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Jump cut

A jump cut is a film and video editing technique in which two sequential shots of the same subject are filmed from a similar camera position and angle but feature a visible mismatch in the subject's position or the passage of time between them, creating an abrupt discontinuity that breaks the illusion of smooth continuity editing.^[1]^[2] The effect typically arises from excising a segment of footage from a single take and splicing the remaining portions together, making the action appear to "jump" forward unnaturally.^[3]^[4] The technique originated accidentally in 1896 when French filmmaker Georges Méliès's camera jammed while recording a passing bus in Paris; upon restarting, the vehicle seemed to vanish and reappear, inspiring Méliès to harness jump cuts intentionally for magical illusions in early films such as A Trip to the Moon (1902).^[3]^[5] Though initially employed for special effects rather than narrative disruption, jump cuts were largely avoided in classical Hollywood editing—exemplified by the 180-degree rule and match-on-action principles—as they violated audience expectations of seamless temporal and spatial coherence.^[6]^[7] Jump cuts achieved stylistic prominence during the French New Wave of the late 1950s and 1960s, particularly through Jean-Luc Godard's Breathless (1960), where they were deployed not as errors but as a deliberate means to evoke urgency, fragmentation, and the raw immediacy of lived experience, challenging conventional cinematic grammar.^[1]^[4] This innovative application influenced subsequent filmmakers, including in action sequences for rhythmic tension (e.g., the Jason Bourne series) and experimental works that prioritize disorientation over realism.^[7] In modern digital production, jump cuts have proliferated in user-generated content like YouTube vlogs and short-form videos, serving to condense lengthy takes, sustain viewer attention amid shorter attention spans, and simulate conversational spontaneity, though they can detract from perceived professionalism in polished narratives.^[8]^[9]

Definition and Characteristics

Core Definition

A jump cut is a film editing technique that involves excising a segment of time from an otherwise continuous shot of the same subject taken from the identical or nearly identical camera position and framing, thereby creating an abrupt spatial or temporal discontinuity perceptible to the viewer.^[1]^[3] This results in the subject appearing to "jump" forward or backward in position or action within the frame, as the pre- and post-excision footage are directly spliced without transitional effects.^[10]^[11] The core criteria for a jump cut require continuity in subject matter and camera setup across the joined segments, coupled with a detectable mismatch—typically less than a full camera repositioning or reframing would produce—such that the edit disrupts the illusion of unbroken motion.^[12]^[13] Unlike seamless continuity edits or cuts involving significant angle changes (e.g., shot-reverse-shot), the jump cut's minimal variation in perspective accentuates the artificiality of the splice, foregrounding the editorial intervention over narrative fluidity.^[1] It differs fundamentally from optical transitions like dissolves or wipes, which soften discontinuities through superimposition or directional sweeps, and from match cuts, which prioritize graphic or thematic alignment across disparate setups rather than excising within a single one.^[3]^[12] The term "jump cut" entered English-language film discourse in the early 1950s, with its earliest documented use in 1953 by Karel Reisz in reference to this precise splicing method.^[14]

Visual and Perceptual Effects

Jump cuts produce a perceptible discontinuity within an otherwise continuous shot by abruptly altering the spatial position, scale, or temporal progression of subjects, thereby violating the viewer's expectation of fluid motion continuity rooted in real-world physics. This breach engages the brain's predictive coding mechanisms, generating sensory prediction errors that demand rapid perceptual recalibration. Empirical evidence from EEG studies demonstrates that such action discontinuities elicit significantly greater frontal midline theta power increases (p=0.01), signaling heightened attentional allocation to resolve the mismatch between anticipated and observed input.^[15] The effect parallels gestalt principles of perceptual organization, where the abrupt fragmentation disrupts holistic scene coherence, prompting an involuntary reset in attentional focus to reconstruct the disrupted visual gestalt.^[15] These perceptual impacts manifest in accelerated subjective time passage, as the excision of intermediate frames compresses event durations, fostering a sense of urgency or propulsion in the sequence. Neurophysiological responses further indicate intensified viewer engagement, with jump cuts suppressing spontaneous blink rates in the initial post-cut second (mean 11.07 ± 7.66 min⁻¹ versus baseline), reflecting sustained visual fixation and arousal.^[16] However, excessive application in chaotic editing styles expands attentional scope across broader sensory networks while diminishing depth of conscious processing, as evidenced by reduced frontal theta rhythms and shifted alpha activity.^[16] Overuse thus risks perceptual overload or mild disorientation, though adaptation via rapid updating of attention-guiding representations (within 250 ms) often preserves overall continuity perception, with viewers overlooking 10-30% of spatiotemporal jumps depending on direction and magnitude.^[17]^[18]

Historical Development

Origins in Early Cinema

The earliest documented instances of jump cuts emerged from mechanical failures in late 19th-century filmmaking equipment. French director and illusionist Georges Méliès encountered the effect accidentally in 1896 while shooting a street scene in Paris with his hand-cranked camera; the mechanism jammed momentarily as an omnibus passed, and upon restarting, the developed film revealed an abrupt disappearance of the vehicle, creating an instantaneous substitution within the unbroken frame.^[3] ^[19] Méliès recognized the disruptive yet transformative potential of this discontinuity, repurposing it as a deliberate "substitution splice" to simulate magical effects, such as objects or performers vanishing and reappearing without camera movement.^[20] ^[5] Méliès integrated these techniques into his "trick films," short productions designed to evoke stage magic through cinematic illusion. In films like The Vanishing Lady (1896), he employed jump cuts to execute rapid changes in performer positions or props, capitalizing on the viewer's expectation of continuity to heighten surprise.^[21] By 1902, this approach culminated in A Trip to the Moon (Le Voyage dans la lune), where jump cuts facilitated seamless transitions in fantastical sequences, such as astronomers transforming into puppets or stars materializing abruptly, all within static setups to emphasize visual spectacle over narrative flow.^[3] These intentional applications marked a shift from mere error correction to creative editing, though limited by the era's rudimentary tools—hand-cranked cameras prone to speed variations and physical splicing requiring precise frame alignment, which often rendered jumps visually jarring if not masked by illusionistic intent.^[22] In the broader context of pre-1930s cinema, such experimental uses remained sporadic, primarily confined to European avant-garde and fantasy shorts, as American and emerging narrative conventions favored smoother inter-scene cuts to maintain spatial illusion and temporal progression.^[23] Filmmakers like Méliès thus pioneered jump cuts as tools for perceptual disruption rather than seamless storytelling, laying empirical groundwork for later montage theorists who would systematize discontinuity for ideological or rhythmic effects, despite the technical constraints of nitrate stock and manual editing benches that discouraged frequent intra-shot breaks.^[9]

Adoption in Mid-20th Century Cinema

In the post-World War II era, particularly during the late 1950s and early 1960s, jump cuts transitioned from perceived editing errors in classical cinema to intentional stylistic devices within the French New Wave movement, which sought to disrupt traditional narrative flow and viewer expectations. This shift was driven by filmmakers' desire to emulate the disjointed rhythm of real life over seamless continuity, challenging the passive consumption fostered by Hollywood's match-on-action and invisible cuts. The New Wave's emphasis on low-budget, location-shot productions facilitated experimentation with faster editing paces, where jump cuts introduced abrupt temporal ellipses within shots, breaking spatial and causal coherence to heighten immediacy and alienation.^[24] A landmark example is Jean-Luc Godard's Breathless (À bout de souffle, 1960), his debut feature film, which prominently featured jump cuts—such as in the extended car sequence between protagonists Michel and Patricia—to reject Hollywood's polished continuity editing in favor of raw, improvisational energy. These cuts, often removing seconds of footage from continuous takes, created a staccato rhythm that mimicked fragmented perception and urban haste, positioning the technique as a tool for anti-narrative disruption rather than mere efficiency. While drawing conceptual inspiration from Soviet montage theorists like Sergei Eisenstein, whose collision-based editing emphasized intellectual conflict, Godard repurposed jump cuts for existential unease, prioritizing subjective disruption over ideological synthesis.^[25]^[26] The adoption gained traction through Breathless's commercial and critical success, grossing approximately $596,100 worldwide on a budget of 400,000 French francs and attracting enthusiastic reviews for its innovative vigor, which normalized jump cuts as viable for mainstream art cinema. This reception evidenced a broader causal influence on editing norms, as the film's box-office profitability—making it the most lucrative New Wave production—encouraged peers to employ similar breaks, fostering viewer engagement via active interpretive labor amid causal discontinuities. By the mid-1960s, such techniques had permeated European and independent filmmaking, marking jump cuts' evolution from anomaly to emblem of modernist rebellion.^[27]^[28]^[29]

Evolution in Digital and Online Media

In the early 2010s, jump cuts proliferated in YouTube vlogs and talking-head videos as creators leveraged accessible digital editing software to excise hesitations, filler words, and mistakes from single-take monologues, thereby compressing content while maintaining viewer engagement.^[30] This adaptation transformed the technique from a cinematic discontinuity into a production staple for solo creators, who often lacked resources for multi-camera setups or extensive coverage.^[9] The shift aligned with YouTube's algorithm favoring concise, high-retention videos, where jump cuts enabled rapid pacing without sacrificing narrative flow in direct-address formats.^[31] By the 2020s, short-form platforms such as TikTok and Instagram Reels further accelerated jump cut usage through micro-jumps—brief excisions creating snappy, viral pacing tailored to sub-60-second clips and fleeting user attention spans.^[32] These platforms' algorithms prioritize high-engagement content, rewarding quick cuts that sustain momentum and reduce drop-off rates, as evidenced by trends in viral shorts where jump cuts facilitate dynamic transitions and content density.^[33] Mobile apps like CapCut integrated seamless jump cut tools, amplifying adoption among non-professionals producing algorithm-optimized reels.^[34] Digital nonlinear editing systems, including free and low-cost options like DaVinci Resolve and mobile editors introduced post-2000, lowered barriers to precise frame-level cuts, enabling widespread experimentation but often resulting in formulaic application over deliberate artistry.^[30] This democratization fostered innovation in online formats yet diluted the technique's original disruptive intent, as creators prioritized efficiency and algorithmic visibility over seamless continuity.^[35]

Technical Aspects

Creation in Analog Editing

In analog film editing, jump cuts were achieved through physical manipulation of celluloid film stock, where editors identified and removed segments from a continuous shot to join disparate portions abruptly. This process required marking precise cut points on the workprint using a viewer, then employing a guillotine cutter or razor blade to excise the unwanted footage, followed by splicing the remaining ends together while ensuring frame-line alignment to minimize visible discontinuities during projection.^[36]^[37] Editors typically worked on specialized machines such as the Moviola, introduced in the 1920s as an upright motorized viewer that allowed simultaneous viewing and cutting of 35mm film, or the Steenbeck flatbed editor, developed in the 1930s for more stable handling of multiple reels including picture and sound tracks.^[38]^[39] Splicing methods included cement splicing, which involved scraping emulsion from the splice area, aligning frames under magnification, and applying a solvent like acetone to chemically weld cellulose acetate bases, or tape splicing with perforated adhesive strips for quicker workprint assembly, though tape was prone to failure during cleaning or projection.^[40]^[41] The mechanical constraints of photochemical and adhesive splicing demanded sub-frame precision, as even slight misalignments—often on the order of one or two frames—could exacerbate the jump cut's discontinuity or introduce flicker, limiting editors' ability to achieve seamless approximations compared to later digital methods.^[42] In the sound era after 1927, additional challenges arose from maintaining audiovisual synchronization; optical soundtracks printed on the film edge allowed cuts to preserve sync inherently, but separate magnetic stripe editing required interlock projection systems to verify alignment, with desynchronization errors risking lip-sync drift if splices mismatched picture and audio by more than a few frames.^[43]^[44] These physical limitations often resulted in splices that degraded over repeated handling or projection, necessitating recuts during post-production.^[45]

Implementation in Digital Tools

In non-linear editing software such as Adobe Premiere Pro, jump cuts are created by positioning the playhead on the timeline, splitting the clip via keyboard shortcuts like Command+K on macOS or Ctrl+K on Windows, deleting the selected segment, and rippling the subsequent footage to eliminate gaps without re-recording.^[46] This method facilitates precise trimming and iterative adjustments directly in the digital timeline, enabling editors to experiment with pacing variations rapidly compared to physical reel handling.^[47] Apple Final Cut Pro supports similar implementation through clip selection, marker placement at cut points, and application of the "Speed > Jump Cut at Markers" retiming effect, which automates segmented speed-ups and jumps within a single take.^[48] Post-2000s hardware improvements, including faster processors and affordable consumer-grade computers, combined with accessible software licensing, democratized jump cut execution by shifting production from specialized facilities to individual workstations, with non-linear systems supplanting linear tape editing as the dominant paradigm by the mid-2000s.^[49] Techniques like hybrid L-cuts—where video jumps abruptly but audio overlaps for continuity—can be layered in these tools by detaching audio tracks before trimming, allowing nuanced manipulations without full scene discontinuities.^[46] Advancements in AI integration further lower execution barriers; for example, algorithms in tools like VEED.IO automatically detect pauses, filler words, and retakes in raw footage, generating jump cuts by excising silences while preserving narrative flow, thus reducing manual intervention for novice users.^[50] Similarly, Gling AI processes YouTube-style videos by isolating and removing verbal stumbles, applying jump cuts at optimal points informed by speech analysis, which empirical tests show can halve editing time for monologue-heavy content.^[51] Features such as auto-stabilization in DaVinci Resolve complement this by correcting camera shake pre-cut, ensuring cleaner jumps in handheld digital footage common since the smartphone era.^[52] These causal enablers—rooted in computational pattern recognition—have empirically expanded jump cut prevalence in short-form online media by minimizing requisite technical expertise.^[53]

Variations and Modifications

Jump cuts can be categorized into subtypes based on the specific type of discontinuity they exploit within a single continuous shot, primarily temporal or spatial disruptions. Temporal jump cuts involve excising intermediate footage to condense time and fragment ongoing action, thereby accelerating narrative progression and emphasizing repetition or urgency through visible ellipses. This form adheres closely to the technique's foundational disruption of continuity, as the subject remains in the same general frame but advances abruptly in its motion or state.^[26] Spatial jump cuts, alternatively, prioritize shifts in perceived position, scale, or framing rather than temporal skips, often manifesting as axial variations where the camera's apparent distance or angle jumps without removing elapsed time. In such cases, the edit alters the subject's spatial relationship to the frame—enlarging or diminishing it suddenly—to induce disorientation or intensify perceptual impact, distinguishing them from purely time-based compressions by focusing on violated spatial coherence. For example, axial jumps in Alfred Hitchcock's Psycho (1960) exploit this to heighten shock through abrupt perspective changes within scene setups.^[1] Modifications to the standard jump cut include rhythmic iterations, where multiple discontinuities are precisely synchronized to external beats, such as music tempos or action cadences, to forge a pulsating stylistic effect that amplifies engagement without relying solely on narrative compression. These variants maintain the core single-shot derivation but adapt the timing for auditory-visual synergy, common in experimental or promotional content. Subtler hybrid forms, involving slight reframing or focal adjustments between spliced segments, mitigate the overt jolt by simulating minor camera movements, thereby creating a "false" or masked discontinuity that borders on continuity while still betraying editorial intervention—particularly feasible in digital workflows where post-cut tweaks align elements more seamlessly than analog splicing allows.^[1]^[26]

Purposes and Narrative Functions

Conveying Time and Action Compression

Jump cuts serve to compress time and action by excising intervening footage from a continuous shot, thereby creating a visible discontinuity that implies the elision of repetitive or uneventful intervals without resorting to supplementary exposition or transitional effects.^[26]^[54] This technique fragments a single scene to denote progression, such as advancing through iterative processes like skill acquisition or routine tasks, where the abrupt shift signals causal continuity amid temporal skips.^[1] For instance, in depictions of character development involving repeated efforts, jump cuts within the same framing eliminate redundant cycles, implying accumulated effort and outcome solely through the resultant jump in subject position or state.^[4] In contrast to dissolves, which gradually superimpose shots to evoke a smoother, more ambiguous lapse in time, jump cuts enforce a stark, immediate rupture that mirrors the raw discontinuity of real-world perception skips, prioritizing narrative efficiency over perceptual softening.^[55]^[56] This directness aligns with causal progression by avoiding interpretive overlays, allowing filmmakers to maintain spatial coherence while truncating duration—effectively shortening sequences that would otherwise demand prolonged filming or alternative montage constructions.^[57] Such compression is particularly evident in sequences of monotonous action, where the cut's jolt underscores the tedium bypassed, as seen in editorial practices that repurpose extended takes into condensed narratives without altering core continuity.^[9] Film editing analyses indicate that this method conserves runtime by focusing viewer attention on pivotal advances rather than filler, though precise quantification varies by implementation; for example, removing mid-action pauses can halve perceived sequence length in single-subject shots while preserving implied causality.^[58] Empirical observations in production workflows confirm its utility for eliding non-essential beats, as in training vignettes where iterative demonstrations are pruned to evoke cumulative proficiency without exhaustive depiction.^[4] This approach demands precise alignment of pre- and post-cut elements to avoid perceptual confusion, ensuring the compression reinforces rather than disrupts narrative logic.^[1]

Enhancing Pace and Engagement

Jump cuts accelerate the rhythmic flow of video content by excising pauses, hesitations, or redundant segments, thereby elevating the tempo to counteract viewer disengagement in fast-paced media environments. This technique leverages empirical observations of declining sustained attention on digital screens, where research documents average focus durations dropping to 47 seconds from 2.5 minutes between 2004 and recent measurements, favoring quick transitions over extended static shots to align with viewers' reduced tolerance for prolonged holds.^[59]^[60] In the attention economy of online platforms, such cuts dynamically redistribute cognitive load, prompting heightened arousal through abrupt shifts that broaden perceptual scope without necessitating narrative continuity.^[16] Particularly in vlogs and user-generated content on YouTube, jump cuts serve to streamline delivery by omitting verbal stumbles or tangential asides, directly correlating with improved watch time metrics as evidenced by analytics-driven editing strategies that report retention gains from maintaining momentum.^[61]^[62] Creators observe that these edits prevent early drop-offs, with platform data indicating average audience retention hovering around 35-40% for optimized videos, bolstered by techniques that eliminate filler to prioritize high-energy progression.^[63] While this can subordinate content depth to algorithmic incentives, viewer behavior analytics substantiate that jump cuts empirically extend session durations by fostering a sense of urgency and immediacy, thereby enhancing overall platform stickiness.^[64]^[65]

Manipulative or Stylistic Intent

Jump cuts serve stylistic purposes by intentionally disrupting spatial and temporal continuity, fostering a sense of disorientation that emphasizes thematic elements such as alienation or the artificiality of perception.^[66] This technique privileges abrupt visual shifts to evoke unease, compelling viewers to confront the constructed nature of the depicted reality rather than passive absorption.^[67] In practice, such cuts manipulate perceptual expectations, drawing attention to the edit itself as a causal agent of interpretive tension, independent of narrative smoothing.^[68] Manipulatively, jump cuts heighten emotional intensity by accelerating pace without transitional buildup, exploiting the viewer's reliance on continuity for comfort to induce heightened arousal or anxiety.^[6] This causal disruption—rooted in the brain's processing of mismatched visual cues—amplifies tension in sequences demanding urgency, as the sudden elision of time or action mimics psychological fragmentation.^[7] However, overuse risks viewer fatigue, as repeated discontinuities may desensitize responses or erode engagement through cognitive overload.^[26] In documentary contexts, jump cuts challenge seamless storytelling to disrupt illusions of objectivity, foregrounding editorial choices that reveal potential biases in source presentation and prompting scrutiny of evidentiary claims.^[69] This application underscores causal realism by exposing narrative artifice, countering tendencies toward polished, ideologically aligned accounts in institutional media, where continuity often masks selective omissions.^[46] Empirical assessments of editing discontinuities, including jump cuts, indicate measurable increases in viewer attention via physiological metrics like heart rate variability, though direct eye-tracking data on arousal spikes remains limited to broader discontinuity effects.^[70]

Notable Implementations

In Feature Films

Jean-Luc Godard's Breathless (À bout de souffle, 1960) prominently featured jump cuts, particularly in sequences such as the extended car conversation between protagonists Michel Poiccard and Patricia Franchini, where abrupt discontinuities within the same shot setup conveyed restless energy and fragmented reality.^[71] These edits, numbering in the dozens across the film, arose partly from necessity to trim an overlong rough cut to meet runtime constraints, yet they intentionally disrupted classical continuity to evoke the improvisational style of the French New Wave.^[72] Initially, such techniques drew criticism for appearing unprofessional and sloppy, as they violated established editing norms prioritizing seamless illusion, with some reviewers decrying them as evidence of amateurish haste rather than deliberate innovation.^[73] Despite early dismissals, the jump cuts in Breathless proved influential, establishing a stylistic hallmark for subsequent feature films by infusing narrative scenes with kinetic urgency and modernist fragmentation, thereby challenging viewer expectations of temporal coherence and influencing directors seeking to mirror subjective experience or accelerate pace without montage.^[66] This approach's impact extended to genre evolution, as seen in later crime and action films adopting similar discontinuities for tension, though Godard's application marked the first major narrative feature to elevate jump cuts from error to aesthetic statement, per film editing analyses.^[5] Empirical reception data, including retrospective scholarly consensus, credits these cuts with revitalizing cinematic form amid post-war disillusionment, though contemporary trade reviews in 1960 often prioritized plot over technique.^[74]

In Short-Form Digital Content

In user-generated short-form videos on platforms like YouTube Shorts and TikTok, jump cuts have become a staple for creators seeking to simulate conversational authenticity while accelerating narrative flow within constrained durations, often under 60 seconds. Vloggers such as Casey Neistat, active prominently in the 2010s, popularized this technique in daily vlogs by employing jump cuts to excise hesitations, errors, and mundane intervals, thereby compressing real-time experiences into dynamic, viewer-relatable sequences that mimic unscripted speech patterns.^[75] This approach optimized content for mobile viewing, where algorithms prioritize rapid pacing to sustain attention amid competing feeds.^[76] Platform-specific adaptations emphasize jump cuts' role in boosting retention metrics, as short-form algorithms on TikTok and YouTube favor videos maintaining viewer watch time above 70% by eliminating filler and heightening perceived immediacy. Creators integrate them to align with vertical formats and swipe-based consumption, where even brief lulls risk disengagement; for instance, editing software like CapCut or Adobe Premiere Rush enables seamless implementation via simple timeline trims, democratizing professional-grade polish for non-experts.^[77] This has lowered barriers to entry, allowing amateur producers to compete via accessible tools that facilitate quick iterations, though it risks homogenizing aesthetics across millions of daily uploads.^[78] Critics argue that excessive reliance on jump cuts in vlogs and clips can mask deficiencies in scripting or delivery, signaling underdeveloped content that depends on post-production artifice rather than inherent substance, potentially eroding perceived genuineness despite the technique's intent. Nonetheless, empirical editing analyses affirm their causal efficacy in short formats, where algorithmic promotion hinges on sustained engagement; by truncating dead air, jump cuts counteract attention decay in algorithm-driven ecosystems, empirically correlating with higher view completion rates over unedited alternatives.^[76]^[79]

Differences from Continuity Editing

Continuity editing prioritizes seamless transitions that maintain spatial and temporal coherence, employing techniques such as match-on-action, eyeline matches, and adherence to the 180-degree rule to render cuts imperceptible and foster an illusion of unbroken reality.^[80] Jump cuts, conversely, deliberately fracture this continuity within a single setup by excising segments of time or shifting subject positions abruptly, exposing the edit as a constructed intervention rather than concealing it.^[81] This violation often occurs when successive shots from the same angle differ by less than 30 degrees, amplifying the visible discontinuity that continuity editing avoids to prevent viewer disorientation.^[80] In classical film paradigms, continuity editing serves unobtrusive narrative progression by minimizing disruptions to viewer immersion, aligning with principles of invisible storytelling that prioritize causal flow and spatial consistency.^[82] Jump cuts embody a modernist rupture, foregrounding the artifice of montage and drawing explicit attention to the editorial process, which contrasts with continuity's aim to subordinate technique to plot advancement.^[69] Such exposure can heighten perceptual awareness of film's mediated nature, shifting focus from diegetic events to the mechanics of representation itself.^[83] Empirical studies on audiovisual processing indicate that continuity editing reduces cognitive load by enabling predictive spatial-temporal mapping, allowing viewers to process scenes with lower attentional demands and greater emotional absorption.^[84] Jump cuts, by introducing abrupt discontinuities, elevate this load through jarring perceptual shifts, potentially expanding attentional scope while impairing deeper conscious engagement or narrative coherence.^[16] This heightened disruption serves stylistic ends but underscores a fundamental divergence: continuity's facilitation of passive realism versus jumps' active revelation of temporal manipulation.^[9]

Comparisons with Match Cuts and Smash Cuts

A jump cut fundamentally disrupts continuity by splicing two shots of the same subject from nearly identical camera angles and distances, creating a visible jolt that compresses time or action within a single scenic setup.^[85] This technique, popularized in French New Wave cinema, foregrounds the edit itself, drawing viewer attention to the artificiality of the medium rather than masking it.^[86] In contrast, a match cut achieves seamless linkage between shots—often across different scenes or time periods—through compositional, graphical, or action-based similarities that imply thematic or narrative continuity without revealing the cut's mechanics.^[87] For instance, in 2001: A Space Odyssey (1968), Stanley Kubrick's match cut transitions from a prehistoric bone tool arcing through the air to a 21st-century satellite in orbit, equating evolutionary epochs via shape and motion while preserving perceptual fluidity.^[88] While both jump and match cuts manipulate viewer perception of progression, the former internalizes discontinuity to accelerate pace in a confined spatial frame, violating expectations of smooth 180-degree rule adherence, whereas the latter externalizes connection to bridge disparate elements, enhancing subliminal storytelling cohesion.^[89] This structural divergence avoids conflation: jump cuts prioritize overt editorial intervention for immediacy, as seen in Jean-Luc Godard's rapid interview splices in Breathless (1960), while match cuts subordinate the transition to content, fostering illusionistic depth.^[85] Jump cuts also diverge from smash cuts, which entail an instantaneous, high-impact severance between contrasting scenes to generate shock, humor, or ironic reversal, typically amplifying tonal opposition rather than temporal abbreviation.^[90] A smash cut, such as the abrupt shift from a grandiose dream sequence to mundane awakening in Hot Fuzz (2007), leverages inter-scene disparity for emphatic punctuation, often concluding a buildup with deflationary punch.^[91] Unlike this cross-scenic rupture, jump cuts confine the abruptness to intra-scene elements, sustaining subject continuity amid framing inconsistencies to evoke restlessness or urgency without necessitating narrative relocation.^[92] Perceptually, smash cuts externalize disruption for visceral response, whereas jump cuts embed it within expected continuity, subtly eroding immersion to signal deliberate stylistic choice.^[93]

Criticisms and Debates

Perceived Amateurism and Overuse

In user-generated content platforms like YouTube, jump cuts are frequently critiqued for overuse as a mechanism to conceal delivery imperfections, such as verbal stumbles and pauses, rather than enhancing narrative intent. Online editing forums document creator concerns that heavy reliance on these cuts compensates for unrehearsed oratory, enabling videos to appear energetic while evading the discipline of error-free takes.^[94]^[95] This practice, evident in vlogging since the mid-2010s, transforms a corrective tool into a default, fostering perceptions of technical inadequacy masked by rapid pacing.^[8] Professional editors often dismiss excessive jump cuts as an expedient shortcut that undermines preparation, arguing they signal amateurism by prioritizing post-production fixes over proficient performance and scripting. In discourse among film practitioners, such cuts are seen as disruptive when comprising a dominant share of transitions, with recommendations to restrict them to isolated instances for time compression, avoiding the choppy, unpolished feel of overload.^[96]^[97] Empirical observations from editing critiques note that in polished productions, jump cuts rarely exceed sporadic application, preserving viewer trust in seamless execution.^[26] The surge in jump cut prevalence tracks the democratization of video tools post-2010, correlating with DIY content's explosion—facilitated by software like Adobe Premiere and iMovie—yet this accessibility has drawn rebukes for eroding craft standards. Critics contend that framing overuse as "inclusive" editing democratizes access at the expense of skill mastery, substituting gimmicks for foundational competencies like continuous takes and rhetorical precision, a view echoed in professional guilds emphasizing rigorous technique over expedience.^[31]^[4]

Disruptions to Viewer Immersion

Jump cuts disrupt viewer immersion by intentionally violating the principles of spatial and temporal continuity that underpin seamless narrative flow in film editing. Unlike continuity editing, which minimizes perceptual breaks to foster absorption in the story world, jump cuts abruptly shift elements within the frame, compelling viewers to register the edit as an artificial intervention rather than an organic progression of events. This effect implicitly undermines the suspension of disbelief, akin to an indirect breach of the fourth wall, as audiences momentarily shift focus from character actions and plot to the mechanics of construction.^[98]^[99] Empirical studies on discontinuity editing, including jump cuts, demonstrate heightened cognitive demands that impede deep narrative engagement. Eye-tracking research reveals increased saccade frequency and pupil dilation immediately following discontinuous cuts, indicating elevated processing load and fragmented attention compared to continuous sequences. These physiological markers suggest viewers expend greater effort reconciling inconsistencies, diverting resources from empathetic or identificatory immersion into the diegesis toward meta-awareness of the medium. Consequently, prolonged exposure to such techniques can induce fatigue, as repeated expectation violations—rooted in the brain's predictive coding for coherent audiovisual streams—erode sustained presence in the fictional world.^[98]^[16] From a causal standpoint, this disruption arises not from the cut's mere presence but from its exploitation of perceptual mismatches, which, while effective for emphasis in moderation, become counterproductive in dense applications. Research on editing density further supports that higher rates of cuts, often incorporating jump techniques, compress subjective time perception and reduce conscious elaboration of narrative elements, prioritizing breadth of stimuli over depth of absorption. Though not intrinsically defective—serving valid stylistic purposes—their prevalence in modern media may mirror broader shifts toward fragmented consumption habits, where brevity supplants prolonged focus without necessarily enhancing comprehension or retention.^[100]^[101]

Defenses of Artistic Value

Proponents argue that jump cuts, as pioneered by Jean-Luc Godard in Breathless (1960), deliberately disrupted the illusion of seamless continuity in classical Hollywood editing, thereby challenging bourgeois notions of narrative realism and enabling a more authentic, fragmented representation of modern existence.^[102] Godard's abrupt temporal ellipses infused scenes with kinetic urgency, foregrounding the medium's artificiality to provoke viewer awareness rather than passive immersion, a technique that elevated mundane actions into expressions of existential discontinuity.^[5] This approach, initially stemming from practical constraints like trimming footage to meet runtime, evolved into an intentional stylistic hallmark that influenced the French New Wave and subsequent avant-garde cinema.^[103] In contemporary short-form digital content, such as YouTube vlogs and TikTok videos, jump cuts serve to counteract diminishing attention spans by accelerating pace and eliminating superfluous pauses, thereby heightening viewer retention through rhythmic disruption.^[8] Research on cinematic pacing indicates that increased cut frequency correlates with greater attentional capture, as rapid edits mimic saccadic eye movements and sustain engagement in an era of fragmented media consumption.^[104] Vlogging practitioners have adapted the technique into "jump cut monologues," where excising hesitations creates a frenetic tone that empirically boosts audience involvement, as evidenced by the format's dominance in high-retention online videos.^[105] From a perceptual standpoint, jump cuts align with causal realism by reflecting the non-linear, discontinuous nature of human cognition and real-world experience, where memory and observation often elide trivial intervals rather than unfolding in unbroken linearity.^[106] Unlike continuity editing's contrived smoothness, this method acknowledges temporal jumps inherent in subjective reality, fostering a veridical aesthetic that prioritizes expressive efficiency over illusionistic fidelity; studies suggest such disruptions expand attentional scope, even if they reduce deeper processing, underscoring their utility in dynamic storytelling.^[16] While some leftist critics praise the cuts' subversive potential against hegemonic narratives, their value rests more substantively on demonstrated efficacy in maintaining viewer focus amid perceptual discontinuities.^[107]

References

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Nov 28, 2023 · A jump cut is a filmmaking technique that breaks a sequential shot in two, moving from one half to the next. When you edit these halves together ...What are jump cuts? · Who popularized jump cuts? · Are jump cuts good or bad?
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What is Jump Cut Editing and How to Use it Correctly?
A jump cut occurs when a section of a clip is removed, causing objects to "jump" between the remaining portions.What Is A Jump Cut? · Insert Shots And Cutaways · The Warp Flow Transition<|separator|>
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JUMP CUT: cutting together two discontinuous points of a continuous action without changing the set up. The result is that one often sees the same subject in ...Missing: etymology | Show results with:etymology
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What Is a Jump Cut? | No Film School
Jump cuts are an editing technique that allows you to abruptly jump forward or backward, resulting in a sense of confusion, heightened emotions, disorientation ...
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The earliest known use of the noun jump cut is in the 1950s. OED's earliest evidence for jump cut is from 1953, in the writing of Karel Reisz, film and theatre ...
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Dec 18, 2023 · We hypothesise that visual discontinuities at edit points produce discrepancies between anticipated and actual sensory input, leading to prediction error.
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Chaotic and Fast Audiovisuals Increase Attentional Scope but ...
Dec 1, 2018 · Our findings suggest that cuts affect media perception and chaotic and fast audiovisuals increase attentional scope but decrease conscious processing.
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Feb 1, 2023 · The results from experiments 1 and 2 indicate that participants failed to notice the disruptions in continuity about 10% to 30% of the time ...
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Conclusions: We propose that perceptual continuity is often unperturbed across jump-cuts, despite physical discontinuities, thanks to the briefness and ...Missing: empirical time disorientation
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How to Use Jump Cuts in Film: 3 Examples of Jump Cuts - 2025
Jun 7, 2021 · French illusionist and film director Georges Méliès accidentally discovered jump cuts when his camera jammed during the shooting of his short ...Missing: origins early cinema
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Jul 13, 2022 · Legendary filmmaker Georges Méliès accidentally created the jump cut in 1896. He had taken his homemade film camera to the streets of Paris.Missing: origins | Show results with:origins<|separator|>
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What is French New Wave? Definition, History and Techniques ...
Jan 7, 2025 · Deemphasized plot & dialogue was often improvised; Jump cuts rather than continuity editing; Location shooting; Handheld cameras; Long takes ...
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BREATHLESS (A Bout De Souffle) - Jean-Luc Godard
This use of deliberate jump cuts was unheard of in professional filmmaking where edits were designed to be as seamless as possible. He also cut between shots ...
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Jump cuts originated in the early 20th century and gained prominence through French New Wave cinema, revolutionizing film editing techniques. Early adopters ...
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Breathless (1960) - IMDb
Rating 7.7/10 (92,401) Box office · Budget. FRF 400,000 (estimated) · Gross US & Canada. $414,173 · Opening weekend US & Canada. $32,424; May 30, 2010 · Gross worldwide. $596,100.Parents guide · Full cast & crew · Jean-Luc Godard(1930-2022) · Crime | Drama
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Breathless was highly successful at the box office and received enthusiastic reviews in Europe. When it was released in the United States, it excited great ...
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It might be argued that Breathless is a work of criticism insofar as it critiques by negation the stylistic tropes and assumptions embedded in Hollywood movies.
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Jan 21, 2021 · This paper argues that vlogging culture has not only adopted the jump cut as core to its productions, but also adapted and evolved it for specific vlog use.Missing: impact tools media
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How YouTubers Use Jump Cuts - Soundstripe
Feb 2, 2021 · A jump cut is the fastest way to yank a viewer out of that moment and remind them that what's on screen isn't real.
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Sep 18, 2025 · Think of jump cuts as editing with the attention span of the internet in mind. People scrolling Shorts or Reels have about half a second before ...
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Short-Form Video Domination: How Brands Can Stand Out on TikTok, Reels, and Shorts ... Use quick edits and jump cuts; Incorporate dynamic captions and on ...
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Jump cuts are a widely used editing technique to create a fast-paced, dynamic effect. They involve removing small parts of the footage, which makes the scene ...What Is A Jump Cut · Jump Cut Examples · How To Use Jump Cuts In...Missing: algorithms | Show results with:algorithms
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Why I Hated What I Loved: Youtube and the Jump Cut
Jan 22, 2019 · One could also argue for the jump cut's dominance in Youtube media based on the efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and ease of the jump cut itself.
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You cut the section of the take that you want to use, then attach it with glue to another piece of film—and you're editing. You put two opposing actions ...<|separator|>
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Jun 29, 2023 · Film splicing is the technique of physically joining pieces of movie film together (not to be confused with the creative process of film editing).
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Next time you get frustrated by the the workflow of your NLE of choice, check out these videos of editors using flatbed editing machines to cut film by hand.
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Oct 7, 2022 · There are three methods for splicing film together: tape, cement, and ultrasonic. Projectionists in archival settings should use only tape ...
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Jul 1, 2013 · With the sound directly on the film print, synchronization was no longer an issue; if the film needed to be cut, the sound would cut with it.
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Jan 2, 2013 · This contraption is a Steenbeck flatbed editor, used to edit motion picture film before it all went digital.
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Jump cuts can disorient the viewer by disrupting the flow of time and space, making the scene feel fragmented or chaotic. This transition is often used in ...Missing: gestalt | Show results with:gestalt
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In the Final Cut Pro timeline, select the clip that you want to speed up, then add a marker at each frame where you want a jump cut to occur. The timeline ...
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Nov 4, 2021 · Video editing has a rich history. We compiled the highlights over the decades, from scissors and tape to NLEs and AI.
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Rating 4.9 (79) · FreeTurn long footage into jump cut videos. Automatically remove silence, filler words, and pauses for a polished, fast-paced edit. Try auto jump cut for free.
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Sep 14, 2025 · With modern AI tools, jump cut editing can now be partially automated, saving hours of manual work. AI algorithms can detect pauses, repetitive ...
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Mar 7, 2025 · Time Compression. One of the most common uses of a jump cut is to skip over unnecessary moments, making a scene more efficient and fast-paced.
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Nov 28, 2021 · Jump cuts are primarily used to show the passage of time – but unlike match cuts, which are meant to be seamless in their transitions, jump cuts ...
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So the basic tool of time compression in video production is the cut. In ... In video production terms this is sometimes referred to as a "jump cut ...
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A jump cut occurs when a subject is in motion in the initial frames of the ... Remember, you can use the same time compression or expansion techniques that are ...
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May 17, 2025 · One body of decades-long research found the average person's attention span for a single screen is 47 seconds, down from 2.5 minutes in 2004.
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2. Use Jump Cuts to Maintain Momentum. ‍. Jump cuts are one of the most widely used editing techniques for YouTube videos. They help eliminate awkward pauses ...Missing: vlogs | Show results with:vlogs
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Cheatsheet for understanding Youtube Analytics and turning them ...
Oct 9, 2025 · You want people watching around 40% (or more) of your video (YouTube's avg is ~35%). If it's low, trim or speed up slow parts, add jump-cuts or ...[Question] Why do so many YouTubers edit out the natural pauses ...A ton of people are beginning to notice small channels blowing up ...More results from www.reddit.comMissing: vlogs | Show results with:vlogs
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Jump Cut: The Definitive Beginner's Guide - Artlist Blog
Jan 10, 2024 · A jump cut involves editing a continuous shot in such a way that portions of it are skipped out (ie, the car driving out of shot and the hearse driving in).Examples Of Jump Cuts And... · Use Of Jump Cuts On Social... · How To Edit A Jump Cut
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Godard's jump cuts were made as a devious attempt to save a film that would otherwise have been a critical disaster.
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May 12, 2020 · The use of “extreme close-ups,” sliding from Michel's arm to his hand and pistol, followed by a “manic jump cut” which dislocates the sound of ...
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The purpose of this study was to analyze the states of stress and mental fatigue using data fusion while e-sport activity.
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What Jean-Luc Godard's 'Breathless' Can Teach You About Jump ...
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A Jump-cut in History: How Breathless Revolutionized Filmmaking
Mar 27, 2023 · Throughout, there are many long takes in which the actors improvise off of one another and, at times, it is edited with numerous jump cuts that ...
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May 20, 2010 · ... first to make liberal use of jump cuts, which were then considered sloppy and unprofessional. But Godard needed to edit down his first cut ...Missing: initial reception
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Jun 7, 2025 · With its raw energy, jump cuts, and naturalistic performances ... Critics initially called it sloppy or amateurish; Decugis recalled ...
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How Casey Neistat Changed Vlogging Forever - In Depth Cine
Dec 4, 2022 · While he uses jump cuts to shorten and speed up his videos, he's also done the exact opposite for certain videos to achieve a different effect.
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Dec 12, 2024 · They often use jump cuts to remove filler, speeding up the pacing and improving audience retention by making their content more watchable. Case ...
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Dec 3, 2024 · Learn how to achieve over 70% retention on YouTube Shorts. Master strategies to grab attention and keep viewers engaged in 2024.
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Aug 31, 2023 · Number two, jump cuts. This is when you make one of the video clips in your editing timeline more zoomed in than the other clips. For example, ...<|separator|>
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Mar 21, 2021 · To avoid jarring discontinuity editing or a jump cut the two different shots must be taken from at least 30-degrees apart.
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They differ from regular cuts by providing a thematic element that connects the two scenes. This connection helps move the viewer along as well. These edits can ...
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Jun 7, 2021 · 5. J-cut: A J-cut is a variation of a split edit where the video from a scene transitions before the audio that matches it. 6. L-cut: An L-cut ...Learn From The Best · Jump To Section · 11 Types Of Cuts
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May 23, 2023 · The jump cut is a sudden, blatant transition from one scene to the next. Although most film editing techniques attempt to seamlessly transition ...
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A match cut is a direct transition between similar shots, linking them to maintain continuity, create meaning, or emphasize objects or characters.
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10 Types of Film Cuts You Must Know as a Video Editor
Nov 27, 2023 · A jump cut is when there is an interruption between two shots that do not appear to go together. This usually involves a break in the continuity ...What Is A Film Cut... · 1. Jump Cuts · 2. Match Cut
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Mar 12, 2025 · A jump cut is a film editing technique where a single continuous shot is abruptly broken by removing a portion of time, creating a noticeable “ ...
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jump cut: An abrupt transition that shows a jump in time within the same scene, often creating a disorienting effect. dissolve: A gradual transition where one ...
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Speech mistakes and many jumpcuts - how do you feel ... - Reddit
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Feb 17, 2025 · ❌ Jump Cuts Overload – Too many abrupt cuts without smooth transitions make videos feel choppy. ❌ Random Transitions – Using flashy or excessive ...How to make sure your editing style doesn't overshadow the actual ...Do you prefer to use simple or complexed transitions in your videos ...More results from www.quora.com
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Sep 23, 2024 · A jump cut ... Traditional editing – especially continuity editing – often avoids them because they can disorient the viewer or break immersion in ...
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Nov 22, 2022 · In particular, cuts allowing narrative continuity, despite perceptual discontinuity, showed the strongest effect on time perception.Results · Discussion · Methods
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Apr 12, 2021 · These findings suggest that the editing density of moving images by increasing the number of cuts effectively altered viewers' experience of time.1 Introduction · 2 Method · 4 Discussion<|separator|>
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Sep 14, 2022 · From his original manipulation with jump cuts to putting his stamp on 3D, here are five filmmaking techniques Godard helped add to the lexicon ...<|separator|>
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Mar 17, 2025 · Breathless's use of jump cuts – abrupt transitions forward in time within the same scene – came about partly by accident. The finished film ...
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Dec 19, 2016 · The altered patterns in film style found here affect a movie's pace: increasing shot durations and decreasing motion in the setup, darkening across the ...Missing: disorientation | Show results with:disorientation
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A case for studying the evolution of vlogging production techniques
Aug 7, 2025 · Traditionally, the term 'jump cut' has described film or video edits that jump forward in time and detract from a sense of continuity.
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On the Physical Variables Filmmakers Use to Engage Viewers
Mar 31, 2022 · ... jumping slightly. ahead in time. Hogan (2007) proposed that, by altering the temporal aspect of motion, jump cuts. may serve to increase the ...
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2 or 3 of the Times Godard Revolutionized Cinema
Dec 13, 2022 · Godard's jump cuts take us not to a different moment, but to the same moment (often a banal one), arguing for a kind of beauty or truth that ...