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JD

James David Vance (born August 2, 1984), known professionally as , is an , author, attorney, Marine Corps veteran, and venture capitalist serving as the 50th of the since January 20, 2025. A , he previously represented as its junior U.S. senator from January 2023 until resigning to assume the vice presidency following his election as running mate to President in 2024. Vance gained widespread recognition as the author of the 2016 bestselling memoir : A Memoir of a Family and Culture in Crisis, which detailed his upbringing amid poverty, family instability, and cultural decline in the and , offering empirical observations on factors contributing to white working-class disenfranchisement that presaged aspects of the 2016 presidential election dynamics. Born in , to a mother struggling with addiction and an absent father, Vance was primarily raised by his maternal grandparents and enlisted in the U.S. Marine Corps in 2003, serving until 2007 including deployment to as a combat correspondent. He later graduated from in 2009 and in 2013, entering with firms including Mithril Capital before launching his own fund focused on Midwest investments. Entering politics as a Trump critic who later aligned with his agenda—citing first-hand insights into economic dislocation as a basis for policy realism—Vance secured the 2022 Ohio Senate seat with Trump's endorsement, emphasizing trade protectionism, opposition to offshoring, and skepticism toward elite institutions often critiqued for systemic biases in mainstream narratives. As vice president, he has championed causal economic reforms like tariffs to revive domestic manufacturing, while controversies have centered on his forthright commentary on demographics, family policy, and foreign entanglements, which detractors in academia and legacy media have amplified as extreme despite empirical underpinnings in fertility data and geopolitical cost-benefit analyses, reflecting broader institutional tendencies to frame dissenting views through partisan lenses rather than substantive debate.

Academia and Law

Juris Doctor

The (JD) is a professional graduate degree in conferred by law schools in the United States, , and a few other countries, serving as the primary qualification for practicing after admission to a state bar. It typically requires three years of full-time study following a , encompassing approximately 84 to 90 semester credits of coursework focused on legal doctrine, analysis, and practice skills. The degree qualifies graduates to sit for the in all U.S. jurisdictions, though bar admission also demands passing the Multistate Bar Examination or equivalent and meeting character and fitness standards set by state supreme courts. Historically, the JD evolved from the (LLB), which originated as an ; the of awarded the first U.S. , a Bachelor of Law, in 1793. By the early , as shifted toward graduate-level training, universities began reclassifying the LLB as a post-baccalaureate program, with formally adopting the JD designation in 1969 and retroactively granting it to LLB alumni. This transition accelerated in the and to align with doctoral nomenclature and emphasize advanced professional preparation, fully replacing the LLB nationwide by without substantive changes to curriculum or rigor. Admission to ABA-accredited JD programs requires a from a regionally accredited , typically demonstrated through undergraduate GPA, (LSAT) scores (median around 158-160 for many schools), letters of recommendation, and a personal statement. Degree completion mandates passing all required courses, achieving a minimum cumulative GPA (often 2.0 or higher), and fulfilling experiential requirements such as clinical practice or professional responsibility training, per ABA Standards. The core curriculum covers foundational subjects including contracts, torts, , , , , , and , with upper-level electives in areas like , , or . ABA-accredited schools must ensure at least 50% of credits derive from live classroom instruction, promoting skills in , case analysis, and advocacy. Part-time programs extend to four years, accommodating working students, while accelerated two-year options exist at select institutions under ABA variance. As of , total JD stands at approximately 115,000 students across ABA-approved schools, reflecting a 21.8% decline from the 2010 peak of 147,525 amid fluctuations in applicant pools influenced by economic factors and perceptions of legal career viability. First-year reached 37,889 in fall , up slightly from prior years, buoyed by a 20% surge in applications to 76,599, the largest increase in two decades. Graduates often pursue bar passage rates averaging 75-80% at schools, with employment outcomes varying by tier; top-tier programs report 90%+ placement in legal roles within 10 months.

People

Politicians and Public Figures

James David Vance, known professionally as JD Vance, is an American politician who has served as the 50th Vice President of the United States since January 20, 2025, under President Donald Trump. Born on August 2, 1984, in Middletown, Ohio, Vance rose to national prominence as the author of the 2016 memoir Hillbilly Elegy: A Memoir of a Family and Culture in Crisis, which detailed his challenging upbringing amid Appalachian poverty, family instability, and opioid addiction in the Rust Belt region. The book, which sold over a million copies and was adapted into a 2020 film, attributed socioeconomic decline in white working-class communities to cultural factors like family breakdown and self-destructive behaviors rather than solely economic policies, drawing both praise for its personal insight and criticism for oversimplifying structural issues. Vance's entry into marked a shift from his earlier criticism of , whom he once labeled "America's Hitler" in 2016 private messages and publicly opposed as culturally harmful during his 2016-2018 career. By 2021, after aligning with 's populist agenda on , , and revival, Vance launched his for the U.S. Senate seat in , securing the nomination in 2022 with 's endorsement and winning the general election against Democrat Tim Ryan by 6.1 percentage points. As senator from January 2023 to January 2025, he advocated for policies restricting Chinese economic influence, protecting domestic steel industries, and limiting abortion access post-Dobbs, while critiquing elite institutions and for undermining American sovereignty. selected him as the 2024 vice presidential running mate on July 15, 2024, citing Vance's appeal to working-class voters and alignment on "" priorities, leading to their victory in the November 5, 2024, election with 312 electoral votes. Prior to politics, Vance served in the U.S. Marine Corps from 2003 to 2007, including a deployment to , and earned a bachelor's degree from in 2009 and a from in 2013, where he credited mentor for bridging his background with elite networks. His name has evolved from James Donald Bowman—reflecting his biological father's —to James Hamel after his mother's remarriage, then legally to James David Vance upon adoption by his grandmother "Mamaw" at age 12, with "JD" adopted as a professional moniker without periods during his 2021 run for purposes. Vance's public profile has included controversies, such as unsubstantiated 2024 rumors alleging personal eccentricities, which amplified partisan divides but lacked evidentiary support from credible investigations.

Writers and Intellectuals

Jerome David Salinger (1919–2010) was an American author renowned for his novel , published in 1951, which depicted adolescent angst and phoniness in adult society through protagonist . Salinger served in the U.S. Army during , participating in the D-Day invasion of in 1944, an experience that influenced his writing on trauma and isolation. After achieving literary success, he withdrew from public life in the 1950s, publishing little beyond short stories in collections like Nine Stories (1953), and resided reclusively in , until his death on January 27, 2010. John Dewey (1859–1952), an American philosopher, psychologist, and educational reformer, developed alongside figures like , emphasizing experience and experimentation over abstract in knowledge formation. Born on October 20, 1859, in , Dewey advocated through hands-on learning and democracy in schools, influencing curricula worldwide via works like (1916). His ideas extended to and , promoting where truth emerges from practical consequences rather than fixed principles, though critics later noted potential overemphasis on amid cultural shifts. John Desmond Bernal (1901–1971), an Irish-born British crystallographer and historian of science, advanced diffraction techniques pivotal to and contributed intellectually to Marxist interpretations of scientific progress. Bernal's 1939 book The Social Function of Science argued for state-directed research to address societal needs, reflecting his advocacy for planned economies, though his alignment with Soviet policies drew scrutiny for overlooking empirical failures in centralized systems. As a , he forecasted technological futures in The World, the Flesh and the Devil (1929), blending scientific optimism with materialist philosophy, and supported post-Hiroshima.

Entertainers and Athletes

Jonathan Davis, born January 18, 1971, in Bakersfield, California, serves as the lead vocalist and frontman of the nu metal band Korn, which he co-founded in 1993. John David "JD" Souther (November 2, 1945 – September 17, 2024) was an American singer, songwriter, and occasional actor recognized for co-writing Eagles hits such as "Best of My Love," "New Kid in Town," and "Heartache Tonight," as well as collaborations with artists including Linda Ronstadt and James Taylor. JayDon McCrary (born July 18, 2007, formerly known as ) is an actor, singer, and dancer best known for providing the voice of young in Disney's 2019 live-action remake of , along with appearances on shows like . Prominent athletes with the initials JD include , born August 21, 1987, in Miami, Florida, a right-handed and who debuted in with the Houston Astros on July 30, 2011, and later won a with the Red Sox in 2018 while accumulating over 300 career home runs across teams like the Tigers, Diamondbacks, and . Jayden Daniels, born December 18, 2000, is a for the of the , standing 6 feet 4 inches tall and weighing 210 pounds, having played at Arizona State and LSU before entering the pros. , born October 3, 2002, is a guard for the in the , drafted 48th overall in 2021 after playing college basketball at . J.D. Davis, born April 27, 1993, in , is a Major League Baseball , left fielder, and who was drafted by the Houston Astros in the third round of the 2014 MLB Draft out of Cal State Fullerton.

Businesses and Organizations

E-commerce and Retail

, Inc., commonly known as JD, is a leading Chinese and company specializing in business-to-consumer (B2C) sales with an integrated model. Founded by on June 18, 1998, in , it initially operated as a physical store selling magneto-optical disks before transitioning to online in 2004 with the launch of its platform, originally named 360buy. Unlike marketplace competitors, maintains ownership of its inventory, emphasizing authentic products and direct fulfillment to ensure and faster delivery. The company's operations focus on , general merchandise, apparel, and groceries, serving over 500 million active customers in through its app and website. By 2024, JD Retail generated the majority of its parent company's CNY 1,084.7 billion in , marking a 3.6% increase from CNY 1,046.2 billion in , driven by expansions in and sectors. JD.com's proprietary network, including over 1,000 warehouses and advanced like AI-driven systems, enables same-day or next-day delivery to more than 90% of 's population, contributing to its ranking as the largest retailer in by revenue. In 2017, JD.com spun off its logistics arm as JD Logistics, which handles end-to-end services and supports international expansion, including express delivery routes to and launched in recent years. The firm's emphasis on self-operated fulfillment has differentiated it from third-party reliant platforms, allowing for higher in product authenticity and return policies, though it incurs higher operational costs compared to pure models. As of 2023, reported net revenues exceeding RMB 1 trillion annually for the first time, underscoring its scale amid China's competitive landscape.

Automotive and Quality Assessment

J.D. Power initiated automotive quality assessments in the late by conducting proprietary surveys for automakers, marking a shift from manufacturer self-reporting to direct owner feedback. Founded on February 1, 1968, by James David Power III from his home, the firm focused initially on automotive , including early studies on and dealer satisfaction that influenced practices. By the 1970s, these efforts gained media attention, such as coverage in , amplifying their role in exposing quality gaps and driving competitive improvements among manufacturers. The U.S. Initial Quality Study (IQS), established in , serves as the benchmark for new-vehicle quality, surveying over 99,000 owners about problems experienced in the first 90 days of ownership across 2024 model-year vehicles in its 2024 edition. Metrics use problems per 100 vehicles (PP100), where lower scores denote superior quality; the 2025 IQS reported as the most problematic category despite a slight 1.9 PP100 industry-wide. This study categorizes issues into areas like driving experience, features/controls, and interiors, enabling segment-specific rankings that guide design refinements. Complementing short-term evaluations, the U.S. Vehicle Dependability Study (VDS) measures reliability after three years, based on responses from owners of models in its release, which recorded 195 PP100—the highest level since amid rising complexity from advanced technologies. led premium brands with 135 PP100 in the 2024 VDS, outperforming at 175 PP100, while mass-market leaders emphasized durability. These assessments, derived from voluntary owner surveys weighted by sales volume, prioritize empirical problem frequencies over subjective , though critics note potential respondent toward recent experiences. Beyond core studies, J.D. Power's automotive portfolio includes the Automotive Performance, Execution and Layout (APEAL) Study, which scores owner delight with design and performance on a 1,000-point scale, and quality evaluations for aftersales service. The firm's data has historically correlated initial quality with long-term dependability, pressuring brands to address systemic issues like electronic failures, with and domestic manufacturers showing gains in recent rankings due to targeted engineering. Overall, these assessments provide verifiable, sales-verified benchmarks that have elevated industry standards since their inception, though increasing vehicle and software integration pose ongoing challenges to scores.

Other Companies and Groups

was an American () software company founded in 1977 in , , by Jack Thompson, Dan Gregory, and Ed McVaney, specializing in business applications for and industries. The company developed the World and EnterpriseOne software suites, which integrated financials, , and management. In 2003, it was acquired by for $1.7 billion, and subsequently by in 2005 for $10.3 billion as part of the deal, with continuing to support and update the platform. As of 2024, EnterpriseOne remains used by mid-sized enterprises for its modular, scalable capabilities. J D Wetherspoon , commonly known as , is a company founded in 1979 by Tim Martin, operating approximately 800 pubs across the and as of 2023. The chain emphasizes low prices, no music, and traditional in converted buildings, generating primarily from food and drink sales with a focus on real ales and extended hours. It reported annual of £1.9 billion in 2023, employing over 40,000 staff, and has expanded into hotels while facing criticism for its stance against smoking bans and EU regulations prior to . J.D. Irving Limited (JDI) is a privately held Canadian headquartered in , established in 1882 and owned by the Irving family. With around 15,000 employees, it operates in , forest products, , , and , including subsidiaries like and JDI Integrated Logistics. The company manages over 1.3 million hectares of forestland and reported diversified operations contributing to Atlantic Canada's economy, with emphases on sustainable and industrial contracting.

Arts and Entertainment

Fictional Characters

John "J.D." Dorian serves as the protagonist and narrator of the medical comedy-drama series Scrubs, which aired on and from October 2, 2001, to March 17, 2010, spanning nine seasons and 182 episodes. Portrayed by , the character begins as an intern at the fictional Sacred Heart Hospital, progressing to resident and attending physician, while grappling with professional challenges, friendships, and personal growth through internal monologues and whimsical daydream sequences. Jason "J.D." Dean appears as the primary antagonist in the 1988 black comedy film Heathers, directed by Michael Lehmann and released on March 31, 1989. Played by Christian Slater, Dean transfers to Westerburg High School, where he pursues Veronica Sawyer (Winona Ryder) and collaborates with her on pranks that escalate into murders framed as suicides, targeting popular students to dismantle the school's clique system. The character embodies nihilistic rebellion, influenced by his father's corporate ruthlessness and personal instability, culminating in a bomb plot thwarted by Veronica. Dean's role has been reprised in adaptations, including the 2014 musical and 2018 TV series.

Media Productions and Works

In television, John "J.D." Dorian serves as the protagonist and narrator of the American medical comedy-drama series Scrubs, which premiered on on October 2, 2001, and ran for nine seasons until March 5, 2010, with additional episodes on in 2009. Portrayed by , the character is a surgical intern at Hospital whose daydreams and internal monologues drive much of the show's humor and introspection on medical training. The series received critical acclaim for its blend of comedy and drama, earning 17 Emmy nominations, including for Outstanding Comedy Series. In film, Jason "J.D." Dean is a central in the 1988 Heathers, directed by and released on March 31, 1989. Played by , J.D. is a brooding newcomer who manipulates high school student Veronica Sawyer into a series of murders disguised as suicides, critiquing teen social hierarchies and cliques. The film has achieved cult status, influencing adaptations like the 2014 Broadway musical, which debuted on February 6, 2014, before transferring to in 2019. The 2017 Indian Hindi-language legal film JD, directed by Shailendra and released on , 2017, centers on a named JD facing false rape accusations amid media and political intrigue. Starring Sreejith Vijay and , it explores themes of journalistic ethics and exploitation by politicians, drawing from real-world media dynamics in . In video games, JD Fenix appears as a protagonist in , developed by The Coalition and released on October 11, 2016, for and Windows. Voiced by , JD is the son of series veteran , leading a focused on conflict with a new robotic threat in a post-apocalyptic world. The game sold over 3 million copies in its first month, continuing the franchise's emphasis on cover-based third-person shooting.

Other Uses

Brands and Products

Jack Daniel's is a prominent brand of Tennessee whiskey abbreviated as JD, produced by the Jack Daniel Distillery in Lynchburg, Tennessee, since its founding in 1866 by Jasper Newton "Jack" Daniel. The distillery, the oldest registered in the United States, employs a unique charcoal mellowing process where the whiskey is filtered drop by drop through 10 feet of sugar maple charcoal before maturation in new charred oak barrels, contributing to its distinctive smooth flavor profile. Owned by Brown-Forman Corporation since 1956, the brand's flagship Old No. 7 Tennessee Sour Mash Whiskey has become the world's best-selling whiskey, with annual sales exceeding 150 million bottles for the black label variant alone. Jammie Dodgers represent another product line abbreviated as JD, consisting of shortcake biscuits filled with raspberry jam, manufactured by in the since 1960. These biscuits feature a distinctive circular with a heart-shaped exposing the jam, and they remain a staple in British , often associated with childhood and marketed under the JD in informal contexts. The product has maintained consistent popularity, with variants including and other flavors introduced over time to expand its appeal.

Science and Technology

In astronomy, JD denotes the , a continuous count of days elapsed since noon on January 1, 4713 BCE (Julian Day 0), providing a standardized timeline that eliminates calendar discontinuities like or month variations. This system, proposed by Joseph Scaliger in 1583 and adapted for astronomical use by Julius Schmidt in 1846, expresses dates as a Julian Day Number (integer part) plus a fractional day, facilitating precise calculations in and ephemerides. For instance, the JD for January 1, 2000, at noon UT is 2451545.0, allowing astronomers to compute orbital periods or light curves without reformatting historical data. Variants include the Modified Julian Day (MJD), which subtracts 2400000.5 from the JD to yield smaller numbers suitable for computing (e.g., MJD 0 corresponds to November 17, 1858), and the Heliocentric Julian Day (HJD), adjusted for Earth's orbital motion relative to the Sun to minimize light-travel time errors in observations. These conventions underpin software like NASA's toolkit for mission planning and the International Astronomical Union's computations, ensuring across observatories. In physics, JD can refer to a Josephson Device, a quantum tunneling junction between two superconductors exhibiting the , where supercurrent flows without voltage, enabling applications in precision voltage standards and SQUIDs for detection. Discovered by in 1962, such devices achieve frequency-to-voltage conversions with uncertainties below 10^{-18}, as verified in labs, though their cryogenic requirements limit broader tech adoption. In , less central usages include JetDirect, Hewlett-Packard's protocol for network printing via internal servers in LaserJet printers, introduced in the 1990s to enable TCP/IP connectivity over Ethernet. This facilitates remote job queuing but has been phased out in favor of modern standards like .

Miscellaneous Abbreviations and Slang

J.D. denotes , the primary required to practice in the United States, typically earned after three years of postgraduate study following a and entailing coursework in , contracts, torts, and . This degree, first formalized in the late 19th century as a replacement for the LL.B., qualifies graduates to sit for bar examinations in most U.S. jurisdictions, with approximately 35,000 J.D. degrees awarded annually as of 2023 by American Bar Association-accredited institutions. In informal and slang usage, JD abbreviates juvenile delinquent, referring to a minor who engages in criminal behavior, a term originating in mid-20th-century to describe involved in petty crimes or acts, often linked to socioeconomic factors like urban . This slang persists in legal and social contexts, with U.S. juvenile courts handling over 600,000 delinquency cases yearly as of 2021 data from the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. Less commonly, JD serves as for "job done" in professional or casual texting, signaling task completion, as noted in acronym databases tracking and lingo. These usages exclude domain-specific applications in , , or technology.

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