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MMC

Medical male circumcision (MMC) is a surgical procedure entailing the excision of the penile , performed in clinical environments purportedly to mitigate risks of urinary tract infections, penile , and sexually transmitted infections, including . Following three randomized controlled trials in , , and from 2002 to 2007, which demonstrated a 51-60% relative reduction in HIV acquisition among heterosexual men undergoing MMC compared to uncircumcised controls, the in 2007 recommended voluntary MMC as a supplementary HIV prevention measure in 15 priority countries with heterosexual epidemics. Implementation has resulted in approximately 30 million procedures by 2020, correlating with localized incidence declines in some high-burden areas, though overall program uptake has lagged behind modeling projections and protective effects are limited to female-to-male transmission, offering no benefit against other exposure routes.00515-0/fulltext) Despite these empirical gains, MMC elicits substantial , particularly for neonatal or infant applications lacking individual , with ethicists contending it inflicts permanent alteration on healthy tissue, potentially infringing on rights to and generating risks without proportional therapeutic necessity in low-prevalence settings. Adverse events, encompassing hemorrhage, infection, and adhesions, manifest at rates of 0.2-2% in controlled trials and up to 16% in suboptimal conditions, underscoring variances in procedural across contexts.

Business

Marsh & McLennan Companies

Marsh & McLennan Companies, Inc. (NYSE: MMC) is a global firm headquartered at 1166 Avenue of the Americas in . The company specializes in risk, strategy, and people, delivering advisory services in broking, , and talent consulting to clients worldwide. Its core operations encompass helping organizations navigate complex risks through data-driven solutions, with a exceeding 85,000 employees across more than 130 countries. Founded in 1905 as through the partnership of Henry W. Marsh and Donald R. McLennan, the firm has evolved into a structure, with key subsidiaries including for insurance brokerage and risk advisory, and for health, wealth, and career consulting. These units focus on tailored risk mitigation strategies, such as property and casualty insurance placement and employee benefits design, without direct underwriting of insurance policies. As of 2025, MMC has intensified strategic expansions in emerging risk domains, including market analysis and adaptation advisory. This includes publishing reports on global risks highlighting threats and impacts, alongside surveys assessing corporate preparedness for physical and transitional risks. Such initiatives underscore the firm's emphasis on forward-looking risk intelligence amid escalating and environmental challenges.

MMC Corporation

MMC Corporation Berhad is a Malaysian conglomerate specializing in utilities and infrastructure development, operating through four primary divisions: Ports & Logistics, Energy & Utilities, Engineering, and Construction. The company manages critical assets in power generation, port operations, and large-scale engineering projects, contributing to Malaysia's national infrastructure backbone. Its Energy & Utilities division, via subsidiary Malakoff Corporation Berhad, oversees independent power production facilities, while the Engineering division has executed major public works such as the 51 km Klang Valley Mass Rapid Transit (KVMRT) Kajang Line. In the Ports & Logistics division, MMC holds significant stakes in key terminals, including the (PTP), Malaysia's most advanced container terminal located at the crossroads of East-West shipping lanes in . PTP, operated through Pelabuhan Tanjung Pelepas Sdn Bhd, facilitates substantial container throughput and supports regional trade logistics. MMC also oversees other facilities like Johor Port and Port, positioning it as a vital enabler of Malaysia's infrastructure. MMC Ports, the group's port holdings subsidiary, announced on October 7, 2025, a postponement of its initial public offering from late 2025 to 2026, aiming to incorporate complete full-year 2025 financial results for greater transparency to investors. This decision underscores MMC's strategic focus on long-term infrastructural expansion amid evolving market conditions in Southeast Asia.

Monopolies and Mergers Commission

The Monopolies and Mergers Commission (MMC) was a non-ministerial government department in the United Kingdom established to investigate and report on monopolies, mergers, and restrictive trade practices under domestic competition legislation. It originated as the Monopolies Commission under the Monopolies and Restrictive Practices (Inquiry and Control) Act 1948, which empowered it to inquire into industries where a monopoly position—defined as one-quarter or more of the supply of goods or services in the UK—prevailed, assessing whether such positions operated against the public interest based on economic evidence of reduced competition or consumer harm. The Fair Trading Act 1973 expanded its remit to include mergers and renamed it the Monopolies and Mergers Commission effective 1 November 1973, granting broader investigative powers over proposed acquisitions exceeding specified asset or turnover thresholds that could substantially lessen competition. The MMC's core functions involved conducting detailed empirical inquiries into referred cases, analyzing market data such as supply shares, , pricing behaviors, and profit margins to determine causal effects on , rather than relying on presumptive rules or political directives. It produced public reports recommending remedies like divestitures, behavioral undertakings, or license revocations if dominance was found to impair , with decisions informed by econometric and submissions but independent of government intervention in findings. Notable investigations included examinations of complex monopolies in sectors like cigarettes ( report finding restrictive practices) and newspaper mergers (e.g., 1980s probes into acquisitions by titles like ), where assessments hinged on verifiable impacts on market concentration and entry conditions. The Commission operated until its dissolution on 1 April 1999 under the , which transferred its functions to the newly formed to align enforcement more closely with European Community competition rules while maintaining an evidence-based approach to merger and monopoly reviews. This successor body later evolved into the in 2014, but the MMC's era emphasized quasi-judicial independence in prioritizing causal economic harms over broader policy goals.

Computing

Microsoft Management Console

The (MMC) is a within Windows operating systems that enables administrators to build, save, and utilize customizable administrative consoles for managing , software, services, and elements. These consoles integrate modular components called snap-ins, which deliver targeted management capabilities through a standardized graphical , thereby streamlining administrative workflows across diverse IT environments. MMC was first introduced as a core feature in , released on February 17, 2000, marking a shift from fragmented administrative tools to a unified, extensible platform that supported delegation of specific tasks via custom consoles. Prior to this, prototype versions appeared in Option Pack updates around 1998, but full integration occurred with to facilitate scalable network administration. This design emphasized modularity, permitting the assembly of consoles from reusable snap-ins without requiring proprietary, all-in-one applications, which enhanced efficiency in enterprise settings by allowing tailored views for different administrative roles. Snap-ins in MMC are implemented as COM-based in-process server DLLs, categorized as stand-alone (independent tools like Event Viewer), extension (add-ons that augment existing snap-ins with nodes, menus, or property pages), or dual-mode (versatile components operable in both capacities). Microsoft and independent software vendors develop these snap-ins, which MMC hosts via a generic user interface oblivious to underlying protocols, ensuring interoperability for tasks such as service configuration, user permissions, and device monitoring. Consoles are saved as .msc files, executable independently or embedded in other tools like Computer Management. MMC has persisted across Windows versions, including , editions through 2022, and client releases up to , with ongoing support for remote management and scripting integration via extensions. Its architecture promotes reusability, reducing administrative overhead by centralizing disparate tools into composable interfaces, though adoption has partially shifted toward web-based alternatives like portals for cloud-hybrid scenarios.

MultiMediaCard

The MultiMediaCard (MMC) is a card standard for in portable electronic devices, initially developed for compact, low-power applications such as digital cameras and mobile phones. Unveiled in November 1997 by and AG, the MMC addressed the need for smaller, more efficient removable memory compared to earlier formats like , utilizing flash technology with a surface-contact . The standard card measures 32 mm × 24 mm × 1.4 mm, roughly the size of a , and originally employed a 1-bit operating at up to 20 MHz, enabling data transfer rates of approximately 2 MB/s. Subsequent revisions expanded MMC capabilities, introducing support for parallel interfaces (up to 8-bit) in versions like and higher, which increased speeds to MB/s or more in later iterations such as High-Speed MMC. Capacities evolved from initial offerings of 2 MB to several gigabytes in consumer variants, with the protocol emphasizing within its family and partial with Secure Digital (SD) cards; most SD card hosts can read MMC cards due to shared pinouts and command sets, though MMC hosts typically reject SD cards lacking mechanical write-protection notches. This compatibility stemmed from SD's origins as an extension of MMC, developed by , Matsushita, and in 1999 to add features while retaining core electrical signaling. MMC variants optimized for specific form factors include Reduced-Size MMC (RS-MMC), released in 2004 at 24 mm × 18 mm × 1.4 mm, which requires an for full-size slots and targets space-constrained devices. The MMCmicro, measuring 14 mm × 12 mm × 1.1 mm, further miniaturized the format for ultra-portable gadgets, though it saw limited adoption due to competition from microSD. MMC (eMMC) integrates the controller and flash into a single package for soldered applications in smartphones and systems, supporting higher speeds (up to 400 MB/s in eMMC 5.1) and capacities exceeding 128 GB, with versions managed by standards post-2006. These evolutions prioritized integration and efficiency over , influencing modern storage in low-power computing.

Construction

Modern methods of construction

Modern methods of construction (MMC) denote a spectrum of innovative building techniques emphasizing off-site fabrication and assembly, including prefabricated panels, volumetric modular units, and structural insulated systems, which diverge from conventional on-site labor-intensive processes to yield measurable improvements in build efficiency. These methods leverage factory-controlled environments for component production, minimizing weather dependencies and enabling that traditional or timber-frame approaches often lack. In the , MMC emerged as a response to persistent supply shortfalls exacerbated since the early , with annual new-build completions stagnating below 200,000 units amid targets exceeding 300,000, prompting governmental scrutiny via ary inquiries launched in 2018. Official evaluations, such as those from the Waste & Resources Action Programme (WRAP), substantiate MMC's capacity to curtail on-site waste generation by 70-90% through optimized material usage and reduced over-ordering inherent in fragmented traditional workflows. Concurrently, in production drops by up to 67%, attributable to streamlined and fewer site deliveries, which also diminish vehicle emissions and logistical bottlenecks. Data from UK demonstrator projects further reveal labor efficiencies, with on-site assembly times shortened by 50% or more in modular applications, as factory prefabrication transfers skilled work to controlled settings, thereby alleviating shortages of site-based tradespeople while maintaining structural integrity via standardized protocols. Empirical comparisons indicate defect rates 20-30% lower than in-site builds, stemming from repeatable processes that mitigate prevalent in variable outdoor conditions. Cost analyses from sector trials project overall savings of 10-20% in delivery, driven by material waste aversion and accelerated timelines that compress financing durations. Critiques of MMC, including historical implementation hurdles like supply chain immaturity documented in post-war UK experiments, underscore that efficiency gains hinge on scalable factory integration rather than isolated adoption, yet recent metrics affirm causal links between off-site dominance and verifiable reductions in both material overuse and labor exposure to site hazards. Government-backed performance data from 2019 onward reinforces these outcomes, prioritizing evidence from controlled pilots over anecdotal traditionalist reservations.

Education

Marymount Manhattan College

Marymount Manhattan College is a private, nonsectarian situated on the of in . Established in 1936 by the Religious of the of Mary as a two-year women's institution serving as a city extension of Marymount College in , it relocated to its current campus between East 71st and 72nd Streets in 1948 and transitioned to granting four-year degrees, with its first baccalaureate class graduating in 1950. In 1961, the college obtained an absolute charter from the Board of Regents of the University of the State of , achieving full independence from its Tarrytown affiliate. Its charter was amended in 1971 to eliminate formal religious requirements, rendering it , and it became coeducational in 1973, graduating its inaugural male students thereafter. Today, it operates as an autonomous urban institution unaffiliated with any religious orders or larger Catholic networks, emphasizing in a professional metropolitan environment. The college maintains a curriculum centered on , with particular strengths in performing and programs such as theater, dance, and fine arts, alongside offerings in business and other fields to equip students for City's creative and professional sectors. Undergraduate enrollment totaled 1,601 students in fall 2024, predominantly full-time and drawn from diverse regional and international backgrounds.

Medicine

Hospitals and medical colleges

(MMC), located in , , was established on February 2, 1835, as one of the earliest formal medical schools in the region, initially regularized from a prior apothecaries' training initiative and affiliated with the Government General Hospital. As a institution, it has historically focused on training physicians through undergraduate and postgraduate programs, contributing to public health advancements in by producing generations of medical graduates who staffed regional healthcare systems. Its foundational emphasis on clinical integrated with hospital-based practice laid groundwork for standardized medical training in colonial and post-independence . Maine Medical Center (MMC), in , , began admitting patients in 1874 as a key provider of tertiary care in northern , evolving from earlier general hospital efforts to become a major teaching affiliate for . With a capacity supporting around 28,000 inpatient visits annually in recent records, it emphasizes resident training programs and specialized services, historically advancing regional public health through innovations in emergency and surgical care. Makati Medical Center (MMC), established on May 31, 1969, in Makati City, , operates as a 600-bed private tertiary founded by Filipino to deliver comprehensive care and medical training. It supports physician residencies and fellowships, contributing to healthcare in by integrating advanced diagnostics with educational programs focused on clinical competency. These institutions exemplify MMC's role in medical contexts as centers for professional training and high-level patient care, with establishment dates reflecting early commitments to empirical medical education and service delivery predating widespread modern regulatory frameworks.

Migrating motor complex

The migrating motor complex (MMC) is a cyclical motility pattern observed in the stomach and small intestine during fasting states, characterized by recurring waves of contractions that propagate aborally to clear residual contents. This pattern consists of four distinct phases: phase I, a period of motor quiescence lasting approximately 40-60 minutes with minimal contractile activity; phase II, featuring intermittent, irregular contractions of increasing frequency; phase III, marked by intense, rhythmic high-amplitude contractions resembling peristalsis at maximal frequency (e.g., 11-12 cycles per minute in the duodenum); and phase IV, a transitional phase of declining activity leading back to quiescence. The cycle repeats every 90-120 minutes in humans, originating in the antrum or proximal duodenum and migrating to the terminal ileum, but is promptly interrupted by ingestion of food, shifting to postprandial fed-state motility. First identified through manometric recordings in the late 1960s and early 1970s, the MMC was characterized in detail by studies using intraluminal pressure measurements in animal models and humans, revealing its role as an interdigestive "housekeeper" mechanism. Physiologically, the MMC facilitates the propulsion of undigested residues, sloughed enterocytes, and bacteria from the , thereby preventing stagnation and microbial overgrowth such as (SIBO). Empirical manometric and scintigraphic studies demonstrate that phase III contractions generate pressures sufficient to sweep luminal contents distally, with disruptions correlating to elevated bacterial loads in clinical cohorts. This clearance function is evolutionarily conserved across mammals, underscoring its causal importance in maintaining intestinal during prolonged periods. The MMC is regulated by integrated hormonal and neural pathways, with motilin released from duodenal enteroendocrine cells initiating phase III via activation and vagal efferents, peaking every 100 minutes in correlation with cyclic motilin surges. , another orexigenic hormone, synergizes with motilin to enhance MMC frequency, while serotonin (5-HT) receptors and intrinsic primary afferent neurons modulate propagation, as evidenced by pharmacological blockade studies abolishing cycles. Central autonomic inputs, including vagal and sympathetic influences, fine-tune the pattern, with atropine-sensitive pathways dominating phase III activity. Impairments in MMC activity are implicated in motility disorders, including , where clinical manometry shows absent or disorganized antral phase III events in up to 70% of diabetic patients, linking to delayed emptying and elevated motilin levels as compensatory responses. Similarly, in idiopathic cohorts, reduced MMC propagation correlates with symptom severity, supported by longitudinal studies using wireless motility capsules. These associations highlight the MMC's causal role in gastric and intestinal dysmotility, distinct from obstructive pathologies.

Transport

Merchant Mariner Credential

The Merchant Mariner Credential (MMC) is a document issued by the Coast Guard's National Maritime Center, certifying the qualifications of merchant mariners to perform designated duties aboard inspected vessels, uninspected towing vessels, and other craft engaged in U.S. domestic or . Established under 46 CFR Part 10, the MMC unifies prior separate credentials—including the merchant mariner's , merchant mariner's document, and certificate of registry—into a single, standardized format to streamline issuance and verification while ensuring compliance with federal regulations. The MMC adheres to the International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers (STCW), a treaty adopted by the in 1978 and amended through subsequent conferences, most notably in 1995 and 2010, to set minimum global requirements for training, certification, and watchkeeping aimed at elevating seafarer proficiency and maritime safety. Endorsements affixed to the MMC delineate specific competencies, such as officer roles (e.g., , , or ) requiring demonstrated sea service, examinations, and STCW-aligned training, or ratings like able seafarer-deck or qualified member of the engine department, verified through service records, assessments, and task-based approvals. Renewal of the MMC, valid for five years from issuance, mandates submission of an application via Form CG-719B, evidence of recent sea service (typically 360 days within the prior five years for officer or qualified ratings endorsements), completion of approved refresher or familiarization training per STCW requirements, and a current medical certificate confirming fitness for duty under 46 CFR Part 10, Subpart D. These criteria, evaluated by the National Maritime Center, sustain mariner qualifications to mitigate risks associated with human factors in vessel operations, aligning with STCW's objective of reducing accident likelihood through verified skills and periodic competency checks.

Other uses

Marine Mammal Commission

The Marine Mammal Commission (MMC) is an independent federal agency of the , established under Title II of the Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA), which was enacted on October 21, 1972. The agency's core function is to deliver science-based oversight of federal policies, programs, and actions—both domestic and international—that mitigate human impacts on , encompassing over 120 species including cetaceans (e.g., whales, dolphins, porpoises), pinnipeds (e.g., seals, sea lions), sirenians (e.g., manatees), sea otters, and . This oversight extends to reviewing implementation by agencies such as the National and Atmospheric Administration's and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, with a mandate to recommend measures grounded in empirical research rather than unsubstantiated advocacy. The MMC's structure includes three commissioners, appointed by the and confirmed by the for staggered three-year terms, selected for expertise in marine ecology and . These commissioners are assisted by a nine-member Committee of Scientific Advisors, appointed by the commission chair, and a staff of 14 full-time employees, including an appointed by the chair with commissioner approval. Key activities involve assessing threats such as fisheries bycatch (responsible for thousands of deaths annually in U.S. waters), gear entanglement, vessel strikes, from shipping and seismic surveys, and habitat degradation from coastal urbanization and . Recommendations emphasize causal interventions, such as targeted gear modifications and spatial management, derived from population modeling, tagging studies, and necropsy data to address documented declines without presuming uniform blame. Statutorily independent, the MMC lacks regulatory authority and does not endorse specific policies, instead submitting annual reports to and federal agencies highlighting data gaps, progress metrics (e.g., reduced bycatch rates under observer programs), and evidence-based priorities for . This framework privileges verifiable scientific outputs, such as stock assessments showing species recoveries (e.g., certain populations increasing post-MMPA), over narrative-driven conservation, while critiquing implementations where data indicate inefficacy, as in persistent entanglement trends despite mitigation efforts. The Commission's work supports broader goals of sustaining marine mammals as in ocean food webs, informed by long-term monitoring rather than episodic advocacy.

Mickey Mouse Club

The is an American children's variety television series created by , which originally aired on from October 3, 1955, to September 25, 1959. The program featured a group of young performers called Mouseketeers, who participated in comedic sketches, musical performances, dance routines, and serialized adventure stories, all framed by animated segments hosted by the character . Aimed at family audiences, it aired weekdays for an hour in its first two seasons (5:00 to 6:00 p.m. ) before shortening to a half-hour format, emphasizing wholesome content that combined entertainment with light educational elements like safety tips and character-building messages. The original series promoted clean, value-oriented family entertainment, becoming a daily ritual for millions of American households and establishing a model for children's programming that integrated live-action variety with animation. Its format influenced subsequent youth-oriented shows by prioritizing group performances and serialized narratives, fostering a sense of community among viewers through the iconic "M-I-C-K-E-Y M-O-U-S-E" theme song and mouse-ear attire. Revivals maintained the core variety structure while adapting to new media landscapes. A syndicated version, The New Mickey Mouse Club, ran from 1977 to 1979, updating sketches and music for contemporary audiences. The All-New Mickey Mouse Club aired on the from 1989 to 1996, shifting emphasis toward talent cultivation with competitive segments, guest artists, and discussions on social issues, which helped develop performance skills in its young cast. In 2017, a digital iteration, Club Mickey Mouse, launched online via platforms, featuring modern Mouseketeers in short-form videos and live streams to engage younger, internet-savvy viewers. Across iterations, the series demonstrated enduring cultural resonance by adapting its talent-showcase format to promote accessible entertainment, though later versions incorporated more structured skill-building to align with evolving youth development trends, without specific Nielsen data publicly detailed for all runs beyond general high ratings for family demographics in the Disney Channel era.

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