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MOC

Management of Change (MOC) is a structured methodology applied in high-hazard industries to systematically identify, assess, and mitigate risks associated with modifications to processes, equipment, facilities, personnel, or operations that could impact safety, health, or the environment.^[1]^[2] The process typically encompasses defining the scope of proposed changes, conducting hazard analyses such as process hazard assessments (PHA), obtaining necessary authorizations, updating procedures and training affected employees, and verifying post-implementation effectiveness to ensure controlled execution.^[3]^[4] Mandated under regulations like OSHA's Process Safety Management standard for facilities handling hazardous chemicals, MOC has proven critical in averting catastrophic incidents, as investigations by the U.S. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board reveal that inadequate MOC contributed to numerous industrial accidents, underscoring its role in causal risk reduction through proactive evaluation rather than reactive response.^[2]^[1]

In Business, Management, and Industry

Management of Change

Management of Change (MOC) refers to a structured methodology in process industries for identifying, assessing, and controlling modifications to facilities, equipment, procedures, raw materials, or personnel to mitigate risks of introducing new hazards or amplifying existing ones.^[5] Core principles emphasize comprehensive risk evaluation prior to authorization, ensuring changes maintain or enhance safety integrity, and include post-implementation verification to confirm no unintended consequences arise.^[4] This approach applies to permanent alterations as well as temporary deviations, drawing on causal analyses of past incidents that reveal unmanaged modifications as frequent precursors to failures in chemical, petrochemical, and manufacturing operations.^[6] The framework evolved prominently in the chemical and process sectors following catastrophic events in the 1980s, such as the December 3, 1984, Bhopal disaster at a Union Carbide pesticide plant in India, where procedural and equipment changes without adequate hazard review contributed to a methyl isocyanate leak killing at least 3,800 people immediately and causing long-term harm to over 500,000.^[7] Investigations highlighted failures in change oversight as a key causal factor, prompting industry-wide reforms and the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) to incorporate MOC as Element 13 in its Process Safety Management (PSM) standard (29 CFR 1910.119), finalized on February 24, 1992, to mandate evaluation of potential effects on safety, health, and the environment before implementing changes.^[8] Similar lessons from incidents like the 1984 PEMEX LPG explosion in Mexico City, which killed over 500, reinforced MOC's role in preventing reactive chemical hazards from unvetted operational shifts.^[9] Implementation typically follows sequential steps: initiating a change request to document the proposed modification and its scope; conducting hazard analyses, such as Hazard and Operability (HAZOP) studies, to systematically examine deviations like "no flow" or "high pressure" using guide words against process parameters; engaging stakeholders for input on impacts to training, maintenance, or emergency procedures; obtaining multi-level approvals based on risk thresholds; executing the change with controlled procedures; and performing audits or closeout reviews to verify effectiveness and update documentation like process safety information.^[10]^[11] Effective programs integrate digital tools for tracking and ensure applicability to organizational changes, such as staff reassignments affecting expertise in high-risk tasks. Empirical data from industry analyses demonstrate MOC's efficacy in curbing incidents; for example, uncontrolled changes contribute to approximately 80% of major industrial accidents, underscoring the preventive value of formalized review.^[12] Facilities adhering to rigorous MOC under PSM frameworks report substantial reductions, with full adoption linked to a 72% decrease in recordable incident rates in sectors like petroleum refining, per American Petroleum Institute assessments.^[13] OSHA compliance evaluations further correlate PSM elements, including MOC, with lower lost-time injury frequencies, as evidenced by post-1992 trends in covered facilities showing diminished process deviation events compared to non-compliant peers.^[14] These outcomes reflect causal linkages where proactive hazard identification averts escalation, though gaps in MOC execution—such as bypassing reviews for "minor" changes—persist as factors in residual incidents.^[15]

In Healthcare and Professional Certification

Maintenance of Certification

Maintenance of Certification (MOC) refers to the ongoing professional development and assessment processes mandated by member boards of the American Board of Medical Specialties (ABMS) for physicians who have achieved initial board certification, aimed at ensuring sustained competency through periodic evaluations of knowledge, performance in practice, and commitment to lifelong learning.^[16]^[17] These requirements typically include secure examinations every 5 to 10 years, accumulation of continuing medical education (CME) credits, completion of practice improvement activities such as patient safety modules or quality improvement projects, and maintenance of valid medical licenses and hospital privileges.^[18]^[19] Cycles vary by specialty; for instance, the American Board of Orthopaedic Surgery (ABOS) enforces a 10-year cycle involving 240 CME credits (with at least 120 in the first three years), self-assessment exams in years 5-10, and submission of case lists and professional standing updates in years 7-9.^[18]^[20] The MOC framework originated in 2000 when ABMS member boards adopted it to address evolving medical knowledge, technological advances, and growing emphasis on healthcare quality amid evidence of competency decline post-certification.^[21]^[22] Prior to this, certifications were often lifelong, but concerns over static skills led to time-limited certificates, with the first ABMS-wide MOC implementation phasing in recertification exams starting around 2003 for boards like the American Board of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation.^[23] Boards such as the American Board of Internal Medicine (ABIM) and American Board of Obstetrics and Gynecology (ABOG) integrated elements like cognitive exams and performance assessments to standardize accountability beyond initial training.^[24] In 2024, several boards adjusted MOC amid physician feedback on administrative demands; ABIM eliminated the requirement to earn MOC points every two years effective October 28, 2024, retroactively crediting non-compliant physicians while retaining five-year and decennial exam mandates.^[25]^[26] ABOG transitioned the program name to "Continuing Certification" starting January 1, 2025, aligning with ABMS standards to emphasize ongoing engagement over maintenance, though core requirements like annual assessments persist.^[27]^[28] Proponents argue MOC fosters standardized lifelong learning and correlates with improved practice metrics, such as one ABIM analysis linking participation to higher Healthcare Effectiveness Data and Information Set (HEDIS) scores on five of six quality measures and a BMJ Open study associating it with 20% lower adjusted mortality odds in hospitalized patients.^[29]^[30] However, empirical evidence for causal improvements in patient outcomes remains limited, with correlational studies predominating and no robust randomized trials establishing direct efficacy.^[31] Physician surveys highlight substantial criticisms, including a 2018 poll of 515 U.S. doctors where 65% reported MOC adds no clinical value, citing excessive time (up to 24% of work hours on administrative tasks broadly) and costs without proven benefits to care quality.^[32]^[33] Critics, including advocacy groups, contend boards derive revenue from fees—potentially incentivizing burdensome requirements—while state laws in places like Missouri have challenged MOC as a licensure barrier, reflecting perceptions of profit motives over evidence-based utility.^[34]^[35] These viewpoints underscore tensions between regulatory standardization and practical burdens, with boards' self-reported data contrasting frontline reports of diminished perceived relevance.^[36]

Model of Care

The Model of Care (MOC) is a required document submitted by Medicare Special Needs Plans (SNPs) to the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS), outlining a framework for delivering targeted, coordinated care to enrollees with specific chronic or disabling conditions.^[37] SNPs, a type of Medicare Advantage plan, restrict enrollment to individuals with defined special needs, such as those with severe chronic illnesses, and the MOC ensures services address population-specific risks through enrollee assessments, individualized care plans, and ongoing monitoring.^[38] Key elements include interdisciplinary care teams comprising physicians, nurses, social workers, and specialists; evidence-based interventions tailored to conditions like diabetes or end-stage renal disease (ESRD); and mechanisms for annual MOC reviews and updates to incorporate performance data.^[37] CMS updated its MOC guidance as of September 10, 2024, reinforcing its role as a quality improvement tool focused on measurable outcomes in care coordination and health metrics.^[37] Implementation mandates that all SNPs—chronic condition SNPs (C-SNPs) for diseases like diabetes and ESRD, institutional SNPs for long-term care residents, and dual-eligible SNPs for those qualifying for both Medicare and Medicaid—develop and maintain an approved MOC, with submissions reviewed every one to three years by CMS and the National Committee for Quality Assurance (NCQA).^[39] Empirical evaluations indicate that SNP MOCs support improved chronic disease management; for instance, a CMS analysis found enhanced quality in diabetes and congestive heart failure programs through increased use of guideline-recommended medications and preventive services, reducing hospitalization rates in targeted cohorts.^[40] C-SNPs for ESRD, which coordinate dialysis, transplant preparation, and comorbidity management, have shown potential in stabilizing patient outcomes via integrated networks, though real-world effectiveness depends on plan adherence to MOC protocols.^[41] Despite these benefits, MOC requirements introduce administrative complexities, including mandatory provider training and documentation, which some analyses link to uneven implementation across plans.^[42] In 2024, many dual-eligible and C-SNPs failed to achieve CMS targets for full compliance with core MOC elements like risk stratification and care transitions, highlighting variable adherence that may undermine causal impacts on patient outcomes.^[43] Peer-reviewed evidence on coordinated care models, including those akin to MOCs, supports targeted efficacy for conditions like type 2 diabetes—such as reductions in HbA1c and blood pressure—but stresses that bureaucratic elements can dilute benefits if not rigorously enforced, with studies showing mixed results tied to resource allocation rather than inherent design flaws.^[44] Overall, while MOCs enable population-specific interventions, their success hinges on empirical validation through plan-specific data rather than assumed uniformity.^[45]

In Finance and Trading

Market On Close

A market-on-close (MOC) order is a type of market order that directs a broker to execute the purchase or sale of a security at or as near as possible to the official closing price of the trading session, without a specified limit price.^[46] This execution typically occurs during the closing auction or matching process on exchanges such as the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) or Toronto Stock Exchange (TSX), where buy and sell orders are paired to determine the final price based on supply and demand at the session's end.^[47] MOC orders are distinct from standard market orders by their timing constraint, ensuring completion at the close rather than immediately upon submission.^[48] In equities and exchange-traded funds (ETFs), MOC orders facilitate index tracking and portfolio rebalancing, as institutional investors like mutual funds use them to align holdings with end-of-day net asset values (NAVs) and minimize tracking errors against benchmarks.^[46] They are also employed in commodity markets, particularly for futures contracts and commodity-linked ETFs, where traders seek to hedge positions or settle exposures at the official closing settlement price, which reflects aggregated trading activity during the designated close period.^[49] Exchanges like the CME Group standardize closing procedures for futures, incorporating market orders timed for the end-of-day to enhance transparency and liquidity in price discovery, though specific MOC protocols may vary by product and venue.^[50] MOC orders provide advantages such as access to heightened liquidity during closing auctions, where trading volumes often surge—sometimes accounting for 10-20% of daily activity on major exchanges—allowing efficient execution for large blocks without significant intraday price impact.^[46] This mechanism supports causal price formation by aggregating orders to reflect true end-of-day valuations, reducing manipulation risks associated with fragmented intraday trading.^[47] However, risks include exposure to closing volatility from news events or order imbalances, potentially leading to slippage where execution deviates from the official close if unmatched orders spill over.^[46] Empirical analyses of trading data indicate that unmanaged MOC imbalances can amplify short-term price swings, though exchange dissemination of pre-close order data mitigates this by enabling informed participation.^[51]

In Government, Military, and Politics

Memorandum of Collaboration

A Memorandum of Collaboration (MOC) constitutes a semi-formal, generally non-binding instrument employed by governments or organizations to delineate collaborative frameworks for joint endeavors, specifying mutual goals, delineated responsibilities, and prospective resource sharing without imposing legal enforceability. Such documents serve as precursors or supplements to more structured accords, emphasizing intent over obligation to expedite partnerships in domains like international security and development aid. In practice, MOCs mirror Memoranda of Understanding (MOUs) but are tailored to underscore operational synergy, often in contexts requiring swift alignment amid geopolitical flux.^[52]^[53] Within military alliances, MOCs facilitate targeted interoperability without the rigors of full treaty ratification; for example, on October 15, 2025, thirteen NATO member states executed a Memorandum of Understanding—functionally akin to an MOC—for the Distributed Synthetic Training High Visibility Project, integrating virtual simulation technologies to bolster collective training efficacy and reduce logistical burdens across allied forces. Similarly, bilateral security engagements have incorporated MOCs, as seen in the United States' signing of one with Lesotho in November 2021 to advance cooperative security measures, and Canada-Mexico's outlined intent under their 2025-2028 Action Plan to formalize an MOC encompassing military training exchanges for enhanced regional stability. These instruments enable causal linkages in defense postures by pooling expertise and assets incrementally, circumventing domestic approval delays inherent in binding pacts.^[54]^[55]^[56] Proponents highlight MOCs' utility in fostering adaptive alliances, evidenced by their role in NATO's 29 multinational capability cooperation projects launched since 2012, which have yielded cost savings estimated in billions of euros through shared procurement and standardization. Critics, however, contend that the absence of binding clauses engenders accountability deficits, potentially yielding asymmetric contributions where stronger parties bear disproportionate loads, as non-enforceability permits withdrawal sans penalty—a risk amplified in high-stakes military domains per analyses of analogous non-binding accords. Empirical instances, such as uneven implementation in some international aid collaborations, underscore this tension, where initial enthusiasm dissipates absent mechanisms for recourse.^[57]^[58]^[59]

Ministry of Culture and Similar Governmental Bodies

The Ministry of Culture (MOC) designates governmental bodies in various nations tasked with formulating and implementing policies for the preservation of cultural heritage, promotion of arts, and oversight of media and creative industries. In China, the MOC operated from 1949 until its dissolution in 2018, when it merged into the Ministry of Culture and Tourism, focusing on state-directed cultural initiatives including heritage site management and artistic production aligned with national ideology. Similarly, Saudi Arabia's MOC, established in 2018, supervises 11 specialized cultural commissions covering disciplines such as literature, music, and heritage, aiming to foster national identity through public programs and events. Other examples include the United Arab Emirates' MOC, which emphasizes Arabic language protection and heritage conservation, and Qatar's MOC, responsible for artistic affairs and popular heritage preservation. These ministries typically allocate public funding to cultural institutions, such as museums, theaters, and festivals, while regulating media content to ensure alignment with governmental priorities. For instance, India's Ministry of Culture funds archaeological surveys and national academies for dance, drama, and music, supporting tangible heritage conservation efforts. In non-democratic contexts, such regulation often extends to content approval processes, where ministries vet publications, films, and performances for ideological conformity, as seen in China's pre-2018 MOC oversight of media censorship to suppress dissent. Empirical data from UNESCO indicates that cultural and creative sectors, bolstered by such governmental frameworks, contribute approximately 3.1% to global GDP, generating nearly US$2.3 trillion annually through industries like arts and media, though national variations exist due to differing policy emphases. Proponents highlight MOCs' role in strengthening national cohesion; for example, Saudi Arabia's MOC has invested in projects like the restoration of historical sites, enhancing tourism and cultural pride amid Vision 2030 reforms. However, critics, including reports from human rights organizations, argue that in authoritarian regimes, these bodies facilitate state propaganda and censorship, with causal evidence from Iran's Ministry of Culture enforcing suppression of non-conforming speech since the 1980s, leading to arbitrary content bans that stifle artistic freedom. In China, the MOC's historical media controls correlated with broader internet and publication restrictions, prioritizing regime stability over open expression, as documented in academic analyses of policy enforcement. Such practices underscore tensions between cultural promotion and political control, where state funding empirically boosts sector output but at the cost of independent creativity in politicized environments.

In Science and Technology

In Computing

The method of characteristics (MOC) is a numerical algorithm employed in computational science to solve hyperbolic partial differential equations (PDEs) by propagating solutions along characteristic curves derived from the PDE's structure.^[60] This approach leverages the causal structure of hyperbolic systems, where information propagates at finite speeds along well-defined paths, enabling exact integration in the absence of sources or discontinuities.^[61] In computing, MOC discretizes domains into angular rays or tracks, approximating integrals via quadrature rules, which contrasts with finite difference or finite element methods by avoiding mesh alignment issues for wave-like phenomena.^[62] To apply MOC, consider a first-order hyperbolic PDE of the form \frac{\partial u}{\partial t} + a \frac{\partial u}{\partial x} = 0, where a is the characteristic speed; solutions are constant along lines x - a t = \xi, with initial data u(0, x) = f(x) yielding u(t, x) = f(x - a t).^[63] For higher dimensions or nonlinear cases, characteristics are traced numerically from boundary conditions, solving ordinary differential equations along each path to update cell-averaged values iteratively. This first-principles tracing ensures stability for Courant numbers up to unity in explicit schemes, though extensions like higher-order Runge-Kutta integrations address diffusion or scattering terms in transport problems.^[64] Stability analyses confirm MOC's robustness for systems like the advection equation, with error bounds scaling as O(\Delta \xi) where \Delta \xi is the characteristic step size.^[65] In software implementations, MOC underpins codes for neutron transport simulations, such as OpenMOC, which models particle streaming in unstructured meshes for nuclear reactor analysis by sweeping characteristics across voxels.^[61] Applications extend to computational fluid dynamics for supersonic flows and acoustics, where MOC resolves shocks without artificial viscosity, as in water hammer simulations dating to the 1980s.^[66] Evolving from analytical roots in the 18th century—formalized by Riemann in 1860 for gas dynamics—MOC's computational adoption surged with digital computers in the mid-20th century, maturing into parallelizable algorithms for exascale simulations by the 2010s.^[63] Despite advantages in handling heterogeneous media, MOC demands high angular resolution for accuracy, limiting its use to problems with dominant directional transport over diffusive regimes.^[62]

In Spaceflight

The Mars Orbiter Camera (MOC) served as the primary imaging instrument on NASA's Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) spacecraft, launched on November 7, 1996, from Cape Canaveral, Florida, aboard a Delta II rocket.^[67] After aerobraking maneuvers, MGS achieved its science orbit around Mars on September 12, 1997, with the MOC beginning systematic observations shortly thereafter.^[68] The instrument, developed by Malin Space Science Systems, featured a narrow-angle camera for high-resolution monochrome imaging (resolutions as fine as 1.5 meters per pixel) and paired wide-angle cameras—one red and one blue—for contextual color and infrared data, enabling comprehensive mapping of the Martian surface.^[69] Over its operational lifespan from 1997 to January 2006, when MGS lost contact due to power and battery failures, the MOC acquired more than 240,000 images, generating the majority of the mission's data volume.^[67] These empirically derived images documented geological features such as ancient river valleys, layered terrains in polar regions, and dust devil tracks, providing direct evidence of past fluvial activity and erosional processes on Mars without reliance on interpretive models.^[70] The MOC's narrow-angle subsystem targeted specific sites for detailed study, while wide-angle maps supported global monitoring of weather patterns, including dust storms and frost deposition, with photometric corrections applied in post-mission processing to enhance accuracy.^[71] The MOC's data outputs were instrumental in site certification for later Mars missions, including high-resolution scouting of terrains for the Spirit and Opportunity rovers, which landed in 2004 and confirmed hydrated minerals consistent with MGS observations.^[68] Empirical telemetry from the instrument validated spacecraft pointing accuracy to within 0.1 degrees, contributing to the mission's longevity and the accumulation of a baseline dataset for planetary geology that prioritized observable surface morphology over theoretical extrapolations.^[72] In broader NASA spaceflight contexts, Mission Operations Center (MOC) designates ground-based facilities, such as those at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), responsible for commanding spacecraft, processing telemetry, and ensuring real-time anomaly resolution.^[73] For deep-space missions like Voyager 1 and 2, launched in 1977, JPL's operations center functioned as the primary MOC, handling uplink commands via the Deep Space Network and downlink of scientific data over distances exceeding 20 billion kilometers by 2025.^[74] This setup enabled causal efficiencies in fault detection—such as the 2024 recovery of Voyager 1 from a faulty flight data subsystem through remote code patching—sustaining mission viability through adaptive telemetry analysis rather than pre-planned contingencies alone.^[75] JPL MOCs have supported over 20 concurrent missions, with verifiable uptime metrics exceeding 99% for critical phases, underscoring their role in empirical mission success metrics like data return rates for planetary flybys.^[76]

Other Uses in Science and Technology

In radiology, milk of calcium (MOC) denotes a viscous suspension of fine calcium salt particles that settles dependently within cystic structures or hollow organs, such as renal calyceal diverticula, gallbladder, or breast microcysts, producing characteristic layering on imaging modalities like ultrasound, CT, or mammography.^[77] This phenomenon, first documented in renal cysts in 1940, arises from precipitation of calcium carbonate or phosphate in stagnant fluid, often asymptomatic but distinguishable from calculi by its fluid-like mobility and lack of acoustic shadowing on sonography.^[78] Clinical studies report prevalence in up to 91 small renal cysts across patients, with diagnostic confirmation via dependent layering on supine-to-erect projections.^[79] In chemical and process engineering, MOC commonly abbreviates materials of construction, referring to the selection and specification of metals, alloys, polymers, or composites for equipment, piping, and vessels to ensure compatibility with process fluids, resistance to corrosion, erosion, or thermal stress, and adherence to standards like ASME or GMP guidelines.^[80] This designation is critical in designing systems for hazardous or reactive environments, where mismatches can lead to failures; for instance, specifying carbon steel plus 3 mm cladding (CS+3mm) for piping denotes base material with protective overlay for enhanced durability.^[81] Engineering practices emphasize MOC documentation in P&IDs and datasheets to mitigate risks in industries like petrochemicals.^[82]

In Aviation and Safety Standards

Minimum Obstacle Clearance

Minimum Obstacle Clearance (MOC) constitutes the vertical buffer distance mandated in the design of instrument flight procedures to protect aircraft from terrain and obstacles, incorporating margins for altimetry errors, navigation inaccuracies, and aircraft deviations. In ICAO standards, MOC varies by procedure segment: 300 meters (984 feet) for the initial approach segment, 150 meters (492 feet) for intermediate segments, and 75 meters (246 feet) for non-precision final approach segments at airports compliant with Annex 14, with potential doubling in mountainous terrain to address heightened risks. These values derive from empirical analysis of flight path deviations, ensuring a probabilistic safety level where the likelihood of infringement remains below acceptable thresholds based on historical error data.^[83] The U.S. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) aligns closely via its Terminal Instrument Procedures (TERPS) criteria, requiring 1,000 feet of clearance in non-mountainous areas and 2,000 feet in designated mountainous regions for enroute segments like Minimum Obstacle Clearance Altitudes (MOCAs), with procedure-specific adjustments such as 40:1 obstacle clearance surfaces for departures to mitigate climb gradient shortfalls. FAA criteria emphasize a 48:1 surface for straight departures and incorporate electronic glide slope protection volumes in RNAV procedures, validated through simulations accounting for wind effects and gross navigation errors up to 2.5 nautical miles. These standards stem from post-accident reviews, including NTSB analyses of Controlled Flight Into Terrain (CFIT) incidents, which have identified insufficient clearance buffers as a recurring causal factor in over 20% of fatal approach-and-landing accidents prior to enhanced procedural minima.^[84]^[85]^[86] Applications of MOC appear prominently in approach charts, Standard Instrument Departures (SIDs), and Area Navigation (RNAV) routes, where it informs the lowest authorized altitudes to prevent excursions below safe levels during low-visibility operations. For instance, in circling approaches, ICAO applies category-dependent MOC radii (e.g., 1.9 nautical miles for Category A aircraft with 90 meters vertical clearance), while FAA TERPS uses fixed radii scaled by aircraft speed, both reducing CFIT exposure as evidenced by NTSB data showing a decline in such events following TAWS integration and stricter MOC enforcement since the 1990s. Empirical validation from accident databases underscores MOC's role in causal realism: terrain collisions often trace to deviations exceeding design assumptions, with procedural adherence correlating to zero CFIT in compliant operations per NTSB case studies of 13 incidents from 1985 onward.^[87]^[88]^[86]

Masculine of Center

Masculine of Center (MOC) refers to a gender identity or presentation term primarily used within LGBTQ+ communities to describe individuals, often lesbians or transgender people, whose gender expression leans toward masculine traits while rejecting rigid binary categories.^[89] The term emphasizes a spectrum-based view of gender, positioning MOC on the masculine side without fully aligning with traditional male identity.^[90] It originated in 2008, coined by B. Cole within communities of color, to capture expressions falling toward the masculine end of the gender spectrum.^[91] In cultural and activist contexts, MOC is associated with butch aesthetics, including boyish or androgynous styles that blur gender lines, as seen in queer media discussions and events like the BUTCH Voices conference founded in 2008 for masculine-of-center individuals.^[92] Usage extends to fashion and self-identification, where it differentiates from stricter labels like "butch" by allowing for fluidity, such as in descriptions of "stud" aesthetics among Black masculine-of-center lesbians.^[93] Proponents highlight its role in fostering self-expression and challenging norms, enabling visibility for those navigating dysphoria or non-conforming presentations.^[94] Critics, drawing from biological realism, argue that such identity frameworks overlook empirical evidence of human sex dimorphism, defined by immutable traits like chromosomal composition (XX for females, XY for males) and reproductive roles limited to two gamete types (ova and sperm).^[95]^[96] These critiques emphasize that secondary sex characteristics and brain differences exhibit average dimorphism, not a spectrum overriding binary sex, with gender identity terms potentially conflating social constructs with causal biological realities.^[97] Regarding gender dysphoria, while some studies report regret rates after affirming interventions as low as 1%, methodological flaws including 20-60% loss to follow-up undermine claims of long-term efficacy, potentially masking higher detransition or dissatisfaction amid comorbidities like autism and trauma.^[98]^[99] Academic sources advancing identity-affirming views often reflect systemic biases favoring social over biological explanations, warranting scrutiny against first-principles evidence of sex as an innate reproductive trait.^[100]

In Religion

Historical and Organizational Religious Uses

In the British printing industry, the term "Mother of the Chapel" (MOC) historically referred to the elected female shop steward or senior union representative within a workplace "chapel," the collective body of compositors and printers. This nomenclature originated in the late 15th century, tracing back to William Caxton's introduction of printing to England around 1476, where his operations were housed in ecclesiastical spaces such as the chapels of Westminster Abbey, imbuing the craft with quasi-sacred connotations akin to medieval guild fraternities.^[101] Early printing chapels adopted rituals, initiations, and fines (termed "solaces") that paralleled religious guild practices, including solemn oaths and communal observances, reflecting the intertwined spiritual and occupational ethos of craft organizations in late-medieval England.^[102] By the 19th century, as printing unions formalized amid industrialization, the MOC role—alongside its male counterpart, Father of the Chapel—persisted as a symbolic leadership position in organizations like the Compositors' Society, blending residual Christian-tinged nomenclature from guild eras with emerging secular labor structures. Records from union histories indicate MOCs collected dues, mediated disputes, and enforced chapel customs, with empirical evidence limited to fragmentary accounts in trade ledgers and oral traditions due to the clandestine nature of early worker associations under restrictive laws.^[103] This evolution illustrates a causal shift from religiously infused craft brotherhoods, which viewed the printing house as a hallowed workspace, to profane trade unionism focused on wages and conditions, without documented doctrinal controversies but marked by gradual erosion of ceremonial elements.^[104]

In Sports and Recreation

The Malawi Olympic Committee (MOC), a non-governmental, non-profit organization, oversees sports development across the country, conducting administration courses, anti-doping workshops, and empowering female athletes through international training programs.^[105] It organizes events such as the O!YES Youth Sports Tournament in July 2025 to promote grassroots participation and Olympic values education among youth.^[106] Similarly, the Mexican Olympic Committee (MOC) coordinates national athletic representation, having facilitated Malawi's participation in Summer Olympics since 1972 without securing medals, emphasizing sustained involvement in global competitions.^[107]^[108] Specialized clubs like the McGill Olympic Club (MOC) provide track and field training for participants aged 9 to masters, including students and community members, with seasonal memberships enabling access to coaching and home meets as part of local, national, and international events.^[109] Making of Champs (MoC), an athletics-focused entity, supports talent identification and development in track and field through initiatives like youth discovery programs in Nigeria, contributing to structured pathways for emerging athletes.^[110] These organizations build community by fostering teamwork, skill-building, and long-term engagement in recreational sports, as seen in MoC's operational expansions since 2013.^[111] In equestrian recreation, the MOC Pony Club, affiliated with the United States Pony Club, structures youth programs around horsemanship, stable management, and mounted sports like polocrosse, hosting the annual Middleburg Horse Trials—a USEF/USEA-recognized event on June 7-8, 2025, at Great Meadow Foundation in Virginia.^[112] While such clubs enhance character development and safe riding practices, equestrian events involve risks including falls resulting in concussions, spinal injuries, and fractures, prompting organizations like Pony Club to collect injury data and mandate protective gear such as helmets and body vests to reduce incidents.^[113]^[114] In broader event coordination, MOC designates the Main Operations Centre, a hub for managing logistics during major sports gatherings to ensure operational efficiency.^[115]

Other Miscellaneous Uses

[Other Miscellaneous Uses - no content]

References

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[23]
Maintenance of Certification®, Maintenance of Public Trust - PMC
Because the ABPS did not initiate time-limited certificates until 1995, its first recertification exam was not scheduled for administration until 2003. This ...
[24]
Demystifying Maintenance of Certification
Board certification for a medical specialty was first proposed in 1908. Subsequently, the American Board of Medical Specialties (ABMS) was formed in 1933.<|separator|>
[25]
News & Notes: Fall 2024 - ABIM Blog
Oct 29, 2024 · ABIM eliminates 2-year MOC point requirement effective immediately. ABIM is eliminating the requirement to earn points every two years (2-year ...
[26]
ABIM eliminates two-year points requirement for MOC
Oct 29, 2024 · Certified physicians who missed the two-year point requirements will have their status upgraded immediately.
[27]
2025 Continuing Certification Program Modifications - ABOG
For more information about the name change to "Continuing Certification" click here. Why did ABOG move the Continuing Certification application deadline up ...
[28]
2024 Annual Report - ABOG
In 2024, ABOG made meaningful progress ... Transition of the Maintenance of Certification program name to Continuing Certification, effective January 2025.
[29]
MOC Tied With Better Physician Performance Scores in ABIM Study
Jun 11, 2018 · ABIM researchers find physicians who maintained certification had better HEDIS scores for 5 of 6 measures studied. Critics say the study ...Missing: efficacy | Show results with:efficacy
[30]
Associations between initial American Board of Internal Medicine ...
After adjustment, MOC was associated with lower mortality. The adjusted OR was 0.804 (95% CI 0.697 to 0.926; p=0.003).Missing: efficacy | Show results with:efficacy
[31]
(PDF) Do Professional Development Programs for Maintenance of ...
Aug 6, 2025 · Objective: The objective of this study was to examine the relationship between physicians' completion of American Board of Family Medicine ...
[32]
Majority of doctors say MOC requirements don't add clinical value ...
Oct 16, 2018 · “MOC is just another burden oppressing physicians in the current climate of burnout and negativity,” said another. “It doesn't improve patient ...Missing: administrative | Show results with:administrative
[33]
Physician Attitudes About Maintenance of Certification: A Cross ...
In this national survey of US physicians, we found that physicians perceived that current MOC activities have little relevance or value.
[34]
Physicians Taking Back Medicine: Is MOC contributing to the ...
Jun 26, 2025 · Advocates for anti-MOC laws say that the burdensome recertification process takes a toll on physician wellness, potentially contributing to the ...
[35]
How MOC is contributing to the demise of physicians - Kevin MD
Jun 5, 2020 · Fundamentally, it is unethical as it promotes inequity among physicians. One group must now carry a greater burden of administrative tasks, ...
[36]
Maintenance of Certification – important and to whom? - PMC
Apr 17, 2013 · The history of MOC can be traced back to the ABIM's attempts to introduce recertification in internal medicine for those with lifelong ...
[37]
Model of Care (MOC) - CMS
Sep 10, 2024 · The MOC provides the basic framework under which the SNP will meet the needs of each of its enrollees. The MOC is a vital quality improvement tool.
[38]
Special Needs Plans - CMS
Sep 10, 2024 · A special needs plan (SNP) is a Medicare Advantage (MA) coordinated care plan (CCP) specifically designed to provide targeted care and limit enrollment to ...
[39]
Special Needs Plan | Model of Care Approvals
SNPs are required to submit a Model of Care (MOC) to the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) for review and approval by the National Committee ...
[40]
[PDF] Evaluation of Care and Disease Management Under Medicare ...
May 18, 2009 · Quality of care was improved in one CHF program and one diabetes program through increased use of appropriate prescription medications and ...
[41]
[PDF] Spotlight on Innovation: Medicare Advantage Special Needs Plans
C-SNPs serve beneficiaries with a disabling chronic condition, such as. End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD), severe diabetes, dementia, or cancer. In June 2017, ...
[42]
[PDF] 2025 Special Needs Plans (SNPs) Model of Care (MOC) Provider ...
CMS requires the submission of MOC and NCQA evaluation/approvals every 1- 3 years. https://www.cms.gov/Medicare/Health-. Plans/SpecialNeedsPlans/D-SNPs, last ...
[43]
Overview and executive summary 2024 SNP models of care annual ...
Jun 27, 2025 · In 2024, the DSNP and CSNP plans did not meet this overall goal. Both plans faced challenges in achieving the CMS target of 100% for four key ...
[44]
Effectiveness of the chronic care model for adults with type 2 ...
Dec 15, 2022 · This systematic review and meta-analysis suggests that CCM is effective in primary care adults with type 2 diabetes for HbA1c and blood pressure ...Missing: SNPs ESRD
[45]
A Closer Look at the Growing Role of Special Needs Plans in ... - KFF
Sep 25, 2025 · All SNPs are required to have a model of care, or framework ... In recent years, CMS has made several changes to requirements for Medicare ...<|separator|>
[46]
Market-on-Close (MOC) Orders: How They Work, Risks & Benefits
While MOC orders offer the advantage of capturing the closing price for strategic trading purposes, they come with risks such as price uncertainty and potential ...Market-on-Close (MOC) Order · How It Works · Pros and Cons
[47]
TSX Market on Close (MOC) - TMX Group
The TSX MOC facility aims to provide equal access and opportunity for investors looking to source liquidity and participate in trades at the closing price.
[48]
Market-on-Close (MOC) Order - Corporate Finance Institute
A market-on-close (MOC) order is a market order without a limit, executed as close to the closing price as possible, at or slightly after market close.
[49]
How to Read Futures Price Tables | CFTC
The closing price is the price or range of prices at which the commodity futures contract traded during the brief period designated as the market close or on ...
[50]
Futures Order Types - CME Group
Common futures order types include market orders (market limit and with protection), limit orders, and stop orders (stop-limit and with protection).<|separator|>
[51]
MOC Orders: End-of-Day Trading Tactics - LuxAlgo
Apr 2, 2025 · Market-on-Close (MOC) orders are a trading tool designed to execute trades at the market's closing price. They are especially useful for end-of- ...
[52]
[PDF] GUIDE FOR RESEARCH PARTNERSHIP AGREEMENTS
1 An MOU is also sometimes called a Memorandum of Collaboration, Statement of Cooperation, or a Collaboration Agreement. ... An MOU is a legally non-binding ...
[53]
[PDF] Management Directive 11.7, "NRC Procedures for Placement and ...
These are agreements that typically require a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) or. Memorandum of Collaboration (MOC), where agencies have mutual or common.
[54]
NATO Allies cooperate on next-generation training capability
Oct 15, 2025 · Signing of a Memorandum of Understanding on Distributed Synthetic Training High Visibility Project with 13 Allies. The Distributed Synthetic ...Missing: examples | Show results with:examples
[55]
U.S. Embassy Maseru - Facebook
Nov 7, 2021 · Memorandum of Collaboration ( MOC) was signed with Santos, SHPG and NKDDA at Hilton Hotel, Port Moresby. It was signed by Santos Country ...
[56]
Canada-Mexico Action Plan 2025-2028
Sep 18, 2025 · Specifically, Canada and Mexico will work to sign a new Memorandum of Collaboration ... Military Training Cooperation Program. The Dialogue ...<|separator|>
[57]
Topic: Multinational capability cooperation - NATO
Jul 30, 2025 · NATO Allies have launched 29 projects to deliver improved operational effectiveness, economies of scale and connectivity among Allies and partners.Coopération capacitaire... · Russian · Ukrainian
[58]
Understanding the Pitfalls of the Memorandums of Understanding
Apr 19, 2017 · Memorandums of Understanding and Letters of Intent are important documents that assist negotiating parties record the status of those discussions.
[59]
What is the difference between a 'binding' and a 'non-binding ...
Dec 1, 2023 · An MOU can help the parties to ensure they are 'on the same page' before investing time and effort in negotiating a formal contract.
[60]
Method of Characteristics - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
The method of characteristics (MOC) – also known as the method of characteristics ... Numerical Methods for Stress Wave Propagation · 2007, Foundations of ...
[61]
1. Introduction — OpenMOC Documentation - GitHub Pages
The method of characteristics is one technique for solving partial differential equations. MOC is one of the most common methods with real world applications.
[62]
The OpenMOC method of characteristics neutral particle transport ...
The method of characteristics (MOC) is a numerical integration technique for partial differential equations, and has seen widespread use for reactor physics ...
[63]
The method of characteristics - ScienceDirect.com
Deterministic Numerical Methods for Unstructured-Mesh Neutron Transport Calculation ... The method of characteristics (MOC) technique has been widely used to ...
[64]
"Higher-order Runge--Kutta type schemes based on the Method of ...
The Method of Characteristics (MoC) is a well-known procedure used to find ... numerical methods for ODEs known as the Runge--Kutta (RK) methods. First ...
[65]
[PDF] Stability analysis of the numerical Method of characteristics applied ...
Feb 23, 2019 · We study numerical (in)stability of the Method of characteristics (MoC) applied to a system of ... numerical methods. z. 0 π/2 π. ( |λ. | - 1 ) ...
[66]
[PDF] Method of characteristics: (Why) is it so good? - Arris S Tijsseling
Department of Mathematics and Computer Science. Eindhoven University ... The method of characteristics (MOC) has undoubtedly been a wonderful bonus for the.
[67]
Science Instruments - Mars Global Surveyor
Nov 2, 2024 · At the time of its operations, most data volume from Surveyor was generated by a dual-mode camera called the Mars Orbiter Camera (MOC). This ...
[68]
Mars Global Surveyor - NASA Science
Mars Global Surveyor returned more than 240000 images to Earth. It also scouted landing sites for three Mars rovers as well as the Phoenix lander.Missing: details | Show results with:details
[69]
Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) Mars Orbiter Camera (MOC)
The MOC used a narrow angle camera for high-resolution images and wide angle cameras for context and global imaging. It operated from 1997 to 2006, returning ...
[70]
MGS MOC - PDS Geosciences Node Data and Services
May 28, 2025 · Mars Global Surveyor: MOC. The Mars Orbiter Camera (MOC) generates images of the Martian surface with narrow-angle and wide-angle cameras. MOC ...Missing: instrument details
[71]
Mars Global Surveyor's Mars Orbiter Camera (MOC) Wide‐Angle ...
Aug 23, 2023 · The Mars Orbiter Camera Wide Angle “daily global map” images, in both red and blue, have undergone a modern processing with photometric corrections.
[72]
[PDF] An overview of the 1985–2006 Mars Orbiter Camera science ...
Background: NASA selected the Mars Orbiter Camera (MOC) investigation in 1986 for the Mars. Observer mission. The MOC consisted of three elements which ...Missing: acronym | Show results with:acronym
[73]
NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) - Robotic Space Exploration ...
Exploring the Universe. Spacecraft developed at JPL have flown to every planet in the solar system and the Sun, and beyond. All Missions.Public Tours · Who We Are · Missions · JPL Internships
[74]
Voyager 1 - Interplanetary Missions - NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory
About the mission Voyager 1 reached interstellar space in August 2012 and is the most distant human-made object in existence.
[75]
How NASA Restored Communications with Voyager 1 ... - YouTube
Nov 21, 2024 · ... space. Speakers: Kareem Badaruddin, Voyager mission manager, NASA JPL Dr. Linda Spilker, Voyager project scientist, NASA JPL Host: Gregory ...<|separator|>
[76]
JPL Space Ops Mission Control | The Planetary Society
This is where mission engineers and scientists communicate and keep track of their mission's spacecraft via NASA's Deep Space Network (DSN).
[77]
Milk of calcium (disambiguation) | Radiology Reference Article
Mar 7, 2023 · The term milk of calcium (MOC) is given to dependent, sedimented calcification within a cystic structure or hollow organ.
[78]
Milk of calcium stones: radiological signs and management outcome
Mar 29, 2015 · Milk of calcium (MOC) is a rare type of stone that was first described in 1940 by Ludin and Howald who reported MOC in renal cysts.
[79]
Milk of calcium in renal cysts: new sonographic features - Yeh - 1992
May 1, 1992 · Milk of calcium (MOC) in a small renal cyst or calyceal diverticulum is quite common. Ninety-one small renal cysts with MOC in 61 patients ...
[80]
MOC Materials of Construction - All Acronyms
The abbreviation MOC stands for Materials of Construction and is mostly used in the following categories: Construction, Valve, Equipment, Technology, Business.
[81]
What is piping moc CS+3mm stands for? - Quora
Nov 25, 2015 · Usually piping material of construction aka MOC details is not specified in P&ID ,rather we use a code for specific material specialties ,that's ...
[82]
PART 1 OF 2: MOC (MATERIAL OF CONSTRUCTION) FOR GMP ...
Mar 30, 2022 · PART 1 OF 2: MOC (MATERIAL OF CONSTRUCTION) FOR GMP AND NON GMP PROCESS EQUIPMENTS · INTRODUCTION TO MATRIAL SELECTION AS PER GMP GUIDELINES:.Missing: acronym | Show results with:acronym
[83]
general overview - ICAO
Jan 10, 2014 · 300m for normal. 150m for intermediate approach. 75m (90m if not Annex 14 airport)for final approach of NPA. Upto 100% adjustment if mountainous ...<|separator|>
[84]
[PDF] Chapter: 1. Departure Procedures
All departure procedures are initially assessed for obstacle clearance based on a 40:1 Obstacle Clearance Surface (OCS). If no obstacles penetrate this 40:1 OCS ...
[85]
Minimum Obstacle Clearance Altitude (MOCA) | Airspace
The required obstacle clearance is 1000 feet in non-mountainous terrain and 2000 feet in designated mountainous areas.
[86]
[PDF] Investigation of Controlled Flight into Terrain - ROSA P
This report documents an investigation of the flight paths of 13 selected controlled flight into terrain (CFIT) aircraft accidents that occurred between 1985 ...
[87]
difference between ICAO PANS-OPS and US TERPS - SKYbrary
Minimum Obstacle Clearance (MOC) ICAO PANS-OPS uses a varying MOC which increases with aircraft category as shown in Table 2: Table 2: Minimum Obstacle ...
[88]
ANC17MA001.aspx - NTSB
The airplane was equipped with a Class B terrain awareness and warning system (TAWS) that had an en route required terrain clearance (RTC) of 700 ft agl; flight ...
[89]
What are some different types of gender identity? - MedicalNewsToday
Masculine of center. A person who uses this term is usually a lesbian or a trans person who leans more toward masculine performances and experiences of gender.
[90]
Glossary | The Gender and Sexuality Campus Center
If gender is viewed as a spectrum, someone who is masculine of center would express their gender on the masculine side of the spectrum. ... Brown Boi – An ...
[91]
Masculine Of Center Definition & Meaning | YourDictionary
Masculine Of Center definition: Having a gender identity or presentation ... Origin of Masculine Of Center. Coined by B. Cole in 2008. Compare left-of ...
[92]
Masculine-of-Center Roundtable: How We Do It and What It Means ...
Aug 21, 2017 · To me, being masculine-of-center means boyishness, it means blurring gender lines, it means a more vulnerable and delicate form of masculinity.Missing: origin | Show results with:origin
[93]
A Guide to Types of Lesbians: Aesthetics and Lifestyles
Oct 24, 2023 · Stud is a racially specific term to differentiate and celebrate the beauty and swag of Black masculine of center lesbians. The stud aesthetic ...
[94]
The Butches and Studs Who've Defied the Male Gaze and ...
Apr 13, 2020 · ... masculine-of-center women. They pilloried butchness as inextricably misogynist and butch-femme relationships as dangerous replications of ...
[95]
Sex, gender and gender identity: a re-evaluation of the evidence
Humans are sexually dimorphic: there are only two viable gametes and two sexes, whose primary and secondary sexual characteristics determine what role they play ...
[96]
Sex is a Biological Trait of Medical Significance
Sex is a dimorphic, innate trait defined in relation to an organism's biological role in reproduction. In humans, primary sex determination occurs at ...
[97]
Sex/gender differences in the brain are not trivial—A commentary on ...
We criticise the authors' extreme position and argue that sex/gender differences in the brain are far from being 'trivial' and 'unlikely to be meaningful'.
[98]
Regret after Gender-affirmation Surgery: A Systematic Review and ...
Mar 19, 2021 · The prevalence of regret for transfemenine surgeries was 1% (CI <1%–2%), and the prevalence for transmasculine surgeries was <1% (CI <1%–<1%).
[99]
Accurate transition regret and detransition rates are unknown - SEGM
Sep 11, 2023 · While there are several studies that claim low regret rates, such studies routinely lose 20%-60% of the original group to follow-up, rendering ...
[100]
There is a difference between biological sex and gender identity
Apr 16, 2023 · There is a difference between biological sex and gender identity, and sometimes this difference matters. It matters most to the most vulnerable women.
[101]
View "The Chapel: Inside Ireland's National Print Museum"
In Great Britain, a collective of union printers is known as a “chapel”. While the exact origins are unknown, the term can be traced back to William Caxton ...
[102]
The Customs of the Chapel - jstor
The Father of the Chapel presided over initiatory rites, drinking bouts, and ... printing history. In addition to the solaces, every new workman had to ...
[103]
[Book] In the Cause of Labour - A History of British Trade Unionism
Nov 10, 2003 · ... Mother of the Chapel, again a relic of illegal organisation. Colliers and building workers were seen entering inns where “they make a noise ...<|separator|>
[104]
Chapel Members in the Workplace: Tension and Teamwork in the ...
Feb 20, 2009 · The early history of the Plantinian chapel and its historiography have been largely discussed by Voet, Léon, “The Printers' Chapel in the ...
[105]
MOC – Malawi Olympic Committee
### Summary of Malawi Olympic Committee (MOC)
[106]
https://www.moc.org.mw/malawi-olympafrica-center-held-oyes-youth-sports-tournament-showcasing-africas-grassroots-sports/
[107]
MOC - Mexican Olympic Committee | AcronymFinder
MOC stands for Mexican Olympic Committee · Memorandum of Conference (meeting record) · Merchandise Only Credit (retailing) · Meridional Overturning Circulation ...
[108]
Malawi (MAW) - Olympedia
Malawi's NOC was founded in 1968, first competed in 1972, and has participated in each Olympics since 1984, but has never won a medal.
[109]
McGill Olympic Club (MOC)
McGill Olympic Club (MOC) ... We are a university- and community-based track and field club serving students and the general population, ranging in age from 9 to ...<|separator|>
[110]
MAKING OF CHAMPIONS | Lifting The Lid On How CHAMPIONS Are Made In Track & Field!!!
- **Overview of Making of Champs (MoC):**
[111]
MoC unveils new Management Team as it enters its 10th year!
Jun 6, 2023 · Former MoC Sportswriter Deji Ogeyingbo will now oversee the company's operations in Nigeria in his new role as Country Manager for MoC.
[112]
About MOC Pony Club & Middleburg Horse Trials
Home of MOC Pony Club & Middleburg Horse Trials. We provide a community for young riders to build a solid foundation of horsemanship while having fun!
[113]
Equestrian Activities: Manage the Risks | United Educators
The most frequent injuries from such falls are concussions, other head or spine injuries, and broken bones.
[114]
Equestrian Safety and the USPC Experience
Pony Club is a leader in gathering information about events that could, or do, result in injury associated with horsemanship. This information includes not only ...Engaged In The Future Of... · Requirements And Training · Personal And Equine...
[115]
What is a major event Main Operations Centre? - WeTrack Blog
May 13, 2021 · The Main Operations Centre, or MOC, is the hidden hub of any major event, designed to provide central coordination of all event-time operations.

MOC