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MAP sensor

A Manifold Absolute Pressure (MAP) sensor is an electronic component in automotive internal combustion engines that measures the absolute air pressure within the intake manifold, converting this data into an electrical signal for the engine control unit (ECU) to regulate fuel delivery and ignition timing.^[1] This sensor plays a pivotal role in speed-density fuel injection systems by estimating air density and engine load under varying operating conditions, such as idle, acceleration, or altitude changes.^[2] The MAP sensor operates using a pressure-sensitive diaphragm or silicon element housed in a sealed chamber connected to the intake manifold via a vacuum hose or direct port.^[3] As manifold pressure fluctuates—typically ranging from near-atmospheric levels at wide-open throttle (around 1 bar at sea level) to vacuum levels at idle (about 0.67 bar)—the element deforms proportionally, altering resistance in an integrated circuit that generates a voltage or frequency output signal sent to the ECU.^[4] Common types include voltage-output sensors used in most vehicles and frequency-output variants, such as those in certain Ford models, ensuring compatibility with diverse ECU architectures.^[3] By providing real-time manifold pressure readings, the MAP sensor enables precise engine management, improving fuel efficiency, emissions control, and overall performance while preventing issues like lean or rich fuel mixtures that could damage components such as catalytic converters.^[2] It is essential in both naturally aspirated and turbocharged engines, often working alongside mass airflow (MAF) sensors in boosted applications to monitor boost pressure and detect faults like vacuum leaks or throttle malfunctions.^[4] Typically located on the intake manifold, firewall, or air cleaner housing, the sensor's failure—often due to contamination, electrical shorts, or mechanical wear—triggers diagnostic trouble codes (e.g., P0105–P0109) and illuminates the check engine light, necessitating replacement rather than repair.^[2]

Definition and Principles

Overview and Basic Function

The Manifold Absolute Pressure (MAP) sensor is an electronic device that measures the absolute pressure within the intake manifold of an internal combustion engine. This measurement captures the total pressure relative to a perfect vacuum, providing critical data on the air density entering the engine.^[5] The primary function of the MAP sensor is to supply real-time pressure information to the engine control unit (ECU), enabling calculations of air density, engine load, and atmospheric conditions for precise fuel-air mixture optimization.^[6] This data is essential for electronic fuel injection (EFI) systems, where it helps adjust fuel delivery and ignition timing to maintain efficient combustion and emissions control.^[2] MAP sensors became widely adopted in the early 1980s alongside the transition from mechanical carburetors to computer-controlled engines, marking a key advancement in automotive engine management.^[7] Typically, a MAP sensor consists of a sealed housing containing a flexible diaphragm, often paired with a strain gauge or capacitive element to detect pressure-induced deflections.^[5] The sensor connects to the intake manifold through a vacuum hose or direct port, converting mechanical pressure changes into an electrical signal for ECU processing.^[5]

Operating Principle

The MAP sensor measures absolute pressure within the intake manifold, referenced to a perfect vacuum (0 kPa), with typical operating ranges spanning from near 0 kPa under full vacuum conditions to approximately 101 kPa at atmospheric pressure, and up to 200 kPa or more in boosted applications.^[8]^[9] This absolute pressure detection allows the sensor to quantify engine load by capturing variations from vacuum during idle or deceleration to positive pressures under load.^[6] The primary sensing technology in MAP sensors is piezoresistive, utilizing a thin silicon diaphragm that deforms under applied pressure, altering the resistance of embedded strain gauges arranged in a Wheatstone bridge configuration.^[6]^[8] This mechanical deformation changes the bridge's electrical balance, which is amplified and converted into an output signal proportional to the pressure. Alternatively, some designs employ capacitive elements, where pressure deforms a diaphragm between two plates, changing the capacitance proportional to pressure, which is converted to a voltage signal.^[5] The relationship between output voltage and pressure is linear, expressed as:

V_{out} = k \cdot P + b

where V_{out} is the output voltage, P is the absolute pressure, k is the sensitivity factor (typically calibrated for 0-5 V over the sensor's range), and b is the offset voltage at zero pressure.^[6] MAP sensors produce either analog or digital signals for transmission to the engine control unit (ECU). Analog outputs deliver a continuous voltage signal, commonly 0-5 V, directly proportional to pressure, enabling straightforward ECU interpretation.^[8]^[6] Digital variants, used in certain systems for noise immunity, output frequency-modulated or pulse-width modulated signals, where the frequency or duty cycle varies with pressure.^[10] The conversion from mechanical deformation to electrical signal involves signal conditioning circuits that amplify the raw transducer output and apply linearization if needed. These sensors are designed to operate reliably in harsh environments, withstanding temperatures from -40°C to 125°C, and incorporate temperature compensation mechanisms to maintain accuracy amid thermal variations.^[11]

Types and Variations

MAP sensors vary primarily by pressure measurement range and electrical output signal type. Most produce an analog voltage output that varies linearly with pressure, typically from 0.5 V at low pressure to 4.5 V at high pressure, compatible with standard engine control units (ECUs). However, frequency-output variants, used in systems like Ford's EEC-IV (introduced in the 1980s), generate a digital signal with frequency changing proportionally to pressure—ranging from about 92 Hz at high vacuum to 162 Hz at atmospheric pressure—offering noise immunity in older wiring setups.^[3]^[12]

Vacuum-Sensing MAP Sensors

Vacuum-sensing MAP sensors are specifically engineered for naturally aspirated engines, where intake manifold pressures fall below atmospheric levels due to the throttle's restriction of airflow. These sensors measure absolute pressures typically ranging from 20 kPa (high vacuum conditions at idle or deceleration) to 100 kPa (near-atmospheric pressure at wide-open throttle or light load), using a sealed vacuum reference chamber for accurate absolute pressure detection.^[13]^[14] This design enables precise load assessment in port fuel injection systems for gasoline engines, where the sensor's output informs the engine control unit about air density changes without the need for mass airflow measurement.^[13] Installation of vacuum-sensing MAP sensors prioritizes proximity to the intake manifold to minimize response lag, often mounting directly on or near the manifold with a flexible vacuum hose connection to the port. This setup includes a dedicated vacuum port on the manifold to draw clean air samples, preventing oil contamination from the positive crankcase ventilation system that could degrade the sensor's internal diaphragm. Early designs from the 1980s featured remote firewall mounting with longer hoses, but modern configurations favor integrated manifold placement to reduce leak risks and improve reliability in vehicles like sedans and light trucks.^[15]^[16] Performance-wise, these sensors exhibit a linear voltage output—typically 0.5 to 4.5 volts—across the vacuum range, allowing the ECU to interpolate engine load smoothly from idle vacuum (around 30-60 kPa) to near-atmospheric conditions under acceleration. Common failure modes include diaphragm rupture due to prolonged exposure to contaminants or mechanical stress, which often results in a stuck full-scale output (indicating zero vacuum) and triggers diagnostic trouble codes like P0106. Such failures disrupt fuel mapping, leading to rich running or hesitation, and underscore the sensor's evolution since the mid-1980s, when piezoresistive silicon diaphragms became standard for durability in non-turbocharged applications.^[15]^[17]^[7]

Boost-Sensing MAP Sensors

Boost-sensing MAP sensors are specialized variants of manifold absolute pressure (MAP) sensors designed for forced-induction engines, such as those equipped with turbochargers or superchargers, where intake manifold pressures exceed atmospheric levels. These sensors measure absolute pressures ranging from vacuum conditions to elevated boost levels, providing critical data to the engine control unit (ECU) for optimizing air-fuel mixtures and ignition timing under high-load scenarios. Unlike standard vacuum-sensing models, boost-sensing versions are engineered to withstand and accurately report pressures well above 100 kPa, enabling precise control in applications where boost can reach 200 kPa or more relative to ambient pressure.^[1] Design adaptations in boost-sensing MAP sensors focus on high-pressure tolerance, with ratings typically spanning 100-300 kPa or higher to accommodate turbocharger or supercharger output without failure. A key feature is the reinforced diaphragm, often constructed from durable materials like stainless steel, which flexes in response to pressure changes while resisting deformation or rupture under boost conditions exceeding 250 kPa. These sensors incorporate overpressure protection mechanisms, such as vented housings or burst-proof membranes, to prevent damage from pressure spikes during aggressive acceleration or wastegate malfunctions.^[18]^[19] Calibration for these sensors features an extended output scale to capture the full range of operating pressures, commonly using a 0-5 V analog signal where, for example, 0.5 V corresponds to near-vacuum (around 20 kPa) and 4.5 V aligns with maximum boost (up to 300 kPa). This linear voltage-pressure relationship allows the ECU to interpolate boost levels accurately, supporting applications in both diesel engines, where precise fueling prevents smoke under load, and high-performance gasoline engines that demand responsive throttle mapping. They are widely used in modern turbocharged vehicles, including Volkswagen's TDI series since the early 2000s for efficient diesel boost management and Ford's EcoBoost lineup, introduced in 2009, where 300 kPa-rated sensors integrate with direct injection systems for enhanced power delivery.^[18]^[20] Durability enhancements include sealed enclosures to minimize boost leaks from sensor fittings, ensuring reliable pressure readings in the dynamic intake environment, and compatibility with wastegate control signals for closed-loop boost regulation. These features contribute to longer service life in harsh conditions, such as high-temperature exhaust gas recirculation integration, while maintaining accuracy within ±2% across the operating range.^[1]

Applications in Engine Management

Role in Fuel Injection and Ignition Timing

The manifold absolute pressure (MAP) sensor plays a central role in engine management by providing data for calculating engine load, which is determined by combining MAP readings with engine speed (RPM). This load assessment enables the electronic control unit (ECU) to estimate the mass of air entering the cylinders using the speed-density method, derived from the ideal gas law. The air mass per intake stroke, assuming unity volumetric efficiency, is given by the equation:

m_{\text{air}} = \frac{\text{MAP}}{R \cdot T} \cdot \frac{V_d}{2}

where m_{\text{air}} is the air mass, MAP is the manifold absolute pressure, R is the specific gas constant for air (approximately 287 J/kg·K), T is the intake air temperature, and V_d is the engine displacement volume; the factor of 1/2 accounts for the four-stroke cycle where intake occurs every two revolutions.^[21] In fuel delivery systems, the MAP sensor data informs the ECU's adjustment of injector pulse width to achieve the stoichiometric air-fuel ratio of 14.7:1 by mass for gasoline engines, ensuring complete combustion and optimal efficiency. This is particularly critical during idle conditions, where high vacuum (low MAP) signals minimal airflow requiring reduced fuel, and during acceleration, where rapid pressure changes demand precise enrichment to maintain performance without flooding the engine.^[5]^[22] For ignition timing, the MAP sensor influences ECU timing maps by indicating load levels, allowing advance adjustments to optimize combustion and prevent knock; for instance, lower MAP values (corresponding to higher vacuum under light load) permit greater spark advance for improved torque and efficiency.^[23] In speed-density electronic fuel injection (EFI) systems, the MAP sensor integrates with the throttle position sensor (TPS) to enhance transient response, where TPS detects sudden throttle changes while MAP provides ongoing load confirmation for refined fuel and spark corrections during dynamic operation.^[23]^[5]

Integration with Turbocharging and Supercharging

In forced-induction systems like turbocharging and supercharging, the MAP sensor plays a critical role by measuring intake manifold pressure to enable precise engine control under elevated boost conditions, where air density increases significantly compared to naturally aspirated operation. This feedback allows the engine control unit (ECU) to dynamically adjust parameters for optimal performance, efficiency, and emissions compliance. Unlike vacuum-only sensing, boost-capable MAP sensors (typically rated for 2-3 bar absolute pressure) provide real-time data essential for managing the higher pressures generated by forced induction, preventing overboost or underboost scenarios that could lead to engine damage or power loss.^[24] For boost regulation, the MAP sensor supplies manifold pressure data to the ECU, which uses it to control actuators such as wastegate solenoids in turbocharged setups or bypass valves in supercharged systems, maintaining target boost levels. In a typical closed-loop control strategy, the ECU compares actual MAP readings against desired values—such as 150 kPa absolute for mild turbo setups—and adjusts the wastegate duty cycle to vent excess exhaust gas, thereby regulating turbine speed and compressor output. This feedback loop ensures stable boost delivery across varying engine loads and speeds, reducing turbo lag and improving transient response. In variable geometry turbocharger (VGT) applications, MAP data further refines vane positioning to optimize exhaust flow, enhancing boost control precision.^[24]^[25]^[26] The MAP sensor also facilitates air-fuel ratio (AFR) adjustments under boost by informing the ECU of increased manifold pressure, which correlates to higher air mass flow and density, thereby preventing lean mixtures that could cause detonation or overheating. In speed-density fuel systems, the ECU calculates engine load from MAP and temperature inputs to scale fuel injector pulse width proportionally to the pressure ratio—often requiring larger injectors scaled by the boost factor (e.g., 50% increase for 1.5 bar absolute)—while incorporating barometric compensation for altitude variations. In hybrid systems combining MAP with mass airflow (MAF) sensors, MAP data validates airflow estimates under boost, ensuring stoichiometric or enriched AFR targets (e.g., 14.7:1 at part load) for combustion stability. This integration helps maintain power output without excessive fuel consumption.^[26]^[27] In emission control, particularly for turbocharged diesel engines, the MAP sensor aids EGR modulation by providing pressure feedback to balance recirculated exhaust flow against boost demands, optimizing NOx reduction without compromising air charge quality. The ECU uses MAP signals in a proportional-integral loop to position the EGR valve, targeting a specific EGR fraction (e.g., 20-30%) that dilutes the intake charge and lowers combustion temperatures, thereby cutting NOx emissions by up to 50% in high-pressure loop EGR setups. This is especially vital under boost, where MAP helps coordinate EGR with VGT actuation to avoid particulate matter increases or fuel economy penalties.^[25]^[27] Modern advancements in VGT technology, introduced in production diesel engines during the 1990s, leverage MAP sensor data to dynamically optimize vane positions for enhanced efficiency across the operating range. By integrating MAP feedback with engine speed and load, the ECU adjusts turbine geometry to broaden the efficient boost map, significantly improving low-end torque and enabling better EGR drive for emissions compliance. This approach, as seen in systems from manufacturers like Garrett and BorgWarner, reduces fuel consumption by matching turbine flow more closely to engine needs, marking a shift from fixed-geometry turbos.^[28]^[24]

Testing and Diagnostics

Calibration and Vacuum Comparison Methods

Calibration of a MAP sensor typically involves simulating manifold pressures using a hand-held vacuum pump connected to the sensor's vacuum port, while monitoring the sensor's output voltage with a digital multimeter to ensure it aligns with manufacturer specifications. With the ignition in the key-on-engine-off (KOEO) position, the sensor should output approximately 4.0 to 5.0 volts at atmospheric pressure (zero vacuum), reflecting barometric pressure. Applying vacuum incrementally—such as 10 inHg, 20 inHg, and full vacuum—should cause the voltage to decrease linearly; for instance, at 20 inHg vacuum (simulating high idle load), the output typically drops to around 1.0 to 2.0 volts, with a change of about 0.7 to 1.0 volts per 5 inHg of pressure variation.^[29]^[30]^[31] For frequency-output MAP sensors, such as those used in certain Ford models, testing requires a multimeter set to Hz mode or an oscilloscope. At KOEO (atmospheric pressure), the output should be approximately 150-160 Hz at sea level; applying 20 inHg vacuum typically reduces the frequency to around 115 Hz, with smooth response to pressure changes.^[29]^[30] The procedure begins by disconnecting the vacuum hose from the MAP sensor and attaching the vacuum pump directly to its port, ensuring the engine is off and the key is in the on position to supply 5V reference voltage from the ECU. A multimeter is connected to the sensor's signal wire (typically the middle pin) and ground, allowing real-time voltage readings as vacuum is applied and released; the sensor is considered functional if the voltage responds smoothly without erratic jumps or failure to return to baseline upon vacuum release. For aftermarket or tunable ECUs, minor offsets or drifts identified during this test can sometimes be corrected through ECU reprogramming to adjust the sensor's scalar and offset values, restoring accurate pressure-to-voltage mapping.^[29]^[3] Vacuum comparison methods verify MAP sensor accuracy by cross-referencing its readings against a calibrated mechanical vacuum gauge connected to the intake manifold at idle, where manifold vacuum typically ranges from 15 to 20 inHg in a healthy naturally aspirated engine. Using an OBD-II scan tool, the MAP value (in kPa or inHg absolute) is observed at idle; subtracting the measured vacuum from local barometric pressure should match the MAP reading within acceptable limits, identifying any sensor bias such as offsets exceeding 0.5 psi that could indicate contamination, damage, or wiring issues. This comparison highlights drifts, as a faulty sensor might report 10-15% higher or lower vacuum than the gauge, leading to improper fuel and timing adjustments by the ECU.^[32]^[33] OEM standards, such as those from GM and Ford, generally require MAP sensors to maintain accuracy within ±0.5% to ±1.0% across their operating range, with KOEO barometric readings matching within 0.5 psi of actual atmospheric pressure to ensure reliable engine management. Tools essential for these tests include a digital multimeter for voltage measurement, a hand-held vacuum pump/gauge set for pressure simulation, and an OBD-II scanner for live data access, enabling technicians to perform non-invasive diagnostics without engine disassembly.^[34]^[35]^[32]

EGR System Testing and Common Faults

In EGR system testing, the engine control module (ECM) commands the exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) valve to open under specific conditions, such as during deceleration or a dedicated diagnostic cycle, and relies on the MAP sensor to detect a corresponding increase in intake manifold pressure, verifying EGR flow; a pressure rise of approximately 5-10 kPa typically indicates proper valve operation and gas recirculation.^[36] If the expected pressure change is not observed, it signals insufficient flow, often triggering diagnostic trouble code P0401, which can stem from EGR restrictions or sensor inaccuracies.^[37] This method leverages the MAP sensor's ability to measure absolute pressure variations caused by the introduction of exhaust gases, ensuring compliance with emissions standards without direct flow metering.^[27] Common faults in MAP sensors frequently arise from contamination by oil vapors or carbon deposits, which accumulate on the sensor's diaphragm or sensing element, leading to erratic or inaccurate pressure readings that disrupt engine load calculations.^[5] Electrical issues, including open circuits, shorted wiring, or corroded connectors, represent another prevalent failure mode; in such cases, the ECM often defaults to a barometric pressure substitute value derived from key-on, engine-off conditions, resulting in suboptimal fuel delivery and timing adjustments.^[38] These problems are particularly common in high-mileage vehicles surpassing 100,000 km, where prolonged exposure to engine byproducts accelerates degradation.^[16] MAP sensor malfunctions commonly trigger OBD-II diagnostic codes such as P0106 (manifold absolute pressure/barometric pressure circuit range/performance problem), which indicates the sensor output does not align with expected parameters during operation.^[39] Associated symptoms include rough idling due to improper air-fuel mixtures, hesitation or poor acceleration from incorrect ignition timing, and an illuminated check engine light, potentially exacerbating emissions issues if tied to EGR diagnostics.^[40] Repair strategies for faulty MAP sensors prioritize non-invasive fixes where possible, such as cleaning the sensor and its port with a specialized electrical contact cleaner or solvent to remove contaminants, which can restore functionality in mildly affected units.^[31] If cleaning proves ineffective or the sensor is physically damaged, replacement is necessary, with aftermarket parts costing $50-150 depending on vehicle make and model; labor is typically minimal, adding $50-100 to the total.^[41] Post-repair, clearing codes and performing a drive cycle allows the ECM to relearn parameters and confirm resolution.^[42]

Comparisons and Common Misconceptions

Differences from Barometric and Boost Pressure Sensors

The manifold absolute pressure (MAP) sensor measures the dynamic absolute pressure within the intake manifold, which varies with engine load, throttle position, and vacuum conditions, providing data for real-time engine management calculations such as air density and load estimation. In contrast, the barometric (BARO) pressure sensor measures static atmospheric pressure to compensate for altitude and environmental variations, ensuring accurate fuel and ignition adjustments without influence from engine operation.^[43]^[5] Historically, prior to the widespread adoption of OBD-II in 1996, many vehicles employed separate MAP and BARO sensors, but integration became common afterward, with the BARO function often incorporated into the MAP sensor housing or the engine control unit (ECU) itself to reduce complexity and cost.^[43] In modern systems, the ECU frequently substitutes the MAP sensor for BARO readings during key-on, engine-off conditions, when manifold pressure equals atmospheric pressure, allowing a single sensor to provide both dynamic manifold data and baseline atmospheric compensation without a dedicated BARO unit.^[5]^[43] This overlap highlights their shared piezoresistive or capacitive sensing technology but underscores the MAP's broader role in capturing pressure fluctuations from vacuum (e.g., approximately 20 in-Hg below atmospheric at idle) to full load.^[43] Dedicated boost pressure sensors, commonly used in turbocharged or supercharged applications, measure gauge pressure relative to atmospheric levels downstream of the turbocharger or supercharger, focusing on the excess pressure (boost) generated to inform wastegate control or driver displays, typically ranging from 0 to higher values like 20-30 psi without including baseline atmospheric pressure.^[44] Unlike the MAP sensor, which reports absolute pressure downstream of the throttle body (incorporating both vacuum and boost as total pressure from near 0 kPa absolute under high vacuum to over 200 kPa under boost), boost sensors provide relative readings that subtract atmospheric pressure, emphasizing peak boost levels rather than continuous manifold dynamics.^[43]^[44] Consequently, MAP signals deliver ongoing absolute pressure data to the ECU for comprehensive load and fueling computations, while boost sensors prioritize simplified, relative peak values often scaled for gauge interfaces or ECU boost referencing.^[5]^[43] A common misunderstanding among automotive enthusiasts involves confusing the manifold absolute pressure (MAP) sensor with an aftermarket boost gauge, often leading to incorrect wiring attempts. The MAP sensor typically outputs a low-voltage analog signal, usually in the range of 0-5 volts, specifically designed for interpretation by the engine control unit (ECU) to adjust fuel and ignition parameters. In contrast, boost gauges are intended for direct driver visibility and often require mechanical connections or separate electronic senders that produce readable mechanical deflection or digital displays, not the ECU-compatible voltage signal from a MAP sensor. This mix-up can result in non-functional setups or potential damage to the sensor if mismatched power is applied.^[45] Installation pitfalls frequently arise when attempting to integrate aftermarket boost gauges into the MAP sensor's vacuum hose without proper precautions, such as directly tapping into the line, which can introduce boost leaks and affect engine performance. To mitigate this, using a T-fitting to split the hose connection is recommended, allowing both the MAP sensor and gauge to receive accurate pressure readings while maintaining a sealed system to prevent air leaks that could reduce boost efficiency or trigger diagnostic trouble codes. Such leaks are particularly problematic in turbocharged applications, where even small breaches can lead to reduced power and increased turbo lag.^[46]^[47] Related sensors can exacerbate confusion, particularly between automotive MAP sensors calibrated in kilopascals (kPa) for absolute pressure and aviation manifold pressure gauges, which measure in inches of mercury (inHg) and typically reference ambient conditions around 29.92 inHg at sea level. This unit discrepancy can lead to misinterpretation during cross-context diagnostics or modifications, as 101.3 kPa equates to approximately 29.92 inHg, but vacuum or boost readings may appear inconsistent without conversion (e.g., 1 inHg ≈ 3.386 kPa). Since the 2010s, aftermarket digital MAP displays have become available, such as those from Auber Instruments introduced around 2011, which interface directly with MAP sensor signals to provide real-time absolute pressure readouts in customizable units, helping to bridge these gaps for enthusiasts.^[48]^[49]^[50] To resolve these issues, consulting vehicle-specific service manuals for correct pinouts is essential, as wiring errors—such as reversing signal and ground pins—can cause inaccurate ECU readings or sensor failure. For example, in Subaru WRX turbo swaps, common errors include improper MAP sensor integration during engine harness modifications, leading to boost control discrepancies that require verifying the 5V reference, ground, and signal wires against OEM diagrams to ensure compatibility. Brief reference to boost sensor differences highlights that while MAP measures absolute pressure, dedicated boost sensors focus on gauge pressure relative to atmosphere, as detailed in related comparisons.^[51]^[52]

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### Summary of Manifold Absolute Pressure (MAP) Sensor
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The MAP sensor provides instantaneous manifold pressure information to the engine's electronic control unit (ECU), in engines that are typically fuel injected.
[45]
Boost gauge - T-fitting or tap intake? - The Diesel Stop
Apr 1, 2005 · I'm getting ready to start my boost gauge installation. Do you guys recommend using the T-fitting in the Map line or drilling and tapping ...
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Tee for installing boost line in map line - PowerStroke.org
Oct 27, 2009 · Cut the MAP line and install T and youre set! Don't forget to put some wire loom on the hose to the gauge to protect it and tidy it up.
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[PDF] Chapter 7 - Aircraft Systems - Federal Aviation Administration
When the engine is not running, the manifold pressure gauge indicates ambient air pressure (i.e., 29.92 inches mercury. (29.92 "Hg)). When the engine is ...
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Digital Boost Gauge with Pressure Sensor - Auber Instruments
Jul 26, 2011 · This digital gauge can measure the manifold absolute or diesel engine boost pressure within 0.01 Bar or 0.1 PSI resolution and precision.Missing: aftermarket 2010s
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kilopascals (kPa) to Inches of mercury (inHg) conversion - XConvert
So, 1 kPa is equal to approximately 0.295301 inches of mercury. Converting 1 inHg to Kilopascals. Start with the value in inHg: 1 inHg; Apply the conversion ...
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[PDF] Subaru WRX & STI V7-9 Installation Manual - Link ECU
1.4.1 MAP Sensor. It is important that the pressure source for a MAP sensor be taken from a stable pressure source after the throttle body. It is common to ...Missing: service | Show results with:service
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V500 PIA Subaru WRX 99-00 Full Pinouts | PDF - Scribd
The document details pinouts for connectors B134, B135, and B136. It lists the pin number, function, and wire connection for each pin on the three ...