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Langra

The Langra, also known as Benarasi Langra or Langda, is a renowned cultivar of mango (Mangifera indica) that originated in Varanasi (ancient Banaras), Uttar Pradesh, India, where it is said to have been first planted by a lame farmer, giving the variety its name meaning "lame" in Hindi.^[1]^[2] The Banarasi Langra variety received a Geographical Indication (GI) tag in 2023.^[3] This medium-sized, ovate-shaped fruit features a distinctive lettuce-green skin that retains its color even when ripe, often developing a subtle red blush, and is prized for its very thin skin, juicy, fiberless yellow pulp, and intensely sweet flavor with subtle tangy undertones.^[4] Primarily cultivated in northern and eastern India, including states such as Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, Odisha, West Bengal, and Punjab, the Langra mango is a vigorous, spreading tree that exhibits alternate bearing habits, producing heavy crops in fruitful years.^[4] It is harvested from mid-June to late July, making it a key early-season variety, and is mainly consumed fresh as a table fruit due to its poor keeping quality and aromatic profile that evokes notes of citrus and honey.^[5] The cultivar's unique retention of green hue when mature distinguishes it from many other mangoes, contributing to its cultural significance in Indian cuisine and festivals, where it is celebrated for its balanced sweetness and minimal fiber.^[2]

Introduction

Description

The Langra mango is a medium-sized fruit with a roundish-oblong, ovate shape, featuring a rounded base, equal shoulders, and a rounded apex. Its average weight ranges from 250 to 350 grams. The skin is greenish-yellow when mature, turning light green upon ripening while retaining a distinctive greenish tinge even when fully ripe.^[6] The flesh of the Langra is lemon-yellow, firm to soft, juicy, and notably low in fiber content, contributing to its smooth, fiberless texture. It surrounds a small, monoembryonic seed. The pulp constitutes a high percentage of the fruit, approximately 88%, and exudes a mild aromatic quality. The flavor profile is characterized by a blend of sweetness and a tangy, sub-acid aftertaste, with total soluble solids ranging from 20 to 21%.^[6] Langra mangoes are harvested from mid-June to late July in their native regions, aligning with the early to mid-season maturation period. Originating from the Varanasi area in Uttar Pradesh, India, this variety's firm texture makes it particularly suitable for fresh consumption, slicing, and canning.^[6]^[7]^[8]

Etymology

The name "Langra" for this mango cultivar derives from the Hindi word langṛā, meaning "lame" or "crippled," reflecting possible folkloric or historical associations with physical imperfection or damage.^[6] According to local legends documented in geographical indication records, the cultivar originated as a chance seedling planted near Varanasi (historically Banaras) by a farmer afflicted with lameness, who tended the tree despite his disability; the fruit was subsequently named in his honor. In 2022, the Banarasi Langra received Geographical Indication (GI) status under Indian law to protect its unique characteristics and association with the Varanasi region.^[6] Alternative explanations in the same sources suggest the name could stem from a mother tree damaged by a storm, giving it a "lame" appearance, or from a nearby village called Langra.^[6] In regional dialects, the mango is known by variants such as Benarasi Langra (emphasizing its Varanasi origins), Langarhi, and occasionally Langdo, alongside less common historical synonyms like David Ford, Ruh-e-afza, Tikari, and Har-dil-aziz used in colonial-era trade records.^[6] Historical documentation of Langra cultivation appears in late 19th- and early 20th-century gazetteers of the United Provinces (now Uttar Pradesh), which describe extensive mango groves in the Banaras division and note the region's prominence in producing superior varieties like Langra for local and export markets.^[6] For instance, the Imperial Gazetteer of India: Provincial Series (Volume II, 1908) references mango cultivation on pages 125, 159, and 175, while Benares: A Gazetteer by H.R. Nevill (1909) highlights Banaras's fame for such fruits on page 15.^[6]

Botanical Description

Tree and Leaves

The Langra mango (Mangifera indica 'Langra') is a vigorous, evergreen tree that typically grows to a height of 10-15 meters, featuring a dense, spreading canopy that provides substantial shade.^[9] The trunk develops a rough, grayish-brown bark with vertical fissures, characteristic of mature mango trees, which thickens over time to protect against environmental stresses.^[10] This growth habit allows the tree to form a broad, dome-like structure, with branching often beginning 0.6-2 meters above the ground.^[11] The leaves of the Langra mango are oval-lanceolate to lanceolate in shape, arranged alternately on the branches, and exhibit a leathery texture with a glossy, dark green coloration on the upper surface.^[12] They are generally flat to slightly folded, with average dimensions including a blade length of approximately 21.93 cm, lamina length of 18.95 cm, breadth of 4.75 cm, and petiole length of 2.98 cm, though variations occur across clones and regions (e.g., leaf lengths ranging from 19.3-21.5 cm and widths of 3.7-4.6 cm in studied populations).^[13] These leaves persist for 4-5 years before shedding, contributing to the tree's evergreen nature and photosynthetic efficiency.^[14] Langra trees demonstrate adaptability to a range of soil types, including sandy loams, but thrive best in well-drained loamy soils with a pH of 5.5-7.5 to prevent waterlogging.^[13]^[10] They require regular irrigation, particularly during establishment and fruit development, but become drought-tolerant once mature, capable of withstanding periods of water stress without significant yield loss.^[15] This resilience supports their cultivation in subtropical regions with variable rainfall.^[16]

Flowers and Fruit

The Langra mango tree bears terminal panicle inflorescences that typically measure 20-30 cm in length. These panicles support numerous small flowers, which are creamy white in hermaphroditic forms and exhibit yellow tones with white hues in staminate forms.^[17]^[18] The flowers are predominantly staminate, comprising about 70% of the total per panicle, while hermaphroditic flowers account for roughly 30%, enabling successful fruit set through pollination by insects such as flies and bees.^[17]^[19] Fruit development initiates after pollination during the flowering period, which in northern Indian regions occurs from February to March. Immature fruits remain green, transitioning to a yellowish-green hue at maturity around June to July. In typical conditions, only one fruit persists per panicle owing to substantial natural fruit drop post-set.^[20]^[12]^[21] The seed within the mature fruit is flat and oblong, containing two white cotyledons, and exhibits a monoembryonic structure characteristic of Indian mango cultivars, permitting propagation via seed despite potential variation from the parent variety.^[22]^[23]

History and Cultivation

Origin and History

The Langra mango, also known as Banarasi Langra, originated in Varanasi (historically known as Banaras), Uttar Pradesh, India, approximately 250–300 years ago. It is believed to have been first cultivated from a wild seedling planted by a local farmer in the region, marking the beginning of its development as a distinct cultivar prized for its unique flavor profile.^[1]^[24] Over time, the Langra variety spread from its Varanasi origins to neighboring regions, including Bihar and West Bengal, where it became established as an important orchard crop. By the 19th century, cultivation had expanded significantly in these areas, contributing to the mangos' prominence in eastern India's agricultural landscape. Historical accounts note its integration into local farming practices, supported by the region's suitable climate and soil conditions.^[25]^[7] In recognition of its unique qualities tied to the Varanasi terroir, the Banarasi Langra received Geographical Indication (GI) status in 2023 from the Indian government, safeguarding its origin-specific characteristics such as taste, texture, and aroma against imitation. This legal protection underscores its historical and cultural value. Additionally, around 2006, the variety began gaining international attention for its export potential, aligning with broader efforts to promote Indian mangoes globally.^[3]

Growing Regions

Langra mango cultivation is concentrated in the eastern regions of India and adjacent areas of Bangladesh, where the cultivar thrives due to favorable agro-climatic conditions. In India, the primary growing areas include Uttar Pradesh, particularly the districts of Varanasi, Ghazipur, and Ballia, which form the historical heartland of the variety. Bihar's Gangetic plains, especially Bhagalpur, and parts of West Bengal such as Malda district, also support significant production. Across the border in Bangladesh, Chapai Nawabganj district stands out as a major hub, contributing substantially to the country's mango output with Langra as a key variety.^[8]^[26]^[27] The cultivar requires a tropical to subtropical climate for optimal growth, with temperatures ranging from 25°C to 35°C during the active season to support flowering and fruit development. Annual rainfall of 1,000 to 1,500 mm is ideal, distributed mainly during the monsoon period to ensure adequate moisture without waterlogging, though supplemental irrigation may be needed in drier phases. High humidity levels accompanying the rainfall enhance fruit quality, but excessive rain during flowering can lead to reduced yields.^[28]^[29] Well-drained sandy loam soils are preferred for Langra cultivation, providing the necessary aeration and nutrient availability while preventing root rot. The soil should be deep, with a pH range of 5.5 to 7.5 to facilitate nutrient uptake, and rich in organic matter to sustain tree vigor. Alkaline or waterlogged soils are unsuitable, as they hinder growth and increase susceptibility to diseases.^[28]^[8] Propagation of Langra is predominantly through grafting, such as veneer or cleft methods, to maintain true-to-type characteristics and ensure early fruiting compared to seed propagation. Planting is typically done at a density of 10x10 meters to allow for mature canopy development, accommodating about 100 trees per hectare in standard orchards. Harvesting occurs manually when fruits reach approximately 75% maturity, usually 90-120 days after fruit set in late July, using pole pickers to minimize damage. Under good management, average yields range from 8 to 10 tons per hectare once trees reach commercial bearing age around 8-10 years.^[8]

Varieties

Benarasi Langra

The Benarasi Langda, also known as Banaras Langda Aam, is the original cultivar of the Langra mango originating from the Varanasi region in eastern Uttar Pradesh, India. This variety is distinguished by its medium to large ovate fruits weighing 250-370 grams, featuring a thin, smooth greenish skin that retains its color even when ripe. The pulp is lemon-yellow, fiberless, juicy, and offers a very sweet taste with a sub-acid tang and mild aroma, characterized by a total soluble solids (TSS) content of 19.95-21%. The stone is small, flattened, and oval, making the fruit prized for its generous flesh-to-seed ratio.^[6] Protected under Geographical Indication (GI) Registration No. 716 since April 2023, the Benarasi Langda ensures authenticity tied to its specific terroir in Varanasi and surrounding districts, preventing mislabeling of non-origin variants. This GI status highlights its unique sensory profile, developed as a chance seedling in the Banaras area, and safeguards the cultivar's reputation for quality. The protection covers cultivation in a defined area encompassing Varanasi, Ghazipur, Jaunpur, Ballia, Chandauli, Mirzapur, and Sonebhadra districts.^[30]^[6] Production of the Benarasi Langda thrives in the loamy Gangetic alluvial soils of eastern Uttar Pradesh, where it yields approximately 97.3 kg per tree as a heavy bearer, with the season spanning early July to the third week of July. Trees are medium-large and spreading, exhibiting irregular bearing that can be managed through pruning. It requires control measures for pests like fruit flies using insecticides such as Fenthion or Malathion. Post-GI, emphasis on export-quality standards has enhanced its marketability, building on earlier international recognition around 2006.^[6]^[31] Economically, the Benarasi Langda supports numerous local farmers in Ghazipur and Jaunpur districts, where orchards form a key part of the agricultural landscape, fostering livelihoods through domestic sales and exports. Facilitated by the Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority (APEDA), consignments reach Gulf countries and London, underscoring its role in regional agro-economics and premium fruit trade.^[6]^[32]

Regional Variants

The Dudhiya Langra, a prominent clone of the Langra mango cultivated in Bhagalpur, Bihar, is distinguished by its light green to pale skin that exudes a milky liquid when scratched, imparting a characteristic milky scent. This variant typically produces smaller fruits compared to the standard Langra, with a higher sweetness level and fiberless, golden flesh that contributes to its reputation as one of the superior clones for fruit quality. It thrives in the region's flood-prone alluvial soils, adapting well to periodic inundation that enhances its unique flavor profile. In contrast, the Malda Langra, primarily grown across West Bengal and bordering areas of Bihar, exhibits greenish skin that retains its color even when ripe, setting it apart from many other mangoes. This regional form is notably less fibrous, offering an intense, sweet-sour flavor ideal for culinary applications, and features a larger seed relative to its medium-sized fruit. Efforts to secure Geographical Indication (GI) status for the Malda Langra are underway as of 2025 to protect its distinct legacy and boost local economies through enhanced export potential.^[33]^[34] The Bangladeshi Langra from Chapai Nawabganj, recognized with GI status in 2023, maintains a similar green skin to the Indian variants but shows adaptations to the area's higher humidity, resulting in smaller, more aromatic fruits with juicy, tangy pulp. This protection highlights its unique regional qualities, including a balanced sweetness and resilience in humid subtropical conditions, making it a staple in local production.^[35]^[36]^[37]

Uses and Significance

Culinary Uses

Langra mangoes are prized for their tangy-sweet flavor profile, making them a popular choice for fresh consumption during the summer season. They are typically eaten whole, with the edible skin, or sliced to enjoy the firm, juicy flesh that offers a balance of sweetness and slight acidity. This versatility allows Langra to be incorporated into light dishes such as fruit salads or chaat, where its vibrant taste enhances simple preparations without overpowering other ingredients.^[38]^[39] Due to their firm texture and low fiber content, Langra mangoes are highly suitable for various processed products that preserve their quality and flavor. Common preparations include aam panna, a refreshing tangy drink made by boiling and blending the fruit with mint, cumin, and sugar to create a cooling beverage ideal for hot weather. They are also transformed into pickles using mustard oil, vinegar, and spices for a spicy condiment, or into chutneys like aam tok—a sweet-sour jam-like preserve cooked with sugar and spices—or aam kashundi, a tangy mustard-based sauce. Additionally, the fruit's attributes make it well-suited for canned slices and other preserves, where the flesh retains its integrity during processing.^[39]^[40]^[41] Nutritionally, Langra mangoes contribute to a healthy diet with their composition including approximately 36 mg of vitamin C per 100 g, supporting immune function and antioxidant activity, along with vitamin A for vision and skin health, and 1.6 g of dietary fiber per 100 g to aid digestion. The fruit provides around 60 kcal per 100 g, offering a low-calorie option rich in essential micronutrients while delivering natural sugars for energy.^[42]

Cultural Importance

In northern India, the Langra mango serves as a cherished symbol of summer, evoking the season's arrival with its distinctive green hue and tangy-sweet flavor that marks the onset of warm months in regions like Uttar Pradesh and Bihar.^[43] This cultural resonance ties the fruit to seasonal festivities, where it is prominently featured in events such as the Aam Mahotsav mango festival in Uttar Pradesh, showcasing over 60 varieties including Langra to celebrate the harvest and encourage local farmers through competitions and exhibitions.^[44] Similarly, during the Rath Yatra, devotees offer Langra alongside other mangoes like Dussehri as prasad to deities, including Lord Krishna, infusing the procession with the fruit's symbolic abundance and tying it to religious traditions in Varanasi and beyond.^[45] The Langra's prominence extends into literary and folk traditions, where it is celebrated as a quintessential Banarasi delicacy in Hindi and Urdu poetry, often symbolizing regional indulgence and nostalgia. For instance, the poet Akbar Allahabadi referenced Langra mangoes in a couplet while sending a gift to Allama Iqbal, highlighting its role in poetic exchanges that underscore its status as a beloved treat from Banaras.^[46] In folk stories and local narratives, it embodies the essence of Varanasi's culinary heritage, fostering a sense of pride among communities in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar, where it is hailed as a hallmark of their agrarian identity and shared cultural legacy.^[26] Beyond symbolism, the Langra mango bolsters rural economies in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar by providing seasonal income to smallholder farmers, with orchards spanning thousands of hectares and yielding significant harvests that support local livelihoods.^[47] This economic role influences migration patterns, as rural workers engage in seasonal labor for harvesting and packing, often traveling within states to meet peak demands.^[48] Since 2006, following the lifting of import bans, Langra has been exported to diaspora communities in the United States and elsewhere, allowing overseas Indians to reconnect with their cultural roots through this iconic fruit.^[49]^[24]

References

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### Culinary Uses of Langra Mango
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