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Boost

''Look up [[boost]] or [[boosting]] in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.'' '''Boost''' is a word with multiple meanings. It may refer to: For more, see the sections below.

Science, technology, and mathematics

Lorentz boost

In , a Lorentz boost is a linear transformation that mixes space and time coordinates in four-dimensional Minkowski , describing how measurements of position and time change between inertial frames moving at constant relative velocity. This transformation accounts for the effects of relative motion without an absolute rest frame, ensuring consistency with the constancy of the . The concept was introduced by in 1904 to explain electromagnetic phenomena in moving systems, where he derived transformation equations that adjust coordinates to maintain the invariance of . It was formalized by in his 1905 paper on , where the boosts emerged as a consequence of the relativity principle and the light speed postulate, reinterpreting Lorentz's local time as a fundamental aspect of . Mathematically, a Lorentz boost along the x-axis with relative velocity v is represented by the acting on the (ct, x, y, z), where c is the , \beta = v/c, and \gamma = 1 / \sqrt{1 - \beta^2} is the . The matrix form is: \begin{pmatrix} \gamma & -\gamma \beta & 0 & 0 \\ -\gamma \beta & \gamma & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 \end{pmatrix} This yields the coordinate relations ct' = \gamma (ct - \beta x), x' = \gamma (x - \beta ct), y' = y, and z' = z. The Lorentz boost preserves the interval ds^2 = -c^2 dt^2 + dx^2 + dy^2 + dz^2, which is the Minkowski metric under the transformation, ensuring that physical laws remain form-invariant across inertial frames. This invariance underpins the of , where the sign of ds^2 distinguishes timelike, spacelike, and lightlike separations. In , Lorentz boosts are essential for transforming four-momenta (E/c, \mathbf{p}) between reference frames, such as from the laboratory frame to the center-of-mass frame, to analyze high-speed collisions and decays while conserving the m^2 c^2 = E^2/c^2 - p^2. For instance, they enable the calculation of particle energies and momenta in accelerators, where boosts account for relativistic effects at velocities near c.

Boost converter

A is a type of switched-mode DC-DC power converter that increases (steps up) the voltage level from its input to its output while regulating the output voltage against variations in input voltage or load conditions. It operates by storing energy in an during one of a switching and releasing it to the output during another , achieving voltage without a . This is fundamental in for applications requiring higher output voltages from lower input sources, such as batteries or . The operating principle relies on the controlled charging and discharging of an using a high-frequency switch, typically a like a . When the switch is closed (on-state), the input voltage is applied across the inductor, causing current to ramp up and store energy in its , while the output is isolated by the in reverse bias. When the switch opens (off-state), the inductor's collapsing induces a voltage that adds to the input voltage, forward-biasing the and transferring the stored energy to the output and load, resulting in a higher output voltage. This process repeats at a switching , often in the tens of kHz to MHz range, to minimize and enable compact design. The basic features the input voltage source connected in series with an , followed by a parallel combination of the switch (to ) and the ( at the inductor-switch junction, to output). The connects to a in parallel with the load , smoothing the output voltage. In continuous conduction mode (CCM), where inductor current never reaches zero, the ideal voltage conversion ratio is given by V_{out} = \frac{V_{in}}{1 - D} where D is the , the fraction of the switching period the switch is on (0 < D < 1). This equation assumes lossless components and steady-state operation. Efficiency in practical boost converters typically ranges from 70% to 95%, depending on switching frequency, component quality, and load. Losses arise from conduction (resistance in inductor, switch, and diode), switching (transistor turn-on/off transients), and parasitic elements like capacitor equivalent series resistance. Higher efficiencies are achieved with synchronous rectification (replacing the diode with a low-side switch) and soft-switching techniques to reduce electromagnetic interference and heat. Boost converters find widespread applications in portable electronics, such as USB power banks where they step up low battery voltages (e.g., 3.7 V lithium-ion) to 5 V for device charging. In solar photovoltaic systems, they enable maximum power point tracking (MPPT) by dynamically adjusting the duty cycle to match the panel's varying output voltage to the load, maximizing energy harvest under changing irradiance. Automotive systems employ them in electric vehicles to interface low-voltage batteries with high-voltage traction inverters or for efficient power distribution in hybrid powertrains.

AdaBoost

AdaBoost, short for Adaptive Boosting, is an ensemble learning algorithm in machine learning that combines multiple weak classifiers—typically simple models like decision stumps—to form a strong classifier with high predictive accuracy. The algorithm works by iteratively training weak learners on subsets of the training data, where the emphasis is placed on examples that were misclassified in previous iterations through an adaptive weighting scheme. This process increases the weights of difficult-to-classify samples, allowing subsequent weak learners to focus more on them, thereby improving overall performance. Introduced by Yoav Freund and Robert E. Schapire, AdaBoost represents a significant advancement in boosting techniques, providing both theoretical guarantees on its effectiveness and practical efficiency in classification tasks. The algorithm begins by initializing equal weights for all training samples, typically w_i = 1/N for N samples. In each iteration t = 1 to T, a weak classifier h_t is trained on the weighted data to minimize the weighted classification error \epsilon_t = \sum_{i: h_t(x_i) \neq y_i} w_i / \sum_i w_i. The weight \alpha_t for this classifier is then computed as \alpha_t = \frac{1}{2} \ln \left( \frac{1 - \epsilon_t}{\epsilon_t} \right), which quantifies its contribution based on its accuracy. Following this, the sample weights are updated to w_i^{(t+1)} = w_i^{(t)} \exp(\alpha_t I(h_t(x_i) \neq y_i)), normalized to sum to 1, thereby increasing the influence of misclassified examples. The final strong classifier is a weighted majority vote: H(x) = \sign \left( \sum_{t=1}^T \alpha_t h_t(x) \right), where h_t are the weak hypotheses and \sign returns +1 or -1. AdaBoost has been widely applied in real-world scenarios, such as face detection in the Viola-Jones algorithm, which uses boosted cascades of simple Haar-like features to achieve real-time performance on resource-constrained devices. In spam filtering, it effectively classifies emails by boosting weak text-based classifiers, as demonstrated in early implementations that improved detection rates on benchmark corpora. To address limitations like sensitivity to outliers or noisy data, variants such as and have been developed; GentleBoost fits weak learners via weighted least squares for smoother updates, while LogitBoost optimizes the binomial log-likelihood directly for more stable convergence in logistic regression settings.

Boost C++ Libraries

The Boost C++ Libraries are a free, open-source collection of peer-reviewed, portable C++ source libraries that extend the functionality of the C++ Standard Library. Initiated in 1998 by members of the C++ Standards Committee, the project began with the goal of developing high-quality libraries to address gaps in the language standard and promote best practices in C++ programming. The first official release occurred in 1999, and since then, Boost has grown to encompass over 150 individual libraries, with more than 10 million downloads recorded. Many of its components have been adopted into subsequent C++ standards, including smart pointers (from ) in C++11, regular expressions (from ) in C++11, filesystem operations (from ) in C++17, and atomic operations (from ) in C++11, thereby influencing the evolution of the language itself. Key libraries within Boost provide specialized tools for common programming needs. For instance, Boost.Asio offers a cross-platform framework for network and low-level I/O programming, supporting asynchronous operations with sockets, timers, and buffers. Boost.Filesystem enables portable handling of paths, files, and directories, abstracting platform-specific details for tasks like iteration over directory trees. Boost.MPL (Meta-Programming Library) supplies a comprehensive set of templates and algorithms for compile-time metaprogramming, allowing developers to perform type manipulations and computations at compile time. Additionally, Boost.Test facilitates unit testing and execution monitoring through a framework that supports test suites, assertions, and reporting. These libraries are representative of Boost's emphasis on reliability and interoperability with the Standard Library. Usage of Boost libraries is straightforward and flexible, with most being header-only—requiring only an include directive and a compatible C++ compiler—while others need to be built separately using tools like b2 (Boost.Build). A typical header-only inclusion for string manipulation utilities, such as case conversion or trimming, is #include <boost/algorithm/string.hpp>, followed by namespace qualification like boost::algorithm::to_lower_copy(str). Built libraries, like , involve compiling the source with the project and linking against the resulting binaries, often via build systems such as or Boost.Build for dependency management. This dual approach minimizes overhead for simple extensions while supporting complex, performance-critical features. Boost is governed by the Boost.org community, a volunteer-driven that emphasizes , inclusivity, and in . The project releases updates several times a year, with the latest version, Boost 1.89.0, issued on August 14, 2025, introducing new libraries like Bloom filters and initial support for modules in components such as Boost.Any and Boost.TypeIndex. By providing portable, tested solutions, Boost reduces time and bugs, fostering adoption in both open-source and proprietary environments.

Arts, entertainment, and media

Fictional characters

In the Pixar animated film Cars (2006), Boost is depicted as a purple tuner car inspired by the Nissan Silvia S15, serving as the leader of the Delinquent Road Hazards gang alongside DJ, Wingo, and Snot Rod. Voiced by Lou Romano, Boost is a nitrous-equipped racer known for causing road mayhem, and he reprises his role in the short film series Mater's Tall Tales. In the animated series Star Wars: The Clone Wars (2008), (CT-4860) is a serving in the Grand Army of the Republic as part of the 104th Battalion's unit under General Plo Koon and Commander Wolffe. He participates in key missions, including the escape from the Separatist weapon Malevolence in an alongside Wolffe, Sinker, and Plo Koon, and later operations on Felucia and Aleen. In the animated series (2011), is a Core-Tech , a wolf-like monster creature featuring red crystal blades along its back and claws, summoned and controlled by , a main character in the series, during battles against opposing teams. As a versatile combatant, embodies aggressive, slashing attacks in the monster-collecting narrative. These characters often embody themes of acceleration, power amplification, or rapid mobility, aligning with the connotative meaning of "boost" in their respective stories.

Films

is a 1988 American drama film directed by , focusing on the destructive impact of during the 1980s boom. The story follows Lenny Brown, a struggling salesman played by , who relocates to with his wife Linda () and secures a lucrative job selling shelters to wealthy clients, leading to a lavish but fragile . As financial pressures mount after a change in laws leaves Lenny unemployed and in debt, the couple's recreational use escalates into full-blown , unraveling their marriage and personal lives in a harrowing descent. The screenplay by draws from the era's excesses, portraying not just as a personal failing but as intertwined with broader societal greed and excess. Produced by and distributed by Hemdale Film Distribution, the film features supporting performances by as Lenny's mentor Max Sherman and , with a of 95 minutes. It received a on December 23, 1988, and earned approximately $785,000 at the domestic against an $8 million , reflecting its modest commercial performance amid mixed critical reception. Woods' intense portrayal earned him a for Best Male Lead at the 1989 , highlighting the film's raw depiction of addiction's toll. Boost is a 2017 Canadian crime drama written and directed by Darren Curtis, exploring themes of youth, , and unintended consequences in Montreal's . The narrative centers on two teenage best friends, Hakeem (Nabil Rajo) and A-Mac (), who navigate life as immigrants while "spotting" luxury s for a local crime syndicate after school. Their decision to steal a independently leads to a windfall of cash but entangles them with the mob after the vehicle is linked to a fatal hit-and-run, abruptly ending their innocence and forcing a confrontation with harsh realities. Produced by Bunbury Films, the movie premiered at film festivals and received a limited release, praised for its authentic portrayal of adolescent friendship and urban tension.

Video games

In video games, a refers to a mechanic that temporarily enhances a player's speed, output, or other capabilities, typically functioning as a or activated ability in , , and genres. This mechanic allows characters or vehicles to surpass normal limits for short durations, aiding in pursuits like evading enemies, accelerating through obstacles, or gaining competitive edges in multiplayer scenarios. Common implementations include collectible items that refill a limited resource meter or timed cooldowns that restrict overuse, promoting strategic to maintain . Notable examples illustrate the versatility of boosts across titles. In Rocket League (2015), blue boost orbs litter the arena, enabling cars to achieve supersonic speeds for precise aerial maneuvers and ball control, with efficient collection and usage central to team coordination. The Sonic the Hedgehog series features the spin dash, introduced in Sonic the Hedgehog 2 (1992), where the character curls into a ball to build momentum from a standstill, delivering rapid acceleration for level traversal and enemy defeats. In the Forza Horizon series, starting with Forza Horizon (2012), nitro-like speed boosts activate during overtaking maneuvers in open-world races, enhancing vehicle performance through tunable upgrades or event-specific triggers. The evolution of the boost mechanic traces back to late-1980s arcade racers, where it first gained prominence as a way to inject excitement into high-speed gameplay. Rare's RC Pro-Am (1988) pioneered on-track power-ups with "zippers" that delivered brief speed surges, marking the debut of such features in racing simulations. This concept expanded in Super Off Road (1989), where nitro boosts could be purchased as upgrades to tackle rugged terrains, and in Super Mario Kart (1992), whose mushroom items provided instant velocity spikes alongside items for broader kart racing dynamics. By the early 2000s, Burnout (2001) refined boosts into a risk-based system, rewarding aggressive driving with escalating speed chains amid traffic hazards. Entering the 2020s, boosts have become essential in esports, particularly in Rocket League, where mastery of boost paths and conservation directly influences professional match outcomes and viewer engagement.

Brands and enterprises

Boost Mobile

Boost Mobile is a brand operating primarily in the United States, offering prepaid and postpaid mobile services as a (MVNO) leveraging networks from and following a major spectrum sale in 2025. Originally launched in in 2001 as a prepaid service by Partners Australia, the brand expanded to the U.S. market in 2002 under Nextel Communications, targeting young, budget-conscious consumers with affordable no-contract plans. The U.S. operations of Boost Mobile were acquired by Sprint in 2005 and later integrated into the Sprint Nextel merger, before being sold to Dish Network in July 2020 for $1.4 billion as part of the T-Mobile-Sprint merger approval. This acquisition positioned Dish to enter the consumer wireless market, with Boost serving as its flagship prepaid brand. Following Dish Network's merger with EchoStar Corporation, completed on January 2, 2024, Boost Mobile became a subsidiary of EchoStar, enabling further integration of satellite and 5G technologies. In August 2025, EchoStar agreed to sell significant low-band spectrum assets to AT&T for approximately $23 billion, leading Boost to transition to a hybrid MVNO model while shutting down its standalone network to focus on AT&T's infrastructure, with continued access to T-Mobile's network, for broader coverage. Boost Mobile provides a range of unlimited plans starting at $25 per month, including high-speed data allotments of 30GB to 50GB, unlimited talk and text, and international features such as roaming in over 38 countries for less than $1 per day, plus 5GB of data in and . The service supports both prepaid options for flexibility and postpaid plans under the unified brand, with add-ons for additional international calling and data. As of June 30, 2025, Boost Mobile served 7.357 million subscribers, reflecting steady growth through five consecutive quarters of net additions, including 212,000 in Q2 2025 alone. In 2024, Boost Mobile launched a unified branding campaign in July, merging its postpaid service with the core prepaid offerings and introducing a new logo featuring an to symbolize seamless prepaid-postpaid integration and endless value. The campaign emphasizes affordability and challenges larger carriers like and with aggressive pricing, such as a $25 unlimited plan, while highlighting access rated No. 1 in coverage and availability across seven major U.S. cities. Partnerships, including the spectrum deal with and reliance on T-Mobile's , support expanded capabilities without service interruptions for customers. As the fourth-largest wireless carrier in the U.S. by subscriber count in early 2025, Boost Mobile maintains a strong market position among budget-conscious users, with approximately 7.3 million total subscribers and a focus on value-driven prepaid services that differentiate it from premium competitors. Its hybrid model post-2025 spectrum sale enhances nationwide coverage while prioritizing affordability and innovation in the prepaid segment.

Boost Juice

Boost Juice is an Australian juice bar chain specializing in fresh fruit smoothies, juices, and health-focused drinks. Founded in 2000 by entrepreneur in , , the company began as a single outlet inspired by Allis's travels and desire to promote healthy lifestyles through accessible, nutritious beverages. By 2025, had expanded significantly, operating over 850 stores worldwide, primarily across , , and parts of , establishing itself as one of the world's largest juice bar networks. The chain's product lineup emphasizes fresh, whole ingredients to create vibrant, low-calorie options that appeal to health-conscious consumers. Core offerings include blended on-demand, freshly squeezed juices, and acai bowls topped with fruits, nuts, and seeds for added . Notable menu items feature the Banana Buzz, a popular combining , , low-fat , , and for a creamy, naturally sweetened profile; and immunity boosters enriched with vitamins A, C, and to support normal immune function as part of a balanced . These products are designed to be customizable, with options for dietary preferences like vegan or low-sugar variants, prioritizing natural flavors over artificial additives. Boost Juice employs a franchise-based , which has driven its rapid growth by partnering with local operators who align with the brand's "Love Life" of promoting and positivity. This structure allows for scalable expansion while maintaining consistent quality through centralized supply chains and training programs. The emphasis on healthy, low-calorie drinks positions the chain as a go-to for quick, guilt-free indulgences, contributing to its strong presence in the competitive and sector. In recent developments, Boost Juice has prioritized efforts to reduce environmental impact, including the adoption of recyclable cups across stores and incentives like a AUD 0.50 for customers bringing their own reusable cups or straws, a policy reinforced in 2023. The chain also sells eco-friendly reusable accessories in-store to encourage repeat sustainable practices. Complementing these initiatives, the Boost Juice was enhanced post-2023 to streamline digital ordering, allowing users to customize and pre-order drinks for pickup, while integrating rewards to earn points toward free items.

BOOST nutritional drinks

BOOST nutritional drinks are a line of ready-to-drink supplements produced by Health Science, designed to provide balanced for adults facing increased nutritional needs. Introduced in 1995 under Medical Nutrition, the brand was acquired by in 2007 as part of its expansion into medical . These drinks target individuals requiring additional calories, protein, and nutrients, particularly older adults and those with medical conditions such as , , or recovery from illness, helping to support overall health and energy levels. The product lineup includes several variants tailored to specific nutritional goals. BOOST Original offers complete balanced in an 8 oz serving with 240 calories, 10 g of protein, and a blend of essential nutrients for general supplementation. BOOST High Protein delivers 20 g of high-quality protein per 8 oz serving along with 250 calories to aid muscle maintenance and energy conversion via B-vitamins. For individuals managing , BOOST Glucose Control provides a lower glycemic response with 190 calories and 16 g of protein per serving, suitable as part of a supervised management plan. Additionally, BOOST Max emphasizes muscle health with 30 g of protein, 160 calories, and 1 g of sugar in an 11 oz serving. Each BOOST drink is fortified with 26 vitamins and minerals, including calcium, vitamin D, zinc, and antioxidants for immune support and bone health, making them a convenient option for bridging dietary gaps without artificial sweeteners or colors in most formulations. For example, BOOST Original includes vitamins C and D alongside prebiotic fibers to promote digestive wellness. BOOST products are distributed globally through retail, pharmacies, and online channels under Health Science, contributing to the growing nutritional supplements market valued at over $15 billion in alone as of 2024. In 2025, the brand expanded with initiatives like partnerships for aging nutrition resources and new shakes supporting muscle and digestive health amid rising demand for targeted wellness products.

Other uses

Slang term

In American English, the slang term "boost" refers to the act of stealing, particularly items from retail stores. This usage derives from the verb's earlier meaning of lifting or pushing something upward, which originated around 1815 as a way to describe physically raising an object or person by applying force from below. By the early , the term had shifted in criminal to imply covertly taking goods, often by concealing them on one's person, with the first recorded attestation in this sense dating to 1912. The slang gained prominence in urban street culture during the mid-20th century, appearing in contexts of petty theft and retail crime, where a "booster" denotes a habitual shoplifter who targets merchandise during business hours. A common example is the phrase "He boosted a shirt from the store," illustrating the direct application to lifting an item without payment. This terminology permeates hip-hop music and lyrics, where it evokes narratives of survival and mischief in city environments, as seen in early rap references to shoplifting for personal gain or resale. Culturally, "boost" is tied to retail theft, a widespread issue in urban areas that contributes to economic losses for businesses and prompts heightened security measures like surveillance and anti-theft tags. Legally, such acts are classified as misdemeanors or felonies depending on the value of the stolen goods and jurisdiction, typically resulting in fines and possible short-term imprisonment for low-value thefts. The gerund form "boosting" describes the ongoing practice of shoplifting, sometimes involving organized teams where one distracts while another steals. This negative connotation of theft should not be confused with the unrelated positive slang for an "ego boost," which means a temporary increase in confidence or morale.

Boosting (doping)

Boosting, also known as intentional autonomic dysreflexia, is a prohibited performance-enhancing technique employed by some Paralympic athletes with spinal cord injuries at or above the T6 neurological level, primarily in wheelchair racing and other upper-body propulsion sports. It involves deliberately triggering autonomic dysreflexia (AD), a potentially life-threatening reflex, through noxious stimuli such as clamping urinary catheters, applying tight leg straps or abdominal binders, or sitting on sharp objects to induce a sudden surge in blood pressure. This method exploits the impaired autonomic nervous system in these athletes, who often experience cardiovascular limitations like blunted heart rate responses and hypotension during exercise, leading to early fatigue and reduced oxygen delivery to muscles. The physiological mechanism of boosting centers on the uncontrolled response below the level of injury, which causes widespread and a rapid elevation in systolic , typically by 20-60 mmHg or more, sometimes exceeding 200 mmHg. This compensates for the athletes' inability to adequately increase via , thereby enhancing blood flow and oxygen utilization in the upper body, which reduces the energy cost of arm-crank propulsion and delays fatigue. Studies have demonstrated performance improvements of approximately 7-10% in boosted states, such as faster completion times in 7.5 km wheelchair races, providing a significant competitive edge in events like the 800m or marathon. However, this comes with severe risks, including complications like seizures, , cerebral hemorrhage, , and sudden death, as the reflex can escalate uncontrollably without proper medical intervention. The practice has been recognized since the early 1990s, with initial reports of spontaneous AD occurrences during training among elite wheelchair athletes, but intentional use for enhancement prompted the () to ban boosting in 2004 due to its health hazards and unfair advantages. Systematic monitoring began at the 2000 Paralympics with random checks on suspected athletes, expanding to broader testing by the 2008 Games, where 20 competitors were screened without detections leading to sanctions. In 2016, ahead of the Rio Paralympics, the tightened protocols, lowering the disqualification threshold to systolic over 160 mmHg for health reasons and increasing pre-competition checks, marking the first confirmed instances of attempted boosting detected through these enhanced measures. Monitoring has continued in subsequent Paralympics, including 2020 and 2024, with no reported sanctions for boosting as of 2025, indicating ongoing vigilance without confirmed cases. Detection relies on non-invasive monitoring before and during events, with athletes in a dysreflexic state (systolic BP ≥160-180 mmHg, depending on guidelines) barred from competing to protect their , regardless of intent. Ethically, boosting is classified as a form of non-pharmacological doping under the (WADA) Code, specifically as manipulation of physiological processes for advantage, violating principles of and athlete welfare; deliberate attempts can result in disqualification, suspension, or further sanctions per and international federation rules. Surveys of Paralympic athletes indicate widespread awareness of its dangers, with most opposing its use due to ethical concerns and risks, though some report knowledge of peers employing it covertly.

Boosterism

Boosterism refers to the enthusiastic promotion of a locality, , or cause to enhance and attract , often through civic or commercial advocacy. The term originated in the late 19th-century , deriving from "booster," a word for a promoter or supporter, first recorded in as an from the verb "boost," meaning to lift or push upward. This contrasted with "knockers," critics who highlighted negatives, and "" itself appeared by 1902, with widespread use by the to describe promotional attitudes. Historically, boosterism fueled urban growth in the U.S., particularly through 1920s campaigns by chambers of commerce that built civic pride and economic optimism. In Los Angeles, for example, the Chamber of Commerce distributed millions of pamphlets and opened promotional offices in major cities like Chicago and Washington, D.C., portraying the region as a paradise of mild weather and opportunity to lure settlers and businesses during the post-World War I boom. A modern instance is the "I ♥ NY" branding initiative, launched in 1977 by the New York State Department of Economic Development amid fiscal crisis and declining tourism, which used a simple logo and jingle to revitalize the city's image and boost visitor numbers. Techniques of typically involve , public events, and media amplification to create appealing narratives. These efforts, such as national ad campaigns and staged expositions, emphasize idealized attributes like economic vitality or cultural allure while downplaying challenges. However, critics argue that boosterism often relies on exaggeration, fostering unsustainable growth by inflating expectations of perpetual prosperity. In , 20th-century promotions of the auto industry's "" in the hyped high wages and through union contracts and production records—such as 9 million vehicles in 1955—but ignored cyclical layoffs, risks, and market volatility, contributing to long-term economic fragility and decline. In 2025, boosterism remains vital for post-pandemic recovery, particularly in tourism, where global campaigns highlight safe, resilient destinations to drive international arrivals back to and beyond pre-2020 levels—reaching approximately 1.4 billion tourists in 2024 with 5% growth in early 2025. Similarly, tech hub promotions, like those sustaining Valley's narrative as an innovation epicenter, attract and talent by emphasizing ecosystem strengths despite housing costs and , echoing historical patterns of hype-fueled expansion.