bunts or wild pitches. Infielders also navigate key rule interactions during plays at bases, particularly force outs, where a runner must vacate their base for a trailing runner, allowing the fielder to record an out by touching the base with possession of the ball before the runner arrives.^[59] For non-force situations, such as after a fly ball, infielders apply tags by touching the runner with the ball or glove while holding it securely, ensuring contact is live and not obstructed.^[60] Appeals, used to challenge missed bases or leaving early on fly balls, require the defense to verbally notify the umpire and touch the base or runner before the next pitch, with infielders often executing these at second or third base during rundown or pickoff attempts.^[61]

Offensive Contributions

Infielders play a crucial role in a team's offensive strategy, often slotted into specific batting order positions based on their skill sets. Middle infielders, such as second basemen and shortstops, are frequently valued for their ability to make consistent contact and achieve high batting averages, typically around .250-.260 in recent seasons, emphasizing line drives and ground balls that advance runners.^[62]^[63] In contrast, corner infielders like first and third basemen are expected to provide power, averaging 18-20 home runs per season among qualified players, helping to drive in runs from the middle of the lineup.^[64]^[65] Base-running adds another dimension to infielders' offensive value, particularly for middle infielders who leverage their speed—often derived from agile physical profiles—to turn ground balls into hits. Shortstops, for instance, can achieve a batting average near .300 on grounders hit up the middle due to their quickness in beating throws to first base.^[42] Middle infielders also contribute through stolen bases, averaging 10-20 per season, which disrupts defenses and creates scoring opportunities; examples include shortstop Bobby Witt Jr.'s 31 steals in 2024.^[63]^[62] In clutch situations, such as runners in scoring position for RBIs, infielders maintain solid on-base percentages, contributing to team rallies; league-wide historical OBP for hitters in these spots hovers around .340, reflecting the pressure of key at-bats.^[66] The rise of baseball analytics has shifted emphasis toward plate discipline for infielders, prioritizing metrics like walk rates and low chase percentages over sheer power to maximize on-base opportunities and overall value as measured by Wins Above Replacement (WAR).^[67]^[68] This approach enhances WAR contributions by valuing consistent baserunners who extend innings, as seen in players like second baseman Ketel Marte, whose .372 OBP in 2024 boosted his 4.5 WAR.^[62]

Skills and Training

Required Abilities

Infielders require exceptional physical skills to handle the rapid pace of ground balls and plays in the infield. Hand-eye coordination is paramount, enabling players to react to batted balls traveling at speeds up to 90 mph, with elite infielders demonstrating reaction times as low as 0.15 seconds to identify the ball's trajectory, followed by an additional 0.05 seconds to position the glove effectively.^[69] Lateral quickness is equally critical for covering ground, often measured by the 5-10-5 shuttle run to simulate explosive directional changes during fielding. Mental attributes underpin successful infield performance, including anticipation of ball trajectory based on the batter's swing and pitch location, which allows infielders to position themselves proactively rather than purely reacting. Situational awareness is essential for tasks like tagging runners or executing double plays, requiring constant monitoring of base runners, batter tendencies, and defensive shifts. Poise in error recovery is vital, as infielders must quickly refocus after mistakes to maintain team defense without mental lapses. Key measurable metrics evaluate infielder effectiveness, such as arm velocity, which varies by position: shortstops and third basemen typically average 85-95 mph on throws to first base, while second basemen and first basemen range from 80-90 mph to ensure accurate, timely outs. The fielding range factor, calculated as (assists + putouts) divided by innings played, provides insight into defensive reach; elite infielders often exceed 5.0 per 9 innings, indicating superior play volume and coverage.^[70] Injury risks are inherent due to the demands of sudden sprints and pivots, with hamstring strains being among the most common non-contact injuries, accounting for approximately 6% of all time-loss injuries in professional baseball, with an incidence rate of about 1.09 per 1000 athlete-exposures. These can be mitigated through targeted conditioning programs, such as eccentric strength exercises like Nordic curls, which reduce injury incidence by enhancing muscle resilience.^[71]^[72]

Development and Techniques

Infielders hone their glove work through targeted drills like short-hop fungoes, in which coaches hit ground balls from a short distance to create low bounces, allowing players to practice secure catches and quick transfers while maintaining proper fielding position. This drill emphasizes hand-eye coordination and consistency on unpredictable hops, helping infielders achieve fielding percentages above .970 by simulating game-like scenarios.^[73] To enhance arm strength and throwing accuracy, long toss routines are integral, beginning at close range and gradually extending to distances of up to 300 feet, which promotes shoulder endurance and velocity without excessive strain.^[74] Training progresses systematically from youth to professional levels, with Little League programs prioritizing fundamental skills such as balanced stances and basic ground ball fielding to build a strong technical foundation.^[54] In contrast, MLB minor league development shifts toward data-informed strategies, incorporating analytics from TrackMan radar systems to train defensive shifts based on batted ball profiles, exit velocities, and launch angles for optimized positioning.^[75] Since the 2023 MLB shift restrictions, training has increasingly emphasized traditional infield positioning and range, requiring infielders to develop versatile footwork for standard alignments across various game situations.^[76] Contemporary tools augment these regimens, including video analysis software that breaks down footwork mechanics—such as shuffle steps and glove angles—enabling infielders to identify inefficiencies and refine explosive movements.^[77] Weighted ball protocols further boost throwing velocity, with structured programs demonstrating average increases of 5-10 mph through varied overload and underload throws that strengthen rotator cuff muscles and improve arm speed.^[78] Professional coaching stresses repetitive practice to ingrain habits, with MLB spring training protocols recommending over 1,000 reps per skill—like grounders or throws—to foster automatic responses and reduce errors under pressure. These development techniques also support critical plays, such as turning double plays with precise footwork and quick releases.^[73]

Historical Evolution

Early Development

The infield in baseball emerged in the mid-19th century, evolving from informal variants of town ball played across North America in the 1840s, which featured irregular fields and variable base arrangements without standardized positions.^[79] These early games, often called "town ball" or "Philadelphia town ball," typically used a rectangular or square layout with bases placed at arbitrary distances, emphasizing running between safe havens rather than a defined diamond. The transition to a more structured infield began with the Knickerbocker Base Ball Club of New York, which in 1845 codified the "New York Game" rules, establishing a diamond-shaped infield with four bases positioned at the corners of a square measuring approximately 90 feet per side—calculated as 42 paces diagonally from home to second base. Second and third base positions also solidified during this period, with fielders specializing in covering those bases for force plays as the game formalized.^[80] Early infield roles were rudimentary, centered on preventing runners from advancing. First base served primarily as the initial "striker's base," where a batter could be retired if the ball was held there by a fielder before the runner arrived, reflecting the era's focus on direct outs rather than complex plays.^[81] The shortstop position was invented around 1850 by Daniel Lucius "Doc" Adams of the Knickerbocker Club to cover the open gap between second and third base, particularly for errant throws with the lightweight balls of the time; it earned its name from intercepting "short" stops between bases, initially positioning the player deeper in the outfield before evolving into a core infield role.^[82] By the late 1850s, infield configurations gained uniformity through the National Association of Base Ball Players (NABBP). In 1857, the NABBP formalized the diamond with bases exactly 30 yards (90 feet) apart on a square infield, standardizing field sizes that had previously varied and necessitating more specialized infielders to handle faster play over the larger distances.^[83] This change amplified the demands on positions like first base, where players like Adrian "Cap" Anson emerged in the 1870s as a pioneering figure, renowned for his innovative fielding techniques at the position, including adept handling of low throws that set precedents for future first basemen.^[84] These developments laid the groundwork for the infield's expansion into more dynamic roles in the 20th century.

Modern Changes

Following World War II, the integration of Major League Baseball in 1947, beginning with Jackie Robinson's debut for the Brooklyn Dodgers, introduced a diverse pool of athletes from the Negro Leagues, many of whom emphasized exceptional speed and agility in infield positions. This shift diversified infielder roles by prioritizing quick reflexes and range over traditional power profiles, enhancing overall defensive mobility across the diamond.^[85] The adoption of the designated hitter (DH) rule in the American League in 1973 further evolved infielder responsibilities by allowing teams to prioritize defensive specialists at positions like shortstop and second base, without requiring those players to contribute offensively. This specialization enabled managers to select infielders based primarily on fielding prowess, such as superior glovework and arm strength, rather than balanced hitting skills, thereby deepening the talent pool for pure defenders.^[86] In the analytics era of the 2010s onward, advanced data from tools like Statcast revolutionized infielder positioning through data-driven defensive shifts, which repositioned fielders to exploit batter tendencies and contributed to a decline in league-wide BABIP from .297 in 2010 to .290 in 2022, particularly for affected hitters.^[66] The universal implementation of the DH rule across both leagues in 2022 amplified this trend for corner infielders at first and third base, as it permitted teams to deploy hitters with weaker defense in those spots while using the DH slot for non-infield specialists, subtly shifting expectations toward offensive output in those roles.^[87] Key rule changes have also reshaped modern infielder dynamics; the infield fly rule, first enacted in 1895 to prevent intentional drops for easy double plays and refined in the 1920s to clarify its application, continues to influence pop-up strategies, while the 2023 MLB ban on extreme shifts—requiring two infielders on each side of second base—has forced more traditional alignments, reducing overshifted defenses and potentially boosting ground-ball hitting opportunities. Recent trends reflect greater roster flexibility, with utility infielders comprising a significant portion of versatile players on modern rosters to accommodate in-game adjustments and injury contingencies. Additionally, the 2023 pitch clock has aided injury prevention among position players, including infielders, by shortening game times and reducing cumulative physical strain, leading to fewer total and lower-extremity injuries compared to pre-clock seasons.^[88]^[46]^[89] In 2024, the shift ban resulted in a modest rebound in batting averages on ground balls, and for the 2025 season, MLB introduced minor adjustments to close loopholes in infield positioning rules.^[90] Studies have confirmed these changes promote more balanced defensive alignments without major disruptions to infielder roles.^[91]

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Positioning for 2nd Base: Cut-off Plays - Pro Baseball Insider
The second baseman will cover the 1st base bag, notice that this responsibility will be different if there is a runner on 1st. With nobody on base the 2nd ...
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[PDF] Marlins Think Tank: Fifth Grade Writing Lesson Plan #1 - MLB.com
If you play second base, you are the cutoff man for all throws from right field and many throws from center. Being able to pivot quickly and make an accurate ...
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The Art of Scouting 2nd Basemen: Insights from My Scouting Days
Jan 17, 2025 · Arm Strength and Accuracy. While arm strength is less critical for second basemen than for shortstops or third basemen, it cannot be overlooked.
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Average Height & Weight of each D1 Baseball World Series Team ...
Middle infielders are the smallest on the field on average with an avg of 71.8 inches & 186 lbs where the corner infielders and catchers are the heavy hitters ...
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Tommy Edman focused on second base, leadoff roles - MLB.com
Feb 28, 2021 · It's still far too early in Spring Training to pin anyone to a batting-order spot, but Edman took leadoff duties in Sunday's Grapefruit League ...
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Batting order - BR Bullpen - Baseball-Reference.com
Nov 8, 2024 · The first or leadoff hitter should be good at getting on base and preferably a good baserunner as well. · In the traditional approach, the second ...
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From ace to yakker, a glossary of baseball slang - MLB.com
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Third Base Tips and Instruction - Pro Baseball Insider
A third baseman should have a firm understanding of double play and relay positioning, as well as mastering several specific defensive skills.
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This photo from the Raiders' home opener shows how impressive it ...
Sep 10, 2018 · That means, then, that throwing a baseball from home plate to second or from third to first is a distance of 127 feet, 3 3/8 inches. On ...
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Third Base Bunt Positioning - Pro Baseball Insider
The third baseman plays a key role in defending against sacrifice bunts. How to balance base runner defense with fielding to make a bunt play.
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Manny Machado's impressive barehanded play | San Diego Padres
Apr 16, 2025 · Manny Machado makes an outstanding barehanded grab off a bunt from Michael Busch before firing to first for the out in the top of the 9th.
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2024 Major League Baseball Third Base
Check out the fielding stats for all the Major League Baseball teams and players on Baseball-Reference.com.
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Mar 19, 2025 · At the hot corner, his offense is run-of-the-mill, without much there beyond his moderate power. He's a poor contact hitter in the park that ...
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José Ramírez launched the most home runs by a switch-hitting third baseman in 2025, with 30 homers.
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Visualizing Shortstop Range - Sports Info Solutions
May 9, 2019 · It dips to about 60-70% at 20 feet from the starting position, then down to about 30% at 30 feet away. And around 40 feet and beyond is where ...
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Oneil Cruz shows off arm strength with 97.8 mph throw | 07/14/2022
Jul 14, 2022 · Statcast measures the arm strength of Oneil Cruz's 97.8 mph laser across the diamond to get the runner at first base.<|control11|><|separator|>
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2024 Major League Baseball Standard Fielding | Baseball-Reference.com
### Summary of Fielding Stats from Baseball-Reference (2024 MLB)
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2025 Gold Glove Award finalists - MLB.com
Oct 15, 2025 · The already highly decorated Seager is still looking for his first Gold Glove Award. He ranked second among AL shortstops with +16 DRS in 2025.
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This depth depends on how comfortable you are with your throw across the infield. The further back, the longer the throw to first base. This can be 5 to 15 ...<|separator|>
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An Infield Hit Model From the 2023 MLB Season
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Adjusted EV averages the maximum of 88 and the actual exit velocity of each batted ball event. Bat Tracking. Bat Speed. Bat speed is measured at the ...Exit Velocity & Barrels · Top Performers · Statcast Metrics Context · Fielder - All
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Dec 26, 2020 · Infield Arc Radius (from pitching rubber): 95' | 28.9 m. Infield Hypotenuse: 127' 3-3/8” | 38.8 m. Pitching Rubber Distance: 60' 6” | 18.44 m<|separator|>
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Baseball & Softball Field Layouts & Dimensions - Turface Athletics
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Infield in, No Doubles, and other First Base Positioning
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An infield fly is any fair fly ball (not including a line drive or a bunt) which can be caught by an infielder with ordinary effort.
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Routine Ground Balls – Rolled, fungo, soft toss with throws to first base – emphasis on a good fielding position, footwork (replace) and throwing mechanics.
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Underhand Flip · Step 1: Separating the Ball – Once you field the ball, take the ball in your throwing hand and separate it from your glove, where you caught it.
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Baseball cut-offs and relays for middle infielders. Includes proper defensive positioning, baseball cutoff diagrams, and who is the cut off man in various ...
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The Hot Corner: Execution of the Cutoff and Relay System
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Force Play | Glossary - MLB.com
The defense can retire the runner by tagging the next base before he arrives, though not if the defensive team first forces out a trailing runner.
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The Tag - UmpireBible
Mar 12, 2020 · TAG is the action of a fielder in touching a base with the body while holding the ball securely and firmly in the hand or glove.
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Appeal Plays | Glossary - MLB.com
Appeals must be made before the next pitch or attempted play, or before the entire defensive team has left fair territory if the play in question resulted in ...<|separator|>
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The reaction time for a good infielder is 150 milliseconds, plus 50 milliseconds to move the glove [source: Adair]. That means he needs 200 milliseconds ...
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6. Mental Skills · Staying focused and confident under pressure · Reading the ball off the bat for proper reaction · Maintaining a positive mindset after errors.
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Jul 18, 2024 · Range factor is a statistic developed by Bill James in the early 1980s to measure the defensive prowess of a player.
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The incidence of hamstring injuries is particularly high in professional baseball players, likely due to the high-speed running and frequent transition from ...
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Hamstring injuries: prevention and treatment—an update
We now understand that certain types of hamstring injuries are more likely to require prolonged rehabilitation and delayed return to play (RTP).
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Coaches' Corner: 5 Strategies Top Infielders Use to Increase ...
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The Importance of Video Analysis in Baseball Academy Training
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The Knickerbocker version of the game became known as the "New York Game" distinguishing it from "Town Ball" and "The Massachusetts Game." Early on the ...<|separator|>
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The Evolution of the Baseball Diamond: Perfection Came Slowly
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Knickerbocker Rules New York 1854
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jan 22: the 1857 rules - TODAY in BASEBALL
The distance between the bases would be 30 yards (90 feet). The pitching distance would be 45 feet from home base. Five innings would determine a complete game.
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Cap Anson - Society for American Baseball Research
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The study presented here begins with 1947, but it concerns itself not with social justice or heroism, but with the effect of integration on the playing field.
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The Historical Evolution of the Designated Hitter Rule
Remember that the DH was introduced in the American League in 1973 to counter the decline in offense during the late 1960s and early 1970s. Secondly, there have ...
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May 13, 2019 · There must be runners on first and second base, or the bases must be loaded (runners on first, second, and third). · There must be no outs or one ...
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MLB 2023 rule changes: pitch timer, larger bases, shifts
Feb 1, 2023 · This change will create a 4 1/2-inch reduction in the distance between first and second base and between second base and third, which encourages ...
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The major league baseball pitch clock: one year position player ...
The aim of this study is to determine if implementation of the 2023 MLB pitch clock influenced the incidence of injuries in position players.