Windows 11
Windows 11 is the eleventh major release of the Microsoft Windows operating system, developed by Microsoft Corporation as the successor to Windows 10. The release to manufacturing (RTM) build 22000.194 was made available to the Release Preview Channel on September 23, 2021,[1] and became generally available on October 5, 2021, as a free upgrade for eligible Windows 10 devices and pre-installed on new personal computers.[2] As of November 2025, Windows 11 follows an annual feature update cadence, with the latest version 25H2—known as the Windows 11 2025 Update—rolling out to eligible devices, introducing enhancements like policy-based management of preinstalled apps and support for Wi-Fi 7 in enterprise environments.[3][4] The operating system features a redesigned user interface with a centered taskbar, rounded window corners, a simplified Start menu, and improved multitasking tools such as Snap Layouts and virtual desktops to enhance productivity.[5] It integrates advanced AI capabilities, including Windows Copilot, an AI-powered assistant available in over 170 markets that supports tasks like content generation and system settings adjustments, with extended usage limits available through December 31, 2025.[6][5] Additional AI features on Copilot+ PCs require a neural processing unit (NPU) with at least 40 TOPS for functionalities like improved Windows Search and on-device processing.[7][8] Windows 11 emphasizes security with requirements including Trusted Platform Module (TPM) version 2.0, Secure Boot, and UEFI firmware, alongside built-in protections via the Windows Security app and Microsoft Defender Antivirus.[5][8] Minimum system specifications include a 1 GHz or faster processor with two or more cores on a compatible 64-bit system, 4 GB of RAM, 64 GB of storage, DirectX 12-compatible graphics with WDDM 2.0 driver, and a high-definition (720p) display greater than 9 inches diagonally.[8] The OS also supports gaming enhancements and seamless phone integration via Phone Link, making it suitable for personal, professional, and educational use across editions like Home, Pro, and Education.[6][5]Development
Announcement and previews
Microsoft CEO Satya Nadella teased the next generation of Windows during the opening keynote at Microsoft Build on May 25, 2021, describing it as one of the most significant updates to the operating system in the past decade.[9] The full announcement came on June 24, 2021, in a dedicated virtual event led by Chief Product Officer Panos Panay, who introduced Windows 11 as a redesigned platform centered on user experience, productivity, and connectivity.[10] The reveal emphasized a comprehensive design overhaul, including centered Start menu and taskbar elements inspired by mobile interfaces, alongside features tailored for hybrid work environments that blend professional, social, and personal computing needs. Preview builds of Windows 11 began rolling out through the Windows Insider Program shortly after the announcement, starting with Build 22000.51 released to the Dev Channel on June 28, 2021.[11] These early previews introduced core UI changes such as rounded window corners, Mica material (opaque), which tints with the desktop wallpaper, and the replacement of the Action Center with the Notification Center for alerts and Quick Settings for toggles, which received mixed feedback from Insiders regarding usability and performance impacts.[11][12] Additionally, the stringent hardware requirements, including mandatory TPM 2.0 support, sparked significant discussion and criticism among testers for potentially excluding older compatible PCs, prompting Microsoft to update and clarify the PC Health Check tool and reiterate the minimum requirements, although no formal appeal process for exemptions was offered.[13] Key milestones in the preview timeline included the expansion to the Beta Channel with Build 22000.100 on July 29, 2021, which offered a more stable testing ground and incorporated initial fixes based on Dev Channel reports, such as refinements to snap layouts and widget functionality.[13] Subsequent builds in the 22000 series, released weekly or near-weekly through September 2021, addressed Insider feedback on stability, accessibility, and integration with Microsoft Teams, culminating in the Release Preview Channel's preparation for general availability.[3] Iterative improvements focused on polishing the user interface and ensuring compatibility with modern hardware, leading up to the stable release on October 5, 2021.[14] Microsoft developed Windows 11 as a distinct operating system in parallel with the Windows 10 version 21H2 feature update, which was announced on July 15, 2021, and rolled out starting November 16, 2021.[15][16] This decision stemmed from the need for a foundational shift to better support emerging hardware architectures like ARM64.[17] This approach enabled native enhancements, including improved x64 app emulation on ARM devices without modification, allowing broader compatibility and performance gains on processors such as Qualcomm Snapdragon, which were not as seamlessly integrated in Windows 10's update model.[17] By branding it as a new OS, Microsoft could enforce updated security baselines and design principles unencumbered by legacy constraints.[10] The stable release on October 5, 2021, was accompanied by notable global launch celebrations. In Dubai, the Burj Khalifa was illuminated in blue, displaying the Windows 11 logo, through a collaboration between Microsoft and local partner Sharaf DG.[18] Additionally, Microsoft hosted a virtual launch event featuring a "6D musical experience" with performances by artists Tate McRae and Allen Stone, where attendees could claim a free, one-of-a-kind Windows 11 NFT unlocking digital rewards.[19]Initial release
Windows 11 version 21H2, with initial build number 22000.194, became available for general availability on October 5, 2021, marking the stable release following previews. The rollout was phased and measured, prioritizing device compatibility to minimize issues, beginning with a subset of eligible Windows 10 PCs before expanding globally.[14][2] Microsoft offered the upgrade free to compatible Windows 10 devices, allowing users to verify eligibility through the PC Health Check tool, which assessed hardware requirements like TPM 2.0 and Secure Boot support. Early adoption was uneven amid the phased distribution; consumer-side data showed approximately 5% uptake in late October 2021, rising to 8.6–8.9% by late November (AdDuplex), while enterprise scans reported about 0.21% in mid-November (Lansweeper).[20][21][22][23] To promote the launch, Microsoft initiated marketing efforts emphasizing the operating system's aesthetic redesign and productivity enhancements, including the international "It all starts now" ad campaign featuring the 60-second hero spot titled "Brings you closer to what you love," set to the song "All Starts Now" by Odessa featuring Tim Myers, that showcased user interactions with features like the centered taskbar and Microsoft Store apps. The company partnered with OEMs such as Dell, HP, Acer, and Lenovo to introduce pre-installed Windows 11 devices, highlighting hybrid work scenarios and seamless integration across ecosystems.[24][25] This initial release included core features like Snap Layouts for improved multitasking, enabling users to organize windows by hovering over the maximize button on a window (or pressing Win+Z), with the taskbar displaying previews of Snap Groups once created,[26] and the Widgets board for personalized, glanceable content from sources like weather and news. Feedback from the Windows Insider preview program influenced final refinements to these elements, ensuring stability for the broad launch.Post-release evolution
Following its initial release, Windows 11 underwent annual feature updates to introduce new capabilities while addressing user feedback and evolving hardware trends. The first major update, version 22H2 (build 22621), was released on September 20, 2022, and included enhancements such as an efficiency mode in Task Manager to optimize resource usage for background processes.[27][28] Subsequent servicing continued until October 14, 2025, for Enterprise and Education editions, and until October 8, 2024, for Home and Pro editions.[29][30] Version 23H2 (build 22631), launched on October 31, 2023, built on prior improvements by integrating the Copilot sidebar as a dedicated AI assistant interface for quick productivity tasks.[31][32] This update emphasized seamless AI integration, with support extending to November 11, 2025, for Home and Pro editions.[33] In October 2024, version 24H2 (build 26100) arrived, adding features like the Sudo command for elevated privileges in command-line environments and an energy saver mode to extend battery life on laptops.[34][35] The most recent update, version 25H2 (build 26200), reached general availability on September 30, 2025, enabling default AI functionalities such as enhanced live captions for real-time translation and accessibility.[7][36] These updates maintained Microsoft's annual cadence, delivering 24 months of support for Home and Pro editions and 36 months for Enterprise and Education editions per version while phasing out older ones.[3] Strategic shifts marked this period, including the deprecation of the Windows Subsystem for Android in March 2025, which had enabled Android app compatibility but was discontinued to refocus resources.[37] Concurrently, Microsoft pivoted toward an AI-first ecosystem in 2024 with the introduction of Copilot+ PCs, mandating a Neural Processing Unit (NPU) capable of at least 40 trillion operations per second (TOPS) to unlock advanced on-device AI features.[38][8] This hardware requirement differentiated Copilot+ devices, enabling experiences like local AI processing without cloud dependency.[39] Development milestones highlighted responsiveness to community input. No official previews of version 25H2 were announced at Microsoft Ignite 2024. Instead, AI actions in File Explorer were first previewed on May 19, 2025, in Dev Channel build 26200.5603, and Settings agents (built-in agent connectors for File Explorer and System Settings) were announced at Microsoft Ignite 2025, showcasing AI-driven tools tailored for Copilot+ hardware.[40][41] A notable example was the Recall feature, initially announced in 2024 for screen activity snapshots but delayed due to privacy concerns over data storage and access; it was subsequently modified with opt-in encryption and local processing before integration starting in version 24H2 via the April 2025 update.[42] Subsequent updates, including version 25H2 released in 2025, continued under the Windows 11 branding, with no introduction of a Windows 12 version.[36] The end-of-support for Windows 10 on October 14, 2025, prompted accelerated adoption of Windows 11, with Microsoft offering extended security updates for legacy systems but emphasizing migration for full feature access and security.[43][44] This transition underscored Windows 11's maturation as the primary platform, supported by ongoing updates through at least 2026 for version 24H2.[35]User interface and design
Core UI elements
Windows 11 introduces a redesigned Start menu and taskbar that emphasize a centered, modern layout aligned with Fluent Design principles. The Start menu is positioned at the center of the taskbar, featuring rounded corners and translucent acrylic materials for a lightweight, visually appealing interface.[45] Users can pin frequently accessed apps in a customizable grid layout at the top, with recommended files and apps below, replacing the Live Tiles from Windows 10 with a cleaner, static grid to reduce clutter and improve navigation.[45] The taskbar icons are also centered by default, though users can align them to the left via settings, and it supports pinning apps for quick access while incorporating system tray elements like the notification area. In version 25H2, the taskbar automatically resizes icons to smaller sizes when space is limited to fit more apps, configurable via Settings > Personalization > Taskbar > Taskbar behaviors > Show smaller taskbar buttons.[46][47] The Widgets board serves as a dedicated pane for glanceable, personalized information, accessible by clicking the Widgets icon on the taskbar or pressing Win+W. It displays a grid of widgets providing dynamic content such as weather updates, news headlines, and calendar events, curated based on user preferences and interests.[48] Recent updates have enhanced the Discover feed with AI-driven personalization, including Copilot-curated stories, while integrating with Microsoft Edge for Progressive Web Apps (PWAs) that can provide widget content.[49] File Explorer in Windows 11 employs Mica as an opaque material for app backdrops that incorporates the theme and desktop wallpaper, and Acrylic as a translucent material reserved for transient surfaces such as flyouts and menus, creating a more immersive and cohesive visual experience across windows.[12][50] Introduced in the October 2022 update for version 22H2 (KB5019509, OS Build 22621.675), the tabbed interface allows users to open multiple folders within a single window, similar to web browser tabs, facilitating efficient navigation without cluttering the taskbar.[51][52] The context menu has been simplified for faster access to common actions like copy, paste, and delete, with secondary options available via a "Show more options" command to maintain compatibility with legacy applications.[51] The Notification center consolidates alerts and reminders, including calendar events, into a flyout pane accessible by clicking the date and time on the taskbar or pressing Win+N.[53] It features a chronological list of notifications from apps and the system, integrated with Do Not Disturb—formerly Focus Assist—and the separate Focus feature, which includes focus sessions tied to the Clock app, allowing users to prioritize notifications, enable Do Not Disturb for sessions of customizable duration, or filter alerts by priority to minimize distractions.[54] The Quick Settings flyout, a separate pane accessible by pressing Win+A or clicking system tray icons such as network, volume, or battery, provides toggles for Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and other system controls, streamlining access without opening full Settings.[53]Multitasking and windowing
Windows 11 enhances multitasking through advanced window management tools that facilitate organizing multiple applications on screen, improving productivity for users handling diverse workflows. These features build on traditional snapping and desktop virtualization with more intuitive interactions and visual cues. Snap Layouts enable users to arrange windows into predefined configurations, such as side-by-side splits or quadrant divisions, tailored to screen resolution. To activate, hover the cursor over a window's maximize button to reveal a layout flyout, or drag the window to the top edge of the screen for the Snap Bar; alternatively, use the keyboard shortcut Windows key + Z. Once selected, Snap Assist automatically suggests and thumbnails other open windows to fill remaining spaces, streamlining the setup process.[55][26][56] When multiple windows are positioned using Snap Layouts, Windows 11 forms persistent Snap Groups, treating the arrangement as a cohesive unit that can be minimized, restored, or moved together. These groups appear as a single thumbnail in the taskbar and can be quickly resumed by hovering over the thumbnail, accessing Task View (Windows key + Tab), or cycling through Alt + Tab. In version 23H2, Snap Groups received usability improvements, including better persistence across sessions and refined interactions for multi-monitor setups.[55][57] Virtual Desktops provide a layered workspace system for segregating tasks, with Windows 11 introducing customizable naming and per-desktop backgrounds to enhance organization. In Task View (opened via Windows key + Tab), right-click a desktop thumbnail to rename it or apply a unique wallpaper, allowing visual distinction between, for example, work and personal environments. Shortcuts include creating a new desktop with Windows key + Ctrl + D and switching via Windows key + Ctrl + Left/Right Arrow keys, making navigation fluid without disrupting active windows.[58][59] The Alt + Tab switcher in Windows 11 has been expanded to display Snap Groups as unified previews alongside individual windows and full-screen apps, enabling seamless transitions between complex arrangements. Previews utilize the Mica material for translucent, depth-enhanced thumbnails that blend with the desktop background, improving visual context. Settings under System > Multitasking allow customization, such as limiting to the four most recent items or opening windows on the same display.[55][60] Version 25H2 preview updates introduced inline guidance messages that appear if the Snap Bar opens unintentionally when dragging a window to the top of the screen, helping users discover features more easily.[61][55][36]Accessibility and customization
Windows 11 provides extensive options for users to personalize the interface and access built-in tools that support diverse abilities, emphasizing usability for all through inclusive design principles.[62] These features allow adjustments to visual themes, input methods, and display settings, enabling customization without third-party software in most cases.[63] Personalization in Windows 11 includes support for dark and light modes, which can be toggled independently for applications and the system to reduce eye strain or match user preferences.[63] Users can select accent colors from a palette that automatically applies to elements like the taskbar and Start menu, with options to show accent colors on title bars and window borders.[63] Taskbar alignment can be set to left or center via Settings > Personalization > Taskbar behaviors, providing flexibility for users accustomed to traditional layouts.[46] The lock screen supports "Weather and more" cards for quick glances at information like weather, finance, sports, and traffic, while calendar events are available separately via detailed status from the Calendar app, both customizable through Settings > Personalization > Lock screen.[64] In the October 2025 update for version 25H2, the lock screen widgets were enhanced to allow users to add, remove, and rearrange customizable options such as Weather, Watchlist, and Sports, replacing the previous fixed "Weather and more" cards.[49] Version 25H2 also improves Windows Spotlight on the lock screen with a more prominent "Learn about this picture" icon for enhanced interactivity.[36] Accessibility tools in Windows 11 have seen targeted enhancements to aid users with visual, hearing, or mobility impairments. The Narrator screen reader includes natural-sounding voices in 10 additional locales such as Chinese, Spanish (Spain), and French (France), introduced with the September 2023 update (22H2 Moment 4) and carried forward into version 23H2, downloadable via Settings > Accessibility > Narrator for more realistic audio feedback.[65] Live Captions provides real-time subtitles for audio and video, with AI-powered translation from 44 languages to English introduced in version 24H2 on Copilot+ PCs, accessible through Settings > Accessibility > Captions.[66] Eye Control enables gaze-based input using compatible eye-tracking hardware, allowing users to navigate the interface, type via an on-screen keyboard, and perform clicks by dwelling on elements, configured in Settings > Accessibility > Eye control.[67] For advanced customization, Windows 11 supports registry edits via the Registry Editor (regedit.exe), where power users can modify keys under HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion for tweaks like disabling certain animations or enabling hidden options not exposed in the Settings app.[68] Drag-and-drop rearrangement of Quick Settings toggles, such as for Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and volume, has been available since the initial release of Windows 11 to prioritize frequently used controls. In version 24H2, the panel was reorganized to include a scrollable view, the edit pencil icon was removed, and reordering now relies directly on the drag-and-drop functionality.[69][70] Windows 11 follows broader accessibility standards such as EN 301 549 and U.S. Section 508, which incorporate Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) 2.1 principles for applicable web content and ICT products, through Microsoft's inclusive design approach, ensuring features like adjustable text sizing and keyboard navigation support users with disabilities from the outset of development.[71] Color contrast adjustments are available via high contrast themes in Settings > Accessibility > Contrast themes, which apply black, white, or custom high-contrast schemes to improve readability.[72] The Magnifier tool has been enhanced with options for color inversion, tracking modes (full screen, lens, or docked), and smooth zooming up to 1600% (16x), activated via Windows key + Plus sign and fine-tuned in Settings > Accessibility > Magnifier.[73]Key features
Security enhancements
Windows 11 introduces a robust security architecture built on hardware-enforced protections to safeguard user data and system integrity from the boot process onward. Central to this are the minimum requirements for Trusted Platform Module (TPM) 2.0 and Secure Boot, along with optional but default-enabled Virtualization-based Security (VBS) on supported hardware, which collectively form a foundation for features like full-disk encryption and isolated execution environments. TPM 2.0 serves as a hardware root of trust, enabling secure key storage and attestation for cryptographic operations, such as those used in BitLocker drive encryption to protect data at rest against unauthorized access.[74][75] Secure Boot verifies the digital signatures of bootloaders and operating system components during startup, preventing malware from injecting itself into the boot chain and ensuring only trusted code executes.[76] VBS leverages hardware virtualization features, such as those in modern CPUs, to create an isolated hypervisor-enforced environment that protects critical kernel components and credentials from kernel-mode attacks, reducing the attack surface for exploits targeting system memory.[77] Authentication in Windows 11 emphasizes passwordless and biometric methods through Windows Hello, which integrates facial recognition via infrared cameras, fingerprint scanning, and PIN-based verification—a separate, device-bound credential protected by the TPM serving as a fallback or alternative to biometrics—for phishing-resistant sign-ins. This approach replaces traditional passwords with hardware-bound credentials, enhancing resistance to credential theft. Support for passkeys has been expanded in recent Windows 11 updates (as of November 2025), allowing users to create FIDO2-compliant passkeys using Windows Hello for local authentication, while cross-device syncing is handled by Microsoft Edge's Password Manager via the Microsoft account for seamless authentication on websites and apps without relying on passwords.[78][79][80][81][82] Microsoft Defender Antivirus in Windows 11 provides layered defenses against evolving threats, including cloud-delivered protection that queries Microsoft's real-time intelligence service for rapid detection of zero-day malware by analyzing file behaviors and reputations before execution. Ransomware safeguards are bolstered by Controlled Folder Access, which is allowlist-based and blocks untrusted apps by default from modifying protected folders like Documents and Pictures, while automatically allowing trusted apps based on prevalence or reputation.[83][84][85] For Copilot+ PCs, integration with the Microsoft Pluton security processor enhances these protections by providing a dedicated, always-updated crypto-processor embedded in the SoC, which isolates sensitive operations like encryption keys and attestation from the main CPU, enabling firmware updates via Windows Update to counter supply-chain vulnerabilities.[86][87][88] Version 25H2 further strengthens app execution controls with enhancements to Smart App Control. In Insider Preview builds (e.g., build 26220.7070 rolling out to Dev and Beta channels), the feature can be toggled without a clean install or PC reset.[89] However, for the general availability release of 25H2 (September 30, 2025), Microsoft's official FAQ still requires a clean install or PC reset to re-enable it after turning it off, as the GA was an enablement release without this toggle capability.[90][3] Smart App Control by default blocks untrusted or unsigned applications using a combination of Microsoft's cloud-based reputation service and local code integrity checks, preventing malicious executables from running while allowing audited evaluation for legitimate software. These updates complement AI-driven threat detection in other Windows 11 features for holistic endpoint security.[91]AI and Copilot integrations
Windows 11 integrates artificial intelligence capabilities to enhance user productivity and interaction, with the initial rollout of Microsoft Copilot beginning with a preview update to version 22H2 on September 26, 2023 (KB5030310, Moment 4).[92] Significant advancements continued in version 23H2 and subsequent updates like 24H2 and 25H2. These features leverage large language models and on-device processing to provide contextual assistance, evolving into more sophisticated tools. Central to this is Microsoft Copilot, an AI companion that assists with everyday tasks through natural language processing. The Copilot sidebar, introduced in the September 26, 2023 update for Windows 11 version 22H2 (KB5030310, Moment 4), serves as a dedicated AI assistant accessible via the taskbar, powered by OpenAI's GPT-4 model for generating responses and performing actions. At launch, it enabled users to perform limited Windows actions, such as switching to dark mode or turning on Do Not Disturb, and to summarize the active tab in Microsoft Edge using simple natural language prompts.[93] More advanced features, like summarizing emails or generating documents, are part of the licensed Microsoft 365 Copilot or were introduced in later updates. In version 24H2, Copilot gained a voice mode, allowing hands-free interaction through natural speech commands.[94][95] The wake-word activation like "Hey Copilot" began rolling out to Windows Insiders via the Copilot app on May 14, 2025, as an opt-in feature, enabling quick queries during tasks like gaming or video calls.[96][49] Copilot+ PCs, a category of Windows 11 devices introduced in 2024, require a neural processing unit (NPU) capable of at least 40 trillion operations per second (TOPS) to enable local AI processing for select features, such as Live Captions translation, while many Copilot experiences, including voice responses, rely on cloud processing.[8][97][38] Windows Studio Effects, introduced in 2022 for compatible devices with supported NPUs, use AI for real-time enhancements such as background blur and eye contact correction during video calls; while basic effects function on NPUs with performance below 40 TOPS, advanced variants may require Copilot+ hardware.[98][99] This hardware also enables features like Live Captions with translation, which on Copilot+ PCs translates spoken audio from over 40 source languages into English (and, on Snapdragon devices, into Simplified Chinese for 27 languages), providing real-time subtitles for audio and video content. These on-device capabilities prioritize privacy by processing data locally, reducing latency and data transmission to external servers.[100][66] The Recall feature, announced on May 20, 2024, at a separate Copilot+ PCs event on Microsoft’s campus (Build 2024 ran May 21–23), offers a timeline-based search of a user's past activities, including screenshots of open apps, websites, and documents, to help retrieve information like a previously viewed webpage or edited file.[101] Initially planned for version 24H2, it faced privacy concerns leading to delays; on June 7, 2024, Microsoft announced that Recall would become strictly opt-in, requiring Windows Hello authentication for access, with snapshots stored encrypted on disk and encryption keys bound to Windows Hello, usable only inside a Virtualization-based Security (VBS) enclave, along with sensitive information filtering that is on by default and helps reduce passwords, national ID numbers, and credit card numbers from being stored (though not a guarantee), depending on supported apps and websites; the preview rollout to Windows Insiders was further delayed on June 13, 2024. Recall became available in preview on Copilot+ PCs via the April 25, 2025, non-security preview update (KB5055627), prior to its broader inclusion in version 25H2 later that year.[102][103][104][105][106][107][108] Additional AI integrations include tools in built-in apps, such as Paint's Cocreator, which generates images from text descriptions using on-device models, and the Photos app's generative erase, allowing users to remove unwanted objects from images with AI inpainting for seamless results. Copilot also extends to Microsoft 365 applications, supporting natural language queries to search across emails, files, and calendars—for instance, asking "What meetings do I have next week with the sales team?" to pull relevant details from Outlook and Teams. These features build on AI curation in elements like Widgets for personalized content recommendations.[109][110][111]Productivity and app ecosystem
Windows 11 includes several pre-installed applications designed to enhance productivity for everyday tasks. Microsoft Edge, the default web browser, features Collections, a tool for organizing web pages, images, and notes into customizable collections for easy reference and sharing.[8] Clipchamp, an integrated video editor, allows users to create and edit videos directly within the operating system, supporting features like templates, stock media, and AI-powered effects for quick content production.[8] OneDrive integration provides automatic backup of key folders such as Desktop, Documents, and Pictures to the cloud, ensuring seamless synchronization across devices with a Microsoft account.[112] The Microsoft Store has been revamped to broaden its app ecosystem, supporting both Universal Windows Platform (UWP) and traditional Win32 applications since the initial Windows 11 release, with expanded capabilities in version 22H2 that improved packaging and distribution for desktop software.[113] This enables users to discover, install, and update a wider range of productivity tools, including legacy desktop apps, directly from the Store interface. Additionally, Windows 11 supported Android app sideloading through the Windows Subsystem for Android (WSA), allowing access to mobile applications via the Amazon Appstore. New installations from the Microsoft Store stopped on March 6, 2024, although existing installations could continue to be used until support ended on March 5, 2025, after which WSA and the Amazon Appstore are no longer available.[114][115] Collaboration features are embedded to streamline teamwork. Microsoft Teams integration originally placed a dedicated Chat button on the taskbar for personal Microsoft accounts, enabling quick access to messaging, video calls, and file sharing without launching the full application.[116] However, starting with Windows 11 version 23H2, this built-in Chat button was removed and replaced by a pinned Microsoft Teams (free) app, retaining the functionality for quick access to messaging, video calls, and file sharing.[32] Focus sessions, accessible via the Clock app or notification center, activate Do Not Disturb mode to suppress notifications, sounds, and taskbar alerts during timed work periods, while integrating with tools like Microsoft To Do for task tracking and Spotify for background audio.[54] Starting with Windows 11 version 24H2 (via KB5062660), productivity received further enhancements through AI-assisted tools. An AI agent for natural language search is accessible via the Settings search experience, enabling users to query and modify system configurations, troubleshoot issues, or automate routines on Copilot+ PCs.[117] The Advanced Settings page in the Settings app is a redesign of the original "For developers" page, with additional settings to help users be more productive.[118] File Explorer now includes AI actions, such as summarizing documents stored in OneDrive or SharePoint, accessible via right-click menus to provide quick overviews without opening files.[36] These features build on Copilot's app assistance for contextual productivity gains.[49]Gaming and performance optimizations
Windows 11 introduces several gaming-specific enhancements designed to improve load times, visual quality, and overall performance on compatible hardware. These features leverage modern GPU capabilities and storage technologies to deliver a more responsive gaming experience, particularly for users with high-end PCs. Key optimizations include advanced graphics APIs and system-level tweaks that prioritize frame rates and efficiency without requiring extensive user configuration. DirectStorage is a core gaming technology in Windows 11 that significantly reduces asset loading times by reducing CPU overhead through GPU decompression and optimized I/O, with data flowing through OS-managed paths and often system memory to enable faster streaming of high-fidelity assets like textures and geometry from NVMe SSDs.[119] This API, separate from DirectX 12 Ultimate—which bundles four graphics features: DirectX Raytracing (DXR) 1.1, Mesh Shaders, Variable Rate Shading, and Sampler Feedback—can cut load times by up to 40% in supported titles compared to traditional methods.[120] Benchmarks with games like Forspoken have shown more modest improvements, such as around 10% reduction in load times (from 2.1 seconds to 1.9 seconds).[121] Auto HDR complements this by automatically converting standard dynamic range (SDR) games to high dynamic range (HDR) output on compatible GPUs and displays, enhancing color depth and contrast without developer intervention.[122] It supports DirectX 11 and 12 titles, requiring an HDR-capable monitor and GPU from NVIDIA GeForce GTX 10-series or later, AMD Radeon RX 400-series or later, or Intel Core 10th Gen (Ice Lake) integrated graphics or later (including Intel Arc discrete GPUs).[123][124] The Xbox app serves as a central hub for PC gaming in Windows 11, integrating seamlessly with the Game Bar overlay accessible via Win+G, which provides real-time widgets for performance monitoring, screen capture, audio mixing, and social features like chatting with Xbox friends.[125] This integration promotes Xbox Game Pass subscriptions and enables cloud gaming through Xbox Cloud Gaming (formerly xCloud), allowing users to stream over 100 titles to their PC without local installation, provided they have a stable internet connection.[126] For multitasking during streams or gameplay, Snap Layouts can be invoked by hovering over the maximize button, pressing Win+Z, or dragging a window to the top of the screen, to organize windows efficiently.[26] To optimize system resources, Windows 11 version 22H2 introduced Efficiency mode in Task Manager, which allows users to lower the CPU priority of background processes using EcoQoS (Eco Quality of Service), thereby reducing power consumption and freeing resources for foreground gaming tasks.[127] This mode is particularly useful on laptops, where it can extend battery life during extended sessions without significantly impacting game performance. Additionally, the Windows 11 scheduler includes optimizations for hybrid CPU architectures, such as Intel's 12th-generation Alder Lake and later processors, integrating with Intel Thread Director hardware to intelligently assign threads to performance (P-cores) or efficiency (E-cores) based on workload demands. However, independent benchmarks indicate little to no consistent improvement in gaming performance compared to Windows 10.[128]System requirements
Hardware prerequisites
Windows 11 imposes specific minimum hardware requirements to ensure compatibility, security, and performance, as outlined by Microsoft. These prerequisites include a compatible processor, sufficient memory and storage, graphics capabilities, and security features like Trusted Platform Module (TPM) version 2.0 and Secure Boot. Devices must also meet display and connectivity standards for optimal functionality.[8] The following table summarizes the official minimum hardware specifications for Windows 11 Home and Pro editions:| Component | Requirement |
|---|---|
| Processor (CPU) | 1 GHz or faster with 2 or more cores on a compatible 64-bit processor or System on a Chip (SoC)[8] |
| Memory (RAM) | 4 GB or greater[8] |
| Storage | 64 GB or larger storage device[8] |
| Graphics (GPU) | Compatible with DirectX 12 or later with WDDM 2.0 driver[8] |
| TPM | Version 2.0 (firmware TPM, such as Intel PTT and AMD fTPM, supported on many CPUs including compatible ones from Intel 8th generation and AMD Zen+ onward)[8][129] |
| Firmware | UEFI with Secure Boot capability[8] |
| Display | High definition (720p) display greater than 9 inches diagonally, 8 bits per color channel[8] |
| Internet | Connectivity and a Microsoft Account required for initial setup on Home and Pro editions for personal use[8] |
Compatibility considerations
Windows 11 requires UEFI firmware that is Secure Boot capable, rendering systems using pure Legacy BIOS incompatible for official installation and support. The Compatibility Support Module (CSM), a feature of UEFI firmware that enables Legacy BIOS emulation for backward compatibility, does not support the TPM 2.0 integration required by Windows 11; while TPM 2.0 hardware may be present, it is not properly detected or functional in CSM or Legacy modes, necessitating Native UEFI mode for compliance. This limitation prevents verification of bootloaders against malware, which is why Microsoft mandates switching to UEFI mode without CSM or Legacy support.[76][132][133] Motherboards built strictly on Legacy BIOS architecture cannot be converted to UEFI via firmware updates, as UEFI requires specific hardware and chipset support. For UEFI-capable motherboards configured in Legacy or CSM mode, users can switch to native UEFI mode by accessing the BIOS/UEFI settings—typically via a key like F2 or Delete during boot—and disabling Legacy/CSM support while prioritizing UEFI boot options; a firmware update to a version supporting these features may be necessary in some cases. Microsoft provides guidance through the Recovery Environment: navigate to Settings > System > Recovery > Advanced startup > Restart now > Troubleshoot > Advanced options > UEFI Firmware Settings, where, for the vast majority of consumer hardware with keys pre-enrolled by the OEM, Secure Boot can be simply toggled to "Enabled" or "Standard" mode without manual enrollment; manual enrollment of appropriate keys, such as the Microsoft Platform Key (PK) or OEM equivalents, is typically required only for custom or advanced setups. For manufacturing or advanced setups, specialized PowerShell cmdlets, such as Format-SecureBootUEFI and Set-SecureBootUEFI, enable the installation of Microsoft KEK, DB, and DBX certificates to ensure compliance, but require the system to be in Setup Mode and the use of signed files; these are not intended for standard consumer use, where key enrollment typically involves BIOS/UEFI settings or OEM tools.[76][134] Graphics driver support from vendors like NVIDIA and AMD is essential for Windows 11, as outdated drivers can cause instability or feature loss. NVIDIA's GeForce Game Ready drivers, starting from version 472.12 WHQL, provide full compatibility with Windows 11, enabling DirectX 12 Ultimate and G-SYNC on RTX hardware, and priming RTX GPUs for DirectStorage. However, DirectStorage for Windows was released in March 2022 (v1.0), with GPU decompression (v1.1) arriving in November 2022.[135][136][137] Similarly, AMD offers dedicated Radeon and Ryzen chipset drivers for Windows 11, with the Auto-Detect tool ensuring seamless updates, though users should prevent Windows Update from overriding them with generic versions to maintain optimal performance.[138] In Windows 11 version 24H2, handling of USB4 and Thunderbolt connections has been refined through the Windows Hardware Compatibility Program (WHCP), guaranteeing full interoperability for USB 40Gbps ports with USB4 and Thunderbolt 3 peripherals, while Thunderbolt 4 compatibility is ensured only on Thunderbolt-branded ports which meet both WHCP and Intel certification requirements, including PCIe tunneling for external GPUs and resilient sleep/resume functionality.[139] This addresses prior inconsistencies in port identification and power delivery, supporting up to two 4K displays at 60Hz per port.[139] For legacy software, Windows 11 maintains support for 32-bit applications through the WOW64 subsystem, which emulates a 32-bit environment on the 64-bit OS by switching processor modes and thunking system calls in user mode, with SysWOW64 serving as the 32-bit system directory for file and registry redirection.[140] This allows unmodified 32-bit apps to run seamlessly, though performance may vary for memory-intensive programs, and 16-bit apps or 32-bit drivers remain unsupported.[140] On ARM-based Windows 11 devices, x86 app emulation via the Prism emulator—introduced in 24H2 for optimized just-in-time compilation on Snapdragon processors—sees further enhancements in 25H2, including support for AVX and AVX2 instructions to enable more games and CPU-intensive software.[141][142] These updates reduce CPU overhead and expand compatibility for x64 apps using advanced vector extensions.[142] Third-party applications facing compatibility hurdles, such as older versions of QuickBooks Desktop 2021 and earlier, can utilize Windows' built-in compatibility mode to run in a simulated older Windows environment (such as Windows 8), mitigating issues like launch failures after updates.[143] For enterprise environments, Microsoft's App Assure program offers free engineering support to diagnose and remediate issues with line-of-business or ISV apps on Windows 11, covering over 99% compatibility through targeted fixes.[144]Upgrade and installation paths
Upgrading from Windows 10 to Windows 11 is available at no cost for compatible devices, provided the hardware meets the minimum requirements. The primary method involves using Windows Update, accessible via Settings > Update & Security > Windows Update, where users can check for and download the upgrade when it becomes available for their device.[145][146] For manual upgrades, Microsoft provides the Windows 11 Installation Assistant tool, which downloads and installs the upgrade while preserving files, apps, and settings, requiring Windows 10 version 2004 or later and at least 9 GB of free disk space.[147] Alternatively, users can download a Windows 11 ISO file from the official Microsoft website to perform an in-place upgrade by mounting the ISO and running setup.exe, which similarly retains user data.[147][145] For a clean installation of Windows 11, which erases all data on the target drive, Microsoft recommends using the Media Creation Tool to produce bootable installation media. This tool, downloadable from the Microsoft website, allows creation of a USB flash drive (at least 8 GB) or ISO file for burning to DVD, enabling users to boot from the media and follow the on-screen prompts to install Windows 11 on a new or wiped drive.[147][148] During the post-installation Out-of-Box Experience (OOBE), a Microsoft account is required for setup on consumer editions of Windows 11 Home and Pro for personal use, and simply disconnecting from the internet does not allow completion of OOBE. In version 24H2, unofficial command-line bypasses such as oobe\bypassnro or start ms-cxh:localonly existed, but Microsoft has been removing these in newer builds, rendering them unreliable.[145][149] New devices typically receive Windows 11 through original equipment manufacturer (OEM) pre-installations, where hardware vendors like Dell or HP embed the operating system during manufacturing, often including customized drivers and software for optimal compatibility out of the box.[150] For embedded and specialized systems, Windows 11 IoT Enterprise variants are installed via similar ISO-based methods but tailored for fixed-function devices, such as kiosks or industrial equipment, with a focus on long-term stability and a 10-year support lifecycle in the LTSC edition.[151][152] Windows 11 version 25H2, released in 2025, supports in-place upgrades from version 24H2 using an enablement package delivered through Windows Update, which preserves user files, applications, and settings while applying the scoped feature updates with minimal download size.[153] This version can also be installed via the Media Creation Tool or ISO for clean or upgrade scenarios, ensuring seamless transition for eligible devices.[154][147]Editions
Consumer variants
Windows 11 offers several consumer editions tailored for home and individual professional users, primarily Windows 11 Home, Windows 11 Pro, and Windows 11 Home Single Language. These editions share core features such as the redesigned Start menu, enhanced multitasking with Snap Layouts, and integration with Microsoft services, but differ in security, management, and customization options.[155] Windows 11 Home provides essential functionality for everyday computing, including built-in security like Windows Security, support for Windows Hello biometric authentication, and basic productivity tools such as File Explorer tabs and widgets. It requires a Microsoft account during initial setup to enable full personalization and cloud syncing features. Priced at $139, this edition is designed for non-business users and lacks advanced administrative controls.[155][156] Windows 11 Pro builds on the Home edition with additional tools for enhanced security and connectivity, including BitLocker device encryption, Remote Desktop (host) to allow incoming connections, and Hyper-V for virtualization. It also supports domain join for integration with organizational networks, Assigned Access for kiosk modes, and Group Policy for finer system management. Available for $199.99, Pro is suited for users needing more robust features without enterprise-level licensing.[155][157] Windows 11 Home Single Language is a variant of the Home edition restricted to a single pre-selected language at installation, preventing changes to the display or interface language without upgrading to Home or Pro. It offers the same core features as Home but is commonly pre-installed on OEM devices in specific regions to reduce licensing costs. It is exclusively available through OEM pre-installation and not as a standalone retail product.[158][159] Key differences between these editions center on Pro's inclusion of enterprise-like tools such as BitLocker, Hyper-V, and domain join, which are absent in Home and Home Single Language, while all variants receive the same feature updates through the servicing model up to version 25H2. Home and its Single Language counterpart emphasize simplicity with limited customization options compared to Pro's expanded policy controls.[155]Enterprise and specialized versions
Windows 11 includes enterprise-oriented editions designed for volume licensing, organizational management, and specialized deployments, emphasizing stability, security, and scalability for professional environments. These versions build on core Windows 11 features with additions like advanced device management, cloud integration, and support for high-performance hardware, distinguishing them from consumer editions by focusing on IT-controlled updates and compliance needs.[160][161]Windows 11 Pro for Workstations
Windows 11 Pro for Workstations targets users with intensive workloads, such as CAD, scientific simulations, and large-scale data processing, by accommodating high-end hardware configurations. It supports up to four physical CPUs and 6 TB of RAM, allowing seamless operation on multi-socket systems with massive memory demands. This edition also enables Error-Correcting Code (ECC) RAM, which detects and corrects data corruption to maintain reliability in environments where accuracy is critical, such as financial modeling or engineering design. Additional optimizations include support for Resilient File System (ReFS) for faster data recovery and SMB Direct for low-latency file sharing over high-speed networks.[162][163][164]Enterprise and Education Editions
The Windows 11 Enterprise and Education editions cater to medium-to-large organizations and academic settings, providing tools for centralized management and integration with Microsoft ecosystems. A key feature is the ability to join devices directly to Azure Active Directory (now Microsoft Entra ID), enabling single sign-on, conditional access, and automated provisioning without on-premises Active Directory. These editions follow the Modern Lifecycle Policy, with feature updates supported for 36 months.[165][166][160] For deployments prioritizing stability, Windows 11 Enterprise and IoT Enterprise support the Long-Term Servicing Channel (LTSC), which delivers only quality updates and security patches without annual feature changes. The Windows 11 Enterprise LTSC 2024 edition, released in October 2024, follows a 5-year fixed lifecycle, with servicing ending on October 9, 2029. This channel excludes consumer-oriented components to reduce potential disruptions in mission-critical systems. Earlier LTSC variants, such as those based on Windows 10 Enterprise LTSC 2021 (version 21H2), provide a precedent for extended stability, with support until January 12, 2027.[167][168][3]IoT Editions
Windows 11 IoT Enterprise is tailored for embedded and dedicated devices in commercial settings, offering a full Windows Enterprise foundation with IoT-specific customizations for manageability and security. It supports deployment in fixed-function scenarios like kiosks, ATMs, digital signage, and industrial controllers, where reliability and minimal maintenance are essential. This edition is available through OEM and volume licensing channels, with features like locked-down user experiences and removable packages to optimize for low-resource hardware.[169][151][170] The LTSC variant of Windows 11 IoT Enterprise provides a 10-year support lifecycle for long-term deployments, with the 2024 edition (version 24H2) receiving updates until October 10, 2034. It operates alongside the General Availability Channel (GAC), which delivers one feature update per year, for more flexible updates, but LTSC is preferred for stability in embedded use. Cortana and other consumer apps are excluded by default to streamline the OS and enhance security, reducing attack surfaces in unattended devices. Quality updates are delivered via Windows Update for Business or WSUS, ensuring consistent servicing without feature bloat.[171][172][3]Specialized Versions
Windows 11 Pro China is a region-specific adaptation of the Pro edition, optimized for the mainland Chinese market with localized interfaces, compliance with local regulations, and integration with domestic services; it often ships as a single-language version but supports upgrades to multilingual configurations. This edition addresses unique ecosystem needs, such as compatibility with China-based app stores and hardware vendors.[173][174] For collaboration hardware like Surface Hub devices, Microsoft Teams Rooms on Windows requires Windows IoT Enterprise or Enterprise (under the General Availability Channel) as the base OS; Windows 11 Pro is not supported for this functionality. This follows the end of support for the legacy Windows 10 Team edition on October 14, 2025, with migration paths to Windows 11 recommended for continued security and feature updates. Additionally, S mode—which limits installations to Microsoft-verified apps from the Store—underwent changes in 2024. The Windows 11 SE edition, a separate education-focused edition distinct from S mode and designed for low-cost, web-first devices in K-8 classrooms, will receive version 24H2 as its final feature update, with support ending in October 2026.[175][176][35][177][178][179]Updates and maintenance
Version history
Windows 11 follows an annual feature update cadence, with major versions released in the second half of each calendar year, each providing 24 months of support for Home and Pro editions under Microsoft's servicing model.[3][35] Enterprise and Education editions receive 36 months of support. The initial version, 21H2, launched on October 5, 2021, marking the public debut of Windows 11 with Build 22000.[180] Subsequent updates have introduced enhancements aligned with evolving user needs, such as productivity in hybrid environments and AI integrations. As of November 11, 2025, version 23H2 reached end of support for Home and Pro editions, prompting Microsoft to automatically upgrade eligible devices to version 25H2.[35]| Version | Release Date | Build Number | Key Focus | Support End (Home/Pro) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 21H2 | October 5, 2021 | 22000 | Initial release introducing the modern interface and core features | October 10, 2023 |
| 22H2 | September 20, 2022 | 22621 | Enhancements for hybrid work, including improved security and collaboration tools | October 8, 2024 |
| 23H2 | October 31, 2023 | 22631 | Inclusion of Copilot AI assistant in preview for select markets | November 11, 2025 |
| 24H2 | October 1, 2024 | 26100 | Emphasis on AI hardware requirements for Copilot+ PCs and advanced effects | October 13, 2026 |
| 25H2 | September 30, 2025 | 26200 | Default enablement of continuous features, such as improved File Explorer tab restoration | October 12, 2027 |
Servicing model
Windows 11 operates under a "Windows as a Service" model, where updates are delivered continuously to enhance security, stability, and functionality without requiring full reinstallations. This approach uses distinct servicing channels tailored to different user needs: consumer editions like Home and Pro adhere to the General Availability Channel, which provides one major feature update annually alongside regular quality improvements. In contrast, Enterprise editions support both the General Availability Channel for timely feature access and the Long-Term Servicing Channel (LTSC) for specialized, stable environments such as medical or industrial systems, where LTSC editions receive only security and reliability updates without new features. For the 2024 release, Windows 11 Enterprise LTSC has a 5-year lifecycle, while Windows 11 IoT Enterprise LTSC retains a 10-year lifecycle.[184][185][172][3] The update cadence includes monthly security updates, known as Patch Tuesday releases, which occur on the second Tuesday of each month and cumulatively incorporate all previous fixes for vulnerabilities and reliability issues. Feature updates arrive annually, typically in the second half of the year (H2), introducing significant enhancements like new user interface elements or performance optimizations, as seen in builds transitioning from 24H2 to 25H2. Optional non-security preview updates are also available for early testing of upcoming changes, allowing users to opt in via Windows Update settings.[3][186] Updates are distributed primarily through the built-in Windows Update service for consumer and small-scale deployments, ensuring automatic detection and installation with minimal user intervention. For enterprise environments, Windows Server Update Services (WSUS) enables centralized control, including selective approval, scheduling, and integration with tools like Microsoft Configuration Manager for large-scale management. Deferral policies provide further control, permitting administrators to delay feature updates for up to 365 days and quality updates for up to 30 days to align with testing cycles or business needs.[187][188] Staged feature delivery, known as "continuous innovation," began with Windows 11, version 22H2, allowing new features and enhancements to be delivered more frequently through monthly quality updates.[189] This model continues in later versions; starting with version 24H2, Microsoft introduced "checkpoint" cumulative updates to optimize update sizes and servicing efficiency, along with Quick Machine Recovery in the Windows Recovery Environment (WinRE) for improved rollback mechanisms, enabling automated system repairs and easier reversion to prior states during update issues.[186][190] In version 25H2, previously delivered features—such as certain AI capabilities including enhanced Copilot functionalities that were behind temporary enterprise controls in 24H2—are now enabled by default.[7]Common issues and resolutions
Windows 11 has encountered several notable bugs related to printing, performance, and user interface elements across its versions, often addressed through cumulative updates and out-of-band patches. These issues have primarily affected device compatibility, gaming experiences, and display behaviors, with Microsoft providing targeted resolutions via security updates and system repair tools. Printer-related problems have been prominent, particularly vulnerabilities in the Print Spooler service exploited under the PrintNightmare designation (CVE-2021-34527), which allowed remote code execution and privilege escalation. Microsoft issued an out-of-band security update on July 6, 2021 (KB5004947), followed by clarifications and additional patches through cumulative updates in 2021-2023 to fully mitigate the exploits while preserving print functionality. In Windows 11 version 24H2, users reported difficulties detecting USB-connected printers and scanners supporting the eSCL protocol, leading to failed device discovery post-upgrade. This was resolved in updates such as KB5048667 and later, which restored proper enumeration and driver installation for affected hardware. Performance bugs have impacted gaming and recovery environments. In version 22H2, some games and applications experienced lower-than-expected frame rates or stuttering due to GPU performance debugging features being inadvertently enabled, prompting Microsoft to pause the update rollout in November 2022. Microsoft addressed the issue in KB5020044 (released November 29, 2022) and lifted the safeguard hold on December 14, 2022.[191][192][193] For version 25H2, the October 14, 2025 security update (KB5066835) introduced failures in the Windows Recovery Environment (WinRE), where USB keyboards and mice became unresponsive, preventing navigation of recovery options despite normal operation in the main OS. Microsoft confirmed this on October 16, 2025 (Release Health opened date), and released an out-of-band patch (KB5070773) on October 20, 2025, to restore input device functionality in WinRE.[194] User interface glitches have included taskbar anomalies in multi-monitor setups. In version 23H2, the taskbar could appear cut off or overflow with icons on secondary displays, exacerbated by resolution mismatches or driver conflicts, often requiring temporary restarts of the Windows Explorer process via Task Manager. Microsoft addressed persistent overflow by introducing a dedicated taskbar overflow menu in cumulative updates starting October 2022 (KB5019509), aggregating hidden icons for better multi-monitor management. Additionally, while standard Copilot in Windows 11 operates via the cloud and does not require a Neural Processing Unit (NPU)[8], Copilot+ features such as Recall are limited to Copilot+ PCs equipped with an NPU delivering at least 40 TOPS as a minimum requirement, with no support for CPU/GPU emulation on non-qualifying hardware[38][195]. Recall's rollout was initially paused due to privacy concerns and is available in preview only on Copilot+ PCs through Windows Insider builds[196][104]; Microsoft recommends using qualifying devices to access these features without issues. Resolutions for these problems typically involve installing updates from the Microsoft Update Catalog, where users can manually download specific KB packages like KB5070773 for WinRE fixes. System integrity can be restored using Command Prompt (as administrator) commands such asDISM /Online /Cleanup-Image /RestoreHealth to fix the Windows image, followed by SFC /scannow to scan and repair corrupted files if needed. Microsoft maintains a dedicated known issues dashboard for Windows 11 versions, listing active bugs, workarounds, and rollout statuses to guide troubleshooting.