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KB

A kilobyte (symbol: kB) is a multiple of the unit byte for digital information equal to 1,000 bytes, following the International System of Units (SI) where the prefix kilo- represents a factor of 10³. KB may also refer to other uses in science and technology, businesses and organizations, people, and miscellaneous topics listed below.

Science and technology

Biology

In molecular biology, the kilobase (kb or kbp) serves as a standard unit of measurement for the length of nucleic acid sequences, defined as 1,000 base pairs of double-stranded DNA or RNA. This unit facilitates the description of genomic features at scales relevant to genetic research, where individual base pairs represent the fundamental building blocks but are impractical for denoting larger structures. The term kilobase emerged in the late 1970s amid the rise of technology and early efforts, as researchers began and characterizing DNA fragments in the range of thousands of base pairs. For instance, one of the earliest documented uses described a 2.5- procollagen , highlighting the unit's utility in mapping structures during that era. Today, kilobases are routinely applied to quantify sizes; most genes span 1 to 200 of genomic DNA, encompassing exons, introns, and regulatory elements. The entire , by comparison, comprises approximately 3 billion base pairs, equivalent to 3,000 megabases (Mb), where 1 Mb equals 1,000 . Kilobase measurements are integral to DNA sequencing technologies, which have evolved from first-generation methods producing reads under 1 kb to modern long-read approaches yielding sequences typically 10–100 kb or longer, with some exceeding 1 Mb, enabling assembly of complex genomic regions. In (PCR) amplification, kilobase pairs denote target segment lengths, with standard protocols efficiently amplifying products up to 3–5 kb, while optimized enzymes extend this to 30–40 kb for studying larger loci. Similarly, in , vectors like plasmids accommodate inserts of 5–15 kb, allowing propagation of gene fragments for , whereas bacteriophage-based systems handle up to 20–40 kb to capture multi-gene clusters. These applications underscore the kilobase's role in bridging molecular-scale precision with practical experimental design in .

Computing

In computing, the kilobit (kbit or kb) is a unit of digital information defined as 1,000 bits, equivalent to $10^3 bits, according to the International System of Units (SI) and standards set by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). This decimal definition distinguishes it from the binary-aligned kibibit (Kibit), which equals $2^{10} or 1,024 bits, a separation formalized by the IEC in December 1998 to resolve ambiguities in data measurement arising from computing's historical reliance on powers of two. Kilobits are commonly used to quantify network bandwidth, expressed as kilobits per second (kbps), where speeds like 56 kbps in early modems or 100 kbps in basic broadband indicate data transfer rates of 56,000 or 100,000 bits per second, respectively. The kilobyte (kB) extends this framework, defined as 1,000 bytes or $10^3 bytes, with each byte comprising 8 bits, making 1 kB equal to 8,000 bits under SI conventions. It serves as a fundamental measure for file sizes, random access memory (RAM), and storage capacities, from small text documents to larger data sets. For instance, a typical 1 kB text file in ASCII encoding can hold approximately 1,000 characters, as each character requires one byte, illustrating its role in everyday data handling. This usage aligns with decimal prefixes for storage marketing, where modern solid-state drives (SSDs) advertise capacities like 1 TB (1,000,000,000,000 bytes) that equate to trillions of kilobytes, emphasizing scalability in contemporary systems. The distinction between decimal (1,000-based) and binary (1,024-based) prefixes has sparked ongoing debate in computing, rooted in the when early machines like the (introduced in 1952) used memory measured in thousands of bytes, often approximated as despite binary addressing. Initially, the industry adopted "kilo" for 1,024 to match binary efficiencies in hardware design, leading to inconsistencies—such as a "1 KB" module actually holding 1,024 bytes—while storage vendors preferred decimal for alignment with units. The IEC's 1998 standardization aimed to clarify this by reserving kilobyte for 1,000 bytes and introducing kibibyte for 1,024 bytes, though binary conventions persist in software and memory contexts for legacy compatibility. This evolution underscores the tension between metric precision and computational practicality, influencing how data units are interpreted across applications.

Other uses in science and technology

In , a (KB) serves as a structured of facts, rules, and central to systems and , enabling the emulation of human expertise for decision-making and problem-solving. It typically comprises domain-specific knowledge encoded in formats such as production rules or semantic networks, paired with an that applies to query and expand the stored information. This allows systems to draw conclusions from incomplete , mimicking judgment in fields like medicine and engineering. The origins of knowledge bases trace to 1970s AI research, with the at representing a seminal development. utilized a rule-based containing approximately 600 production rules derived from infectious disease specialists to diagnose and recommend therapies, achieving performance comparable to human experts in controlled evaluations. This approach highlighted the potential of formalized knowledge for , influencing subsequent systems in diagnostics and beyond. Modern bases integrate with ontologies to enhance , particularly through the (), a W3C standard that formalizes concepts, relationships, and axioms for machine-readable semantics. OWL enables knowledge bases to link heterogeneous data sources, supporting automated inference and query answering in distributed environments. In the , such KBs underpin initiatives, while in , they function as curated datasets for training models on structured knowledge, including retrieval-augmented workflows. For instance, platforms like Amazon Bedrock use KBs to vectorize and retrieve external data for applications, improving factual accuracy in generative tasks. Post-2023 advancements have introduced dynamic knowledge bases that incorporate large language models (LLMs) for updating and expansion, addressing limitations in static repositories. These systems, such as those tailored for processing web news, leverage LLMs to extract, verify, and integrate evolving information, enabling adaptive in dynamic domains like current events analysis. This evolution extends to vision-language models, where dynamic KBs facilitate continual learning from multimodal data streams. In , the kilobarn (kb) denotes a unit of cross-section measuring the probability of particle , defined as 1,000 or $10^{-25} , with 1 equivalent to $10^{-28} —a scale roughly matching the geometric cross-section of nuclei. This unit quantifies likelihoods in processes, where the effective " area" determines rates beyond mere geometric sizes. Kilobarns are particularly useful for larger cross-sections observed in low-energy regimes, such as thermal neutron captures. Applications of the kilobarn appear in experiments, including those at , where cross-sections inform models of reactions and material behaviors under irradiation. For example, measurements at 's neutron time-of-flight facility have reported capture cross-sections like 62.2 kb for ^{155}Gd and 239.8 kb for ^{157}Gd at thermal neutron energies (0.0253 eV), aiding data libraries for reactor design and . In scattering theory, kilobarn-scale values model differential cross-sections for processes like elastic neutron-nucleus scattering, providing insights into structure and potential energy surfaces through comparisons with theoretical predictions.

Businesses and organizations

Banks

, commonly abbreviated as , is South Korea's largest bank by assets, with consolidated total assets of approximately $513 billion as of December 2024 under its parent . Founded on February 1, 1963, through the merger of nine mutual savings associations under the Citizens National Bank Act, it was established to provide to the general public, particularly focusing on lending and small- to medium-sized enterprise financing. Over the years, the bank expanded through key mergers, including with the Korea Long-Term Credit Bank in 1998 to enhance its stability during the Asian and with the Housing and Commercial Bank in 2001 to broaden its and commercial lending capabilities. In the context of industry consolidation, Kookmin Bank was involved in competitive acquisition attempts, such as bidding against for control of Korea Exchange Bank in the mid-2000s, though Hana ultimately acquired it in 2012. The bank offers a wide range of services, including for individuals, for businesses, and products, serving approximately 34 million customers domestically as of 2023. In , pioneered with the launch of KB Star Banking in April 2010, which evolved into a comprehensive integrating banking, investments, insurance, and lifestyle services; by 2023, it had over 12 million monthly active users. Recent expansions into include strengthening operations in through mergers like the 2023 integration of PRASAC into Cambodia, investments in via a stake in PT Bank KB Bukopin since 2018, and partnerships in for as of 2024. Kanbawza Bank, known as KBZ Bank, is Myanmar's largest privately owned , holding nearly 40% of the retail and commercial banking market share. Established on July 1, 1994, by U Aung Ko Win as a private initiative to support local entrepreneurs and communities, it has grown to operate 500 branches, 1,355 ATMs, and digital platforms like KBZ Pay, which processed over 53 trillion in transactions by late and serves 10 million users to promote . As of 2025, KBZ maintains its position as Myanmar's leading with ongoing digital expansions. KBZ plays a pivotal role in Myanmar's economy by facilitating business financing, remittances, and SME lending, contributing to national development amid the country's transition to a more open market. In the international sanctions context following the coup, KBZ—owned by the Kanbawza Group—has faced calls for designation due to alleged indirect support for the regime through business ties, though it maintains compliance policies and has not been directly sanctioned by major entities like the U.S. or as of 2025; it signed the Statement by Concerned Businesses Operating in Myanmar to uphold responsible practices.

Libraries

The Kungliga biblioteket (KB), known in English as the of Sweden, is the country's primary library institution and serves as the central repository for Swedish cultural heritage. Founded in through an ordinance by the Swedish that established the world's oldest system, KB has collected at least one copy of every printed work published in since its inception. This mandate, initially aimed at , evolved to encompass a broad preservation role, expanding in the late 20th century to include sound recordings, films, television broadcasts, and video games, with electronic deposits formalized in 2012. KB's collections exceed 18 million items, encompassing books, newspapers, maps, posters, photographs, manuscripts, and digital media, with notable rare holdings such as medieval illuminated manuscripts like the (the Devil's Bible) and the Codex Aureus. As Sweden's national deposit library, it not only acquires materials under legal obligation but also purchases foreign and coordinates nationwide library statistics through its Libris , which indexes over 10 million titles from Swedish institutions. These resources support scholarly across disciplines, contributing significantly to the preservation and study of cultural history by safeguarding linguistic, literary, and artistic artifacts spanning more than a . The library's current building, located at Humlegårdsgatan 26 in central , was designed by architect Gustaf Dahl in a neoclassical style and inaugurated in 1928, featuring an iron framework with Renaissance-inspired exteriors and extensive underground stacks carved into the for secure storage. This structure replaced earlier facilities and symbolizes KB's transition to a modern national institution, blending historical grandeur with functional expansion to house its vast collections. In terms of digitization, KB has pioneered efforts to make its holdings accessible online, including the development of the KB Digital Collections portal in the early 2000s, which provides public access to scanned books, newspapers, and through platforms like (launched in 2010 for shared digitization). More recently, the KBLab infrastructure, established as a research hub, employs and to process digitized texts from half a millennium of publications, enabling advanced analysis in and . As of 2025, KB continues to advance publishing through its administration of the national Bibsam Consortium, which negotiates agreements for over 50 higher education institutions to publish openly without author fees in major journals; this includes a June 2025 annual report highlighting progress in open access monographs and the hosting of pioneering open access journals on its Publicera platform. These initiatives align with KB's 2022 , emphasizing free online availability of publicly funded to foster broader societal impact.

Sports

Kjøbenhavns Boldklub (KB), based in , , is a historic multi-sports club renowned for its section, which began in 1879 and holds the distinction of being the oldest club on . Founded on April 26, 1876, as a general sports organization, KB quickly became a cornerstone of Danish , contributing significantly to the sport's early development. The club played a key role in establishing the (DBU) in 1889, with co-founder Frederik Markmann instrumental in its formation. During the formative years of organized Danish football, KB dominated domestically, securing a record 15 Danish championships between 1913 and 1980, including victories in the inaugural 1912–13 season and the last in 1979–80.[](https://news.williamhill.com/football/the-most-successful-clubs-in-d Denmark/) This success established KB as one of Denmark's most influential clubs, fostering a strong tradition of youth development that produced talents such as , who began his career in the club's . However, financial challenges in the led to a decline, culminating in the 1991 merger of KB's professional football operations with rival to form . KB maintains a historic rivalry with local Copenhagen club Boldklubben af 1893 (B.93), marked by competitive matches and occasional discussions of collaboration or merger amid shared regional pressures in the early 20th century. As of 2025, KB's senior team competes in the lower divisions of Danish , primarily the Copenhagen Football Association's regional leagues, focusing on amateur and youth programs while preserving its legacy.

Other businesses and organizations

is an American homebuilding company founded in 1957 by Donald Bruce Kaufman and in , , initially operating as Kaufman & Broad with a $25,000 investment to develop model homes in suburban areas. The company went public on the American Stock Exchange in 1961, becoming the first homebuilder to do so, and later listed on the in 1986 following a period of expansion into new markets. By 2025, had built nearly 700,000 homes over its more than 65-year history, operating in 47 markets across 16 states including , , , , , , , , and . In fiscal year 2023, the company reported revenues of $6.4 billion, delivering 13,236 homes amid housing market fluctuations, and demonstrated post-2020 recovery through increased demand during the pandemic-driven shift to suburban living, with revenues rising to $6.93 billion in 2024 alongside 14,169 homes delivered. KB Home emphasizes in its practices, achieving a company-wide Home Rating System (HERS) index score of 46 in 2023—well below the industry average for new —and constructing over 190,000 STAR-certified , 21,000 WaterSense-labeled , and 13,000 Indoor airPLUS-qualified to date. These initiatives include energy-efficient appliances, advanced insulation, low-flow fixtures, and solar-ready designs to reduce utility costs and , earning the company recognition as the only national builder awarded under all three U.S. home programs. In 2024-2025, executive changes included the retirement of longtime Jeff Kaminski in early 2025 after 14 years, succeeded by Robert R. Dillard as Executive Vice President and effective March 31, 2025, who brought experience from Products Company. KB Toys was an retail chain specializing in s, founded in 1922 as Kaufman Brothers, a wholesale business in , by brothers Harry and Joseph Kaufman. The company shifted to toys in 1946 by acquiring a wholesale toy distributor, rebranding as in the 1970s and expanding into mall-based retail stores that peaked at over 1,300 locations across the by the late 1990s, capitalizing on shopping seasons with promotions on action figures, board games, and video games. It filed for Chapter 11 in 2000 amid competition from big-box retailers like Toys "R" Us, emerging after restructuring but facing renewed financial pressures from growth and economic downturns, leading to another in and sale to private equity firm Partners. filed for again in 2008, announcing the closure of all remaining stores by early 2009, ending operations after influencing toy shopping culture through its ubiquitous mall presence and seasonal sales events.

People

Entertainers

KB, born Kevin Elijah Burgess on July 21, 1988, in , is an American artist and known for blending introspective with high-energy production in the faith-based scene. Raised in a family that moved to shortly after his birth, Burgess adopted the stage name KB and began pursuing music as a means of expressing his Christian faith amid personal struggles with . He gained early recognition through mixtapes and features, leading to a pivotal cosign from genre pioneer , which facilitated his signing as a solo artist with in 2010. KB's debut studio album, Weight & Glory (2012), marked his breakthrough, topping the Christian Albums chart and establishing him as a key figure in contemporary . The project featured collaborations with artists like and [Trip Lee](/page/Trip Lee), showcasing KB's ability to fuse motivational themes of perseverance and spirituality with mainstream-appealing beats. Over the years, he released subsequent albums including 100 EP (2014), Tomorrow We Live (2015), and His Glory Alone (2020), the latter earning a for Rap/Hip Hop Album of the Year and peaking in the top 5 on the Top Rap Albums chart. In 2023, KB followed with His Glory Alone II, further solidifying his role as leader of the hip-hop collective HGA (His Glory Alone), which he founded to empower young urban creatives in faith-driven music. In 2025, he released singles "REVIVAL!" with nobigdyl. and "Santo (HLY )" collaborating with Aline Barros, Brenno, and Bruno Ramos, and performed at events like ONE Night 2025. As a member of the Reach Records-affiliated 116 Clique, KB has contributed to the broader Christian movement by emphasizing raw vulnerability and cultural relevance, influencing a global audience of multiethnic fans through tours, speaking engagements, and his 2023 book Dangerous Jesus (Tyndale House Publishers). His work has bridged faith-based and mainstream spheres, with features on tracks that resonate beyond circles, though he has not received Grammy nominations as of 2025. KB's impact lies in redefining Christian rap as unapologetically bold and artistically rigorous, inspiring a new generation to integrate into urban music narratives.

Athletes

Kang Bong-kyu (born January 12, 1978) is a former South Korean who spent much of his career with the in the (KBO). Drafted by the in the second round of the 1996 amateur draft, he debuted in 2000 and played five seasons with Doosan, establishing himself as a reliable hitter and fielder. In 2006, he was traded to the along with Kim Chang-hee in exchange for Kang Dong-woo, marking the beginning of his most productive years. With Samsung, Kang became a key contributor to the team's offense, known for his consistent contact hitting and power from the outfield corners. During his tenure with the Lions, Kang achieved notable milestones, including being named the team's MVP in 2009 after a standout season where he batted .310 with 20 home runs, 139 hits, and 78 RBI—career highs in several categories. The following year, 2010, he served as team captain, providing leadership during a competitive campaign. Kang's international experience included representing South Korea in events like the World Cup, where he hit .219 with a .342 on-base percentage as the starting third baseman, though he did not appear in World Baseball Classic rosters. His clutch performance peaked in the 2011 Korean Series against the SK Wyverns, where he hit a pivotal solo home run in Game 5 to help secure the championship for Samsung, contributing to their first title in 14 years. Kang retired after the 2015 season following a 16-year professional career, transitioning immediately into coaching. He joined the ' staff in 2017 as a batting coach, a role he held until 2022, focusing on developing young hitters and contributing to the team's strategy. In 2023, he shifted to first base coach, continuing his involvement with the organization through the 2025 season. Throughout his playing days, Kang was recognized for his durability and versatility, often playing left or right field while maintaining a career above .270 in key seasons. Kim Beom-jin (born February 19, 1997) is a South Korean professional footballer who plays as an attacking midfielder for in the 2. Emerging from University's youth system, he began his professional career with Hwaseong FC in the K3 League before transferring to in 2021, where he made his debut. Known for his vision and playmaking ability, Kim has appeared in over 100 matches by 2025, contributing assists and goals while adapting to various midfield roles. His youth international experience included stints with South Korea's U-20 and U-23 teams, honing his skills in competitive environments. In the 2025 season, Kim continued to feature regularly for Jeonnam, logging key minutes in midfield as the team vied for promotion.

Other notable individuals

Karl Barth (1886–1968) was a Reformed theologian widely regarded as one of the most influential thinkers in 20th-century Protestant theology. His seminal work, The Epistle to the Romans (1919), critiqued liberal theology and emphasized God's transcendence, profoundly shaping and influencing ecumenical movements. Barth's opposition to , including his role in drafting the in 1934, underscored his commitment to theological resistance against . Kenneth Burke (1897–1993) was an American literary theorist, poet, and philosopher known for his pioneering work in symbolic action and rhetorical theory. He developed the concept of , analyzing human motives through the lens of a dramatic pentad (, , , , ), which bridged , , and . Burke's interdisciplinary approach influenced fields beyond , including and criticism, with key texts like A Grammar of Motives (1945) remaining foundational. Keshav Baliram Hedgewar (1889–1940), often known by his initials K.B., was an physician and political activist who founded the () in 1925 to promote Hindu cultural and national unity amid colonial rule. Drawing from his involvement in the and early exposure to revolutionary ideas, Hedgewar emphasized character-building through physical and ideological training (shakhas) as a means to strengthen societal cohesion. His organizational legacy endures in India's , though interpretations of his vision vary. Kim Beazley (born 1948) is an Australian Labor Party politician who served as a federal parliamentarian for over three decades, including as Minister for Defence (1984–1990) and (1996–2001, 2006–2007). Renowned for his expertise in and defense policy, Beazley later became Australia's Ambassador to the (2010–2016), fostering bilateral ties during key geopolitical shifts. His career reflects a commitment to progressive politics and in Australian .

Other uses

Geographical and institutional

Kota Bharu, commonly abbreviated as KB, serves as the capital and royal seat of the Malaysian state of , located near the border on the east coast of . Spanning approximately 196 square kilometers, it functions as a key administrative and cultural hub, with a of approximately 490,000 in its municipal area as of 2020, emphasizing Islamic heritage and traditional Malay architecture. Kuala Belait, also known as KB, is the administrative center of Brunei's , situated at the mouth of the Belait River along the , about 85 kilometers west of the capital . As a coastal town with a population of around 4,500 in its core area, it plays a vital role in the nation's oil and gas sector while maintaining residential and recreational zones. In Sweden, KB refers to Kungliga biblioteket, the of Sweden, a under the responsible for collecting and preserving all published materials in the country, including books, newspapers, and dating back over a . Located primarily in with additional sites, it supports research, cultural heritage, and open access initiatives, serving as a central institution for national bibliographic control. In , KB stands for Keluarga Berencana (), overseen by the Badan Kependudukan dan Keluarga Berencana Nasional (BKKBN), the National Population and Family Planning Coordinating Board, a non-ministerial focused on , reproductive health, and family programs. Through the Kampung KB (KB Village) initiative, launched in 2016, BKKBN designates rural and urban villages as model communities for integrated , stunting prevention, and socioeconomic development, with over 21,000 such villages established nationwide as of 2024 to foster quality family life and human resource improvement.

Miscellaneous abbreviations

Unlike the Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (), which is a higher-ranking knighthood within a structured order established in 1917 and carries post-nominals, the remains a standalone appointment without formal insignia beyond an optional badge or membership in the society. In official documents, such as honours lists from the , recipients are styled simply as "Sir [Forename] [Surname]", emphasizing the personal title over any abbreviation. Notable recipients include sculptor (knighted 2014 for services to ) and conductor (knighted 1994 for contributions to music), who exemplify the honor's award for cultural and artistic achievements. Beyond honors, KB serves as an abbreviation in gaming contexts, commonly denoting "" as shorthand for input devices in player discussions or "killing blow," referring to the decisive final strike that defeats an enemy in video games like . In informal , KB occasionally appears in online communities post-2020 as a casual reference to "knowledge bomb," an insightful or surprising fact shared on , though this usage remains niche and undocumented in formal lexicons.

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