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Intentional base on balls

In baseball, an intentional base on balls, commonly referred to as an intentional walk and abbreviated as IBB in scorekeeping, occurs when a pitcher deliberately throws four pitches outside the strike zone—or, under current rules, when the defensive manager signals the umpire to award the base—to allow the batter to advance to first base without being put out.^[1] This tactic is employed strategically by the defense to neutralize a dangerous hitter, often to set up a force play, face a weaker batter next, or avoid a high-risk confrontation in scoring situations.^[2] The batter is entitled to first base upon the fourth ball, must touch it to avoid an out, and runners advance if forced; it counts as a time at bat for the batter but no hit, and is treated identically to a standard base on balls for earned run calculations.^[1] Under Major League Baseball (MLB) rules, an intentional base on balls is scored by the official scorer when the pitcher makes no genuine attempt to deliver pitches in the strike zone, or when the manager directly notifies the umpire of the intent, bypassing the need to throw any pitches—a change implemented in 2017 to expedite gameplay.^[1]^[3] The catcher must remain in the catcher's box until the pitch is released (or the signal is given), or it results in a balk; there is no limit on how many can be issued per game, though they count toward the pitcher's requirement to face three consecutive batters.^[1] Prior to 2017, all intentional walks required the full four pitches, sometimes leading to tense or humorous moments if the batter swung at an errant "ball."^[3] The practice of intentionally walking batters dates back to the early 20th century in professional baseball, but official tracking of IBBs began in MLB in 1955 as part of expanded statistics, revealing their frequency at about one per 116 plate appearances in the initial decades.^[4] Over time, usage has varied with offensive eras and rule tweaks, peaking in the 1960s and 2000s amid slugger-heavy lineups; in recent seasons, teams issue fewer than 0.2 per game on average, influenced by analytics favoring selective avoidance of elite hitters.^[5] Notable records underscore the tactic's impact on star players: Barry Bonds holds the career MLB lead with 688 intentional walks, including a single-season record of 120 in 2004 while with the San Francisco Giants, reflecting opponents' extreme caution against his power.^[6] Other leaders include Albert Pujols (316) and Willie McCovey (260), while rare extremes include six documented intentional walks with the bases loaded in MLB history, the most recent to Josh Hamilton in 2008.^[6]

Fundamentals

Definition

An intentional base on balls, commonly referred to as an intentional walk and denoted in scorekeeping as IBB, occurs when the defending team deliberately awards first base to the batter without permitting them to attempt a hit, effectively bypassing the plate appearance.^[7]^[2] This tactic serves to neutralize a dangerous or highly skilled hitter, particularly in scenarios where advancing the batter strategically benefits the defense, such as facing a subsequent weaker opponent or positioning runners for a force out or double play.^[7]^[2] The primary purpose of issuing an intentional base on balls is to mitigate the risk posed by elite batters who pose a significant threat of extra-base hits or home runs, especially in high-leverage situations like late innings with baserunners already in scoring position.^[7] By electing this option, the pitching team avoids direct confrontation, preserving game control and potentially altering the inning's momentum in their favor.^[2] In Major League Baseball (MLB), the basic mechanics involve the manager signaling the intent directly to the home plate umpire—typically by raising four fingers—who then immediately directs the batter to first base, eliminating the need for any pitches to be thrown.^[7] This procedure, implemented since 2017, streamlines the process while maintaining the walk's effect.^[3] An intentional base on balls is a specific subset of the broader base on balls (BB), which encompasses all instances where a batter reaches first base due to four balls being called.^[8]^[2]

Distinction from Unintentional Walks

An unintentional walk, also known as a base on balls resulting from lack of control, occurs when a pitcher delivers four pitches outside the strike zone due to factors such as wildness, erratic mechanics, or the batter's strong plate discipline in avoiding swings at borderline pitches, without any strategic intent from the defensive team.^[8] These walks are typically viewed as unintended outcomes of pitching execution rather than tactical choices, often reflecting temporary vulnerabilities in the pitcher's command during an at-bat. In contrast, an intentional base on balls requires the manager's explicit signal to the umpire, signaling a purposeful decision to concede first base without any real effort to retire the batter through strikes or inducing contact.^[9] Under Official Baseball Rules, an intentional base on balls is scored when the manager requests it from the umpire (with no pitches thrown) or when the pitcher delivers four balls outside the strike zone with no genuine attempt to throw strikes, distinguishing it from unintentional walks where the pitcher is attempting to induce an out.^[9] This deliberate act underscores a strategic calculus, bypassing the risk of the batter putting the ball in play. Major League Baseball maintains separate statistical tracking for intentional bases on balls (IBB) from total bases on balls (BB) since 1955, enabling precise measurement of intentional strategy versus unintentional errors or control lapses in pitcher performance evaluations.^[10] This separation highlights how IBB contribute to overall walk totals but are isolated to assess defensive tactics independently from pitching proficiency metrics.^[4] From a psychological perspective, intentional walks convey the opposing team's respect for the batter's elite skill set, recognizing them as a threat too formidable to challenge directly in key moments, whereas unintentional walks more often expose a pitcher's weakness, such as diminished velocity or inconsistent location, potentially eroding confidence on the mound.^[11] This distinction reinforces the intentional walk as a calculated concession rather than an accident of execution.

Rules and Procedures

Official MLB Rules

In Major League Baseball, the intentional base on balls is governed by Rule 5.05(b)(1) Comment of the Official Baseball Rules, which entitles a batter to first base when the defensive team's manager or catcher requests the umpire to award it without the pitcher delivering four balls.^[1] This provision distinguishes the intentional walk from a standard base on balls under Rule 5.05(b)(1), allowing the defense to strategically advance the batter without risking a hit. The home plate umpire verifies the request to confirm the defensive team's intent before proceeding.^[1] Prior to the 2017 season, executing an intentional base on balls required the pitcher to deliver four pitches outside the strike zone, with the umpire calling "Ball" for each to complete the walk.^[1] However, a rule modification approved by MLB and the MLB Players Association eliminated this requirement starting in 2017, streamlining the process to reduce game time.^[12] Under the updated procedure, the manager or catcher signals the intent to the home plate umpire at any point during the at-bat, and the umpire immediately awards first base to the batter without any pitches being thrown.^[12] The umpire's role includes ensuring the signal is clear and properly communicated, preventing any ambiguity in the execution.^[1] If the intentional base on balls is not signaled correctly or if the pitcher delivers a pitch after the umpire has awarded the base, it may result in a balk call under Rule 6.02(a), as the delivery would constitute an illegal act with the at-bat concluded.^[13] Similarly, interference by offensive players, such as the batter leaving the box prematurely, could lead to penalties under relevant interference rules.^[1] These safeguards maintain the integrity of the procedure and ensure fair play.

Scoring and Statistics

In official Major League Baseball (MLB) scorekeeping, an intentional base on balls (IBB) is denoted separately from a standard base on balls (BB), with scorers required to list intentional walks distinctly in records to reflect the strategic intent behind the award.^[1] This distinction is mandated under Rule 9.02(a)(13) and (14) of the Official Baseball Rules, with specific scoring under Rule 9.14(b) and (d), ensuring that IBBs are tracked as a unique category in box scores and official summaries.^[1] For pitchers, an IBB counts fully as a walk in key statistics, contributing to metrics like walks plus hits per inning pitched (WHIP), which measures baserunners allowed per inning and includes all walks regardless of intent.^[14] Unlike unintentional walks, IBBs underscore a managerial or pitching staff decision to avoid a batter, but they still factor into earned run average (ERA) calculations if the awarded runner later scores, as IBBs are treated identically to other bases on balls for determining earned runs under Rule 9.16(a).^[1] From the batter's perspective, an IBB is recorded as a standard walk, boosting on-base percentage (OBP) by increasing times reaching base without an out, as OBP encompasses all walks in its formula of (hits + walks + hit-by-pitches) divided by plate appearances.^[15] However, IBBs do not contribute to total bases, which only credit extra-base hits and singles, limiting their direct impact on slugging percentage while still advancing the runner to first base strategically. League-wide, MLB maintains comprehensive tracking of IBBs through annual leaderboards, such as those for most intentional walks received by batters or issued by pitchers, providing data for performance evaluation across seasons.^[16] In sabermetrics, these statistics are analyzed to assess lineup protection, where high IBB totals for a batter indicate the defensive value of subsequent hitters in discouraging intentional avoidance, as evidenced by studies showing IBB rates correlating with overall team offensive dynamics.^[17]^[18]

Variations in Other Leagues

In Minor League Baseball (MiLB), the intentional base on balls procedure aligns with Major League Baseball's rules following the 2017 adoption of the no-pitch signal method, allowing managers to request the walk directly from the umpire without requiring four pitches to expedite gameplay. Prior to 2017, MiLB levels adhered to the traditional four-pitch requirement, with no widespread experimental restrictions on intentional walks documented at those levels, though broader pace-of-play tests occurred in affiliated winter leagues.^[19] Little League Baseball introduced a significant restriction on intentional walks starting with the 2023 season to further accelerate games at youth levels. Under the updated Rule 6.08(a)(2), a batter may receive only one intentional walk per game via announcement to the plate umpire without pitches; any subsequent intentional walk to the same batter requires the defense to deliver four balls outside the strike zone.^[20] This change applies across all Little League divisions and aims to limit strategic delays while preserving the option for traditional walks. The World Baseball Softball Confederation (WBSC), governing international competitions, permits intentional base on balls through a manager's signal to the umpire under Rule 6.6, bypassing the need for four pitches in a manner similar to MLB protocols.^[21] If the signal is not used, the defense must pitch four balls outside the strike zone, as outlined in Rule 10.2.10, which awards first base upon such calls.^[21] While the core rules apply uniformly, amateur tournaments under WBSC (such as U-12 or U-15 events) may incorporate additional pace-of-play emphases without distinct variations on the intentional walk mechanism itself.^[21] In NCAA baseball, the no-pitch intentional walk was adopted starting with the 2019 season, enabling the defensive coach to signal the umpire for the award without throwing pitches, in line with efforts to reduce game times.^[22] This rule emphasizes strict enforcement of pace-of-play guidelines, including limits on mound visits and timeouts during at-bats, to maintain flow in college games.

Strategic Applications

Common Scenarios

One common scenario for issuing an intentional base on balls occurs in late innings with runners in scoring position, such as on second or third base, where a team walks a power hitter to fill first base and create a force-out opportunity or set up a potential double play against the next batter.^[7] This tactic is particularly employed when the defense believes the subsequent hitter is more susceptible to ground balls that can induce a double play, thereby neutralizing the immediate scoring threat without risking a big hit.^[23] Teams often opt for an intentional walk to protect a lead, especially in the ninth inning or other high-leverage situations, by avoiding confrontation with a clutch hitter who has a history of delivering in critical moments.^[5] For instance, with a slim margin and bases loaded or runners advanced, managers may walk the batter to bring up a less dangerous option, minimizing the chance of a game-tying or go-ahead hit.^[24] Data indicates that a significant portion of intentional walks occur in the seventh inning or later, underscoring their role in close, late-game preservation of leads.^[5] Another frequent application is lineup protection, where a strong batter is intentionally walked to disrupt the offensive sequence and force the pitcher to face a weaker hitter on deck, such as when a star player follows another top threat in the order.^[7] This strategy is commonly used against excellent hitters like Aaron Judge, who received a record 36 intentional walks in 2025, often to bypass him in favor of a more favorable matchup lower in the lineup.^[25] By doing so, the defense avoids pitching to a dominant slugger while potentially loading the bases for a double-play setup.^[26] Pitcher versus pitcher matchups represent a rare scenario for intentional walks, typically seen in leagues without the designated hitter, where a team walks a weak-hitting pitcher to instead face the subsequent position player who may offer a better matchup despite the risk of advancing runners.^[27] Although less common in Major League Baseball since the universal designated hitter rule in 2022, this tactic has been employed in past National League games or minor leagues to exploit the pitcher's poor offensive stats, averaging around .120 batting average historically.^[4]

Impact on Game Outcomes

The intentional base on balls (IBB) exerts a nuanced influence on game outcomes by balancing the reduction of immediate scoring threats against the addition of baserunners, often tipping the scales in ways that sabermetric analyses deem marginally negative. In specific high-leverage situations, such as late innings with a strong hitter at the plate, issuing an IBB can lower the probability of an immediate hit or home run, thereby stabilizing the defensive team's win probability in the short term. However, this comes at the cost of advancing existing runners and placing an additional threat on base, which simulations using run expectancy models show elevates the opposing team's overall scoring potential. For instance, linear weights calculations indicate that an IBB carries an expected run value of approximately 0.16 to 0.18 runs, reflecting a net cost due to the guaranteed baserunner without an out. Sabermetric perspectives, particularly from FanGraphs, frequently characterize IBB as suboptimal because they load the bases without guaranteeing defensive advantages, exposing pitchers to higher-risk scenarios like grand slams or rallies from the subsequent batter. Empirical data supports this, revealing that batters following an IBB achieve an elevated on-base percentage of .345, compared to the league average of .314, potentially due to increased aggression or psychological momentum. In win probability terms, case-specific modeling, such as during the 2024 playoffs, demonstrates that pitching to elite hitters like Juan Soto can yield a 1% higher win probability (19.1% vs. 18.1%) than walking them, underscoring how IBB often fails to deliver the intended protective effect in modern, data-driven contexts.^[28]^[29]^[30] The strategic evolution of IBB usage has markedly shifted in the post-2010 analytics era, with league-wide frequency declining from about 0.38 per game in 2016 to a record low of 0.17 in 2019, continuing into the 2020s at similarly reduced rates, such as around 0.15 per game in 2025. This reduction stems from advanced metrics illuminating the tactic's drawbacks, such as inflating opponents' on-base opportunities without commensurate defensive gains, leading teams like the Kansas City Royals to rank last in IBB issuance during their 2014–2015 championship runs. In power-hitting eras like the 1990s, when home run rates surged amid the steroid-influenced landscape, IBB were more prevalent against sluggers—exemplified by Barry Bonds receiving 43 in 1993—correlating with competitive dynamics in pennant races for teams like the Atlanta Braves and New York Yankees, though the strategy's overall efficacy remained debated even then.^[5]^[31]^[32]

Execution Methods

Traditional Pitching Technique

Prior to the rule changes implemented in 2017, issuing an intentional base on balls required the pitcher to deliver four pitches well outside the strike zone, a process that demanded precise coordination between the pitcher and catcher to avoid mishaps.^[3] The manager would typically signal the decision from the dugout, prompting the catcher to communicate the intent through a distinctive gesture, such as standing upright rather than crouching and extending one arm toward the target location outside the zone.^[2] The pitcher's primary action involved throwing "unhittable" pitches, often high toward the backstop or wide to the edges of the plate, sometimes lobbing the ball softly to minimize velocity and ensure it stayed far from the batter's reach. This technique allowed the umpire to call four balls without the batter having a realistic chance to swing effectively, advancing the batter to first base. The catcher played a crucial role by framing these pitches to emphasize their location outside the zone, while also relaying the signal to the pitcher to confirm the sequence and prevent any accidental strikes.^[2] Batters were expected to remain disciplined and take all pitches during this sequence, as swinging was considered unsportsmanlike and rare, though it occasionally occurred—resulting in documented instances where contact led to hits, such as Miguel Cabrera's go-ahead single in 2006 after swinging at an intentional ball.^[33] Over MLB history, at least 16 such surprise swings put the ball in play during intentional walks through 2016, after which the practice ceased due to the 2017 rule change.^[34] Despite the coordination, risks were inherent in this method, including the possibility of a wild pitch that could advance baserunners unexpectedly, as seen in Lance McCullers' errant throw in 2015 that allowed a runner to advance to third base.^[35] Additionally, if the pitcher inadvertently delivered a pitch too close to the zone, the batter might reach base safely on a hit or error, turning the strategy against the defense.^[34] These execution challenges underscored the tension between deliberate control and the unpredictable nature of live pitching.^[36]

Modern No-Pitch Procedure

In 2017, Major League Baseball implemented a rule change to streamline the intentional base on balls, allowing the defensive manager to signal the home plate umpire directly rather than requiring the pitcher to throw four pitches outside the strike zone.^[12] This no-pitch procedure, effective starting with the 2017 season and unchanged as of 2025 despite recent debates such as calls to abolish it following the 2025 World Series, awards first base to the batter immediately upon the umpire's confirmation, eliminating the need for ceremonial pitches and marking a shift from the traditional method used prior to that year.^[1]^[37] The process begins when the manager, from the dugout or by approaching the umpire, signals the intent to walk the batter in various ways, such as pointing, yelling, or holding up a sign, with no official gesture required.^[3] The umpire then calls "Time," declares the ball dead, awards first base to the batter, and advances any baserunners who are forced to move (e.g., those on first or second base).^[1] This can occur either before the at-bat starts or during it, provided no pitch has been delivered after the signal; if the batter swings at or fouls a pitch before the signal is given, the at-bat continues normally as a standard plate appearance.^[13] In cases of a disputed signal, the umpire may require clarification or deny the request if the intent is unclear, ensuring the procedure is executed properly.^[3] The change supports MLB's broader pace-of-play initiatives by eliminating approximately 1 minute of dead time per intentional walk, contributing to shorter overall game lengths of about 40 seconds on average without altering strategic elements of the play.^[3]^[38] During the procedure, the ball remains dead, preventing any advances or outs on baserunners beyond the forced movements, and the event is scored as an intentional base on balls without counting toward the pitcher's pitch total.^[1]

Historical Context

Origins and Early Use

The intentional base on balls, a deliberate issuance of pitches outside the strike zone to award a base on balls (requiring five balls prior to 1889), first appeared in professional baseball during the 1880s in the National League as a tactical response to emerging power hitters.^[39] One of the earliest recorded instances occurred on October 21, 1886, in a game between the Chicago White Stockings and the St. Louis Browns, where pitcher John Clarkson intentionally walked Tip O'Neill to neutralize his threat at the plate. This move provoked strong objection from Chicago manager Cap Anson, who confronted Clarkson on the mound, decrying the tactic as contrary to the spirit of the game.^[39] The strategy was employed against prominent sluggers like Anson himself in National League contests throughout the decade, reflecting managers' growing willingness to concede a base rather than risk a key hit in critical situations. For example, during the 1885 World's Championship Series between the Chicago White Stockings and the St. Louis Browns, the Browns intentionally walked Chicago's George Gore immediately after Anson was retired, aiming to induce a double play from the weaker hitter.^[40] Such uses highlighted the tactic's roots in sacrifice-oriented play, where teams prioritized defensive positioning over direct confrontation, evolving from broader small-ball approaches common in the era's low-scoring environment. The number of balls required for a base on balls had been progressively reduced—from nine in 1863, to eight in 1879, seven in 1880, and five in 1887—before settling at four in 1889.^[41] Prior to 1900, intentional base on balls remained infrequent, particularly in the dead-ball style of play that emphasized pitching dominance and limited offensive output, though anecdotal evidence from contemporary accounts confirms its occasional application in high-leverage at-bats against star batters. The practice gained slightly more visibility in the 1890s, including during postseason exhibitions akin to early World Series matchups, where teams like the Cleveland Spiders under manager Patsy Tebeau routinely instructed Cy Young to issue intentional walks, reportedly succeeding in their strategic intent more than 75 percent of the time.^[39] Although not explicitly codified as a distinct maneuver until later, the intentional base on balls was implicitly permitted under the 1889 rule change reducing walks to four balls, with the 1920 Official Baseball Guide acknowledging it as a valid option amid debates over its sportsmanship, including unsuccessful proposals to restrict or eliminate it.^[41]^[42]

Key Rule Changes

The official tracking of intentional base on balls (IBB) as a distinct statistic in Major League Baseball began in 1955, providing data amid the continuation of the lively ball era's emphasis on offensive strategies that saw increased use of the intentional walk in the 1940s through 1960s.^[10] This period marked a rise in IBB frequency, with records showing a notable uptick from around 1960 to 1970 as teams employed the tactic more strategically in high-scoring games.^[43] In 2017, MLB implemented a significant procedural change by allowing managers to signal for an intentional walk without requiring the pitcher to throw four balls, aiming to reduce game times that often exceeded three hours due to the added 20-30 seconds per traditional intentional walk.^[3] This no-pitch rule, approved by the MLB Players Association, streamlined the process while preserving the strategic element of the walk.^[44] Following MLB's lead, the NCAA approved the no-pitch intentional walk in 2018 for implementation in the 2019 college baseball season, promoting consistency with professional rules and accelerating pace of play in amateur games.^[22] In 2023, Little League Baseball introduced a restriction limiting each batter to one intentional walk per game via announcement to the umpire, under revised Rule 6.08(a)(2), to encourage youth development by discouraging repeated avoidance of young hitters and fostering competitive at-bats.^[20] This change also permitted no-pitch walks across all divisions, with those pitches counted toward the pitcher's limit for monitoring purposes.

Records and Milestones

Career and Season Leaders

The all-time leader in intentional bases on balls received is Barry Bonds, who was intentionally walked 688 times over his 22-season career from 1986 to 2007.^[16] Albert Pujols ranks second with 316 intentional walks across his 22 seasons from 2001 to 2022.^[16] Jim Thome is among the top achievers with 201 intentional walks in his 22-year career from 1991 to 2012.^[45] Other prominent leaders include Stan Musial (298) and Hank Aaron (293), both Hall of Famers whose power-hitting prowess prompted frequent intentional avoidance by opponents.^[16] For single-season records, Barry Bonds set the benchmark with 120 intentional walks in 2004 while playing for the San Francisco Giants, a mark that remains unmatched.^[32] He also led the league with 68 in 2002 and 61 in 2003, reflecting the extreme measures taken to neutralize his slugging threat during his peak years.^[32] These totals highlight Bonds' dominance, as no other player has exceeded 45 in a season since Willie McCovey in 1969. In 2025, Aaron Judge received 36, the highest since Albert Pujols' 37 in 2010.^[25] Among pitchers, intentional walks issued are less commonly emphasized as a career statistic, but reliever Kent Tekulve holds the all-time lead with 179 over his 16 seasons from 1974 to 1989.^[46] Greg Maddux, known for his precision, issued 177 intentional walks during his 23-year career from 1986 to 2008, ranking second among pitchers despite his low overall walk rate of 1.80 per nine innings.^[47] Randy Johnson issued 72 intentional walks across his 22 seasons from 1988 to 2009.^[48] Barry Bonds is the sole member of the 500 intentional bases on balls club, reaching that milestone in 2004 and underscoring his unparalleled intimidation factor at the plate.^[16] Since 2010, the use of intentional walks has trended downward league-wide, dropping from 919 total IBB in 2010 to 249 in 2023, driven by sabermetric insights questioning their run-preventive value and the 2017 rule change permitting automatic intentional walks without thrown pitches.^[49]^[5]

Notable Instances

One of the most iconic uses of the intentional base on balls in postseason play occurred during the 2002 World Series between the San Francisco Giants and Anaheim Angels, where Barry Bonds was issued multiple intentional walks, including a rare bases-empty variety. In Game 6, with the Angels leading 4-1 in the sixth inning, Angels pitcher Paul Quantrill intentionally walked Bonds with no one on base to avoid facing his power, a decision that highlighted the fear Bonds instilled in opponents during his peak years. This walk contributed to a Giants rally, though the Angels ultimately won the series in seven games. Bonds, the all-time leader in career intentional walks with 688, drew eight intentional passes across the 2002 playoffs, underscoring how managers prioritized avoiding him even in high-stakes situations.^[50] In the 2017 World Series, the Houston Astros employed the intentional base on balls strategically against the Los Angeles Dodgers' lineup to neutralize key threats. In Game 2, Astros reliever Joe Musgrove intentionally walked second baseman Logan Forsythe with two outs and a runner on second in the eighth inning, loading the bases in an attempt to face a less dangerous hitter and escape the jam. The move backfired when pinch-hitter Austin Barnes delivered a sacrifice fly, allowing the Dodgers to tie the score at 3-3 before the Astros pulled ahead for a 7-6 victory in extra innings. This instance exemplified the Astros' cautious approach to the Dodgers' potent offense throughout the series, where they issued several intentional walks to avoid matchups against stars like Corey Seager and Justin Turner. A debated and historic application came in Game 3 of the 2025 World Series between the Los Angeles Dodgers and Toronto Blue Jays, where the Blue Jays intentionally walked Shohei Ohtani four times—the most in a single postseason game. Manager John Schneider shifted to this strategy after Ohtani went 4-for-4 early with two doubles and two home runs, including a tying blast in the seventh inning, amid a tight 1-1 series. Ohtani reached base a record nine times overall, including the four intentional walks and one unintentional walk in the 17th, during a marathon contest that extended to 18 frames. The Dodgers scored the winning run in the 18th on Freddie Freeman's walk-off homer, securing a 6-5 victory despite the walks, which drew criticism for failing to contain Ohtani's onslaught. This moment reignited discussions on the ethics and effectiveness of frequent intentional walks to superstar hitters in critical games.^[51]^[52] Intentional walks to pitchers remain exceedingly rare, with only 14 recorded since 1950, but a notable 1970s example occurred on September 1, 1970, when the Milwaukee Brewers issued one to Minnesota Twins starter Jim Kaat. In the top of the 11th inning of the second game of a doubleheader, with the Twins leading 2-1, runners on second and third, and one out, Brewers manager Dave Bristol ordered the walk to the left-handed Kaat to set up a potential double play against right-handed batter Cesar Tovar. Instead, Tovar singled to score two runs, and Kaat later scored on a Harmon Killebrew home run, securing a 5-1 Twins victory. Such maneuvers underscore the desperation tactics sometimes employed in extra-inning games to exploit platoon advantages.^[53]

Bases-Loaded Walks

A bases-loaded intentional base on balls occurs when the defensive team deliberately walks a batter with the bases occupied, automatically forcing the runner from third base to score a run.^[7]^[10] This tactic is employed in high-stakes situations to avoid pitching to a particularly dangerous hitter, accepting the certainty of one run in exchange for facing a less threatening subsequent batter.^[54] Such occurrences are exceedingly rare in Major League Baseball history, with seven documented instances overall, but only three since intentional walks became an officially tracked statistic in 1955.^[10] They represent a minuscule fraction of all intentional walks, typically reserved for scenarios involving MVP-caliber players where the risk of a home run or extra-base hit outweighs the guaranteed run.^[55] This rarity stems from the strategic downside of not only surrendering a run but also reloading the bases, which amplifies pressure on the pitcher and increases the potential for further damage if the next batter connects.^[56] Notable examples include the first recorded case on August 2, 1881, when Abner Dalrymple of the Chicago White Stockings was walked by the Buffalo Bisons with the bases loaded.^[10] In more modern times, Barry Bonds received this treatment on May 28, 1998, from Arizona Diamondbacks manager Buck Showalter in the ninth inning of a tie game, setting up a confrontation with a weaker hitter that ultimately preserved a 4-3 victory.^[55]^[57] Similarly, on August 17, 2008, Tampa Bay Rays manager Joe Maddon ordered an intentional walk to Josh Hamilton of the Texas Rangers with the bases loaded and a one-run lead in the eighth inning, leading to a double play that secured the win. A recent instance happened on April 15, 2022, when Los Angeles Angels manager Joe Maddon intentionally walked Texas Rangers shortstop Corey Seager with the bases loaded to face right-handed hitters, though the strategy backfired as the Angels lost 7-3.^[58]^[59] The core strategic trade-off involves conceding one run to mitigate the threat of multiple runs from a single hit, but it heightens vulnerability by filling the bases for the next at-bat, often in late innings with close scores.^[54] This decision demands precise evaluation of batter matchups and game context, as evidenced by the mixed outcomes in historical uses.^[56]

Terminology and Culture

Slang Terms

In baseball culture, the intentional base on balls is often referred to using informal slang that highlights its strategic avoidance of confrontation. Common terms include "intentional pass" or simply "pass," evoking a deliberate sidestep of the batter's hitting prowess, and "free pass," emphasizing the unearned advancement to first base.^[60]^[61] Another frequent expression is "four fingers," derived from the catcher's traditional signal of raising four fingers to the pitcher to indicate the walk, a gesture now used by managers to invoke the pitchless intentional walk rule.^[62] Historically, early 20th-century press accounts described the tactic as a "deliberate walk" or "deliberate pass," underscoring the calculated nature of issuing the walk to neutralize dangerous hitters, as seen in reports from the 1940s and earlier.^[63] Players who draw intentional walks often earn nicknames reflecting their intimidation factor; for example, Barry Bonds led Major League Baseball in intentional walks nine times and holds the career record with 688, prompting opponents to avoid pitching to him. In media and broadcasts, the abbreviation "IBB" (for intentional base on balls) is standard shorthand, appearing in box scores, commentary, and statistical analyses since its official tracking began in 1955.^[7]^[64]

Debates and Controversies

The intentional base on balls has faced increasing scrutiny from baseball analytics, particularly since 2010, when advanced data began highlighting potential drawbacks of the strategy. Studies indicate that batters following an intentional walk achieve a higher on-base percentage (.345 in 2024) compared to the league average (.314 in 2024), leading to elevated run-scoring opportunities and suggesting the tactic disadvantages pitchers in certain applications.^[28] This critique posits that loading the bases unnecessarily amplifies risk, contributing to more damaging innings overall in recent seasons.^[28] A prominent 2025 incident involving Shohei Ohtani exemplified these concerns during the World Series, where the Toronto Blue Jays issued multiple intentional walks to the Dodgers star, prolonging innings and fueling backlash despite avoiding immediate hits.^[37] Although no grand slam directly followed in that game, the strategy's repeated use highlighted its potential to stifle action, with analysts noting similar past backfires where intentional walks set up grand slams by weaker but motivated hitters, reigniting calls for reform.^[37] Proposals to address these issues have gained traction, including outright bans on intentional walks to force pitchers to challenge elite hitters, as advocated by ESPN commentator Stephen A. Smith, who argued it would enhance competition and fan engagement.^[65] Others suggest limiting the tactic to once per game to balance strategy with excitement, drawing from media analyses of high-stakes scenarios like the Ohtani walks.^[37] The debate also centers on fan experience, with detractors claiming intentional walks diminish game thrill by bypassing dramatic at-bats, especially for stars like Ohtani, whom fans pay premium prices to watch swing.^[37] Purists counter that the maneuver upholds baseball's intellectual core, allowing tactical decisions that reward foresight over raw power.^[66] This tension underscores broader efforts to modernize rules without eroding tradition.^[67]

References

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[PDF] OFFICIAL BASEBALL RULES
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Intentional walk - BR Bullpen - Baseball-Reference.com
An intentional walk (aka intentional base on balls or IBB) is a walk issued when a pitcher deliberately throws completely unhittable pitches in order to have ...Missing: definition | Show results with:definition
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10 questions about new intentional-walk rule - MLB.com
Mar 2, 2017 · From now on, when a team wants to intentionally walk a batter, the pitcher will not have to lob the four pitches outside the strike zone.
[4]
Intentional Bases on Balls:The First 25 Seasons
There have been 27,543 intentional bases on balls in the major leagues, 1955-1979. This works out to an average of one for every 116 plate appearances. There is ...
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Career Leaders for Intentional Bases on Balls - Baseball Almanac
By comparison, the American League record for intentional bases on balls during a season is thirty-three which was set by Ted Williams in 1957 then tied by John ...
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Intentional Walk (IBB) | Glossary - MLB.com
An intentional walk occurs when the defending team elects to walk a batter on purpose, putting him on first base instead of letting him try to hit.
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Walk (BB) | Glossary - MLB.com
A walk (or base on balls) occurs when a pitcher throws four pitches out of the strike zone, none of which are swung at by the hitter.
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[PDF] Official Baseball Rules 2019 Edition - MLB.com
a substitute batter receives a base on balls. (b) The Official Scorer shall score an intentional base on balls when the pitcher makes no attempt to throw ...
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Intentional Bases On Balls Records - Baseball Almanac
MLB Records For Intentional Walks | Baseball Almanac NOTE: Intentional walks have only been an officially tracked statistic since 1955. Historical data found ...
[10]
Washington Nationals' Juan Soto knows what intentional walks mean
Sep 10, 2020 · “They respect the four-hole hitter. I just feel good about it ... intentional walk any time he is in the batter's box.” “And also my ...
[11]
MLB, MLBPA announce modifications for 2017 season
Mar 2, 2017 · The start of a no-pitch intentional walk, allowing the defensive team's manager to signal a decision to the home plate umpire to intentionally ...
[12]
The New MLB Intentional Walk Rule - Baseball Rules Academy
May 15, 2017 · The new rule allows managers to call intentional walks before or during an at-bat, with no set sign, and the manager can order it anytime. The ...
[13]
Walks And Hits Per Inning Pitched (WHIP) | Glossary - MLB.com
WHIP is the sum of a pitcher's walks and hits, divided by total innings pitched, showing how well a pitcher keeps runners off basepaths.
[14]
On-base Percentage (OBP) | Glossary - MLB.com
OBP refers to how frequently a batter reaches base per plate appearance. Times on base include hits, walks and hit-by-pitches, but do not include errors.
[15]
Career Leaders & Records for Intentional Bases on Balls
Career IBB Leaders:1.Barry Bonds/688/12606, 2.Albert Pujols/316/13041, 3.Stan Musial+/298/12721, 4.Henry Aaron+/293/13941, 5.Willie McCovey+/260/9692, 6.
[16]
Is lineup protection a myth or reality? It's both, and that paradox is ...
May 19, 2015 · The idea of lineup protection is a site where inherited wisdom clashes with sabermetric analysis, but neither side is wrong about it.
[17]
Effects of Intentional Walks on Non-Intentional Walks
Feb 15, 2012 · The IBBs lead to an inflated walk rate (BB%) for hitters. By removing IBB from a player's BB%, a true walk rate emerges.
[18]
No-pitch intentional walks no new idea | Baseball Hall of Fame
Mar 27, 2017 · The wording of the new rule: “The start of a no-pitch intentional walk, allowing the defensive team's manager to signal a decision to the home ...
[19]
Rule and Regulation Updates Beginning With the 2023 Little ...
Aug 30, 2022 · The International Board of Directors officially approved six rule and regulation items to be implemented for the 2023 season, as voted on by District ...
[20]
[PDF] OFFICIAL RULES OF BASEBALL
occurred after the improper batter reached first base. If more than one ... catching the ball or making a bad throw in such a way that the bad play ...
[21]
For Better or for Worse | NCAA Rule Changes Aim to Speed Up ...
Oct 22, 2018 · ... no-pitch intentional walk rule that Major League baseball adopted in 2017. That is if a coach wishes to walk a batter intentionally he can ...
[22]
Fun with the new intentional walk rule - Beyond the Box Score
Mar 7, 2017 · Major League Baseball passed a new rule which would allow coaches to signal intentional walks from the dugout now, rather than requiring the pitcher to throw ...
[23]
Say farewell to the intentional walk - MLB.com
Jul 10, 2019 · The intentional walk will never disappear permanently, forever. There's always going to be the situation where you have an outstanding hitter ...
[24]
https://www.platecrate.com/blogs/baseball-101/what-is-base-on-balls-in-baseball
[25]
Judge sets AL record for intentional walks - MLB.com
Sep 25, 2025 · Judge's 36 intentional walks are the most by any Major League player in a single season since 2010, when Albert Pujols of the Cardinals received ...Missing: common situations
[26]
Explaining the Intentional Walk Rule in Baseball - Refr Sports
Mar 26, 2024 · By executing intentional walks, teams aim to control the flow of play, manage matchups, and minimize the risk of allowing runs.
[27]
Intentionally walking a pitcher - Bat Flips and Nerds
Nov 16, 2018 · ... ERA of 4.59 with 62 SO and 26 walks. His WHIP of 1.417 was a little frightening. But enough about Brooks, what about this intentional walk?Missing: impact | Show results with:impact
[28]
Intentional Walks: The Hidden Cost to Motivating the Next Batter
Mar 23, 2025 · Batters who batted immediately following an intentional walk had an on-base percentage of .345 compared to a .314 for hitters in all other PAs.
[29]
The Math Behind Intentionally Walking Juan Soto
Oct 17, 2024 · But the really interesting part is that when you sum all of those up, you get a 19.1% chance of winning the game, a full percentage point better ...
[30]
The Road to the World Series Isn't Paved With Intentional Walks
Oct 20, 2023 · Intentional walks are rarely the right decision, even if managers issue them with all the best intentions. The road to hell is paved with good intentions.
[31]
Sabermetrics Is Killing Bad Dugout Decisions | FiveThirtyEight
which tends to make sacrifices and intentional walks less ...
[32]
Single-Season Leaders & Records for Intentional Bases on Balls
Single-Season IBB Leaders:1.Barry Bonds/120/2004/617, 2.Barry Bonds/68/2002/612, 3.Barry Bonds/61/2003/550, 4.Willie McCovey+/45/1969/623, 5.
[33]
Miggy turns attempted intentional walk into go-ahead single - YouTube
Apr 13, 2013 · ... intentional walk in game ... MLB content: http://youtube.com/MLB About MLB.com: Commissioner Allan H. (Bud) Selig announced on January
[34]
Surprise Swings at Intentional Balls
Jun 15, 2011 · 11 documented instances in which a batter was being intentionally walked, but swung at a pitch and put it into play.
[35]
HOU@DET: Wild pitch on intentional walk advances Gose - YouTube
May 23, 2015 · 5/23/15: On an intentional walk attempt, Lance McCullers uncorks a wild pitch to the backstop which allows Anthony Gose to move to third ...
[36]
In Defense of the Old-Fashioned Intentional Walk
Feb 6, 2017 · You're not going to see contact during an intentional walk very often. But there are occasionally wild pitches during intentional walks.
[37]
How much time has MLB saved by taking away the intentional walk?
Sep 22, 2018 · MLB is not saving a significant amount of time per game with the new intentional walk rule. Games are about 40 seconds shorter, on average, because of this ...
[38]
Walk, Don't Run: The Surprising History of the Free Pass in Baseball
Aug 3, 2023 · Cap Anson was furious. He left his first base spot, walked ... This was not the first intentional walk in baseball history—not even ...
[39]
1880's World Series - Beyond the Box Score
Oct 29, 2010 · After Cap Anson lined out hard to short, the Browns intentionally walked George Gore to set up the double play. They got that grounder right to ...
[40]
[PDF] Baseball Playing Rules Changes Before 1950 - Milkees
A balk was an unintentional mistake by the pitcher, resulting in baserunners being allowed to advance a base. The penalty for a balk varied in the 19th century.Missing: origins | Show results with:origins
[41]
The Attempt to Eliminate the IBB - Seamheads.com
Jul 19, 2009 · In 1920, baseball's rule makers took the first step to eliminate the spitball. They also made an attempt that year to abolish the intentional ...
[42]
History of Intentional Walks | Exploring Baseball Data with R
they simply ...
[43]
MLB, union agree to use dugout signal for intentional walk - ESPN
Feb 21, 2017 · Major League Baseball has approved a change to the intentional walk rule, going from the traditional four-pitch walk to a dugout signal.
[44]
Jim Thome Stats, Height, Weight, Position, Rookie Status & More
Jim Thome had 2,328 hits over his career. How many home runs did Jim Thome have? Jim Thome had 612 home runs over his career. What was Jim Thome's ...
[45]
What Pitcher Has The Most Intentional Walks In MLB History
Kent Tekulve has intentionally walked the most career batters, with 179 walked. ; 1. Kent Tekulve ; 2. Greg Maddux ; 3. Gaylord Perry ; 4. Gene Garber ; 5. Steve ...
[46]
Greg Maddux Stats, Height, Weight, Position, Rookie Status & More
Check out the latest Stats, Height, Weight, Position, Rookie Status & More of Greg Maddux. Get info about his position, age, height, weight, draft status, ...
[47]
Randy Johnson Stats, Height, Weight, Position, Rookie Status & More | Baseball-Reference.com
**Randy Johnson's Career Totals for Bases on Balls (BB) and Intentional Bases on Balls (IBB):**
[48]
The Continued Decline of the Intentional Walk | FanGraphs Baseball
Sep 23, 2021 · Over the last 15 years, they're on a steady downward path as front offices and managers come to grips with the ills of extra baserunners.
[49]
Bases-empty intentional walks in the postseason
Oct 13, 2011 · Bases-empty intentional walks in the postseason · 1. Greg Luzinski vs. Rick Rhoden. · 2. Barry Bonds vs. Rick White. · 3. Bonds vs. Chad Fox. · 4.<|control11|><|separator|>
[50]
With Ohtani's onslaught, Blue Jays won't abandon walk strategy
Oct 28, 2025 · Ohtani was on base a record nine times, including by intentional walk in four consecutive plate appearances, starting in the ninth inning. A ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[51]
The Blue Jays Intentionally Walked Shohei Ohtani 4 Times, And ...
Oct 28, 2025 · In the ninth, Jeff Hoffman intentionally walked Ohtani, and Braydon Fisher repeated that strategy in the 11th. Eric Lauer would then ...
[52]
Jim Kaat - BR Bullpen - Baseball-Reference.com
Jul 25, 2022 · He is the Twins' all-time leader with 189 wins and 2,959 innings pitched. He made 898 pitching appearances during his career, spending his ...
[53]
Intentional walk to load the bases: Is it really the best play?
May 18, 2013 · The mind-set is you put the batter on to load the bases, enabling a force out at any base, and hope for a double play. Some data suggests this is the wrong ...
[54]
#TBT: When Buck walked Barry ... with the bases loaded - ESPN
May 28, 2015 · Arizona skipper Buck Showalter ordered a bases-loaded intentional walk to Barry Bonds in the bottom of the ninth on May 28, 1998.
[55]
'Bucking' the Odds: Showalter's Bases-Full Intentional Walk
Sep 19, 2025 · As far as anyone could determine, Buck Showalter is the first manager in 45 years to intentionally walk a batter with the bases loaded. Yet ...
[56]
https://sabr.org/journal/article/bucking-the-odds-showalters-bases-full-intentional-walk/
[57]
Joe Maddon intentional walk Corey Seager bases loaded - MLB.com
Apr 15, 2022 · Maddon called on right-hander Austin Warren to intentionally walk the left-handed-hitting Seager to get to right-handed batters Mitch Garver and Adolis García.
[58]
Here's How Rare Angels' Bases-Loaded Intentional Walk of Corey ...
Apr 16, 2022 · Los Angeles Angles manager Joe Maddon called for an intentional walk of Texas Rangers star Corey Seager with the bases loaded.
[59]
https://www.nbcchicago.com/news/sports/how-rare-was-angels-intentional-walk-of-rangers-corey-seager-with-the-bases-loaded/2808584/
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https://www.onelook.com/?loc=olthes1&w=intentional%20walk
[61]
Intentional base on balls - Wikipedia
An intentional base on balls, usually referred to as an intentional walk and denoted in baseball scorekeeping by IBB, is a walk issued to a batter by a pitcher
[62]
From doffing caps to flipping the bird, managers reveal intentional ...
Mar 9, 2017 · Now check out that photo of Ausmus' tentative new intentional-walk sign. He has four fingers held up, all right -- but not on the same hand.
[63]
Braves' Sam Jethroe blazed way through Triple-A | MiLB.com
I wanted him to issue a deliberate pass to the other pitcher," Richards told a _Chicago Daily News _reporter two years later. Richards knew Jethroe had a ...
[64]
Big Swing--and a Miss : Four-Year Scholarship Eluded Bustos ...
May 14, 1995 · At the plate, her explosive power, quickness and speed have made her a pitcher's nightmare. ... walk her intentionally. The most memorable ...Missing: slang | Show results with:slang
[65]
BONDS: EQUAL TREATMENT FOR SOSA – Hartford Courant
379 behind Henderson, who is no longer the walk machine Bonds ...
[66]
Is Aaron Judge the most feared hitter since Barry Bonds? - Facebook
May 6, 2025 · Bonds was a walk machine because even the roided up proud wouldn't challenge him. 6 mos. Tim Meeker. He has 72 intentional walks in his entire ...
[67]
Baseball statistics - BR Bullpen
Feb 26, 2025 · IBB - Intentional base on balls A base on balls (see BB above) deliberately thrown by the pitcher. Also known as IW (intentional walk). K - ...
[68]
What Actually Happens After An Intentional Walk?
May 1, 2013 · The pitcher, now without the safety net of having a base open, will end up walking the next guy unintentionally, occasionally forcing in a run without ever ...
[69]
MLB Should Abolish the Intentional Walk After Shohei Ohtani Debacle
Oct 31, 2025 · The no-pitch intentional walk was instituted as a rule change prior to the 2017 season. At least before then, a pitcher had to lob four ...
[70]
Stephen A. Smith Calls For MLB To Eliminate Intentional Walks
Oct 8, 2024 · Smith said that getting rid of the intentional walk would promote competition, and that fans would be thrilled to see the best of the best face ...
[71]
Keep The Intentional Walk - Heavy Sports
Oct 31, 2025 · Those who argue that intentional walks “ruin the game” tend to view baseball as a spectator product first and a strategy contest second. This is ...
[72]
https://thefordhamram.com/sports/overtime-the-intentional-walk-is-hurting-baseball/